I-MICROCHIP AN2648 Ukukhetha Nokuhlola 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators for AVR Microcontrollers

Isingeniso

Ababhali: UTorbjørn Kjørlaug no-Amund Aune, Microchip Technology Inc.
Leli nothi lohlelo lokusebenza lifingqa okuyisisekelo sekristalu, ukucatshangelwa kwesakhiwo se-PCB, kanye nendlela yokuhlola ikristalu kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Umhlahlandlela wokukhetha ikristalu ubonisa amakristalu anconyiwe ahlolwe ochwepheshe futhi atholakala elungele amamojula ahlukahlukene e-oscillator emindenini ehlukene ye-Microchip AVR®. I-firmware yokuhlola nemibiko yokuhlola evela kubathengisi abahlukahlukene bekristalu ifakiwe.

Izici

• I-Crystal Oscillator Basics
• Ukucatshangelwa kwe-PCB Design
• Ukuhlola Ukuqina Kwe-Crystal
• I-Firmware Yokuhlola Ihlanganisiwe
• I-Crystal Recommendation Guide

I-Crystal Oscillator Basics

Isingeniso

I-crystal oscillator isebenzisa i-mechanical resonance yezinto ezidlidlizayo ze-piezoelectric ukuze ikhiqize isignali yewashi ezinzile kakhulu. Imvamisa imvamisa isetshenziselwa ukunikeza isignali yewashi ezinzile noma ukulandelela isikhathi; yingakho, ama-crystal oscillator asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zeRadio Frequency (RF) kanye namasekhethi edijithali azwela isikhathi.
Amakristalu atholakala kubathengisi abahlukahlukene ngezindlela ezihlukene nosayizi futhi angahluka kakhulu ekusebenzeni nasekucacisweni. Ukuqonda amapharamitha kanye nesekethe ye-oscillator kubalulekile kuhlelo lokusebenza oluqinile ngaphezu kokuhluka kwezinga lokushisa, umswakama, ukunikezwa kwamandla, kanye nenqubo.
Zonke izinto ezibonakalayo zinemvamisa yemvelo yokudlidliza, lapho imvamisa yokudlidliza inqunywa ukuma kwayo, usayizi, ukunwebeka, kanye nesivinini somsindo kokokusebenza. Impahla ye-piezoelectric iyahlanekezela uma inkambu kagesi isetshenziswa futhi ikhiqize inkambu kagesi uma ibuyela esimweni sayo sasekuqaleni. Okusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe-piezoelectric
kumasekethe e-elekthronikhi i-quartz crystal, kodwa ama-resonators e-ceramic abuye asetshenziswe - ngokuvamile ezinsizeni ezingabizi kakhulu noma ezingabizi kakhulu isikhathi. Amakristalu angu-32.768 kHz ngokuvamile asikwa ngendlela yemfoloko yokulungisa. Ngamakristalu e-quartz, amafrikhwensi anembe kakhulu angasungulwa.

Umfanekiso 1-1. Umumo we-32.768 kHz Tuning Fork Crystal

I-Oscillator

Inqubo yokuzinza ye-Barkhausen yizimo ezimbili ezisetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi isifunda se-elekthronikhi sizozulazula nini. Basho ukuthi uma u-A kuyinzuzo ye ampi-lifying element kusekethe ye-elekthronikhi futhi β(jω) umsebenzi wokudlulisa wendlela yempendulo, ama-oscillations esimo esiqinile azogcinwa kuphela kumafrikhwensi okuthi:

• Inzuzo yeluphu ilingana nobunye ngobukhulu obuphelele, |βA| = 1
• Ukushintsha kwesigaba okuzungeze iluphu kunguziro noma ukuphindaphinda kwenombolo ka-2π, okungukuthi, ∠βA = 2πn kokuthi n ∈ 0, 1, 2, 3…

Umbandela wokuqala uzoqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ampisignali yolwazi. Inombolo engaphansi kuka-1 izonciphisa isignali, futhi inombolo enkulu kuno-1 izonciphisa ampkhulisa isignali ku-infinity. Umbandela wesibili uzoqinisekisa imvamisa ezinzile. Kwamanye amanani wokushintsha kwesigaba, okukhiphayo kwe-sine wave kuzokhanselwa ngenxa yeluphu yempendulo.

Umfanekiso 1-2. Iluphu yempendulo

I-oscillator engu-32.768 kHz ku-Microchip AVR microcontrollers iboniswa kuMfanekiso 1-3 futhi iqukethe i-inverting.
ampi-lifier (yangaphakathi) kanye nekristalu (yangaphandle). Ama-Capacitor (CL1 kanye ne-CL2) amele amandla e-parasitic yangaphakathi. Amanye amadivayisi e-AVR nawo anama-capacitor okulayisha angaphakathi angakhethwa, angasetshenziswa ukunciphisa isidingo sama-capacitor okulayisha angaphandle, kuye ngekristalu esetshenzisiwe.
I-inverting ampi-lifier inika u-π radian (amadigri angu-180) wesigaba. Ukushintsha kwesigaba esingu-π esisele kunikezwa ikristalu nomthwalo we-capacitive ku-32.768 kHz, okubangela ukushintsha kwesigaba esiphelele esingu-2π radian. Ngesikhathi sokuqalisa, i- ampokukhiphayo kwe-lifier kuzokwenyuka kuze kube yilapho kusungulwa i-oscillation yesimo esizinzile ngenzuzo ye-loop engu-1, okubangela ukuba kugcwaliseke inqubo ye-Barkhausen. Lokhu kulawulwa ngokuzenzakalela yi-AVR microcontroller's oscillator circuitry.

Umfanekiso 1-3. I-Pierce Crystal Oscillator Circuit kumadivayisi e-AVR® (enziwe lula)

Imodeli Kagesi

Isekhethi kagesi elinganayo yekristalu iboniswa kuMfanekiso 1-4. Inethiwekhi ye-RLC ewuchungechunge ibizwa ngokuthi ingalo enyakazayo futhi inikeza incazelo kagesi yokuziphatha kwemishini kwekristalu, lapho i-C1 imelela ukunwebeka kwe-quartz, i-L1 imele isisindo esidlidlizayo, futhi i-R1 imele ukulahlekelwa ngenxa ye-d.amping. I-C0 ibizwa nge-shunt noma i-static capacitance futhi iyisamba samandla kagesi we-parasitic ngenxa ye-crystal housing nama-electrode. Uma a
imitha ye-capacitance isetshenziselwa ukukala i-crystal capacitance, i-C0 kuphela ezolinganiswa (i-C1 ngeke ibe nomphumela).

Umfanekiso 1-4. I-Crystal Oscillator Equivalent Circuit

Ngokusebenzisa i-Laplace transform, amafrikhwensi amabili anomsindo angatholakala kule nethiwekhi. Uchungechunge olunomsindo
imvamisa, fs, incike kuphela ku-C1 ne-L1. I-parallel noma i-anti-resonant frequency, fp, ihlanganisa no-C0. Bheka Umfanekiso 1-5 ukuze uthole ukusabela ngokumelene nezici zefrikhwensi.

Izibalo 1-1. Uchungechunge Resonant Frequency

Izibalo 1-2. I-Parallel Resonant Frequency

Umfanekiso 1-5. I-Crystal Reactance Characters

Amakristalu angaphansi kuka-30 MHz angasebenza kunoma iyiphi imvamisa phakathi kochungechunge namafrikhwensi ahambisanayo, okusho ukuthi ayasebenza. Amakristalu efrikhwensi ephezulu ngaphezu kuka-30 MHz ngokuvamile asetshenziswa kumafrikhwensi anomsindo we-resonant noma amafrikhwensi ethoni eningilizayo, okwenzeka ngokuphindaphinda kwefrikhwensi eyisisekelo. Ukwengeza umthwalo we-capacitive, CL, kukristalu kuzodala ukushintsha kwefrikhwensi enikezwe i-Equation 1-3. I-crystal frequency ingalungiswa ngokushintsha amandla omthwalo, futhi lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukudonsa imvamisa.

Izibalo 1-3. I-Shifted Parallel Resonant Frequency

Ukumelana Kochungechunge Olinganayo (ESR)

I-equivalent series resistance (ESR) iwumfanekiso kagesi wokulahleka kwemishini yekristalu. Ochungechungeni
imvamisa ye-resonant, fs, ilingana no-R1 kumodeli kagesi. I-ESR iyipharamitha ebalulekile futhi ingatholakala eshidini ledatha lekristalu. I-ESR ngokuvamile izoncika kusayizi we-crystal ngokomzimba, lapho amakristalu amancane
(ikakhulukazi amakristalu e-SMD) ngokuvamile anokulahlekelwa okuphezulu namanani e-ESR kunamakristalu amakhulu.
Amanani e-ESR aphezulu abeka umthwalo ophakeme ekuguquleni ampi-lifier. I-ESR ephezulu kakhulu ingase ibangele ukusebenza kwe-oscillator engazinzile. Ukuzuza kobunye angeke, ezimweni ezinjalo, kungafinyelelwa, futhi umbandela we-Barkhausen ungase ungagcwaliseki.

I-Q-Factor nokuzinza

Ukuqina kwefrikhwensi yekristalu kunikezwa yi-Q-factor. I-Q-factor isilinganiso phakathi kwamandla agcinwe kukristalu kanye nesamba sakho konke ukulahleka kwamandla. Imvamisa, amakristalu e-quartz ane-Q ebangeni lika-10,000 kuye ku-100,000, uma kuqhathaniswa mhlawumbe ne-100 ye-oscillator ye-LC. Ama-Ceramic resonators ane-Q ephansi kunamakristalu e-quartz futhi azwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni zomthwalo we-capacitive.

Izibalo 1-4. I-Q-FactorIzinto ezimbalwa zingathinta ukuzinza kwefrikhwensi: Ukucindezelwa komshini okubangelwa ukukhuphuka, ukushaqeka noma ingcindezi yokudlidliza, ukuhlukahluka kokunikezwa kwamandla, ukungasebenzi komthwalo, izinga lokushisa, izinkundla kazibuthe nezikagesi, nokuguga kwekristalu. Abathengisi beCrystal ngokuvamile babhala amapharamitha anjalo kumashidi wabo wedatha.

Isikhathi Sokuqalisa

Ngesikhathi sokuqalisa, i-inverting ampokokuphila ampkuvusa umsindo. Ikristalu izosebenza njengesihlungi se-bandpass futhi ibuyisele ingxenye yefrikhwensi ye-crystal resonance frequency, okuyilapho-ke. amplified. Ngaphambi kokuthola i-oscillation yesimo esizinzile, inzuzo yeluphu yekristalu/inverting ampI-lifier loop inkulu kuno-1 kanye nesiginali ampamandla azokwanda. Ekunyakazeni kwesimo esiqinile, inzuzo ye-loop izogcwalisa inqubo ye-Barkhausen ngenzuzo ye-loop engu-1, futhi njalo. ampukufunda.
Izinto ezithinta isikhathi sokuqalisa:

• Amakristalu e-ESR ephezulu azoqala kancane kakhulu kunamakristalu e-ESR ephansi
• Amakristalu e-Q-factor aphezulu azoqala kancane kakhulu kunamakristalu e-Q-factor aphansi
• Amandla okulayisha aphezulu azonyusa isikhathi sokuqalisa
• I-oscillator ampamandla okushayela i-lifier (bona imininingwane eyengeziwe ngemvume ye-oscillator kuSigaba 3.2, Ukuhlolwa Okuphikisayo Okubi kanye Nesici Sokuphepha)

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imvamisa ye-crystal izothinta isikhathi sokuqalisa (amakristalu asheshayo azoqala ngokushesha), kodwa le parameter ilungiselelwe amakristalu angu-32.768 kHz.

Umfanekiso 1-6. Ukuqala kwe-Crystal Oscillator

Ukubekezela Kwezinga Lokushisa

Amakristalu emfoloko yokulungisa avamile ngokuvamile asikwa ukuze amise imvamisa yokulinganisa engu-25°C. Ngaphezulu nangaphansi kuka-25 ° C, imvamisa izokwehla ngesici se-parabolic, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1-7. I-frequency shift inikezwa ngu
I-equation 1-5, lapho u-f0 eyifrikhwensi eqondiwe ku-T0 (imvamisa engu-32.768 kHz ku-25°C) kanye no-B i-coefficient yezinga lokushisa elinikezwe i-crystal data sheet (imvamisa inombolo eyinegethivu).

Izibalo 1-5. Umthelela Wokuhlukahluka Kwezinga lokushisa

Umfanekiso 1-7. Izinga Lokushisa Elijwayelekile vs. Izimpawu Zemvamisa Yekristalu

Amandla Okushayela

Amandla wesekethe yomshayeli wekristalu anquma izici zokuphuma kwe-sine wave ye-crystal oscillator. I-sine wave iwukufaka okuqondile kwephinikhodi yokufaka iwashi ledijithali yesilawuli esincane. Le wave ye-sine kufanele yelule kalula ubuncane bokufakwayo kanye nevolumu ephezulutagamaleveli ephinikhodi yokufaka yomshayeli wekristalu kuyilapho engasindiwe, enziwe isicaba noma ehlanekezelwe ezindaweni eziphakeme. Igagasi elinesine eliphansi kakhulu ampi-litude ibonisa ukuthi umthwalo we-crystal circuit load unzima kakhulu kumshayeli, okuholela ekwahlulekeni okungaba khona kwe-oscillation noma ukufaka okungalungile kwefrikhwensi. Iphakeme kakhulu ampi-litude isho ukuthi inzuzo ye-loop iphezulu kakhulu futhi ingase iholele ekugxumeni kwekristalu ezingeni eliphakeme le-harmonic noma ukulimala unomphela ku-crystal.
Thola izici zokuphuma kwekristalu ngokuhlaziya i-XTAL1/TOSC1 pin voltage. Qaphela ukuthi i-probe exhunywe ku-XTAL1/TOSC1 iholela emandleni e-parasitic engeziwe, okumele kubalwe ngayo.
Ukuzuza kweluphu kuthinteke kabi izinga lokushisa futhi kuhle nge-voltage (VDD). Lokho kusho ukuthi izici zokushayela kufanele zikalwe ngezinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu ne-VDD ephansi kakhulu, kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu kanye ne-VDD ephakeme kakhulu lapho isicelo sishiwo ukuthi sizosebenza khona.
Khetha ikristalu ene-ESR ephansi noma umthwalo we-capacitive uma inzuzo ye-loop iphansi kakhulu. Uma ukuzuza kweluphu kuphezulu kakhulu, i-resistor yochungechunge, i-RS, ingase yengezwe kumjikelezo ukuze kuncishiswe isignali yokuphumayo. Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa i-exampIsekhethi eyenziwe lula yomshayeli wekristalu ene-resistor yochungechunge eyengeziwe (RS) ekuphumeni kwephinikhodi ye-XTAL2/TOSC2.

Umfanekiso 1-8. I-Crystal Driver ene-Added Series Resistor

Isakhiwo se-PCB Nokucatshangelwa Kwedizayini

Ngisho namasekethe e-oscillator asebenza kahle kakhulu namakristalu ekhwalithi ephezulu ngeke enze kahle uma kungacutshungulwa ngokucophelela ukwakheka nezinto ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi somhlangano. Amandla aphansi kakhulu angu-32.768 kHz ama-oscillator ngokuvamile ahlakazeka kakhulu ngaphansi kuka-1 μW, ngakho-ke ukugeleza kwamanje kumjikelezo kuncane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-crystal frequency incike kakhulu kumthwalo we-capacitive.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwe-oscillator, le mihlahlandlela iyanconywa ngesikhathi se-PCB layout:

• Imigqa yesiginali esuka ku-XTAL1/TOSC1 kanye ne-XTAL2/TOSC2 ukuya kukristalu kufanele ibe mifishane ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuncishiswe amandla e-parasitic futhi kwandise umsindo nokuvikeleka kwe-crosstalk. Ungasebenzisi amasokhethi.
• Vikela ikristalu nemigqa yesignali ngokuyizungeza ngendiza yaphansi kanye nendandatho yonogada
• Ungayihambisi imigqa yedijithali, ikakhulukazi imigqa yewashi, eduze kwemigqa eyikristalu. Kumabhodi e-PCB anezingqimba eziningi, gwema amasiginali womzila ngaphansi kwemigqa yekristalu.
• Sebenzisa i-PCB yekhwalithi ephezulu nezinto zokunamathisela
• Uthuli nomswakama kuzokhuphula amandla e-parasitic futhi kunciphise ukuhlukaniswa kwesignali, ngakho-ke kuyanconywa ukumbozwa kokuvikela

Ukuhlola I-Crystal Oscillation Robustness

Isingeniso

Umshayeli we-crystal oscillator we-AVR microcontroller's 32.768 kHz uthuthukiselwe ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, futhi ngenxa yalokho.
amandla omshayeli we-crystal anqunyelwe. Ukulayisha ngokweqile umshayeli wekristalu kungabangela i-oscillator ukuthi ingaqali, noma kungase
ukuthinteka (kumiswe okwesikhashana, isiboneloample) ngenxa yokwenyuka komsindo noma ukukhuphuka komthwalo we-capacitive okubangelwa ukungcoliswa noma ukuba seduze kwesandla.
Qaphela lapho ukhetha futhi uhlola ikristalu ukuze uqinisekise ukuqina okufanele kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Amapharamitha amabili abaluleke kakhulu ekristalu i-Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) kanye ne-Load Capacitance (CL).
Lapho ukala amakristalu, ikristalu kufanele ibekwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka kumaphini we-oscillator angu-32.768 kHz ukuze kuncishiswe amandla e-parasitic. Ngokuvamile, sihlala sincoma ukwenza ukulinganisa kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lokugcina. Iprototype ye-PCB yangokwezifiso equkethe okungenani isilawuli esincane nesekhethi yekristalu ingase futhi inikeze imiphumela yokuhlola enembile. Ekuhlolweni kokuqala kwekristalu, ukusebenzisa ikhithi yokuthuthukisa noma yokuqalisa (isb, STK600) kungase kwanele.
Asincomi ukuxhuma i-crystal kuzihloko eziphumayo ze-XTAL/TOSC ekupheleni kwe-STK600, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-1, ngoba indlela yesignali izozwela kakhulu kumsindo futhi ngaleyo ndlela yengeze umthwalo owengeziwe we-capacitive. Ukufaka i-crystal ngqo emithonjeni, noma kunjalo, kuzonikeza imiphumela emihle. Ukuze ugweme umthwalo we-capacitive owengeziwe ovela kusokhethi kanye nendlela ku-STK600, sincoma ukugoba i-XTAL/TOSC eholela phezulu, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-2 kanye noMfanekiso 3-3, ukuze bangathinti isokhethi. Amakristalu anama-lead (imbobo efakwe) kulula ukuphatha, kodwa kungenzeka futhi ukuthengisa i-SMD ngokuqondile ku-XTAL/TOSC okuholela ngokusebenzisa izandiso zephini, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 3-4. Ukuhlanganisa amakristalu kumaphakheji anephimbo elincane elincane nakho kungenzeka, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-5, kodwa kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga isandla esiqinile.

Umfanekiso 3-1. Ukusethwa kokuhlolwa kwe-STK600

Njengoba umthwalo we-capacitive uzoba nomthelela omkhulu ku-oscillator, akumele uphenye ikristalu ngokuqondile ngaphandle kokuthi unemishini yekhwalithi ephezulu ehloselwe ukulinganisa ikristalu. Ama-Standard 10X oscilloscope probes afaka ukulayishwa kuka-10-15 pF futhi azoba nomthelela omkhulu ezilinganisweni. Ukuthinta izikhonkwane zekristalu ngomunwe noma i-10X probe kunganele ukuqala noma ukumisa ama-oscillations noma ukunikeza imiphumela engamanga. I-Firmware yokukhipha isignali yewashi kuphinikhodi evamile ye-I/O ihlinzekwa kanye naleli nothi lohlelo lokusebenza. Ngokungafani nezikhonkwane zokufaka ze-XTAL/TOSC, izikhonkwane ze-I/O ezilungiselelwe njengokuphuma kwebhafa zingaphenywa ngama-oscilloscope ajwayelekile angu-10X ngaphandle kokuthinta izilinganiso. Imininingwane eyengeziwe ingatholakala kuSigaba 4, I-Test Firmware.

Umfanekiso 3-2. I-Crystal Ithengiswe Ngokuqondile Ku-Bent XTAL/TOSC Leads

Umfanekiso 3-3. I-Crystal Ithengiswa ku-STK600 Socket

Umfanekiso 3-4. I-SMD Crystal Ithengiswe Ngqo ku-MCU Isebenzisa Izandiso Zephini

Umfanekiso 3-5. I-Crystal Idayiselwe Ku-100-Pin TQFP Package ene-Narrow Pin Pitch

Ukuhlola Ukumelana Okubi kanye Nesici Sokuphepha

Ukuhlolwa kokumelana okungalungile kuthola umkhawulo phakathi kwekristalu ampumthwalo we-lifier osetshenziswe kuhlelo lwakho lokusebenza kanye nomthwalo omkhulu. Ngomthwalo omkhulu, i ampI-lifier izominyanisa, futhi ama-oscillations azoyeka. Leli phuzu libizwa ngokuthi i-oscillator allowance (OA). Thola imvume ye-oscillator ngokungeza okwesikhashana i-resistor eguquguqukayo yochungechunge phakathi kwe ampi-lifier output (XTAL2/TOSC2) lead kanye nekristalu, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3-6. Khulisa i-resistor yochungechunge kuze kube yilapho ikristalu iyeka ukunyakazisa. Isibonelelo se-oscillator sizobe sesiyisamba salolu chungechunge lokumelana, i-RMAX, ne-ESR. Kusetshenziswa i-potentiometer enobubanzi okungenani be-ESR <RPOT <5 ESR iyanconywa.
Ukuthola inani elilungile le-RMAX kungaba yinto ekhohlisayo ngoba alikho iphuzu lokuvunyelwa kwe-oscillator eliqondile elikhona. Ngaphambi kokuthi i-oscillator ime, ungase ubone ukuncishiswa kwemvamisa kancane kancane, futhi kungase kube khona i-hysteresis yokuqala-stop. Ngemva kokuma kwe-oscillator, uzodinga ukunciphisa inani le-RMAX ngo-10-50 kΩ ngaphambi kokuthi ama-oscillation aqale kabusha. Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili kwamandla kumele kwenziwe isikhathi ngasinye ngemva kokunyuswa kokumelana okuguquguqukayo. I-RMAX izobe isiba inani eliphikisayo lapho i-oscillator ingaqali ngemva kokuhamba kwamandla. Qaphela ukuthi izikhathi zokuqalisa zizoba zinde impela endaweni yesibonelelo se-oscillator, ngakho-ke yiba nesineke.
Izibalo 3-1. Isibonelelo se-Oscillator
OA = RMAX + ESR

Umfanekiso 3-6. Ukulinganisa Isibonelelo se-Oscillator/RMAX

Kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-potentiometer yekhwalithi ephezulu enamandla aphansi we-parasitic (isb, i-SMD potentiometer elungele i-RF) ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphumela enembe kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ungakwazi ukuthola i-oscillator allowance/RMAX enhle nge-potentiometer eshibhile, uzophepha.
Uma uthola ukumelana okuphezulu kochungechunge, ungathola isici sokuphepha ku-Equation 3-2. Abathengisi abahlukahlukene be-MCU kanye nekristalu basebenza ngezincomo zezinto zokuphepha ezihlukile. Isici sokuphepha sengeza umkhawulo wanoma yimiphi imiphumela emibi yezinto eziguquguqukayo ezihlukene njenge-oscillator ampukuzuza kwe-lifier, ushintsho ngenxa yokunikezwa kwamandla nokuhluka kwezinga lokushisa, ukuhlukahluka kwezinqubo, namandla okulayisha. I-oscillator engu-32.768 kHz ampI-lifier kuma-microcontrollers e-AVR izinga lokushisa namandla kuyanxeshezelwa. Ngakho-ke ngokuba nalezi ziguquko ezingaguquki kakhulu noma kancane, singehlisa izimfuneko zesici sokuphepha uma siqhathaniswa nabanye abakhiqizi be-MCU/IC. Izincomo zezinto zokuphepha zibalwe kuThebula 3-1.

Izibalo 3-2. Isici Sokuphepha

Umfanekiso 3-7. I-Potentiometer yochungechunge Phakathi kwe-XTAL2/TOSC2 Pin kanye neCrystal

Umfanekiso 3-8. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Allowance ku-Socket

Ithebula 3-1. Izincomo Zesici Sokuphepha

Isici Sokuphepha	Isincomo
>5	Kuhle kakhulu
4	Kuhle kakhulu
3	Kuhle
<3	Akunconyiwe

Ukulinganisa Ikhono Lomthwalo Ophumelelayo

Imvamisa yekristalu incike kumthwalo we-capacitive osetshenzisiwe, njengoba kuboniswe yi-Equation 1-2. Ukusebenzisa umthwalo we-capacitive oshiwo eshidini ledatha lekristalu kuzonikeza imvamisa eseduze kakhulu nefrikhwensi yegama engu-32.768 kHz. Uma eminye imithwalo ye-capacitive isetshenziswa, imvamisa izoshintsha. Imvamisa izokwanda uma umthwalo we-capacitive wehla futhi uzokwehla uma umthwalo ukhuphuka, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-9.
Ikhono lokudonsa imvamisa noma umkhawulokudonsa, okungukuthi, kude kangakanani nemvamisa yegama imvamisa ye-resonant ingaphoqwa ngokufaka umthwalo, kuncike ku-Q-factor ye-resonator. Umkhawulokudonsa unikezwa imvamisa yegama elihlukaniswe yi-Q-factor, futhi kumakristalu e-quartz aphezulu, umkhawulokudonsa osebenzisekayo unomkhawulo. Uma i-frequency elinganisiwe isuka ku-frequency yegama, i-oscillator izoba namandla kancane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuncipha okuphezulu kuluphu yempendulo β(jω) okuzodala ukulayishwa okuphezulu ampi-lifier A ukuze kuzuzwe ubunye (bona Umfanekiso 1-2).
Izibalo 3-3. Umkhawulokudonsa

Indlela enhle yokulinganisa i-capacitance yomthwalo ephumelelayo (isamba se-capacitance yomthwalo kanye ne-parasitic capacitance) ukukala imvamisa ye-oscillator futhi uyiqhathanise nemvamisa yegama le-32.768 kHz. Uma imvamisa elinganisiwe isondele ku-32.768 kHz, amandla okulayisha asebenzayo azoba seduze nokucaciswa. Yenza lokhu ngokusebenzisa i-firmware ehlinzekwe ngaleli nothi lohlelo lokusebenza kanye nophenyo olujwayelekile lwe-10X ekuphumeni kwewashi kuphinikhodi ye-I/O, noma, uma ikhona, ukulinganisa ikristalu ngokuqondile nge-probe ephezulu ehloselwe ukukala ikristalu. Bheka Isigaba 4, I-Test Firmware, ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe.

Umfanekiso 3-9. Imvamisa vs. Umthamo Wokulayisha

I-Equation 3-4 inikeza umthamo ophelele womthwalo ngaphandle kwama-capacitor angaphandle. Ezimweni eziningi, ama-capacitor angaphandle (CEL1 kanye ne-CEL2) kufanele engezwe ukuze afane nomthwalo we-capacitive oshiwo eshidini ledatha lekristalu. Uma usebenzisa ama-capacitor angaphandle, i-Equation 3-5 inikeza umthamo ophelele we-capacitive.

Izibalo 3-4. Isamba Somthwalo Onamandla Ngaphandle Kwama-Capacitor Angaphandle
Izibalo 3-5. Isamba Somthwalo Onamandla Nama-Capacitor Angaphandle

Umfanekiso 3-10. I-Crystal Circuit ene-Internal, Parasitic, kanye nama-Capacitor angaphandle

I-Firmware yokuhlola

Hlola i-firmware yokukhipha isignali yewashi embotsheni ye-I/O okungenzeka ilayishwe ngophenyo olujwayelekile lwe-10X ifakiwe ku-.zip file isatshalaliswe ngaleli nothi lohlelo lokusebenza. Ungawalinganisi ama-electrode ekristalu ngokuqondile uma ungenawo ama-impedance probe aphezulu kakhulu ahloselwe izilinganiso ezinjalo.
Hlanganisa ikhodi yomthombo bese uhlela i-.hex file kudivayisi.
Sebenzisa i-VCC ngaphakathi kwebanga lokusebenza elisohlwini lwedatha yeshidi, xhuma ikristalu phakathi kwe-XTAL1/TOSC1 ne-XTAL2/TOSC2, bese ukala isignali yewashi ephinikhodi yokukhiphayo.
Iphinikhodi yokukhipha iyahluka kumadivayisi ahlukene. Izikhonkwane ezifanele zibalwe ngezansi.

• I-ATmega128: Isignali yewashi iphuma ku-PB4, futhi imvamisa yayo ihlukaniswa ngo-2. Ifrikhwensi yokuphuma elindelekile ngu-16.384 kHz.
• I-ATmega328P: Isignali yewashi iphuma ku-PD6, futhi imvamisa yayo ihlukaniswa ngo-2. Imvamisa yokuphuma elindelekile ngu-16.384 kHz.
• I-ATtiny817: Isiginali yewashi iphuma ku-PB5, futhi imvamisa yayo ayihlukaniswanga. Imvamisa yokuphuma elindelwe ngu-32.768 kHz.
• I-ATtiny85: Isignali yewashi iphuma ku-PB1, futhi imvamisa yayo ihlukaniswa ngo-2. Imvamisa yokuphuma okulindelekile ngu-16.384 kHz.
• I-ATxmega128A1: Isiginali yewashi iphuma ku-PC7, futhi imvamisa yayo ayihlukaniswa. Imvamisa yokuphuma elindelwe ngu-32.768 kHz.
• I-ATxmega256A3B: Isiginali yewashi iphuma ku-PC7, futhi imvamisa yayo ayihlukaniswa. Imvamisa yokuphuma elindelwe ngu-32.768 kHz.
• I-PIC18F25Q10: Isignali yewashi iphuma ku-RA6, futhi imvamisa yayo ihlukaniswa ngu-4. Imvamisa yokuphuma okulindelekile yi-8.192 kHz.

Okubalulekile:  I-PIC18F25Q10 isetshenziswe njengommeleli wedivayisi yochungechunge lwe-AVR Dx lapho kuhlolwa amakristalu. Isebenzisa imojula ye-OSC_LP_v10 oscillator, efanayo naleyo esetshenziswa uchungechunge lwe-AVR Dx.

Crystal Izincomo

Ithebula 5-2 libonisa ukukhethwa kwamakristalu ahloliwe futhi atholakala elungele izilawuli ezincane ze-AVR ezihlukahlukene.

Okubalulekile:  Njengoba ama-microcontrollers amaningi abelana ngamamojula we-oscillator, ukukhethwa kuphela kwemikhiqizo emele i-microcontroller eye yahlolwa ngabathengisi bekristalu. Bona i- files isatshalaliswa ngenothi lohlelo lokusebenza ukuze kubonwe imibiko yokuhlolwa kwekristalu yoqobo. Bheka isigaba 6. I-Oscillator Module Overview okweqileview lapho umkhiqizo we-microcontroller usebenzisa iyiphi imojula ye-oscillator.

Ukusebenzisa izinhlanganisela ze-crystal-MCU kusuka kuthebula elingezansi kuzoqinisekisa ukusebenzisana okuhle futhi kunconyelwa kakhulu kubasebenzisi abanolwazi oluncane noma olulinganiselwe lwekristalu. Ngisho noma izinhlanganisela ze-crystal-MCU zivivinywa ochwepheshe be-crystal oscillator abanolwazi olunzulu kubathengisi abahlukahlukene bekristalu, sisancoma ukuhlola idizayini yakho njengoba kuchazwe eSigabeni 3, Ukuhlola Ukuqina Kwe-Crystal Oscillation, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi azikho izinkinga ezethulwe ngesikhathi sokwakheka, ukusoda. , njll.
Ithebula 5-1 libonisa uhlu lwamamojula e-oscillator ahlukene. Isigaba 6, I-Oscillator Module Overview, inohlu lwamadivayisi lapho la mamojuli afakiwe.

Ithebula 5-1. Kuphelileview yama-Oscillator kumadivayisi e-AVR®

#	I-Oscillator Module	Incazelo
1	X32K_2v7	I-oscillator engu-2.7-5.5V esetshenziswa kumadivayisi e-megaAVR®(1)
2	X32K_1v8	I-oscillator engu-1.8-5.5V esetshenziswa kumadivayisi e-megaAVR/tinyAVR®(1)
3	X32K_1v8_ULP	1.8-3.6V i-oscillator yamandla aphansi kakhulu esetshenziswa kumadivayisi e-megaAVR/tinyAVR picoPower®
4	X32K_XMEGA (imodi evamile)	I-1.6-3.6V i-oscillator yamandla aphansi kakhulu esetshenziswa kumadivayisi we-XMEGA®. I-oscillator ilungiselelwe kumodi evamile.
5	X32K_XMEGA (imodi yamandla aphansi)	I-1.6-3.6V i-oscillator yamandla aphansi kakhulu esetshenziswa kumadivayisi we-XMEGA. I-oscillator ilungiselelwe kumodi yamandla aphansi.
6	X32K_XRTC32	1.6-3.6V amandla aphansi kakhulu we-RTC oscillator asetshenziswa kumadivayisi e-XMEGA anekhophi yasenqolobaneni yebhethri
7	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP	1.8-5.5V i-oscillator yamandla aphansi kakhulu esetshenziswa ku-tinyAVR 0-, 1- no-2-series kanye namadivayisi ochungechunge lwe-megaAVR 0
8	OSC_LP_v10 (imodi evamile)	1.8-5.5V i-oscillator yamandla aphansi kakhulu esetshenziswa kumadivayisi ochungechunge lwe-AVR Dx. I-oscillator ilungiselelwe kumodi evamile.
9	OSC_LP_v10 (imodi yamandla aphansi)	1.8-5.5V i-oscillator yamandla aphansi kakhulu esetshenziswa kumadivayisi ochungechunge lwe-AVR Dx. I-oscillator ilungiselelwe kumodi yamandla aphansi.

Qaphela

1. Ayisetshenziswa ne-megaAVR® 0-series noma i-tinyAVR® 0-, 1- no-2-series.

Ithebula 5-2. Kunconywe amakristalu angu-32.768 kHz

Umthengisi	Uhlobo	Intaba	Amamojula we-Oscillator Ihloliwe futhi Kuvunyelwe (Bheka Ithebula 5-1)	Ukubekezelela Imvamisa [±ppm]	Layisha Amandla [pF]	Ukumelana Nochungechunge Olulinganayo (ESR) [kΩ]
I-Microcrystal	I-CC7V-T1A	I-SMD	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	20/100	7.0/9.0/12.5	50/70
Abracon	ABS06	I-SMD	2	20	12.5	90
UKhadinali	I-CPFB	I-SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
UKhadinali	I-CTF6	TH	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
UKhadinali	I-CTF8	TH	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Endrich Citizen	I-CFS206	TH	1, 2, 3, 4	20	12.5	35
Endrich Citizen	CM315	I-SMD	1, 2, 3, 4	20	12.5	70
Epson Tyocom	MC-306	I-SMD	1, 2, 3	20/50	12.5	50
Impungushe	FSXLF	I-SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	65
Impungushe	FX135	I-SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	70
Impungushe	FX122	I-SMD	2, 3, 4	20	12.5	90
Impungushe	I-FSRLF	I-SMD	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
NDK	I-NX3215SA	I-SMD	1, 2, 3	20	12.5	80
NDK	I-NX1610SE	I-SMD	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	6	50
NDK	I-NX2012SE	I-SMD	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9	20	6	50
Seiko Izinsimbi	I-SSP-T7-FL	I-SMD	2, 3, 5	20	4.4/6/12.5	65
Seiko Izinsimbi	I-SSP-T7-F	I-SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7/12.5	65
Seiko Izinsimbi	I-SC-32S	I-SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	70
Seiko Izinsimbi	I-SC-32L	I-SMD	4	20	7	40
Seiko Izinsimbi	I-SC-20S	I-SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	70
Seiko Izinsimbi	I-SC-12S	I-SMD	1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	90

Qaphela: 

1. Amakristalu angase atholakale ngamandla amaningi omthwalo kanye nezinketho zokubekezelela imvamisa. Xhumana nomthengisi wekristalu ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe.

Oscillator Module Overview

Lesi sigaba sibonisa uhlu lapho ama-oscillator angu-32.768 kHz afakwe khona kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene e-Microchip megaAVR, tinyAVR, Dx, kanye ne-XMEGA®.

megaAVR® Amadivayisi

Ithebula 6-1. megaAVR® Amadivayisi

Idivayisi	I-Oscillator Module
I-ATmega1280	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega1281	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega1284P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega128A	X32K_2v7
I-ATmega128	X32K_2v7
I-ATmega1608	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATmega1609	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATmega162	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega164A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega164PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega164P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega165A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega165PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega165P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega168A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega168PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega168PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega168P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega168	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega169A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega169PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega169P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega169	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega16A	X32K_2v7
I-ATmega16	X32K_2v7
I-ATmega2560	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega2561	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega3208	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATmega3209	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATmega324A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega324PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega324PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega324P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega3250A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega3250PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega3250P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega325A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega325PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega325P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega328PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega328P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega328	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega3290A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega3290PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega3290P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega329A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega329PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega329P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega329	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega32A	X32K_2v7
I-ATmega32	X32K_2v7
I-ATmega406	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATmega4808	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATmega4809	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATmega48A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega48PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega48PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega48P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega48	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega640	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega644A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega644PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega644P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega6450A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega6450P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega645A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega645P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega6490A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega6490P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega6490	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega649A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega649P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega649	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega64A	X32K_2v7
I-ATmega64	X32K_2v7
I-ATmega808	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATmega809	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATmega88A	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega88PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega88PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega88P	X32K_1v8_ULP
I-ATmega88	X32K_1v8
I-ATmega8A	X32K_2v7
I-ATmega8	X32K_2v7

amancaneAVR® Amadivayisi

Ithebula 6-2. amancaneAVR® Amadivayisi

Idivayisi	I-Oscillator Module
I-ATtiny1604	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny1606	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny1607	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny1614	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny1616	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny1617	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny1624	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny1626	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny1627	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny202	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny204	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny212	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny214	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny2313A	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny24A	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny24	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny25	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny261A	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny261	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny3216	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny3217	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny3224	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny3226	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny3227	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny402	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny404	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny406	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny412	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny414	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny416	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny417	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny424	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny426	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny427	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny4313	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny44A	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny44	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny45	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny461A	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny461	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny804	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny806	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny807	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny814	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny816	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny817	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny824	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny826	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny827	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
I-ATtiny84A	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny84	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny85	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny861A	X32K_1v8
I-ATtiny861	X32K_1v8

Amadivayisi e-AVR® Dx

Ithebula 6-3. Amadivayisi e-AVR® Dx

Idivayisi	I-Oscillator Module
I-AVR128DA28	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DA32	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DA48	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DA64	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR32DA28	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR32DA32	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR32DA48	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DA28	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DA32	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DA48	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DA64	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DB28	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DB32	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DB48	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DB64	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR32DB28	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR32DB32	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR32DB48	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DB28	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DB32	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DB48	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DB64	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DD28	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DD32	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DD48	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR128DD64	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR32DD28	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR32DD32	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR32DD48	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DD28	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DD32	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DD48	OSC_LP_v10
I-AVR64DD64	OSC_LP_v10

Amadivayisi e-AVR® XMEGA®

Ithebula 6-4. Amadivayisi e-AVR® XMEGA®

Idivayisi	I-Oscillator Module
I-ATxmega128A1	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega128A3	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega128A4	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega128B1	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega128B3	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega128D3	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega128D4	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega16A4	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega16D4	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega192A1	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega192A3	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega192D3	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega256A3B	X32K_XRTC32
I-ATxmega256A1	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega256D3	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega32A4	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega32D4	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega64A1	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega64A3	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega64A4	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega64B1	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega64B3	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega64D3	X32K_XMEGA
I-ATxmega64D4	X32K_XMEGA

Umlando Wokubuyekeza

UDokotela. Umfundisi.	Usuku	Amazwana
D	05/2022	Kwengezwe isigaba 1.8. Amandla Okushayela. Buyekeza isigaba 5. I-Crystal Izincomo ngamakristalu amasha.
C	09/2021	Okujwayelekile kabushaview wombhalo wenothi lesicelo. Kulungisiwe Izibalo 1-5. Isigaba esibuyekeziwe 5. I-Crystal Izincomo ngamadivayisi amasha e-AVR namakristalu.
B	09/2018	Kulungisiwe Ithebula 5-1. Izinkomba eziphambanayo ezilungisiwe.
A	02/2018	Iguqulelwe kufomethi ye-Microchip futhi yashintsha inombolo yedokhumenti ye-Atmel 8333. Kungezwe usekelo lwe-tinyAVR 0- no-1-series.
8333E	03/2015	Kushintshwe ukuphuma kwewashi le-XMEGA kusuka ku-PD7 kuya ku-PC7. I-XMEGA B yengeziwe.
8333D	072011	Uhlu lwezincomo lubuyekeziwe.
8333C	02/2011	Uhlu lwezincomo lubuyekeziwe.
8333B	11/2010	Izibuyekezo nezilungiso ezimbalwa.
8333A	08/2010	Ukubuyekezwa kwedokhumenti yokuqala.

Ulwazi lwe-Microchip

I-Microchip Webindawo

I-Microchip inikeza ukusekelwa kwe-inthanethi nge-ethu webindawo ku www.microchip.com/. Lokhu webindawo isetshenziselwa ukwenza files kanye nolwazi olutholakala kalula kumakhasimende. Okunye okuqukethwe okutholakalayo kuhlanganisa:

• Ukusekelwa Komkhiqizo - Amashidi wedatha kanye nephutha, amanothi ohlelo lokusebenza kanye ne-sampizinhlelo, izinsiza zokuklama, imihlahlandlela yabasebenzisi kanye nemibhalo yokwesekwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha, ukukhishwa kwesofthiwe yakamuva kanye nesofthiwe efakwe kungobo yomlando
• Ukusekelwa Okujwayelekile Kwezobuchwepheshe - Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (FAQs), izicelo zokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe, amaqembu ezingxoxo eziku-inthanethi, ukufakwa kuhlu kwamalungu ohlelo lukazakwethu we-Microchip design
• Ibhizinisi le-Microchip - Isikhethi somkhiqizo nemihlahlandlela yoku-oda, ukukhishwa kwakamuva kwabezindaba kwe-Microchip, uhlu lwamasemina nemicimbi, uhlu lwamahhovisi okuthengisa e-Microchip, abasabalalisi nabamele imboni

Isevisi yesaziso sokushintsha umkhiqizo
Isevisi yesaziso sokushintsha umkhiqizo we-Microchip isiza ukugcina amakhasimende enolwazi ngemikhiqizo ye-Microchip. Ababhalisile bazothola isaziso se-imeyili noma nini lapho kukhona izinguquko, izibuyekezo, izibuyekezo noma iziphambeko ezihlobene nomndeni womkhiqizo othile noma ithuluzi lokuthuthukisa elithandwayo.
Ukuze ubhalise, yiya ku www.microchip.com/pcn bese ulandela imiyalelo yokubhalisa.

Ukwesekwa Kwamakhasimende
Abasebenzisi bemikhiqizo ye-Microchip bangathola usizo ngeziteshi ezimbalwa:

• Umsabalalisi noma Ummeleli
• Ihhovisi Lokuthengisa Lendawo
• I-Embedded Solutions Engineer (ESE)
• Ukusekela kwezobuchwepheshe

Amakhasimende kufanele athinte umsabalalisi wawo, ummeleli noma i-ESE ukuze bathole ukwesekwa. Amahhovisi okuthengisa endawo nawo ayatholakala ukuze asize amakhasimende. Uhlu lwamahhovisi okuthengisa nezindawo lufakiwe kulo mbhalo.
Ukwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe kuyatholakala nge- webisayithi ku: www.microchip.com/support

Isici Sokuvikela Ikhodi Yamadivayisi e-Microchip
Qaphela imininingwane elandelayo yesici sokuvikela ikhodi emikhiqizweni ye-Microchip:

• Imikhiqizo ye-Microchip ihlangabezana nokucaciswa okuqukethwe ku-Microchip Data Sheet yayo.
• I-Microchip ikholelwa ukuthi umkhaya wayo wemikhiqizo uvikelekile uma usetshenziswa ngendlela ehlosiwe, ngaphakathi kwezicaciso zokusebenza, nangaphansi kwezimo ezivamile.
• Amanani e-Microchip futhi avikela ngokunamandla amalungelo ayo okuvikela ubunikazi bokusungula. Imizamo yokwephula izici zokuvikela ikhodi yomkhiqizo we-Microchip inqatshelwe ngokuphelele futhi ingase yephule uMthetho we-Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
• I-Microchip nanoma yimuphi omunye umkhiqizi we-semiconductor ongaqinisekisa ukuphepha kwekhodi yayo. Ukuvikelwa kwekhodi akusho ukuthi siqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo “awunakunqamuka”. Ukuvikelwa kwekhodi kuhlala kuvela njalo. I-Microchip izinikele ekuthuthukiseni ngokuqhubekayo izici zokuvikela ikhodi zemikhiqizo yethu.

Isaziso Somthetho
Lokhu kushicilelwa kanye nolwazi olulapha kungasetshenziswa kuphela emikhiqizweni ye-Microchip, okuhlanganisa ukuklama, ukuhlola, nokuhlanganisa imikhiqizo ye-Microchip nohlelo lwakho lokusebenza. Ukusetshenziswa kwalolu lwazi nganoma iyiphi enye indlela kwephula le migomo. Ulwazi olumayelana nezinhlelo zokusebenza zedivayisi lunikezwa ukuze kube lula kuwe futhi lungase luthathelwe indawo yizibuyekezo. Kuyisibopho sakho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isicelo sakho sihlangabezana nezicaciso zakho. Xhumana nehhovisi lakho lendawo yokuthengisa leMicrochip ukuze uthole ukwesekwa okwengeziwe noma, thola ukwesekwa okwengeziwe kokuthi www.microchip.com/en-us/support/design-help/client-support-services.
LOLU LWAZI LUNIKEZWA YI-MICROCHIP “NJENGOBA LUKHO”. I-MICROCHIP AYIKUMELELI NOMA IZIQINISEKISO ZANOMA YILUPHI UHLOBO KUNGAKHATHALISEKI NOMA OKUSHIWO, OKUBHALWE NOMA OKULOMTHETHO.
NOMA OKUNYE, OKUPHATHELENE NOLWAZI OLUHLANGANISA NAKHO KODWA ANGIkhawulelwe KUNOMA YIZIPHI IZIQINISEKISO EZISHIYELWE ZOKUNGEphuli-mthetho, UKUDAYISA, NOKULUNGELA NGENJONGO ETHILE, NOMA IZIQINISEKISO EZIPHATHELENE NOMIMO WAWO, IKHWALI, NOMSEBENZI WAKHO.
AKUKHO MCIMBI ONGAZOBA NESIbophezelo I-MICROCHIP NGANOMA YILUPHI ULWAZI , ESIKHETHEKILE, ESIJEZISO, ISENZAKALO, NOMA OKULANDELAYO, UMONAKALO, Izindleko, NOMA Izindleko zanoma yiluphi uhlobo oluhlotshaniswa noLWAZI NOMA UKUSETSHENZISWA KWALO, NOMA KUBE NEZINTO EZIPHUMAYO, OKUNGENZEKA NOMA UMONAKALO UNGABONAKALA. NGENXA ESIPHELELE NGENXA YOKUMTHETHO, ISIBOPHO SE-MICROCHIP SONKE KUZO ZONKE IZINKINGA NGANOMA YIYIPHI INDLELA EPHATHANA NOLWAZI NOMA UKUSETSHENZISWA KWALO NGEKE KWEQE INANI LEZINKOKHELO, UMA LIKHONA, OYIKHOKHE NGOKUQONDILE UKUZE UKWAZISE.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi e-Microchip ekusekeleni impilo kanye/noma izicelo zokuphepha kusengozini yomthengi ngokuphelele, futhi umthengi uyavuma ukuvikela, ukunxephezela nokubamba i-Microchip engenabungozi kunoma yimuphi nanoma yimuphi umonakalo, izimangalo, amasudi, noma izindleko ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa okunjalo. Awekho amalayisensi adluliswayo, ngokusobala noma ngenye indlela, ngaphansi kwanoma imaphi amalungelo empahla yengqondo ye-Microchip ngaphandle kwalapho kushiwo ngenye indlela.

Izimpawu zokuhweba

Igama le-Microchip nelogo, ilogo ye-Microchip, i-Adaptec, i-AnyRate, i-AVR, ilogo ye-AVR, i-AVR Freaks, Bes Time, Bit Cloud, Crypto Memory, Crypto RF, dsPIC, flexPWR, HELDO, IGLOO, JukeBlox, KeeLoq, Kleer, LANCheck, I-LinkMD, maXStylus, maXTouch, Media LB, megaAVR, Microsemi, Microsemi logo, MOST, MOST logo, MPLAB, OptoLyzer, PIC, picoPower, PICSTART, PIC32 logo, PolarFire, Prochip Designer, QTouch, SAM-BA, SenGenuity, SpyNIC, , Ilogo ye-SST, i-SuperFlash, i-Symmetricom, i-SyncServer, i-Tachyon, i-TimeSource, i-tinyAVR, i-UNI/O, i-Vectron, ne-XMEGA izimpawu zokuthengisa ezibhalisiwe ze-Microchip Technology Incorporated e-USA nakwamanye amazwe.
AgileSwitch, APT, ClockWorks, The Embedded Control Solutions Company, EtherSynch, Flashtec, Hyper Speed ​​Control, HyperLight Load, Intelli MOS, Libero, motorBench, m Touch, Powermite 3, Precision Edge, ProASIC, ProASIC Plus, ProASIC Plus logo, Quiet- Intambo, i-Smart Fusion, i-Sync World, i-Temux, i-Time Cesium, i-TimeHub, i-TimePictra, i-Time Provider, i-TrueTime, i-WinPath, ne-ZL izimpawu zokuthengisa ezibhalisiwe ze-Microchip Technology Incorporated e-USA.
Ukucindezelwa kokhiye abaseduze, i-AKS, i-Analog-for-the-Digital Age, AnyIn, AnyOut, Augmented Switching, Blue Sky, Body Com, Code Guard, CryptoAuthentication, Crypto Automotive, CryptoCompanion, CryptoController, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, Dynamic Ukufaniswa okumaphakathi, i-DAM, i-ECAN, i-Espresso T1S, i-EtherGREEN, iGridTime, i-Ideal Bridge, i-In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, INICnet, Intelligent Paralleling, Inter-Chip Connectivity, JitterBlocker, Knob-on-Display, maxCrypto, maxView, memBrain, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPF, MPLAB Certified logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, MultiTRAK, NetDetach, NVM Express, NVMe, Omniscient Code Generation, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, PowerSmart, PureSilicon, REAL ICE Matrix , Ripple Blocker, RTAX, RTG4, SAM-ICE, Serial Quad I/O, simpleMAP, SimpliPHY, Smar tBuffer, SmartHLS, SMART-IS, storClad, SQI, SuperSwitcher, SuperSwitcher II, Switchtec, SynchroPHY, Total Endurance, TSHARC, USBCheck , VariSense, VectorBlox, VeriPHY, ViewI-Span, i-WiperLock, i-XpressConnect, ne-ZENA izimpawu zokuthengisa ze-Microchip Technology Incorporated e-USA nakwamanye amazwe.

I-SQTP iwuphawu lwesevisi lwe-Microchip Technology Incorporated e-USA
Ilogo ye-Adaptec, Frequency on Demand, Silicon Storage Technology, Symmcom, kanye ne-Trusted Time izimpawu zokuthengisa ezibhalisiwe ze-Microchip Technology Inc. kwamanye amazwe.
I-GestIC inguphawu lokuthengisa olubhalisiwe lwe-Microchip Technology Germany II GmbH & Co. KG, inkampani ephethwe yi-Microchip Technology Inc., kwamanye amazwe.
Zonke ezinye izimpawu zokuthengisa ezishiwo lapha ziyimpahla yezinkampani zazo.
© 2022, Microchip Technology Incorporated kanye nezinkampani ezingaphansi kwayo. Wonke Amalungelo Agodliwe.

• I-ISBN: 978-1-6683-0405-1

Uhlelo Lokuphatha Ikhwalithi
Ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana ne-Microchip's Quality Management Systems, sicela uvakashele www.microchip.com/quality.

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Amadokhumenti / Izinsiza

I-MICROCHIP AN2648 Ukukhetha Nokuhlola 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators for AVR Microcontrollers [pdf] Umhlahlandlela Womsebenzisi I-AN2648 Ukukhetha Nokuhlola 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillator for AVR Microcontrollers, AN2648, Ukukhetha Nokuhlola 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillator for AVR Microcontrollers, Crystal Oscillator for AVR Microcontrollers

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