MICROCHIP AN2648 Nhọrọ na Nnwale 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators maka AVR Microcontrollers

Okwu mmalite

Ndị ode akwụkwọ: Torbjørn Kjørlaug na Amund Aune, Microchip Technology Inc.
Ihe ndetu ngwa a na-achịkọta isi ihe kristal, ntụle nhazi PCB, yana otu esi nwalee kristal na ngwa gị. Ntuziaka nhọrọ kristal na-egosi kristal akwadoro nke ndị ọkachamara nwalere wee hụ na ọ dabara adaba maka modul oscillator dị iche iche na ezinụlọ Microchip AVR® dị iche iche. Nwale firmware na akụkọ nnwale sitere na ndị na-ere kristal dị iche iche gụnyere.

Atụmatụ

• Crystal Oscillator Basics
• Atụmatụ PCB chepụta
• Na-anwale ịdị ike Crystal
• Nwalee Firmware gụnyere
• Ntuziaka Nkwanye Crystal

Crystal Oscillator Basics

Okwu mmalite

Igwe oscillator kristal na-eji resonance nke ihe piezoelectric na-ama jijiji na-emepụta mgbama elekere kwụsiri ike. A na-ejikarị ugboro ugboro iji nye mgbama elekere kwụsiri ike ma ọ bụ debe oge; N'ihi ya, a na-eji oscillator kristal eme ihe na ngwa Redio Frequency (RF) na sekit dijitalụ nwere mmetụta oge.
kristal dị site na ndị na-ere ahịa dị iche iche n'ụdị na nha dị iche iche ma nwee ike ịdịgasị iche na arụmọrụ na nkọwapụta. Ịghọta paramita na sekit oscillator dị mkpa maka ngwa siri ike kwụsie ike karịa mgbanwe dị na okpomọkụ, iru mmiri, ọkọnọ ike na usoro.
Ihe niile a na-ahụ anya na-enwekarị ịma jijiji sitere n'okike, ebe a na-ekpebi oge na-ama jijiji site na ọdịdị ya, nha ya, ngbanwe ya na ọsọ nke ụda dị na ihe ahụ. Ihe Piezoelectric na-agbagọ mgbe a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik ma na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụdị mbụ ya. Ihe piezoelectric a na-ejikarị eme ihe
na sekit eletrọnịkị bụ kristal quartz, mana a na-ejikwa seramiiki resonators - n'ozuzu na ngwa dị ọnụ ala ma ọ bụ obere oge dị mkpa. A na-egbutu kristal 32.768 kHz n'ụdị ndụdụ ngbanwe. Site na kristal quartz, enwere ike ịmalite ugboro ugboro kpọmkwem.

Ọgụgụ 1-1. Ụdị nke 32.768 kHz Tuning Fork Crystal

Oscillator

Ụkpụrụ nkwụsi ike nke Barkhausen bụ ọnọdụ abụọ ejiri chọpụta mgbe sekit eletrọnịkị ga-emegharị. Ha na-ekwu na ọ bụrụ na A bụ uru nke ampihe mmewere na sekit eletrọnịkị na β(jω) bụ ọrụ mbufe nke ụzọ nzaghachi, a ga-ejigide oscillations steeti kwụ ọtọ naanị na ugboro ole nke:

• Uru akaghị nhata na ịdị n'otu n'ogo zuru oke, |βA| = 1
• Ngbanwe nke usoro gburugburu loop bụ efu ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nke 2π, ntụgharị, ∠βA = 2πn maka n ∈ 0, 1, 2, 3…

Nhọrọ nke mbụ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịgide adịgide ampakara litude. Ọnụọgụ na-erughị 1 ga-ebelata mgbaàmà ahụ, yana ọnụọgụ karịrị 1 ga-ebelata ampmee ka mgbama na-enweghị ngwụcha. Nke abụọ criterion ga-hụ na a kwụsiri ike ugboro. Maka ụkpụrụ ngbanwe nke oge ndị ọzọ, a ga-akagbu mmepụta sine ife n'ihi loop nzaghachi.

Ọgụgụ 1-2. Nzaghachi nzaghachi

Oscillator 32.768 kHz na Microchip AVR microcontrollers ka egosiri na eserese 1-3 ma mejupụtara ntụgharị ntụgharị.
amplifier (n'ime) na kristal (mpụta). Capacitors (CL1 na CL2) na-anọchite anya ike parasitic dị n'ime. Ụfọdụ ngwaọrụ AVR nwekwara ike ịhọrọ oke ibu dị n'ime, nke enwere ike iji belata mkpa maka ndị na-ebu ibu mpụga, dabere na kristal ejiri.
Ntụgharị ahụ amplifier na-enye mgbanwe π radian (ogo 180). Mgbanwe π radian nke fọdụrụ bụ kristal na ibu capacitive dị na 32.768 kHz, na-ebute ngbanwe oge nke 2π radian. N'oge mmalite, ndị ampmmepụta lifier ga-abawanye ruo mgbe emebere oscillation steeti kwụ ọtọ na uru akaghị nke 1, na-eme ka usoro Barkhausen mezuo. A na-achịkwa nke a na-akpaghị aka site na sekit oscillator nke AVR microcontroller.

Ọgụgụ 1-3. Pierce Crystal Oscillator Circuit na ngwaọrụ AVR® (dị mfe)

Ụdị eletrik

E gosipụtara sekit eletriki eletrik nke otu kristal na eserese 1-4. A na-akpọ netwọọdụ RLC usoro ahụ ogwe aka mmegharị ma na-enye nkọwa eletriki nke omume arụ ọrụ nke crystal, ebe C1 na-anọchite anya elasticity nke quartz, L1 na-anọchi anya igwe na-ama jijiji, na R1 na-anọchite anya mfu n'ihi damping. A na-akpọ C0 shunt ma ọ bụ static capacitance na bụ nchikota nke ike parasitic eletriki n'ihi ụlọ kristal na electrodes. Ọ bụrụ na a
A na-eji mita capacitance tụọ ike kristal, naanị C0 ka a ga-atụle (C1 agaghị enwe mmetụta).

Ọgụgụ 1-4. Crystal Oscillator Equivalent Circuit

Site na iji mgbanwe Laplace, enwere ike ịhụ ugboro abụọ resonant na netwọk a. Usoro resonant
ugboro, fs, dabere naanị na C1 na L1. Ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ mgbochi resonant, fp, gụnyekwara C0. Hụ eserese 1-5 maka njirimara mmeghachi omume vs. ugboro ugboro.

Nhazi 1-1. Usoro Resonant Frequency

Nhazi 1-2. Ugboro ugboro Resonant Parallel

Ọgụgụ 1-5. Njirimara Crystal Reactance

kristal dị n'okpuru 30 MHz nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ugboro ọ bụla n'etiti usoro na ugboro resonant, nke pụtara na ha na-arụ ọrụ. A na-arụkarị kristal dị elu n'elu 30 MHz na usoro resonant ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ ụda olu, nke na-eme n'ọtụtụ ugboro nke isi. Ịgbakwunye ibu capacitive, CL, na kristal ga-eme ka mgbanwe na ugboro nke Equation 1-3 nyere. Enwere ike ịmegharị ugboro kristal site n'ịgbanwe ike ibu, nke a na-akpọkwa ịdọrọ ugboro ugboro.

Nhazi 1-3. Ugboro ugboro Resonant agbanwegharịrị

Nguzogide Usoro nhata (ESR)

Nkwụsị usoro ihe nhata (ESR) bụ ihe nleba anya eletrik nke mfu n'ibu kristal. Na usoro
ugboro resonant, fs, ọ hà R1 n'ụdị eletriki. ESR bụ oke dị mkpa ma nwee ike ịchọta ya na mpempe akwụkwọ data kristal. ESR ga na-adaberekarị n'ogo anụ ahụ kristal, ebe obere kristal
(karịsịa kristal SMD) na-enwekarị mfu dị elu yana ụkpụrụ ESR karịa kristal buru ibu.
Ụkpụrụ ESR dị elu na-etinye ibu dị elu na ntụgharị amponye ndu. ESR dị elu nwere ike ime ka ọrụ oscillator na-akwụghị ụgwọ. Uru ịdị n'otu nwere ike, n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, agaghị enweta ya, na akara Barkhausen nwere ike ọ gaghị emezu.

Ihe kpatara na nkwụsi ike

Q-factor na-enye nkwụsi ike ugboro kristal. Ihe Q-factor bụ oke n'etiti ike echekwara na kristal na nchikota nke mfu ike niile. Dịka, kristal quartz nwere Q dị na 10,000 ruo 100,000, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ikekwe 100 maka oscillator LC. Ndị na-emegharị seramiiki nwere Q dị ala karịa kristal quartz ma na-enwe mmetụta maka mgbanwe na ibu capacitive.

Nhazi 1-4. Ihe-akpataỌtụtụ ihe nwere ike imetụta nkwụsi ike ugboro ugboro: Nrụgide ọrụ igwe na-ebute site na nrịgo, ujo ma ọ bụ ịma jijiji, mgbanwe dị na ike ọkọnọ, ihe mgbochi ibu, okpomọkụ, oghere magnetik na eletriki, na ịka nká kristal. Ndị na-ere kristal na-edekarị parampat dị otú ahụ na mpempe data ha.

Oge mmalite

N'oge mmalite, inverting ampna -emegharị ihe ampna-eme mkpọtụ. kristal ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nzacha bandpas wee na-azụghachi naanị akụrụngwa resonance kristal, nke bụ mgbe ahụ ampkwadoro. Tupu ị nweta oscillation steeti kwụ ọtọ, uru akaghị nke kristal/inverting amploop lifier karịrị 1 na mgbama amplitude ga-abawanye. Na oscillation steeti kwụ ọtọ, uru akaghị ga-emezu ụkpụrụ Barkhausen na uru akaghị nke 1, yana mgbe niile. amplitude.
Ihe na-emetụta oge mmalite:

• Igwe kristal ESR dị elu ga-amalite nwayọ karịa kristal ESR dị ala
• Igwe kristal Q dị elu ga-amalite nwayọ karịa kristal Q-factor dị ala
• Ike ibu dị elu ga-abawanye oge mmalite
• Oscillator ampIkike ịnya ụgbọ ala (lee nkọwa ndị ọzọ na inye ohere oscillator na ngalaba 3.2, Nnwale Nguzogide Na-adịghị mma na Ihe Nchekwa)

Na mgbakwunye, ugboro kristal ga-emetụta oge mmalite (kristal ngwa ngwa ga-amalite ngwa ngwa), mana a na-edozi oke a maka kristal 32.768 kHz.

Ọgụgụ 1-6. Mmalite nke Crystal Oscillator

Nlegide okpomọkụ

A na-egbutu kristal ndụdụ a na-ahụkarị ka ọ nọrọ n'etiti etiti ọnụọgụ na 25°C. N'elu na n'okpuru 25 Celsius, ugboro ole ga-ebelata site na njirimara parabolic, dị ka egosiri na foto 1-7. A na-enye mgbanwe ugboro ugboro site na
Nha nhata 1-5, ebe f0 bụ oge ebumnuche na T0 (nke na-abụkarị 32.768 kHz na 25°C) yana B bụ ọnụọgụ ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke akwụkwọ data kristal nyere (nke na-abụkarị ọnụọgụ na-adịghị mma).

Nhazi 1-5. Mmetụta nke mgbanwe okpomọkụ

Ọgụgụ 1-7. Okpomọkụ a na-ahụkarị vs. njirimara ugboro ugboro nke kristal

Ike mbanye

Ike nke sekit ọkwọ ụgbọ ala kristal na-ekpebi njirimara nke mmepụta sine nke kristal oscillator. Wave sine bụ ntinye ozugbo n'ime pin ntinye elekere dijitalụ nke microcontroller. Sine ife a ga-adịrịrị mfe ịgbatị ntinye kacha nta na oke voltage ọkwa nke ntinye ntinye onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala kristal ebe a naghị ebipụ ya, gbawaa ma ọ bụ gbagọọ agbagọ n'elu. Oke sine dị ala amplitude na-egosi na ibu sekit kristal dị oke arọ maka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, na-eduga na ọdịda oscillation nwere ike ime ma ọ bụ ntinye ugboro ugboro. Oke oke amplitude pụtara na uru akaghị dị elu nke ukwuu na ọ nwere ike iduga na kristal na-awụlikwa elu na ọkwa kwekọrọ ma ọ bụ mmebi na-adịgide adịgide na kristal.
Kpebie njirimara mmepụta kristal site na nyochaa pin XTAL1/TOSC1 voltage. Mara na nyocha ejikọrọ na XTAL1/TOSC1 na-eduga n'ịgbakwụnye parasitic capacitance, nke a ga-enyocharịrị.
Uru loop na-emetụta ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na nke ọma site na voltage (VDD). Nke ahụ pụtara na a ga-atụrịrị njirimara mbanye na okpomọkụ kachasị elu na VDD kacha ala, yana okpomọkụ kachasị elu na VDD kachasị elu nke akọwapụtara ngwa ahụ ka ọ rụọ ọrụ.
Họrọ kristal nwere obere ESR ma ọ bụ ibu capacitive ma ọ bụrụ na uru akaghị dị ala. Ọ bụrụ na uru loop ahụ dị oke elu, enwere ike ịgbakwunye usoro resistor, RS na sekit iji mee ka mgbama mmepụta kwụsị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'okpuru na-egosi example nke sekit ọkwọ ụgbọ ala kristal dị mfe yana mgbakwunye usoro resistor (RS) na mmepụta nke pin XTAL2/TOSC2.

Ọgụgụ 1-8. Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala Crystal nwere ihe mgbochi agbakwunyere

Atụmatụ PCB okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu

Ọbụna sekit oscillator kacha mma na kristal dị elu agaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị nlezianya tụlee nhazi na ihe eji eme ihe n'oge mgbakọ. Ike dị ala 32.768 kHz oscillators na-agbasa nke ọma n'okpuru 1 μW, yabụ na-eru ugbu a na sekit dị obere. Na mgbakwunye, ugboro kristal na-adabere nke ukwuu na ibu capacitive.
Iji hụ na oscillator siri ike, ntuziaka ndị a ka akwadoro n'oge nhazi PCB:

• Ahịrị mgbaama sitere na XTAL1/TOSC1 na XTAL2/TOSC2 gaa na kristal ga-adị mkpụmkpụ dị ka o kwere mee iji belata ikike nje na ịbawanye mkpọtụ na mgbochi okwu. Ejila oghere.
• Chebe kristal na ahịrị mgbaama site na iji ụgbọ elu ala na mgbanaka nche gbachie ya
• Azọla ahịrị dijitalụ, ọkachasị ahịrị elekere, nso na ahịrị kristal. Maka bọọdụ PCB multilayer, zere mgbama ụzọ n'okpuru ahịrị kristal.
• Jiri PCB dị elu na ihe eji ere ere
• Uzuzu na iru mmiri ga-abawanye ikike parasitic ma belata ikewapụ mgbaàmà, yabụ a na-atụ aro mkpuchi mkpuchi

Na-anwale ịdị ike Crystal Oscillation

Okwu mmalite

Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala oscillator 32.768 kHz kristal AVR bụ nke kachasị maka oriri ike dị ala, yabụ.
ike ọkwọ ụgbọ ala kristal nwere oke. Ibubiga ọkwọ ụgbọ ala kristal nwere ike ime ka oscillator ghara ịmalite, ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike
emetụta ya (kwụsị nwa oge, maka example) n'ihi mkpọ ụda ma ọ bụ ụbara ibu capacitive nke mmeru ma ọ bụ nso nke aka kpatara.
Kpachapụ anya mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ma na-anwale kristal iji hụ na ọ siri ike na ngwa gị. Akụkụ abụọ kacha mkpa kristal bụ Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) na Load Capacitance (CL).
Mgbe ị na-atụ kristal, a ga-edobe kristal dị ka o kwere mee na ntụtụ oscillator 32.768 kHz iji belata ikike parasitic. N'ozuzu, anyị na-akwado ịme nha na ngwa ikpeazụ gị. Ụdị PCB omenala nwere opekata mpe microcontroller na sekit kristal nwekwara ike ịnye nsonaazụ ule ziri ezi. Maka nnwale mbụ nke kristal, iji ngwa mmepe ma ọ bụ ihe mmalite (dịka, STK600) nwere ike zuo oke.
Anyị anaghị akwado ijikọ kristal na ndị isi mmepụta XTAL/TOSC na njedebe nke STK600, dị ka egosiri na Figure 3-1, n'ihi na ụzọ mgbaàmà ga-enwe mmetụta dị nro na mkpọtụ ma si otú a gbakwunye ibu capacitive. Ịre kristal ozugbo na ndị na-edu, Otú ọ dị, ga-arụpụta ezigbo ihe. Iji zere ibu ibu capacitive ọzọ site na oghere na ntụgharị na STK600, anyị na-akwado ịkwado XTAL/TOSC na-eduga elu, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 3-2 na Figure 3-3, ka ha ghara imetụ oghere ahụ aka. kristal nwere ụzọ (ogbere oghere) dị mfe ijikwa, mana ọ ga-ekwe omume ịre SMD ozugbo na ụzọ XTAL/TOSC site na iji mgbakwunye pin, dị ka egosiri na eserese 3-4. Ire kristal na ngwugwu nwere obere ntụtụ dị warara ga-ekwe omume, dị ka egosiri na eserese 3-5, mana ọ ka dị ntakịrị ma chọọ aka kwụ ọtọ.

Ọgụgụ 3-1. Ntọala ule STK600

Dị ka ibu capacitive ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na oscillator, ị gaghị enyocha kristal ozugbo ọ gwụla ma ị nwere akụrụngwa dị elu ezubere maka nha kristal. Ọkọlọtọ 10X oscilloscope probes na-etinye ntinye nke 10-15 pF ma si otú a nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na nha. Iji mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ nyocha 10X emetụ ntụtụ nke kristal aka nwere ike zuru ezu ịmalite ma ọ bụ kwụsị oscillations ma ọ bụ nye nsonaazụ ụgha. A na-eweta ngwa ngwa maka iwepụta akara elekere na ntụtụ I/O ọkọlọtọ yana ndetu ngwa a. N'adịghị ka ntụtụ ntinye XTAL/TOSC, ntụtụ I/O ahaziri dị ka ihe echekwabara nwere ike iji nyocha oscilloscope ọkọlọtọ 10X na-emetụtaghị nha. Enwere ike ịchọta nkọwa ndị ọzọ na ngalaba 4, Test Firmware.

Ọgụgụ 3-2. E rere Crystal ozugbo na Bent XTAL/TOSC na-eduga

Ọgụgụ 3-3. Ejiri Crystal na STK600 Socket

Ọgụgụ 3-4. SMD Crystal na-erere ya ozugbo na MCU site na iji mgbakwunye pin

Ọgụgụ 3-5. Enyere Crystal ka ọ bụrụ ngwugwu 100-Pin TQFP nwere pin Pitch dị warara

Nnwale Nguzogide na-adịghị mma yana ihe nchekwa

Nnwale nguzogide na-adịghị mma na-achọpụta oke n'etiti kristal ampibu lifier ejiri na ngwa gị yana ibu kachasị. Na max load, na amplifier ga-akpagbu, na oscillation ga-akwụsị. A na-akpọ ebe a oscillator allowance (OA). Chọta ohere oscillator site n'itinye resistor usoro agbanwere nwa oge n'etiti ampMmepụta lifier (XTAL2/TOSC2) na kristal, dị ka egosiri na eserese 3-6. Mee ka usoro resistor dị elu ruo mgbe kristal kwụsịrị ntugharị. Nkwenye oscillator ga-abụ nchikota nke usoro nguzogide a, RMAX na ESR. A na-atụ aro iji potentiometer nwere oke opekata mpe ESR <RPOT <5 ESR.
Ịchọta uru RMAX ziri ezi nwere ike ịbụ ntakịrị aghụghọ n'ihi na ọ nweghị ebe ohere oscillator ziri ezi dị. Tupu oscillator akwụsị, ị nwere ike ịhụ mbelata nke nta nke nta, yana enwere ike ịnwe nkwụsị nkwụsị. Mgbe oscillator kwụsịrị, ị ga-achọ ibelata uru RMAX site na 10-50 kΩ tupu oscillations maliteghachi. A ga-emerịrị ịgba ígwè ọkụ oge ọ bụla ka abawanyela ihe mgbochi mgbanwe. RMAX ga-abụ uru resistor ebe oscillator anaghị ebido mgbe ịgba ígwè gachara. Rịba ama na oge mmalite ga-adị ogologo oge na ebe nkwụnye ụgwọ oscillator, yabụ nwee ndidi.
Nhazi 3-1. Ego Oscillator
OA = RMAX + ESR

Ọgụgụ 3-6. Na-atụ Oscillator Allowance/RMAX

A na-atụ aro iji potentiometer dị elu nke nwere ikike parasitic dị ala (dịka ọmụmaatụ, SMD potentiometer dabara maka RF) iji nweta nsonaazụ kacha mma. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ike nweta ezigbo ikike oscillator / RMAX na potentiometer dị ọnụ ala, ị ga-echekwa.
Mgbe ịchọta usoro nguzogide kachasị, ị nwere ike ịchọta ihe nchekwa site na nha 3-2. MCU dị iche iche na ndị na-ere kristal na-arụ ọrụ na ndụmọdụ ihe nchekwa dị iche iche. Ihe nchekwa na-agbakwunye oke maka mmetụta ọjọọ ọ bụla nke mgbanwe dị iche iche dị ka oscillator ampuru lifier, mgbanwe n'ihi ike ọkọnọ na okpomọkụ dị iche iche, usoro mgbanwe, na ibu capacitance. Oscillator nke 32.768 kHz ampIgwe ọkụ na AVR microcontrollers bụ okpomọkụ na ike akwụ ụgwọ. Yabụ site n'inwe mgbanwe ndị a karịa ma ọ bụ na-adịchaghị adịgide, anyị nwere ike belata ihe achọrọ maka ihe nchekwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nrụpụta MCU/IC ndị ọzọ. Edepụtara ndụmọdụ ihe nchekwa na tebụl 3-1.

Nhazi 3-2. Ihe nchekwa

Ọgụgụ 3-7. Usoro Potentiometer n'etiti XTAL2/TOSC2 Pin na Crystal

Ọgụgụ 3-8. Nnwale nnabata na Socket

Isiokwu 3-1. Ntụnye ihe nchekwa nchekwa

Ihe nchekwa	Nkwanye
>5	Magburu onwe
4	Ọ dị ezigbo mma
3	Ọ dị mma
<3	A naghị atụ aro ya

Na-atụ ike ibu dị irè

Ugboro kristal na-adabere na ibu capacitive etinyere, dịka egosiri na nha 1-2. Itinye ibu capacitive nke akọwapụtara na mpempe data kristal ga-enye ugboro dị nso na ọnụọgụ aha nke 32.768 kHz. Ọ bụrụ na etinyere ibu ndị ọzọ capacitive, ugboro ga-agbanwe. Ugboro ugboro ga-abawanye ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ebelata ibu capacitive na ọ ga-ebelata ma ọ bụrụ na ibu ahụ abawanye, dị ka egosiri na foto 3-9.
The ugboro ịdọrọ-ikike ma ọ bụ bandwit, ya bụ, otú anya site nominal ugboro enwere ike ịmanye ugboro resonant site n'itinye ibu, dabere na Q-factor nke resonator. A na-enye bandwit site n'ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Q-factor kewara, yana maka kristal quartz dị elu, bandwit a na-eji eme ihe nwere oke. Ọ bụrụ na ugboro a tụrụ atụpụrụ na-esi na ọnụọgụ aha, oscillator ga-adị obere ike. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmụba dị elu na nzaghachi nzaghachi β(jω) nke ga-eme ka ọ dị elu nke ukwuu. amplifier A iji nweta uru ịdị n'otu (lee foto 1-2).
Nhazi 3-3. Bandwit

Ụzọ dị mma iji tụọ ikike ibu dị irè (nchikota nke ikike ibu na ikike parasitic) bụ ịlele ugboro ole oscillator ma jiri ya tụnyere ugboro ole 32.768 kHz. Ọ bụrụ na oge a tụrụ atụ dị nso na 32.768 kHz, ikike ibu dị irè ga-adị nso na nkọwapụta. Mee nke a site na iji ngwa ngwa ewepụtara na ndetu ngwa a yana nyocha obosara 10X ọkọlọtọ na mmepụta elekere na pin I/O, ma ọ bụ, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, tụọ kristal ozugbo na nyocha dị elu nke ezubere maka nha kristal. Lee Nkebi 4, Nwalee Firmware, maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ.

Ọgụgụ 3-9. Ugboro vs. Ibu Ibu Ike

Nha nhata 3-4 na-enye ikike ikike ibu mkpokọta na-enweghị ikike mpụga. N'ọtụtụ oge, a ga-agbakwunye ndị na-eme ike mpụga (CEL1 na CEL2) ka ọ dabara na ibu capacitive akọwapụtara na mpempe data kristal. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eji capacitors mpụga, Equation 3-5 na-enye mkpokọta capacitive ibu.

Nhazi 3-4. Mkpokọta Ibu Capacitive na-enweghị Mpụga Capacitors
Nhazi 3-5. Mkpokọta ibu Capacitive yana ndị Capacitors mpụga

Ọgụgụ 3-10. kristal sekit nwere ime, Parasitic, na mpụga capacitors

Nwalee Firmware

Nyochaa ngwa ngwa maka iwepụta akara elekere na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri I/O nke enwere ike ibuju ya na nyocha 10X ọkọlọtọ gụnyere na .zip. file ekesara ya na ndetu ngwa a. Atụla electrodes kristal ozugbo ma ọ bụrụ na ịnweghị nyocha impedance dị elu nke ezubere maka nha ndị dị otú ahụ.
Chịkọta koodu isi mmalite na mmemme .hex file n'ime ngwaọrụ.
Tinye VCC n'ime oke ọrụ edepụtara na mpempe data, jikọọ kristal n'etiti XTAL1/TOSC1 na XTAL2/TOSC2, wee tụọ mgbama elekere na ntụtụ mmepụta.
Ntụtụ mmepụta dị iche na ngwaọrụ dị iche iche. Edepụtara ntụtụ ndị ziri ezi n'okpuru.

• ATmega128: A na-emepụta akara elekere na PB4, na-ekewa ugboro ole ya site na 2. Oge mmepụta a na-atụ anya bụ 16.384 kHz.
• ATmega328P: A na-emepụta akara elekere na PD6, a na-ekewa ugboro ole ya site na 2. Oge mmepụta a na-atụ anya bụ 16.384 kHz.
• ATtiny817: A na-ebute akara elekere na PB5, na anaghị ekewa ugboro ole ya. Ugboro mmepụta a na-atụ anya bụ 32.768 kHz.
• ATtiny85: A na-emepụta akara elekere na PB1, na-ekewa ugboro ole ya site na 2. Oge mmepụta a na-atụ anya bụ 16.384 kHz.
• ATxmega128A1: A na-ebute akara elekere na PC7, anaghị ekewa ugboro ole ya. Ugboro mmepụta a na-atụ anya bụ 32.768 kHz.
• ATxmega256A3B: Mgbama elekere na-apụta na PC7, anaghị ekewa ugboro ole ya. Ugboro mmepụta a na-atụ anya bụ 32.768 kHz.
• PIC18F25Q10: A na-emepụta akara elekere na RA6, na-ekewa ugboro ole ya site na 4. Oge mmepụta a na-atụ anya bụ 8.192 kHz.

Ihe dị mkpa:  Ejiri PIC18F25Q10 dị ka onye nnọchi anya ngwaọrụ usoro AVR Dx mgbe a na-anwale kristal. Ọ na-eji modul oscillator OSC_LP_v10, nke bụ otu ihe usoro AVR Dx ji.

Nkwanye kristal

Tebụl 5-2 na-egosi nhọrọ nke kristal a nwalere wee hụ na ọ dabara adaba maka microcontrollers AVR dị iche iche.

Ihe dị mkpa:  Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ microcontrollers na-ekekọrịta modul oscillator, ọ bụ naanị nhọrọ nke ngwaahịa microcontroller ka ndị na-ere kristal nwalere. Lee ihe files ekesara ya na ndetu ngwa iji hụ akụkọ nnwale kristal izizi. Lee ngalaba 6. Oscillator Module Overview maka njedebeview nke ngwaahịa microcontroller na-eji nke modul oscillator.

Iji ngwakọta kristal-MCU sitere na tebụl dị n'okpuru ga-eme ka ndakọrịta dị mma yana akwadoro nke ukwuu maka ndị ọrụ nwere obere nka ma ọ bụ oke kristal. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-anwale ngwakọta kristal-MCU site n'aka ndị ọkachamara oscillator kristal nwere ahụmahụ dị ukwuu na ndị na-ere kristal dị iche iche, anyị ka na-akwado ịnwale imewe gị dị ka akọwara na Nkebi 3, Nnwale Crystal Oscillation Robustness, iji hụ na ọ nweghị nsogbu ewebatala n'oge nhazi, ire ere. , wdg.
Tebụl 5-1 na-egosi ndepụta nke modul oscillator dị iche iche. Nkeji 6, Oscillator Module Overview, nwere ndepụta ngwaọrụ ebe etinyere modul ndị a.

Isiokwu 5-1. gafereview nke Oscillators na ngwaọrụ AVR®

#	Modul Oscillator	Nkọwa
1	X32K_2v7	2.7-5.5V oscillator eji na megaAVR® ngwaọrụ(1)
2	X32K_1v8	1.8-5.5V oscillator eji na megaAVR/obereAVR® ngwaọrụ(1)
3	X32K_1v8_ULP	1.8-3.6V ultra-low power oscillator eji na megaAVR/obereAVR picoPower® ngwaọrụ
4	X32K_XMEGA (ụkpụrụ nkịtị)	1.6-3.6V oscillator ike dị ala nke ejiri na ngwaọrụ XMEGA®. Haziri Oscillator ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ nkịtị.
5	X32K_XMEGA (ụkpụrụ ike dị ala)	1.6-3.6V ultra-low power oscillator ejiri na ngwaọrụ XMEGA. Haziri Oscillator ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ ike dị ala.
6	X32K_XRTC32	1.6-3.6V ultra-low ike RTC oscillator ejiri na ngwaọrụ XMEGA nwere nkwado batrị
7	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP	1.8-5.5V ultra-low power oscillator eji na obereAVR 0-, 1- na 2-usoro na megaAVR 0-usoro ngwaọrụ.
8	OSC_LP_v10 (ụkpụrụ nkịtị)	1.8-5.5V ultra-low ike oscillator ejiri na ngwaọrụ usoro AVR Dx. Haziri Oscillator ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ nkịtị.
9	OSC_LP_v10 (ụkpụrụ ike dị ala)	1.8-5.5V ultra-low ike oscillator ejiri na ngwaọrụ usoro AVR Dx. Haziri Oscillator ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ ike dị ala.

Rịba ama

1. Ejighi megaAVR® 0-usoro ma ọ bụ obereAVR® 0-, 1- na 2-usoro.

Tebụl 5-2. kristal 32.768 kHz kwadoro

Onye na-ere ahịa	Ụdị	Ugwu	Modul Oscillator nwalere ma kwadoro (Lee Tebụl 5-1)	Nlekwa anya ugboro ugboro [±ppm]	Ibu ibu Ike [pF]	Nguzogide Usoro Dakọtara (ESR) [kΩ]
Microcrystal	CC7V-T1A	SMD	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	20/100	7.0/9.0/12.5	50/70
Abracon	ABS06	SMD	2	20	12.5	90
Kadịnal	CPFB	SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Kadịnal	CTF6	TH	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Kadịnal	CTF8	TH	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Nwa amaala Endrich	CFS206	TH	1, 2, 3, 4	20	12.5	35
Nwa amaala Endrich	CM315	SMD	1, 2, 3, 4	20	12.5	70
Epson Tyocom	MC-306	SMD	1, 2, 3	20/50	12.5	50
Fox	FSXLF	SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	65
Fox	FX135	SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	70
Fox	FX122	SMD	2, 3, 4	20	12.5	90
Fox	FSRLF	SMD	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
NDK	NX3215SA	SMD	1, 2 , 3	20	12.5	80
NDK	NX1610SE	SMD	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	6	50
NDK	NX2012SE	SMD	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9	20	6	50
Ngwa Seiko	SSP-T7-FL	SMD	2, 3, 5	20	4.4/6/12.5	65
Ngwa Seiko	SSP-T7-F	SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7/12.5	65
Ngwa Seiko	SC-32S	SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	70
Ngwa Seiko	SC-32L	SMD	4	20	7	40
Ngwa Seiko	SC-20S	SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	70
Ngwa Seiko	SC-12S	SMD	1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	90

Mara: 

1. kristal nwere ike ịdị na-enwe ọtụtụ ikike ibu na nhọrọ nnabata ugboro ugboro. Kpọtụrụ onye na-ere kristal maka ozi ndị ọzọ.

Oscillator Module gafereview

Akụkụ a na-egosi ndepụta nke 32.768 kHz oscillators etinyere na ngwaọrụ Microchip megaAVR, tinyAVR, Dx na XMEGA® dị iche iche.

Ngwa megaAVR®

Isiokwu 6-1. Ngwa megaAVR®

Ngwaọrụ	Modul Oscillator
ATmega1280	X32K_1v8
ATmega1281	X32K_1v8
ATmega1284P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega128A	X32K_2v7
ATmega128	X32K_2v7
ATmega1608	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega1609	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega162	X32K_1v8
ATmega164A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega164PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega164P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega165A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega165PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega165P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168	X32K_1v8
ATmega169A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega169PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega169P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega169	X32K_1v8
ATmega16A	X32K_2v7
ATmega16	X32K_2v7
ATmega2560	X32K_1v8
ATmega2561	X32K_1v8
ATmega3208	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega3209	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega324A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega324PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega324PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega324P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3250A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3250PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3250P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega325A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega325PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega325P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega328PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega328P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega328	X32K_1v8
ATmega3290A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3290PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3290P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega329A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega329PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega329P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega329	X32K_1v8
ATmega32A	X32K_2v7
ATmega32	X32K_2v7
ATmega406	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega4808	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega4809	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega48A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega48PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega48PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega48P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega48	X32K_1v8
ATmega640	X32K_1v8
ATmega644A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega644PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega644P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6450A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6450P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega645A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega645P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6490A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6490P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6490	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega649A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega649P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega649	X32K_1v8
ATmega64A	X32K_2v7
ATmega64	X32K_2v7
ATmega808	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega809	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega88A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega88PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega88PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega88P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega88	X32K_1v8
ATmega8A	X32K_2v7
ATmega8	X32K_2v7

obere Ngwa AVR®

Isiokwu 6-2. obere Ngwa AVR®

Ngwaọrụ	Modul Oscillator
ATtiny1604	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1606	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1607	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1614	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1616	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1617	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1624	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1626	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1627	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny202	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny204	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny212	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny214	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny2313A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny24A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny24	X32K_1v8
ATtiny25	X32K_1v8
ATtiny261A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny261	X32K_1v8
ATtiny3216	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3217	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3224	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3226	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3227	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny402	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny404	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny406	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny412	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny414	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny416	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny417	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny424	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny426	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny427	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny4313	X32K_1v8
ATtiny44A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny44	X32K_1v8
ATtiny45	X32K_1v8
ATtiny461A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny461	X32K_1v8
ATtiny804	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny806	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny807	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny814	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny816	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny817	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny824	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny826	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny827	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny84A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny84	X32K_1v8
ATtiny85	X32K_1v8
ATtiny861A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny861	X32K_1v8

Ngwa AVR® Dx

Isiokwu 6-3. Ngwa AVR® Dx

Ngwaọrụ	Modul Oscillator
AVR128DA28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DA32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DA48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DA64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DA28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DA32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DA48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DB28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DB32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DB48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DD28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DD32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DD48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD64	OSC_LP_v10

Ngwa AVR® XMEGA®

Isiokwu 6-4. Ngwa AVR® XMEGA®

Ngwaọrụ	Modul Oscillator
ATxmega128A1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128A3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128A4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128B1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128B3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128D3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128D4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega16A4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega16D4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega192A1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega192A3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega192D3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega256A3B	X32K_XRTC32
ATxmega256A1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega256D3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega32A4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega32D4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64A1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64A3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64A4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64B1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64B3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64D3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64D4	X32K_XMEGA

Akụkọ ngbanwe

Doc. Mkpu.	Ụbọchị	Okwu
D	05/2022	Agbakwunyere ngalaba 1.8. Ike mbanye. Emelitere ngalaba 5. Crystal Aro na kristal ọhụrụ.
C	09/2021	General review nke ederede ndetu ngwa. Emeziri Nhazi 1-5. Ngalaba emelitere 5. Crystal Aro ya na ngwaọrụ AVR ọhụrụ na kristal.
B	09/2018	Emeziri Tebụl 5-1. Ntụ aka n'obe emeziri.
A	02/2018	Tụgharịrị gaa na usoro Microchip wee dochie nọmba akwụkwọ Atmel 8333. Nkwado agbakwunyere maka obereAVR 0- na 1-usoro.
8333E	03/2015	Gbanwee mmepụta elekere XMEGA site na PD7 gaa na PC7. XMEGA B agbakwunyere.
8333D	072011	Ndepụta nkwado emelitere.
8333C	02/2011	Ndepụta nkwado emelitere.
8333B	11/2010	Ọtụtụ mmelite na mmezi.
8333A	08/2010	Ntụgharị akwụkwọ mbụ.

Ozi Microchip

Microchip Websaịtị

Microchip na-enye nkwado ntanetị site na anyị websaịtị na www.microchip.com/. Nke a weba na-eji saịtị eme ihe files na ozi dị mfe maka ndị ahịa. Ụfọdụ ọdịnaya dị gụnyere:

• Nkwado ngwaahịa – Ibé akwụkwọ data na errata, ndetu ngwa na sampmmemme, akụrụngwa imewe, ntuziaka onye ọrụ na akwụkwọ nkwado ngwaike, ewepụtara sọftụwia kacha ọhụrụ yana sọftụwia echekwara
• Nkwado nka na ụzụ izugbe - Ajuju a na-ajụkarị (FAQ), arịrịọ nkwado teknụzụ, otu mkparịta ụka n'ịntanetị, ndepụta ndị otu mmemme mmebe Microchip
• Azụmahịa nke Microchip – ntuziaka onye na-ahọpụta ngwaahịa na ịtụ iwu, mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Microchip kacha ọhụrụ, ndepụta nke nzukọ ọmụmụ na mmemme, ndepụta nke ụlọ ahịa Microchip, ndị nkesa na ndị nnọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.

Ọrụ ngosi mgbanwe ngwaahịa
Ọrụ ngosi mgbanwe ngwaahịa Microchip na-enyere ndị ahịa aka ugbu a na ngwaahịa Microchip. Ndị debanyere aha ga-enweta ọkwa email mgbe ọ bụla enwere mgbanwe, mmelite, nlegharị anya ma ọ bụ errata metụtara ezinụlọ ngwaahịa akọwapụtara ma ọ bụ ngwa mmepe nke mmasị.
Iji debanye aha, gaa na www.microchip.com/pcn ma soro ntuziaka ndebanye aha.

Nkwado ndị ahịa
Ndị na-eji ngwaahịa Microchip nwere ike ịnweta enyemaka site na ọtụtụ ọwa:

• Onye nkesa ma ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya
• Ụlọ ọrụ ire ahịa mpaghara
• Injinia Ngwọta agbakwunyere (ESE)
• Nkwado ndị teknuzu

Ndị ahịa kwesịrị ịkpọtụrụ onye nkesa ha, onye nnọchi anya ma ọ bụ ESE maka nkwado. Ọfịs ahịa mpaghara dịkwa maka inyere ndị ahịa aka. Agụnyere ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ ahịa na ebe n'ime akwụkwọ a.
Nkwado nka na ụzụ dị site na websaịtị na: www.microchip.com/support

Njirimara Nchekwa Koodu Ngwaọrụ Microchip
Rịba ama nkọwa ndị a nke njirimara nchedo koodu na ngwaahịa Microchip:

• Ngwaahịa Microchip na-ezute nkọwapụta dị na mpempe data Microchip ha.
• Microchip kwenyere na ezinaụlọ nke ngwaahịa ya nwere nchekwa mgbe ejiri ya n'ụzọ achọrọ, n'ime nkọwapụta ọrụ yana n'okpuru ọnọdụ nkịtị.
• Ụkpụrụ Microchip na-eji ike na-echebe ikike ikike ọgụgụ isi ya. Mgbalị imebi njirimara nchedo koodu nke ngwaahịa Microchip bụ nke amachibidoro nke ọma ma nwee ike imebi iwu nwebiisinka nke Millennium Digital.
• Ma Microchip ma ọ bụ ndị nrụpụta semiconductor ọ bụla enweghị ike ikwe nkwa nchekwa nke koodu ya. Nchedo koodu apụtaghị na anyị na-ekwe nkwa na ngwaahịa a "enweghị ike imebi". Nchekwa koodu na-agbanwe mgbe niile. Microchip agba mbọ na-aga n'ihu na-emeziwanye njirimara nchedo koodu nke ngwaahịa anyị.

Akwụkwọ Ozi Iwu
Enwere ike iji akwụkwọ a na ozi dị n'ime ya naanị site na ngwaahịa Microchip, gụnyere iji chepụta, nwalee ma jikọta ngwaahịa Microchip na ngwa gị. Iji ozi a n'ụzọ ọ bụla ọzọ mebiri usoro ndị a. A na-enye ozi gbasara ngwa ngwaọrụ naanị maka ịdị mma gị yana mmelite nwere ike dochie ya. Ọ bụ ọrụ gị ịhụ na ngwa gị dabara na nkọwapụta gị. Kpọtụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ịre ahịa Microchip mpaghara gị maka nkwado ọzọ ma ọ bụ nweta nkwado ọzọ na www.microchip.com/en-us/support/design-help/client-support-services.
Ozi a bụ MICROCHIP “DỊ KA Ọ BỤ”. MICROCHIP emeghị nnochite anya ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ikike n'ụdị ọ bụla ma ọ bụ kwupụta ma ọ bụ kwupụta ya, edere ma ọ bụ ọnụ, iwu.
Ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụghị, metụtara ozi ahụ gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na akwụkwọ ikike ọ bụla nke enweghị mmebi iwu, ngwa ahịa, na ịdị mma maka ebumnuche pụrụ iche, ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ikike metụtara ọnọdụ ya, ogo ya.
Ọ BỤGHỊ ỌMỤNỤ Ọ BỤGHỊ MICROCHIP GA-AKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỤKWỌ Ọ BỤLA OZI Ọ BỤ Ọ BỤ Ọ BỤLA. AKWỤKWỌ NDỊ NDỊ DỊ MMADỤ N'ỤRỤ IKE MA Ọ BỤ NDỊ MMADỤ AHỤ. Ruo n'ụzọ zuru ezu iwu kwadoro, MICROCHIP'S TOTAL IBLIability na ebubo niile n'ụzọ ọ bụla metụtara ozi ahụ ma ọ bụ ojiji ya agaghị agafe ego nke ụgwọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla, na ị kwụrụ ozugbo na-agwa ya.
Iji ngwaọrụ Microchip na nkwado ndụ yana/ma ọ bụ ngwa nchekwa bụ kpamkpam n'ihe ize ndụ nke onye zụrụ ya, onye na-azụ ya kwenyere ịgbachitere, kwụọ ụgwọ ma jide Microchip na-adịghị emerụ ahụ site na mmebi ọ bụla, nkwuputa, uwe, ma ọ bụ mmefu sitere na ụdị ojiji ahụ. Ọnweghị ikike ebugara, n'ezoghị ọnụ ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ, n'okpuru ikike ikike ọgụgụ isi Microchip ọ gwụla ma ekwuputaghị ya.

Akara ụghalaahia

Aha Microchip na akara ngosi, akara Microchip, Adaptec, AnyRate, AVR, AVR logo, AVR Freaks, Bes Time, Bit Cloud, Crypto Memory, Crypto RF, dsPIC, flexPWR, HELDO, IGLOO, JukeBlox, KeeLoq, Kleer, LANCheck, LinkMD, maXStylus, maXTouch, Media LB, megaAVR, Microsemi, Microsemi logo, MOST, Kasị logo, MPLAB, OptoLyzer, PIC, picoPower, PICSTART, akara PIC32, PolarFire, Prochip Designer, QTouch, SAM-BA, SenGenuity, SpyNIC, SST, SST Logo, SuperFlash, SyncS , Tachyon, TimeSource, obereAVR, UNI/O, Vectron, na XMEGA bụ ụghalaahịa edenyere n'akwụkwọ ikikere nke Microchip Technology Incorporated na USA na obodo ndị ọzọ.
AgileSwitch, APT, ClockWorks, The agbakwunyere Control Solutions Company, EtherSynch, Flashtec, Hyper Speed ​​Control, HyperLight Load, Intelli MOS, Libero, motorBench, m Touch, Powermite 3, Precision Edge, ProASIC, ProASIC Plus, ProASIC Plus logo, Kwụsị- Waya, Smart Fusion, World mmekọrịta, Temux, Oge Cesium, TimeHub, TimePictra, Oge Onye na-enye, TrueTime, WinPath, na ZL bụ ụghalaahịa edenyere n'akwụkwọ ikikere nke Microchip Technology Incorporated na USA
Nkwụsị igodo dị n'akụkụ, AKS, Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Capacitor ọ bụla, AnyIn, AnyOut, Augmented Switching, Blue Sky, Body Com, Code Guard, CryptoAuthentication, Crypto Automotive, CryptoCompanion, CryptoController, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, Dynamic Nkezi ndakọrịta, DAM, ECAN, Espresso T1S, EtherGREEN, GridTime, Ideal Bridge, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, INICnet, ọgụgụ isi Ndekota, Inter-Chip Njikọta, JitterBlocker, Knob-on-Ngosi, maxCrypto, maxView, memBrain, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPF, MPLAB Asambodo akara, MPLIB, MPLINK, MultiTRAK, NetDetach, NVM Express, NVMe, Omniscient Code Generation, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, PowerSmart, PureSilicon, QMatrix, REL , Ripple Blocker, RTAX, RTG4, SAM-ICE, Serial Quad I/O, simpleMAP, SimpliPHY, Smar tBuffer, SmartHLS, SMART-IS, storClad, SQI, SuperSwitcher, SuperSwitcher II, Switchtec, SynchroPHY, Total Endurance, TSHARC, USBCheck, VariSense, VectorBlox, VeriPHY, ViewSpan, WiperLock, XpressConnect, na ZENA bụ ụghalaahịa nke Microchip Technology Incorporated na USA na obodo ndị ọzọ.

SQTP bụ akara ọrụ Microchip Technology Incorporated na USA
Akara Adaptec, Frequency on Demand, Silicon Storage Technology, Symmcom, na Trusted Time bụ ụghalaahịa edenyere n'akwụkwọ ikikere nke Microchip Technology Inc. na obodo ndị ọzọ.
GestIC bụ ụghalaahịa edenyere n'akwụkwọ ikikere nke Microchip Technology Germany II GmbH & Co.KG, onye enyemaka Microchip Technology Inc., na mba ndị ọzọ.
ụghalaahịa ndị ọzọ niile a kpọtụrụ aha n'ime ebe a bụ akụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ha.
© 2022, Microchip Technology Incorporated na ndị enyemaka ya. Ikike niile echekwabara.

• ISBN: 978-1-6683-0405-1

Sistemụ Njikwa Ogo
Maka ozi gbasara Sistemụ Njikwa Ogo nke Microchip, biko gaa na www.microchip.com/quality.

Ahịa na Ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ

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Akwụkwọ / akụrụngwa

MICROCHIP AN2648 Nhọrọ na Nnwale 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators maka AVR Microcontrollers [pdf] Ntuziaka onye ọrụ AN2648 Nhọrọ na Nnwale 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators maka AVR Microcontrollers, AN2648, Nhọrọ na Nnwale 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators maka AVR Microcontrollers, Crystal Oscillators maka AVR Microcontrollers

Ntụaka

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