I-MICROCHIP AN2648 Ukukhetha kunye noVavanyo lwe-32.768 kHz I-Crystal Oscillators ye-AVR Microcontrollers
Intshayelelo
Ababhali: uTorbjørn Kjørlaug kunye no-Amund Aune, iMicrochip Technology Inc.
Eli nqaku lesicelo lishwankathela iziseko zekristale, uqwalaselo loyilo lwePCB, kunye nendlela yokuvavanya ikristale kwisicelo sakho. Isikhokelo sokukhetha ikristale sibonisa iikristale ezicetyiswayo ezivavanywe ziingcali kwaye zifunyenwe zifanelekile kwiimodyuli ezahlukeneyo ze-oscillator kwiintsapho ezahlukeneyo ze-Microchip AVR®. Uvavanyo lwe-firmware kunye neengxelo zovavanyo ezivela kubathengisi abahlukeneyo bekristale zibandakanyiwe.
Iimbonakalo
- Iisiseko zeCrystal Oscillator
- PCB Designingingqwalasela
- Ukuvavanywa kokuqina kweCrystal
- I-Firmware yoVavanyo ibandakanyiwe
- Crystal Ingcebiso Guide
Iisiseko zeCrystal Oscillator
Intshayelelo
I-crystal oscillator isebenzisa i-resonance yomatshini we-vibrating piezoelectric material ukwenza isignali yewotshi ezinzile kakhulu. I-frequency idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngesignali yewotshi ezinzileyo okanye ukugcina umkhondo wexesha; kungoko, ii-crystal oscillators zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiRadio Frequency (RF) usetyenziso kunye neesekethe zedijithali ezithatha ixesha.
Iikristale ziyafumaneka kubathengisi abahlukeneyo kwiimilo kunye nobukhulu obahlukeneyo kwaye zinokwahluka ngokubanzi ekusebenzeni kunye neenkcukacha. Ukuqonda iiparamitha kunye nesekethe ye-oscillator ibalulekile kwisicelo esiqinileyo esizinzile ngaphezu kokuhluka kweqondo lokushisa, umswakama, umbane kunye nenkqubo.
Zonke izinto ezibonakalayo zinezandi zendalo zokungcangcazela, apho ukungcangcazela rhoqo kumiselwa yimilo, ubungakanani, ukunwebeka, kunye nesantya sesandi kwimathiriyeli. Izinto ze-Piezoelectric ziphazamisa xa intsimi yombane isetyenzisiwe kwaye ivelise intsimi yombane xa ibuyela kwisimo sayo sokuqala. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yepiezoelectric imathiriyeli esetyenziswayo
kwiisekethe ze-elektroniki yikristale yequartz, kodwa iiresonators ze-ceramic nazo zisetyenziswa - ngokubanzi kwiindleko eziphantsi okanye ezingaphantsi kwexesha-ezibaluleke kakhulu kwizicelo. Iikristale ze-32.768 kHz zidla ngokusikwa kwimilo yefolokhwe yokulungisa. Ngeekristale zequartz, iifrikhwensi ezichanekileyo zinokusekwa.
Umfanekiso 1-1. Ubume be-32.768 kHz Tuning Fork Crystal
I-Oscillator
Iikhrayitheriya zokuzinza kwe-Barkhausen zimbini iimeko ezisetyenziselwa ukumisela ukuba isiphaluka se-elektroniki siya ku-oscillate nini. Bachaza ukuba ukuba A yinzuzo ye ampIsixhobo sokunyuswa kwisekethe ye-elektroniki kunye ne-β(jω) ngumsebenzi wodluliselo wendlela yengxelo, i-oscillations ezinzileyo iya kugcinwa kuphela ngamaxesha apho:
- Inzuzo yelophu ilingana nomanyano kubukhulu obupheleleyo, |βA| = 1
- Ukutshintsha kwesigaba esijikeleze iluphu nguziro okanye inani elipheleleyo lokuphindaphinda ka-2π, okt, ∠βA = 2πn ye-n ∈ 0, 1, 2, 3...
Ikhrayitheriya yokuqala iya kuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ampumqondiso wokukhanya. Inani elingaphantsi ko-1 liya kuthoba isignali, kunye nenani elikhulu kuno-1 liya kuthi ampnyusa umqondiso kwisiphelo. Ikhrayitheriya yesibini iya kuqinisekisa i-frequency ezinzileyo. Ngamanye amaxabiso okutshintsha kwesigaba, imveliso ye-sine wave iya kurhoxiswa ngenxa yeluphu yengxelo.
Umfanekiso 1-2. I-Loop yeNgxelo
I-oscillator ye-32.768 kHz kwi-Microchip AVR microcontrollers iboniswe kuMfanekiso 1-3 kwaye iqulethe inverting.
ampi-lifier (yangaphakathi) kunye nekristale (yangaphandle). I-Capacitors (CL1 kunye ne-CL2) imele i-parasitic capacitance yangaphakathi. Ezinye izixhobo ze-AVR nazo zinee-capacitors zomthwalo wangaphakathi ezikhethiweyo, ezingasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa imfuno ye-capacitors yomthwalo wangaphandle, kuxhomekeke kwi-crystal esetyenzisiweyo.
I-inverting ampi-lifier inika i-π radian (i-180 degrees) yesigaba sokutshintsha. I-shift yesigaba se-radian eseleyo ibonelelwa yikristale kunye nomthwalo we-capacitive kwi-32.768 kHz, obangela ukutshintshwa kwesigaba esipheleleyo se-2π radian. Ngexesha lokuqalisa, i ampimveliso ye-lifier iya kunyuka de i-oscillation ezinzileyo isungulwe kunye nenzuzo ye-loop ye-1, ebangela ukuba i-criteria ye-Barkhausen izaliseke. Oku kulawulwa ngokuzenzekelayo yi-AVR microcontroller's oscillator circuitry.
Umfanekiso 1-3. IPerce Crystal Oscillator Circuit kwi-AVR® Devices (eyenziwe lula)
Umzekelo woMbane
Isiphaluka sombane esilinganayo sekristale siboniswa kuMfanekiso 1-4. Inethiwekhi ye-RLC yochungechunge ibizwa ngokuba yingalo eshukumayo kwaye inika inkcazo yombane yokuziphatha komatshini wekristale, apho iC1 imele ukuqina kwequartz, i-L1 imele ubunzima bokungcangcazela, kwaye i-R1 imele ilahleko ngenxa ye-d.ampnge. I-C0 ibizwa ngokuba yi-shunt okanye i-static capacitance kwaye isixa sombane we-parasitic capacitance ngenxa yezindlu ze-crystal kunye ne-electrodes. Ukuba a
imitha ye-capacitance isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa i-crystal capacitance, i-C0 kuphela iya kulinganiswa (i-C1 ayiyi kuba nefuthe).
Umfanekiso 1-4. I-Crystal Oscillator Equivalent Circuit
Ngokusebenzisa uguqulo lweLaplace, iifrikhwensi ezimbini ezivakalayo zinokufunyanwa kule nethiwekhi. Uthotho oluvakalayo
frequency, fs, kuxhomekeke kuphela C1 kunye L1. I-parallel okanye i-anti-resonant frequency, fp, ikwabandakanya i-C0. Jonga umzobo 1-5 malunga nokusabela kunye neempawu zefrikhwensi.
Inxaki 1-1. Series Resonant Frequency
Inxaki 1-2. I-Parallel Resonant Frequency
Umfanekiso 1-5. Iimpawu zeCrystal Reactance
Iicrystals ezingaphantsi kwe-30 MHz zinokusebenza nakweliphi na ixesha phakathi koluhlu kunye ne-resonant frequencies ehambelanayo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba i-inductive ekusebenzeni. Iikristale eziphezulu zefrikhwensi ngaphezulu kwe-30 MHz zihlala zisebenza kuthotho lweresonant frequency okanye i-overtone frequencies, ezenzeka kwi-multiples of frequency frequency. Ukongeza umthwalo we-capacitive, i-CL, kwi-crystal iya kubangela ukutshintshwa kwi-frequency enikezwe ngu-Equation 1-3. I-crystal frequency inokulungiswa ngokutshintsha umthamo womthwalo, kwaye oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-frequency pulling.
Inxaki 1-3. Shifted Parallel Resonant Frequency
Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR)
Ukumelana nochungechunge olulinganayo (ESR) luphawu lombane lweelahleko zomatshini wekristale. Kuluhlu
i-resonant frequency, fs, ilingana ne-R1 kwimodeli yombane. I-ESR iyipharamitha ebalulekileyo kwaye inokufumaneka kwiphepha ledatha ye-crystal. I-ESR iya kuhlala ixhomekeke kubungakanani bomzimba wekristale, apho iikristale ezincinci
(ngokukodwa iikristale ze-SMD) ngokuqhelekileyo zineelahleko eziphezulu kunye nexabiso le-ESR kuneekristale ezinkulu.
Amaxabiso aphezulu e-ESR abeka umthwalo ophezulu kwi-inverting ampisihlanguli. I-ESR ephezulu kakhulu inokubangela ukusebenza kwe-oscillator engazinzanga. Ukuzuza ubumbano, kwiimeko ezinjalo, akunakufezekiswa, kwaye umgaqo weBarkhausen awunakuzaliseka.
I-Q-Factor kunye nokuzinza
Uzinzo lwe-crystal's frequency lunikezelwa yi-Q-factor. I-Q-factor ngumlinganiselo phakathi kwamandla agcinwe kwikristale kunye nesixa sayo yonke ilahleko yamandla. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iikristale zequartz zine-Q kuluhlu lwe-10,000 ukuya kwi-100,000, xa kuthelekiswa mhlawumbi ne-100 ye-oscillator ye-LC. Iiresonators zeCeramic zine-Q ephantsi kuneekristale zequartz kwaye zinovakalelo ngakumbi kutshintsho kumthwalo we-capacitive.
Inxaki 1-4. Q-Factor
Izinto ezininzi zinokuchaphazela uzinzo lwamaza: Uxinzelelo lomatshini olubangelwa kukunyuka, ukothuka okanye uxinzelelo lokungcangcazela, ukwahluka kunikezelo lwamandla, ukungasebenzi komthwalo, ubushushu, amasimi ombane kunye nombane, kunye nokuguga kwekristale. Abathengisi beCrystal badla ngokudwelisa iiparamitha ezinjalo kumaphepha abo edatha.
Ixesha Lokuqalisa
Ngexesha lokuqalisa, i-inverting ampisihlanguli ampivuselela ingxolo. Ikristale iya kusebenza njengesihluzo se-bandpass kwaye isondle kuphela i-crystal resonance frequency component, ethi ke ngoko. ampilungisiwe. Ngaphambi kokufezekisa i-oscillation ezinzileyo, inzuzo yelophu yekristale / inverting ampI-lifier loop inkulu kuno-1 kunye nomqondiso ampukufunda kuya kwanda. Kwi-oscillation ezinzileyo, inzuzo ye-loop iya kuzalisekisa i-criteria ye-Barkhausen kunye ne-loop ye-loop ye-1, kwaye rhoqo. ampimfundo.
Izinto ezichaphazela ixesha lokuqalisa:
- Iikristale eziphezulu ze-ESR ziya kuqala ngokucotha ngakumbi kuneekristale ze-ESR eziphantsi
- Iikristale eziphezulu ze-Q-factor ziya kuqala ngokucothayo kuneekristale eziphantsi ze-Q-factor
- Umthamo ophezulu womthwalo uya kwandisa ixesha lokuqalisa
- I-oscillator ampamandla okuqhuba i-lifier (jonga iinkcukacha ezithe kratya malunga nesibonelelo se-oscillator kwiCandelo 3.2, Uvavanyo loKuchasana olubi kunye neFactor yoKhuseleko)
Ukongeza, i-crystal frequency iya kuchaphazela ixesha lokuqalisa (i-crystals ezikhawulezayo ziya kuqala ngokukhawuleza), kodwa le parameter imiselwe i-crystals ye-32.768 kHz.
Umfanekiso 1-6. Ukuqaliswa kwe-Crystal Oscillator
UNyamezelo lobushushu
Iikristale zefolokhwe zokulungiswa okuqhelekileyo zidla ngokusikwa ukuze zibe sembindini ubuninzi obuqhelekileyo obungama-25°C. Ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kwe-25 ° C, i-frequency iya kuncipha kunye ne-parabolic character, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1-7. Ukutshintsha rhoqo kunikwa ngu
I-Equation 1-5, apho i-f0 yi-frequency target frequency kwi-T0 (ngokuqhelekileyo i-32.768 kHz kwi-25 ° C) kunye ne-B yi-coefficient yokushisa enikwe yi-crystal data sheet (ngokuqhelekileyo inani elibi).
Inxaki 1-5. Impembelelo yoKwahluka koBuqondo
Umfanekiso 1-7. Ubushushu obuqhelekileyo vs. Iimpawu zokuphindaphinda kweCrystal
Qhuba Amandla
Amandla esekethe yomqhubi we-crystal imisela iimpawu ze-sine wave output ye-crystal oscillator. I-sine wave ligalelo elithe ngqo kwi-pin yewotshi yedijithali yomlawuli omncinci. Eli liza lesine kufuneka livule ngokulula ubuncinci begalelo kunye nobuninzi bevoltage amanqanaba epini yokufaka yomqhubi wekristale ngelixa linganqunyulwa, lityalwe okanye ligqwethwe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. I-sine wave ephantsi kakhulu ampI-litude ibonisa ukuba umthwalo wesekethe yekristale unzima kakhulu kumqhubi, okukhokelela kukusilela okunokwenzeka kwe-oscillation okanye igalelo lokuphindaphinda ngokungalunganga. Iphakame kakhulu ampi-litude ithetha ukuba inzuzo ye-loop iphezulu kakhulu kwaye inokukhokelela ekuxhumekeni kwekristale ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu le-harmonic okanye umonakalo osisigxina kwi-crystal.
Qinisekisa iimpawu zemveliso yekristale ngokuhlalutya i-XTAL1/TOSC1 pin voltage. Qaphela ukuba i-probe eqhagamshelwe kwi-XTAL1/TOSC1 ikhokelela ekongeziweyo kwesakhono se-parasitic, ekufuneka kunikwe ingxelo ngaso.
Ukuzuza kwe-loop kuchaphazeleka kakubi ngubushushu kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo nge-voltage (VDD). Oko kuthetha ukuba iimpawu zokuqhuba kufuneka zilinganiswe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kunye ne-VDD ephantsi, kunye neqondo lokushisa eliphantsi kunye ne-VDD ephezulu apho isicelo sichazwe ukuba sisebenze.
Khetha i-crystal ene-ESR ephantsi okanye umthwalo we-capacitive ukuba inzuzo ye-loop iphantsi kakhulu. Ukuba inzuzo ye-loop iphezulu kakhulu, i-resistor series, i-RS, inokongezwa kwisekethe ukuthomalalisa umqondiso wokuphuma. Lo mfanekiso ungezantsi ubonisa i-example yesekethe yomqhubi wekristale eyenziwe lula kunye ne-resistor yochungechunge olongezelelweyo (RS) kwimveliso ye-XTAL2 / TOSC2 pin.
Umfanekiso 1-8. Umqhubi weCrystal kunye ne-Add Series Resistor
UYilo lwePCB kunye neNgqwalasela yoYilo
Nokuba iisekethe ze-oscillator ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu kunye neekristale ezikumgangatho ophezulu aziyi kusebenza kakuhle ukuba aziqwalaseli ngononophelo ubume kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa ngexesha lokuhlanganisa. I-Ultra-low power 32.768 kHz oscillators ngokuqhelekileyo ichitha kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe-1 μW, ngoko ke ukuhamba kwangoku kwisekethe kuncinci kakhulu. Ukongeza, i-crystal frequency ixhomekeke kakhulu kumthwalo we-capacitive.
Ukuqinisekisa ukomelela kwe-oscillator, ezi zikhokelo ziyacetyiswa ngexesha loyilo lwePCB:
- Imigca yeSignali esuka kwi-XTAL1 / TOSC1 kunye ne-XTAL2 / TOSC2 ukuya kwikristale kufuneka ibe mfutshane kangangoko ukunciphisa i-parasitic capacitance kunye nokwandisa ingxolo kunye ne-crosstalk immunity. Musa ukusebenzisa iisokethi.
- Khusela ikristale kunye nemigca yesignali ngokuyijikeleza ngenqwelomoya kunye nomsesane wokulinda
- Musa ukuhambisa imigca yedijithali, ngakumbi imigca yewotshi, kufutshane nemigca yekristale. Kwiibhodi ze-PCB ezininzi, kunqanda imiqondiso yendlela engezantsi kwemigca yekristale.
- Sebenzisa i-PCB ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye nezinto zokuthambisa
- Uthuli kunye nokufuma kuya kwandisa i-parasitic capacitance kunye nokunciphisa ukuhlukaniswa komqondiso, ngoko ke kuyacetyiswa ukugquma.
Uvavanyo lweCrystal Oscillation Robustness
Intshayelelo
Umqhubi we-AVR microcontroller's 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, kwaye ke ngoko.
amandla omqhubi wekristale alinganiselwe. Ukulayisha ngaphezulu umqhubi wekristale kunokubangela ukuba i-oscillator ingaqalisi, okanye inokwenzeka
ukuchaphazeleka (kuyekwe okwethutyana, umzekeloample) ngenxa yesandi sesandi okanye ukwanda komthwalo obangelwa kungcoliseko okanye ukuba kufutshane kwesandla.
Qaphela xa ukhetha kwaye uvavanya ikristale ukuqinisekisa ukomelela okufanelekileyo kwisicelo sakho. Iiparamitha ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zekristale zi-Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) kunye ne-Load Capacitance (CL).
Xa ulinganisa iikristale, i-crystal kufuneka ibekwe ngokusondeleyo kunokwenzeka kwi-32.768 kHz oscillator pins ukunciphisa i-parasitic capacitance. Ngokubanzi, sihlala sincoma ukwenza umlinganiselo kwisicelo sakho sokugqibela. Iprototype ye-PCB yesiko equlethe ubuncinci i-microcontroller kunye nesekethe yekristale inokubonelela ngeziphumo zovavanyo ezichanekileyo. Uvavanyo lokuqala lwekristale, ukusebenzisa ikiti yophuhliso okanye yokuqalisa (umzekelo, STK600) inokwanela.
Asicebisi ukudibanisa i-crystal kwi-XTAL / TOSC ye-header output ekupheleni kwe-STK600, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 3-1, kuba indlela yesignali iya kuba buhlungu kakhulu kwingxolo kwaye ngoko yongeza umthwalo ongaphezulu we-capacitive. I-soldering i-crystal ngokuthe ngqo kwiikhokelo, nangona kunjalo, iya kunika iziphumo ezilungileyo. Ukuze ugweme umthwalo ongaphezulu we-capacitive kwi-socket kunye nomzila kwi-STK600, sincoma ukugoba i-XTAL / TOSC ikhokelela phezulu, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 3-2 kunye noMzobo 3-3, ukuze bangathinti isiseko. Iikristali ezinezikhokelo (umngxuma oxhonyiweyo) zilula ukuphatha, kodwa kunokwenzeka kwakhona ukuthengisa i-SMD ngokuthe ngqo kwi-XTAL / TOSC ehamba phambili ngokusebenzisa izandiso zepini, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-4. Ukuthengisa iikristale kwiipakethi ezine-pitch pitch emxinwa nako kunokwenzeka, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMzobo 3-5, kodwa yinto encinci kwaye ifuna isandla esizinzileyo.
Umfanekiso 3-1. Ukuseta uvavanyo lwe-STK600
Njengomthwalo we-capacitive uya kuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi-oscillator, akufanele uhlolisise i-crystal ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokuba unezixhobo eziphezulu ezijoliswe kwimilinganiselo ye-crystal. Iiprobes ze-oscilloscope eziqhelekileyo ze-10X zenza ukulayishwa kwe-10-15 pF kwaye ngaloo ndlela ziya kuba neempembelelo eziphezulu kwimilinganiselo. Ukuchukumisa izikhonkwane zekristale ngomnwe okanye i-probe ye-10X inokwanela ukuqala okanye ukuyeka i-oscillations okanye ukunika iziphumo zobuxoki. I-Firmware yokukhupha isignali yewotshi kwi-pin ye-I/O esemgangathweni inikwe kunye neli nqaku lesicelo. Ngokungafaniyo ne-XTAL/TOSC yokufaka izikhonkwane, izikhonkwane ze-I/O eziqwalaselwe njengeziphumo ezikhuselweyo zinokuphononongwa ngeprobe ye-oscilloscope eqhelekileyo ye-10X ngaphandle kokuchaphazela imilinganiselo. Iinkcukacha ezingakumbi zinokufumaneka kwiCandelo lesi-4, iFirmware yoVavanyo.
Umfanekiso 3-2. I-Crystal ithengiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Bent XTAL / TOSC Leads
Umfanekiso 3-3. ICrystal ithengiswa kwi-STK600 Socket
Umfanekiso 3-4. I-SMD Crystal ithengiswa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-MCU isebenzisa i-Pin Extensions
Umfanekiso 3-5. I-Crystal Ithengiswe kwi-100-Pin ye-TQFP Package kunye ne-Narrow Pin Pitch
UVavanyo olubi loKuchasa kunye neFactor yoKhuseleko
Uvavanyo olubi lokumelana lufumana umda phakathi kwekristale ampUmthwalo we-lifier osetyenziswe kwisicelo sakho kunye nomthwalo ophezulu. Kumthwalo omkhulu, i ampI-lifier iya kuminxa, kwaye i-oscillations iya kuyeka. Le ngongoma ibizwa ngokuba yi-oscillator allowance (OA). Fumana isibonelelo se-oscillator ngokongeza okwethutyana isichasi sechungechunge esiguquguqukayo phakathi kwe ampi-lifier output (XTAL2 / TOSC2) ehamba phambili kunye nekristale, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-6. Yandisa i-resistor series de i-crystal iyeke i-oscillating. Isibonelelo se-oscillator siya kuba sisixa solu luhlu lokumelana, i-RMAX, kunye ne-ESR. Ukusebenzisa i-potentiometer kunye noluhlu ubuncinane lwe-ESR <RPOT <5 ESR iyacetyiswa.
Ukufumana ixabiso elichanekileyo le-RMAX kunokuba yinto ekhohlisayo kuba akukho ndawo yesibonelelo se-oscillator ekhoyo. Ngaphambi kokuba i-oscillator iyeke, unokubona ukuncitshiswa kwe-frequency, kwaye kusenokubakho i-hysteresis yokuqala. Emva kokuba i-oscillator iyeka, kuya kufuneka unciphise ixabiso le-RMAX nge-10-50 kΩ ngaphambi kokuba i-oscillations iqalise. Ukuhamba ngebhayisikile kwamandla kufuneka kwenziwe rhoqo emva kokuba isichasi esiguquguqukayo sandisiwe. I-RMAX iya kuba yi-resistor value apho i-oscillator ingaqali emva kokuhamba ngebhayisikile yamandla. Qaphela ukuba amaxesha okuqalisa aya kuba made kakhulu kwindawo yesibonelelo se-oscillator, ke yiba nomonde.
Inxaki 3-1. Isibonelelo seOscillator
OA = RMAX + ESR
Umfanekiso 3-6. Ukulinganisa Isibonelelo se-Oscillator / RMAX
Ukusebenzisa i-potentiometer yomgangatho ophezulu kunye ne-low parasitic capacitance kuyacetyiswa (umzekelo, i-SMD potentiometer efanelekileyo kwi-RF) ukuvelisa iziphumo ezichanekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unokufezekisa isibonelelo se-oscillator esihle / i-RMAX nge-potentiometer ephantsi, uya kukhuseleka.
Xa ufumana ukuxhathisa uchungechunge oluphezulu, ungafumana into yokhuseleko kwi-Equation 3-2. Ii-MCU ezahlukeneyo kunye nabathengisi bekristale basebenza ngeengcebiso ezahlukeneyo zokhuseleko. Isici sokhuseleko songeza umda kuyo nayiphi na imiphumo emibi yeenguqu ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-oscillator ampinzuzo ye-lifier, utshintsho ngenxa yobonelelo lwamandla kunye nokwahluka kobushushu, ukuguquguquka kwenkqubo, kunye nomthamo womthwalo. I-oscillator ye-32.768 kHz ampi-lifier kwi-AVR microcontrollers bubushushu kunye namandla ahlawulelwayo. Ke ngokuba nezi ziguquguqukayo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi rhoqo, sinokunciphisa iimfuno zokhuseleko xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abavelisi be-MCU/IC. Iingcebiso zokhuseleko zidweliswe kwiThebhile 3-1.
Inxaki 3-2. Umba woKhuseleko
Umfanekiso 3-7. Uthotho lwePotentiometer Phakathi kwe-XTAL2/TOSC2 Pin kunye neCrystal
Umfanekiso 3-8. Uvavanyo lwesibonelelo kwiSocket
Uluhlu 3-1. Iingcebiso zoKhuseleko lweFactor
| Umba woKhuseleko | Ingcebiso |
| >5 | Egqwesileyo |
| 4 | Kakuhle kakhulu |
| 3 | Kulungile |
| <3 | Ayikhuthazwa |
Ukulinganisa Ubungakanani bomthwalo obusebenzayo
I-crystal frequency ixhomekeke kumthwalo we-capacitive osetyenzisiweyo, njengoko kuboniswe ngu-Equation 1-2. Ukusebenzisa umthwalo we-capacitive ochazwe kwiphepha ledatha ye-crystal iya kunika i-frequency esondele kakhulu kwi-frequency ye-32.768 kHz. Ukuba eminye imithwalo ye-capacitive isetyenziswa, i-frequency iya kutshintsha. I-frequency iya kwanda ukuba umthwalo we-capacitive uyancipha kwaye uya kuncipha ukuba umthwalo uyanda, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3-9.
I-frequency pull-ability okanye i-bandwidth, oko kukuthi, kude kangakanani kwi-frequency ye-nominal frequency resonant frequency inokunyanzeliswa ngokufaka umthwalo, kuxhomekeke kwi-Q-factor ye-resonator. I-bandwidth inikezelwa yi-frequency ye-nominal eyahlulwe yi-Q-factor, kunye ne-high-Q crystals ye-quartz, i-bandwidth esebenzayo ilinganiselwe. Ukuba i-frequency elinganisiweyo iyaphambuka kwi-frequency ye-nominal, i-oscillator iya kuba namandla angaphantsi. Oku kungenxa yokuthomalalisa okuphezulu kwiluphu yengxelo β(jω) eya kubangela ukulayisha okuphezulu ampi-lifier A ukufezekisa inzuzo yomanyano (jonga uMfanekiso 1-2).
Inxaki 3-3. Ububanzi
Indlela efanelekileyo yokulinganisa i-capacitance yomthwalo osebenzayo (isixa somthwalo we-capacitance kunye ne-parasitic capacitance) kukulinganisa i-oscillator frequency kwaye uyithelekise kwi-frequency ye-32.768 kHz. Ukuba i-frequency elinganisiweyo isondele kwi-32.768 kHz, i-capacitance yomthwalo osebenzayo iya kuba kufuphi nenkcazo. Yenza oku ngokusebenzisa i-firmware ebonelelwe ngeli nqaku lesicelo kunye ne-standard 10X scope probe kwi-clock output kwi-pin ye-I / O, okanye, ukuba ikhona, ukulinganisa i-crystal ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-high-impedance probe ejoliswe kwimilinganiselo ye-crystal. Jonga iCandelo 4, iFirmware yoVavanyo, ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe.
Umfanekiso 3-9. Ukuphindaphinda vs. Umthamo womthwalo
I-Equation 3-4 inika umthamo opheleleyo womthwalo ngaphandle kwee-capacitors zangaphandle. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ii-capacitors zangaphandle (CEL1 kunye ne-CEL2) kufuneka zongezwe ukuze zingqinelane nomthwalo we-capacitive ochazwe kwi-crystal's data sheet. Ukuba usebenzisa i-capacitors yangaphandle, i-Equation 3-5 inika umthwalo opheleleyo we-capacitive.
Inxaki 3-4. Umthwalo opheleleyo oCapacitive ngaphandle kweeCapacitors zangaphandle
Inxaki 3-5. Umthwalo uwonke oCapacitive oneCapacitors yangaphandle
Umfanekiso 3-10. Isekethe yeCrystal ene-Internal, Parasitic, kunye neCapacitors yangaphandle
Uvavanyo lweFirmware
Vavanya i-firmware yokukhupha umqondiso wewotshi kwizibuko le-I/O elinokulayishwa ngomgangatho oqhelekileyo we-10X probe ibandakanyiwe kwi-.zip file isasazwe ngeli nqaku lesicelo. Musa ukulinganisa i-crystal electrode ngokuthe ngqo ukuba awunayo i-impedance probes ephezulu kakhulu eyenzelwe imilinganiselo enjalo.
Qokelela ikhowudi yemvelaphi kunye neprogram ye.hex file kwisixhobo.
Faka isicelo se-VCC ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusebenza edweliswe kwiphepha ledatha, qhagamshela i-crystal phakathi kwe-XTAL1 / TOSC1 kunye ne-XTAL2 / TOSC2, kwaye ulinganise isignali yewashi kwipini yokuphuma.
Iphini yokuphuma iyahluka kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Izikhonkwane ezichanekileyo zidweliswe ngezantsi.
- I-ATmega128: Isignali yewashi iphuma kwi-PB4, kwaye i-frequency yayo ihlulwe ngu-2. I-frequency elindelekileyo yokuphuma yi-16.384 kHz.
- I-ATmega328P: Isignali yewashi iphuma kwi-PD6, kwaye i-frequency yayo ihlulwe ngu-2. Umthamo olindelekileyo wokuphuma ngu-16.384 kHz.
- I-ATtiny817: Isignali yewotshi iphuma kwi-PB5, kwaye i-frequency yayo ayahlulwanga. Ubuninzi bemveliso elindelekileyo yi-32.768 kHz.
- I-ATtiny85: Isignali yewashi iphuma kwi-PB1, kwaye i-frequency yayo ihlulwe ngu-2. Umthamo olindelekileyo wokuphuma ngu-16.384 kHz.
- I-ATxmega128A1: Isignali yewotshi iphuma kwi-PC7, kwaye i-frequency yayo ayahlulwanga. Ubuninzi bemveliso elindelekileyo yi-32.768 kHz.
- I-ATxmega256A3B: Isignali yewotshi iphuma kwi-PC7, kwaye i-frequency yayo ayahlulwanga. Ubuninzi bemveliso elindelekileyo yi-32.768 kHz.
- I-PIC18F25Q10: Isignali yewashi iphuma kwi-RA6, kwaye i-frequency yayo ihlulwe ngu-4. Umthamo olindelekileyo wokuphuma ngu-8.192 kHz.
Kubalulekile: I-PIC18F25Q10 isetyenziswe njengommeli wesixhobo se-AVR Dx xa kuhlolwa iikristale. Isebenzisa i-OSC_LP_v10 imodyuli ye-oscillator, efana nesetyenziswe yi-AVR Dx series.
Iingcebiso zeCrystal
Itheyibhile 5-2 ibonisa ukhetho lweekristale eziye zavavanywa kwaye zifunyenwe zifanelekile kwii-microcontrollers ze-AVR ezahlukeneyo.
Kubalulekile: Ekubeni abaninzi abancinci be-microcontrollers babelana ngeemodyuli ze-oscillator, kuphela ukhetho lweemveliso ze-microcontroller ezimele ziye zavavanywa ngabathengisi be-crystal. Bona i files isasazwe ngenqaku lesicelo ukubona iingxelo zovavanyo lwekristale yoqobo. Jonga icandelo 6. Oscillator Module Overview okwexeshanaview yeyiphi imveliso ye-microcontroller esebenzisa imodyuli ye-oscillator.
Ukusebenzisa indibaniselwano yekristale-MCU ukusuka kwitheyibhile engezantsi kuya kuqinisekisa ukuhambelana okuhle kwaye kuyacetyiswa kakhulu kubasebenzisi abanobuchwephesha obuncinci okanye obulinganiselweyo bekristale. Nangona imidibaniso ye-crystal-MCU ivavanywa ngabachwephesha be-crystal oscillator abanamava kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zabathengisi be-crystal, sisancoma ukuvavanya uyilo lwakho njengoko kuchazwe kwiCandelo lesi-3, uVavanyo lwe-Crystal Oscillation Robustness, ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho miba eye yaziswa ngexesha lokucwangcisa, ukuthengiselana. , njl.
Itheyibhile 5-1 ibonisa uluhlu lweemodyuli ze-oscillator ezahlukeneyo. Icandelo 6, Imodyuli yeOscillator Ngaphezuluview, inoluhlu lwezixhobo apho ezi modyuli zibandakanyiwe.
Itheyibhile 5-1. Ngaphezuluview yee-Oscillators kwi-AVR® Devices
| # | Imodyuli yeOscillator | Inkcazo |
| 1 | X32K_2v7 | I-2.7-5.5V i-oscillator esetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-megaAVR® (1) |
| 2 | X32K_1v8 | I-oscillator ye-1.8-5.5V esetyenziswa kwi-megaAVR/i-tinyAVR® izixhobo(1) |
| 3 | X32K_1v8_ULP | I-1.8-3.6V i-oscillator yamandla e-ultra-low esetyenziswa kwi-megaAVR/tinyAVR izixhobo zepicoPower® |
| 4 | X32K_XMEGA (imowudi eqhelekileyo) | I-1.6-3.6V i-oscillator yamandla e-ultra-low esetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-XMEGA®. I-Oscillator iqwalaselwe kwindlela eqhelekileyo. |
| 5 | X32K_XMEGA (imowudi yamandla aphantsi) | I-1.6-3.6V i-oscillator yamandla e-ultra-low esetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-XMEGA. I-Oscillator imiliselwe kwimowudi yamandla aphantsi. |
| 6 | X32K_XRTC32 | I-1.6-3.6V yamandla asezantsi kakhulu e-RTC oscillator asetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-XMEGA ezinokugcinwa kwebhetri |
| 7 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP | I-1.8-5.5V i-oscillator yamandla e-ultra-low esetyenziswa kwi-tinyAVR 0-, 1- kunye ne-2-series kunye ne-megaAVR 0-series izixhobo |
| 8 | OSC_LP_v10 (indlela eqhelekileyo) | I-1.8-5.5V i-oscillator yamandla e-ultra-low esetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-AVR Dx series. I-Oscillator iqwalaselwe kwindlela eqhelekileyo. |
| 9 | OSC_LP_v10 (imowudi yamandla aphantsi) | I-1.8-5.5V i-oscillator yamandla e-ultra-low esetyenziswa kwizixhobo ze-AVR Dx series. I-Oscillator ilungiselelwe imowudi yamandla aphantsi. |
Phawula
- Ayisetyenziswa kunye ne-megaAVR® 0-series okanye tinyAVR® 0-, 1- kunye no-2-series.
Itheyibhile 5-2. Kucetyiswa 32.768 kHz iiCrystals
| Umthengisi | Uhlobo | Ntaba | Iimodyuli zeOscillator Ivavanyiwe kwaye Yamkelwe (Bona Uluhlu 5-1) | Unyamezelo lwamaxesha [±ppm] | Layisha Ukubanakho [pF] | Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) [kΩ] |
| Microcrystal | CC7V-T1A | SMD | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20/100 | 7.0/9.0/12.5 | 50/70 |
| Abracon | ABS06 | SMD | 2 | 20 | 12.5 | 90 |
| UKhadinali | CPFB | SMD | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 50 |
| UKhadinali | CTF6 | TH | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 50 |
| UKhadinali | CTF8 | TH | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 50 |
| Endrich Citizen | CFS206 | TH | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 20 | 12.5 | 35 |
| Endrich Citizen | I-CM315 | SMD | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 20 | 12.5 | 70 |
| Epson Tyocom | MC-306 | SMD | 1, 2, 3 | 20/50 | 12.5 | 50 |
| Fox | FSXLF | SMD | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 65 |
| Fox | FX135 | SMD | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 70 |
| Fox | FX122 | SMD | 2, 3, 4 | 20 | 12.5 | 90 |
| Fox | FSRLF | SMD | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 50 |
| NDK | NX3215SA | SMD | 1, 2 ,3 | 20 | 12.5 | 80 |
| NDK | I-NX1610SE | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 6 | 50 |
| NDK | I-NX2012SE | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 | 20 | 6 | 50 |
| Seiko Instruments | I-SSP-T7-FL | SMD | 2, 3, 5 | 20 | 4.4/6/12.5 | 65 |
| Seiko Instruments | I-SSP-T7-F | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 7/12.5 | 65 |
| Seiko Instruments | SC-32S | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 7 | 70 |
| Seiko Instruments | SC-32L | SMD | 4 | 20 | 7 | 40 |
| Seiko Instruments | SC-20S | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 7 | 70 |
| Seiko Instruments | SC-12S | SMD | 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 7 | 90 |
Phawula:
- Iikristale zinokufumaneka ngomthamo omninzi womthwalo kunye neenketho zokunyamezela rhoqo. Qhagamshelana nomthengisi wekristale ngolwazi olungakumbi.
Imodyuli yeOscillator Ngaphezuluview
Eli candelo libonisa uluhlu apho i-oscillators ye-32.768 kHz ifakwe kwii-Microchip megaAVR ezahlukeneyo, i-tinyAVR, i-Dx, kunye ne-XMEGA® izixhobo.
megaAVR® izixhobo
Itheyibhile 6-1. megaAVR® izixhobo
| Isixhobo | Imodyuli yeOscillator |
| ATmega1280 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega1281 | X32K_1v8 |
| I-ATmega1284P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega128A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega128 | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega1608 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega1609 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega162 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega164A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega164PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega164P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega165A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega165PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega165P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega168A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega168PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega168PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega168P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega168 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega169A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega169PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega169P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega169 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega16A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega16 | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega2560 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega2561 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega3208 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega3209 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega324A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega324PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega324PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega324P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega3250A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega3250PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega3250P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega325A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega325PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega325P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega328PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega328P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega328 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega3290A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega3290PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega3290P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega329A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega329PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega329P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega329 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega32A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega32 | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega406 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega4808 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega4809 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega48A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega48PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega48PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega48P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega48 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega640 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega644A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega644PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega644P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega6450A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega6450P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega645A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega645P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega6490A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega6490P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega6490 | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega649A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega649P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega649 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega64A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega64 | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega808 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega809 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega88A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega88PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega88PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| I-ATmega88P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega88 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega8A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega8 | X32K_2v7 |
ezincinciAVR® izixhobo
Itheyibhile 6-2. ezincinciAVR® izixhobo
| Isixhobo | Imodyuli yeOscillator |
| ATtiny1604 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1606 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1607 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1614 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1616 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1617 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1624 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1626 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1627 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny202 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny204 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny212 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny214 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny2313A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny24A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny24 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny25 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny261A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny261 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny3216 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny3217 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny3224 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny3226 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny3227 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny402 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny404 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny406 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny412 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny414 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny416 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny417 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny424 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny426 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny427 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny4313 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny44A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny44 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny45 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny461A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny461 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny804 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny806 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny807 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny814 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny816 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny817 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny824 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny826 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny827 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny84A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny84 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny85 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny861A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny861 | X32K_1v8 |
AVR® Dx Izixhobo
Itheyibhile 6-3. AVR® Dx Izixhobo
| Isixhobo | Imodyuli yeOscillator |
| AVR128DA28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DA32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DA48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DA64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DA28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DA32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DA48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DA28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DA32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DA48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DA64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DB28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DB32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DB48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DB64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DB28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DB32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DB48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DB28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DB32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DB48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DB64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DD28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DD32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DD48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DD64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DD28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DD32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DD48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DD28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DD32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DD48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DD64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
AVR® XMEGA® izixhobo
Itheyibhile 6-4. AVR® XMEGA® izixhobo
| Isixhobo | Imodyuli yeOscillator |
| ATxmega128A1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128A3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128A4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128B1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128B3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128D3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128D4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega16A4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega16D4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega192A1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega192A3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega192D3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega256A3B | X32K_XRTC32 |
| ATxmega256A1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega256D3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega32A4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega32D4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64A1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64A3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64A4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64B1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64B3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64D3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64D4 | X32K_XMEGA |
Imbali yohlaziyo
| Ugqirha. Umfundisi. | Umhla | Amagqabantshintshi |
| D | 05/2022 |
|
| C | 09/2021 |
|
| B | 09/2018 |
|
| A | 02/2018 |
|
| 8333E | 03/2015 |
|
| 8333D | 072011 | Uluhlu lwengcebiso luhlaziyiwe. |
| 8333C | 02/2011 | Uluhlu lwengcebiso luhlaziyiwe. |
| 8333B | 11/2010 | Uhlaziyo oluninzi kunye nezilungiso. |
| 8333A | 08/2010 | Ukuhlaziywa koxwebhu lokuqala. |
Ulwazi lweMicrochip
I Microchip Webindawo
I-Microchip ibonelela ngenkxaso ye-intanethi ngokusebenzisa yethu webindawo kwi www.microchip.com/. Oku webindawo isetyenziselwa ukwenza files kunye nolwazi olufumaneka lula kubathengi. Eminye imixholo ekhoyo iquka:
- Inkxaso yeMveliso - Amaxwebhu eDatha kunye neerrata, amanqaku esicelo kunye ne-sampiinkqubo, izixhobo zoyilo, izikhokelo zabasebenzisi kunye namaxwebhu enkxaso yehardware, ukukhutshwa kwesoftware yamva nje kunye nesoftware egciniweyo
- Inkxaso yezobuGcisa ngokuBanzi-Imibuzo eQhwayo (FAQs), izicelo zenkxaso yobugcisa, amaqela eengxoxo kwi-intanethi, uluhlu lwamalungu enkqubo yoyilo lweMicrochip
- Ishishini leMicrochip - Umkhethi weMveliso kunye nezikhokelo zokuodola, ushicilelo lwamva nje lweMicrochip, uluhlu lweesemina kunye nemisitho, uluhlu lweeofisi zentengiso yeMicrochip, abasasazi kunye nabameli befektri.
Inkonzo yesaziso soTshintsho kwimveliso
Inkonzo yesaziso yokutshintsha imveliso yeMicrochip inceda ukugcina abathengi bangoku kwiimveliso zeMicrochip. Ababhalisi baya kufumana isaziso se-imeyile nanini na kukho utshintsho, uhlaziyo, uhlaziyo okanye iimpazamo ezinxulumene nosapho lwemveliso ethile okanye isixhobo sophuhliso esinomdla.
Ukubhalisa, yiya ku www.microchip.com/pcn kwaye ulandele imiyalelo yobhaliso.
Uxhaso lwabathengi
Abasebenzisi beemveliso zeMicrochip banokufumana uncedo ngeendlela ezininzi:
- Umsasazi okanye uMmeli
- I-Ofisi yoThengiso yasekuhlaleni
- Embedded Solutions Engineer (ESE)
- Uxhaso lobuchwepheshe
Abathengi kufuneka baqhagamshelane nomthengisi wabo, ummeli okanye i-ESE ngenkxaso. Iiofisi zeentengiso zasekuhlaleni zikwafumaneka ukunceda abathengi. Uluhlu lweeofisi zokuthengisa kunye neendawo zibandakanyiwe kolu xwebhu.
Inkxaso yobugcisa ifumaneka nge webindawo e: www.microchip.com/support
Microchip Devices Code Protection Feature
Qaphela ezi nkcukacha zilandelayo zenqaku lokhuseleko lwekhowudi kwiimveliso zeMicrochip:
- Iimveliso zeMicrochip ziyahlangabezana nemigaqo equlethwe kwiMicrochip Data Sheet yazo.
- IMicrochip ikholelwa ukuba usapho lwayo lweemveliso lukhuselekile xa lusetyenziswa ngendlela ecetywayo, ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza, naphantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.
- Ixabiso leMicrochip kwaye likhusela ngokungqongqo amalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda. Iinzame zokwaphula ikhowudi yokukhusela iimpawu zeMicrochip zithintelwe ngokungqongqo kwaye zinokwaphula umthetho weDigital Millennium Copyright Act.
- Ayikho i-Microchip okanye nawuphi na umenzi we-semiconductor onokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwekhowudi yayo. Ukukhuselwa kwekhowudi akuthethi ukuba siqinisekisa ukuba imveliso "ayinakwaphulwa". Ukhuseleko lwekhowudi luhlala luvela. I-Microchip izinikele ekuphuculeni ngokuqhubekayo iimpawu zokukhusela ikhowudi kwiimveliso zethu.
Isaziso soMthetho
Olu papasho kunye nolwazi olulapha lunokusetyenziswa kuphela ngeemveliso zeMicrochip, kubandakanywa ukuyila, ukuvavanya, kunye nokudibanisa iimveliso zeMicrochip kunye nesicelo sakho. Ukusetyenziswa kolu lwazi ngayo nayiphi na enye indlela kwaphula le migaqo. Ulwazi malunga nosetyenziso lwesixhobo lunikezelwa kuphela ukulungiselela wena kwaye lunokuthi luthathelwe indawo luhlaziyo. Luxanduva lwakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba isicelo sakho siyadibana neenkcukacha zakho. Qhagamshelana ne-ofisi yakho yentengiso yeMicrochip yengingqi ngenkxaso eyongezelelweyo okanye, fumana inkxaso eyongezelelweyo ku-www.microchip.com/en-us/support/design-help/client-support-services.
OLU LWAZI LUBONWA NGE-MICROCHIP “NJENGOKO ZINJALO”. I-MICROCHIP AYENZI Mmeli OKANYE IZIQINISEKISO ZALO NALUPHI UHLOBO, OKANYE INGCACILEYO OKANYE IYACINGQIWA, IYABHALWA OKANYE NGOMLOMO, EMTHETHWENI.
OKANYE OKUNYE, OKUNXULUMENE NOLWAZI KUBANDAKANYEKA KODWA AKUMNTU MANDLA KWIZIQINISEKISO EZIXHONYIWEYO ZOKUNGAPHUMULI, UKUTHENGISWA, NOKULUNGELELWA NGENJONGO ETHILE, OKANYE IZIQINISEKISO EZINXULUMENE NEMEKO, UMTHETHO, UMGANGATHO WAWO.
AKUKHO SIGANEKO IYA KUTHWATHWA NALUPHI NA I-MICROCHIP ESIYA KUTHWALA NGALO NALUPHI NA ULWAZI, OLUKHETHEKILEYO, LWESOHLWAYO, NGESIGANEKO, OKANYE OKUPHUMELELE Ilahleko, UMONAKALO, IINDLEKO, OKANYE INKCITHO YALO NOLUPHI NA UHLOBO ELUYANXULUMENE NOLWAZI OKANYE UKUSETYENZISWA KWALO, NANGONA INGCACISO, NANGENZWENI. OKUSEKO OKANYE UMONAKALO UYABONAKALA. NGOKUPHELELEYO UXANDUVA LUVUMELEKILEYO NGOMTHETHO, UXANDUVA LWONKE LE-MICROCHIP KULONKE AMABANGO NGAYO NAYIPHI NA IINDLELA EZINXULUMENE NOLWAZI OKANYE UKUSETYENZISWA KWALO AKUYI KUGQIBELA ISIXA SOMRHUMO, UKUBA NAKHO, OWUHLAWULE NGQO UKUBA ULWAZI LWAZI.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zeMicrochip kwinkxaso yobomi kunye / okanye izicelo zokhuseleko ngokupheleleyo kumngcipheko womthengi, kwaye umthengi uyavuma ukukhusela, ukuhlawulela kwaye ubambe iMicrochip engenabungozi kuyo nayiphi na kunye nawo wonke umonakalo, amabango, iisuti, okanye iindleko ezibangelwa kukusetyenziswa okunjalo. Akukho zilayisenisi zigqithiswayo, ngokungafihlisiyo okanye ngenye indlela, phantsi kwawo nawaphi na amalungelo epropathi yemveliso yeMicrochip ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela.
Iimpawu zokuthengisa
Igama leMicrochip kunye nelogo, i-logo ye-Microchip, i-Adaptec, i-AnyRate, i-AVR, i-logo ye-AVR, i-AVR Freaks, i-Bes Time, i-Bit Cloud, i-Crypto Memory, i-Crypto RF, i-dsPIC, i-flexPWR, i-HELDO, i-IGLOO, i-JukeBlox, i-KeeLoq, i-Kleer, i-LANCheck, LinkMD, maXStylus, maXTouch, Media LB, megaAVR, Microsemi, Microsemi logo, MOST, MOST logo, MPLAB, OptoLyzer, PIC, picoPower, PICSTART, PIC32 logo, PolarFire, Prochip Designer, QTouch, SAM-BA, SenGenuity, SpyNIC, SSTNIC , SST Logo, SuperFlash, Symmetricom, SyncServer, Tachyon, TimeSource, tinyAVR, UNI/O, Vectron, kunye neXMEGA ziimpawu zorhwebo ezibhalisiweyo zeMicrochip Technology Incorporated e-USA nakwamanye amazwe.
AgileSwitch, APT, ClockWorks, The Embedded Control Solutions Company, EtherSynch, Flashtec, Hyper Speed Control, HyperLight Load, Intelli MOS, Libero, motorBench, m Touch, Powermite 3, Precision Edge, ProASIC, ProASIC Plus, ProASIC Plus logo, Quiet- ucingo, Smart Fusion, Sync World, Temux, Time Cesium, TimeHub, TimePictra, Time Provider, TrueTime, WinPath, kunye ne ZL ziimpawu zorhwebo ezibhalisiweyo ze Microchip Technology Incorporated e-USA.
Ukunyanzeliswa okuPhambiliyo, i-AKS, i-Analog-for-the-Digital Age, nayiphi na i-Capacitor, nayiphi na i-AnyOut, i-Augmented Switching, i-Blue Sky, i-Body Com, i-Code Guard, i-CryptoAuthentication, i-Crypto Automotive, i-CryptoCompanion, i-CryptoController, i-dsPICDEM, i-dsPICDEM.net, i-Dynamic Umndilili wokuTyatshaniswa, iDAM, i-ECAN, i-Espresso T1S, i-EtherGREEN, i-GridTime, i-Ideal Bridge, i-In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, INICnet, Intelligent Paralleling, Inter-Chip Connectivity, JitterBlocker, Knob-on-Display, maxCrypto, maxView, memBrain, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPF, MPLAB Certified logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, MultiTRAK, NetDetach, NVM Express, NVMe, Omniscient Code Generation, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, PowerSmart, PureSilicon, REAL , QMatrix , Ripple Blocker, RTAX, RTG4, SAM-ICE, Serial Quad I/O, simpleMAP, SimpliPHY, Smar tBuffer, SmartHLS, SMART-IS, storClad, SQI, SuperSwitcher, SuperSwitcher II, Switchtec, SynchroPHY, Total Endurance, TSHARC, USBCheck , VariSense, VectorBlox, VeriPHY, ViewI-Span, i-WiperLock, i-XpressConnect, kunye ne-ZENA ziimpawu zorhwebo ze-Microchip Technology Incorporated e-USA nakwamanye amazwe.
I-SQTP luphawu lwenkonzo ye-Microchip Technology Incorporated e-USA
Ilogo ye-Adaptec, Frequency on Demand, Silicon Storage Technology, Symmcom, kunye nexesha eliThenjiweyo ziimpawu zorhwebo ezibhalisiweyo zeMicrochip Technology Inc. kwamanye amazwe.
I-GestIC luphawu lwentengiso olubhalisiweyo lwe-Microchip Technology Germany II GmbH & Co. KG, i-subsidiary ye-Microchip Technology Inc., kwamanye amazwe.
Zonke ezinye iimpawu zorhwebo ezikhankanywe apha ziyipropathi yeenkampani zabo.
© 2022, Microchip Technology Incorporated kunye nenkxaso yayo. Onke Amalungelo Agciniwe.
- I-ISBN: 978-1-6683-0405-1
Inkqubo yoLawulo loMgangatho
Ngolwazi malunga neMicrochip's Quality Management Systems, nceda undwendwele www.microchip.com/quality.
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I-MICROCHIP AN2648 Ukukhetha kunye noVavanyo lwe-32.768 kHz I-Crystal Oscillators ye-AVR Microcontrollers [pdf] Isikhokelo somsebenzisi I-AN2648 Ukukhetha kunye noVavanyo lwe-32.768 kHz I-Crystal Oscillators ye-AVR Microcontrollers, i-AN2648, Ukukhetha kunye noVavanyo lwe-32.768 kHz i-Crystal Oscillators ye-AVR Microcontrollers, i-Crystal Oscillators ye-AVR Microcontrollers |
