MICROCHIP AN2648 Kusankha ndi Kuyesa 32.768 kHz Ma Crystal Oscillators a AVR Microcontrollers

Mawu Oyamba

Olemba: Torbjørn Kjørlaug ndi Amund Aune, Microchip Technology Inc.
Cholemba ichi chikufotokozera mwachidule zoyambira za kristalo, malingaliro a masanjidwe a PCB, ndi momwe mungayesere kristalo mu pulogalamu yanu. Buku losankhira kristalo likuwonetsa makhiristo ovomerezeka omwe amayesedwa ndi akatswiri ndipo adapezeka kuti ndi oyenera ma module osiyanasiyana a oscillator m'mabanja osiyanasiyana a Microchip AVR®. Mayesero a firmware ndi malipoti oyesera ochokera kwa ogulitsa makristalo osiyanasiyana akuphatikizidwa.

Mawonekedwe

• Zoyambira za Crystal Oscillator
• Malingaliro a PCB Design
• Kuyesa Kulimba kwa Crystal
• Mayeso a Firmware Akuphatikizidwa
• Malangizo a Crystal Recommendation Guide

Zoyambira za Crystal Oscillator

Mawu Oyamba

Crystal oscillator imagwiritsa ntchito kumveka kwa makina a piezoelectric kuti apange chizindikiro cha wotchi yokhazikika. Mafupipafupi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apereke chizindikiro cha wotchi yokhazikika kapena kusunga nthawi; chifukwa chake, ma oscillator a crystal amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamapulogalamu a Radio Frequency (RF) komanso mabwalo a digito omwe amakhudzidwa ndi nthawi.
Ma kristalo amapezeka kuchokera kwa ogulitsa osiyanasiyana akapangidwe ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana ndipo amatha kusiyanasiyana pamachitidwe ndi mawonekedwe. Kumvetsetsa magawo ndi dera la oscillator ndikofunikira kuti ntchito ikhale yolimba pakusintha kwa kutentha, chinyezi, magetsi, ndi njira.
Zinthu zonse zakuthupi zimakhala ndi kugwedezeka kwachilengedwe, komwe kugwedezeka kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mawonekedwe ake, kukula kwake, kusinthasintha, ndi liwiro la mawu muzinthu. Zinthu za piezoelectric zimasokoneza pamene gawo lamagetsi likugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo limapanga gawo lamagetsi pamene libwerera ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi piezoelectric
m'mabwalo apakompyuta ndi kristalo wa quartz, koma ma resonator a ceramic amagwiritsidwanso ntchito - nthawi zambiri m'njira zotsika mtengo kapena zosafunikira nthawi. Makhiristo a 32.768 kHz nthawi zambiri amadulidwa ngati foloko yokonza. Ndi makhiristo a quartz, ma frequency olondola kwambiri amatha kukhazikitsidwa.

Chithunzi 1-1. Mawonekedwe a 32.768 kHz Tuning Fork Crystal

Oscillator

Njira zokhazikika za Barkhausen ndi mikhalidwe iwiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa nthawi yomwe dera lamagetsi lidzagwedezeka. Iwo amanena kuti ngati A ndiye phindu la ampLifying element mumagetsi amagetsi ndi β(jω) ndiye njira yosinthira njira yoyankhira, ma oscillation okhazikika adzakhazikika pama frequency omwe:

• Kupindula kwa loop ndi kofanana ndi umodzi mu ukulu wathunthu, |βA| = 1
• Kusintha kwa gawo mozungulira kuzungulira ndi ziro kapena kuchulukitsa kwa 2π, mwachitsanzo, ∠βA = 2πn kwa n ∈ 0, 1, 2, 3…

Mulingo woyamba udzatsimikizira kusakhazikika ampchizindikiro champhamvu. Nambala yochepera 1 idzachepetsa chizindikirocho, ndipo nambala yayikulu kuposa 1 idzachepetsa ampkwezani chizindikiro ku infinity. Chotsatira chachiwiri chidzaonetsetsa kuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhazikika. Pazigawo zina zosinthira, kutulutsa kwa sine wave kuzimitsidwa chifukwa cha loop ya mayankho.

Chithunzi 1-2. Feedback Loop

The 32.768 kHz oscillator mu Microchip AVR microcontrollers ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1-3 ndipo imakhala ndi inverting.
ampzoulutsira (zamkati) ndi kristalo (zakunja). Ma capacitors (CL1 ndi CL2) amaimira mphamvu yamkati ya parasitic. Zida zina za AVR zimakhalanso ndi ma capacitor onyamula mkati, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa ma capacitor akunja, kutengera kristalo wogwiritsidwa ntchito.
The inverting ampLifier imapereka kusintha kwa gawo kwa π radian (madigiri 180). Kusintha kwa gawo lotsalira la π kumaperekedwa ndi kristalo ndi capacitive katundu pa 32.768 kHz, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa gawo lonse la 2π radian. Munthawi yoyambira, ma ampKutulutsa kwa lifier kudzawonjezeka mpaka kukhazikika kokhazikika kukhazikitsidwa ndi phindu la 1, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Barkhausen akwaniritsidwe. Izi zimayendetsedwa zokha ndi AVR microcontroller's oscillator circuitry.

Chithunzi 1-3. Pierce Crystal Oscillator Circuit mu AVR® Devices (chosavuta)

Electrical Model

Dongosolo lofanana lamagetsi la kristalo likuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1-4. Mndandanda wa RLC network umatchedwa mkono woyenda ndipo umapereka kufotokozera kwamagetsi kwa machitidwe amakina a kristalo, pomwe C1 imayimira elasticity ya quartz, L1 imayimira misa yogwedezeka, ndipo R1 imayimira kutayika chifukwa cha d.ampndi. C0 imatchedwa shunt kapena static capacitance ndipo ndi chiwerengero cha mphamvu ya parasitic capacitance chifukwa cha nyumba za crystal ndi ma electrode. Ngati a
mita ya capacitance imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza kristalo capacitance, C0 yokha idzayesedwa (C1 sidzakhala ndi zotsatira).

Chithunzi 1-4. Crystal Oscillator Equivalent Circuit

Pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa Laplace, ma frequency awiri a resonant atha kupezeka mu netiweki iyi. Mndandanda wa resonant
pafupipafupi, fs, zimangotengera C1 ndi L1. Ma frequency ofananira kapena odana ndi resonant, fp, amaphatikizanso C0. Onani Chithunzi 1-5 pakuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi mawonekedwe afupipafupi.

Equation 1-1. Series Resonant Frequency

Equation 1-2. Parallel Resonant Frequency

Chithunzi 1-5. Makhalidwe a Crystal Reactance

Makhiristo omwe ali pansi pa 30 MHz amatha kugwira ntchito pafupipafupi pakati pa mndandanda ndi ma frequency ofananira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi osavuta kugwira ntchito. Ma kristalo apamwamba kwambiri kuposa 30 MHz nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pama frequency a resonant kapena ma frequency amtundu wamtundu, omwe amapezeka mochulukira pafupipafupi. Kuonjezera capacitive katundu, CL, ku kristalo kudzachititsa kusintha kwafupipafupi koperekedwa ndi Equation 1-3. Mafupipafupi a kristalo amatha kusinthidwa ndi kusinthasintha mphamvu ya katundu, ndipo izi zimatchedwa kukoka pafupipafupi.

Equation 1-3. Kusinthasintha Kofananako Kumamveka Kwafupipafupi

Kulimbana Kofanana (ESR)

The equivalent series resistance (ESR) ndi chiwonetsero chamagetsi cha kuwonongeka kwa makina a crystal. Pa mndandanda
resonant frequency, fs, ndi yofanana ndi R1 mumtundu wamagetsi. ESR ndi gawo lofunikira ndipo limapezeka mu pepala la data la crystal. ESR nthawi zambiri imatengera kukula kwa kristalo, pomwe makhiristo ang'onoang'ono
(makamaka makhiristo a SMD) nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotayika zambiri komanso ma ESR kuposa makhiristo akulu.
Makhalidwe apamwamba a ESR amaika katundu wambiri pa inverting ampmpulumutsi. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa ESR kungayambitse ntchito yosakhazikika ya oscillator. Kupindula kwa mgwirizano kungathe, muzochitika zotere, sikungakwaniritsidwe, ndipo muyezo wa Barkhausen sungathe kukwaniritsidwa.

Q-Factor ndi Kukhazikika

Kukhazikika kwafupipafupi kwa kristalo kumaperekedwa ndi Q-factor. Q-factor ndi chiŵerengero cha pakati pa mphamvu zosungidwa mu kristalo ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zonse zowonongeka. Nthawi zambiri, makhiristo a quartz amakhala ndi Q pakati pa 10,000 mpaka 100,000, poyerekeza ndi 100 ya LC oscillator. Ma resonator a Ceramic ali ndi Q yotsika kuposa makhiristo a quartz ndipo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa capacitive katundu.

Equation 1-4. Q-FactorZinthu zingapo zimatha kukhudza kukhazikika kwafupipafupi: Kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumabwera chifukwa cha kukwera, kugwedezeka kapena kugwedezeka kwamphamvu, kusiyanasiyana kwamagetsi, kuyimitsa katundu, kutentha, maginito ndi magetsi, komanso ukalamba wa kristalo. Ogulitsa Crystal nthawi zambiri amalemba magawo oterowo pamapepala awo.

Nthawi Yoyambira

Panthawi yoyambira, inverting ampwotsatsa ampimapangitsa phokoso. Krustalo imagwira ntchito ngati sefa ya bandpass ndikubwezeretsanso gawo la ma frequency a crystal resonance, lomwe ndiye amplified. Musanakwanitse kukhazikika kokhazikika, kupindula kwa kristalo/inverting ampLifier loop ndi yayikulu kuposa 1 ndi chizindikiro ampmaphunziro adzawonjezeka. Pakukhazikika kokhazikika, kupindula kwa loop kudzakwaniritsa njira ya Barkhausen ndi phindu la 1, komanso nthawi zonse. ampmaphunziro.
Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza nthawi yoyambira:

• Makristasi apamwamba a ESR adzayamba pang'onopang'ono kuposa makhiristo otsika a ESR
• Makandulo apamwamba a Q-factor adzayamba pang'onopang'ono kuposa makhiristo otsika a Q-factor
• Kuchuluka kwa katundu kumawonjezera nthawi yoyambira
• Oscillator ampLifier drive mphamvu (onani zambiri za chilolezo cha oscillator mu Gawo 3.2, Mayeso Otsutsa Otsutsa ndi Chitetezo)

Kuonjezera apo, mafupipafupi a kristalo adzakhudza nthawi yoyambira (makristasi othamanga adzayamba mofulumira), koma chizindikirochi chimapangidwira makristasi a 32.768 kHz.

Chithunzi 1-6. Kuyamba kwa Crystal Oscillator

Kulekerera Kutentha

Makhiristo a foloko omwe amasinthidwa nthawi zambiri amadulidwa pakati pa ma frequency a 25 ° C. Pamwamba ndi pansi pa 25 ° C, mafupipafupi adzachepa ndi khalidwe la parabolic, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1-7. Kusintha kwafupipafupi kumaperekedwa ndi
Equation 1-5, pomwe f0 ndi ma frequency chandamale pa T0 (kawirikawiri 32.768 kHz pa 25 ° C) ndi B ndi kutentha kokwanira koperekedwa ndi pepala la data la crystal (kawirikawiri nambala yolakwika).

Equation 1-5. Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Kutentha

Chithunzi 1-7. Kutentha Kofananira vs. Mafupipafupi Makhalidwe a Crystal

Thamangitsani Mphamvu

Mphamvu ya kristalo woyendetsa dera imatsimikizira mawonekedwe a sine wave linanena bungwe la crystal oscillator. Sine wave ndikulowetsa mwachindunji mu pini yolowetsa wotchi ya digito ya microcontroller. Sine wave iyi iyenera kufalikira mosavuta ndi mphamvu yolowera pang'ono komanso mphamvu yayikulutage milingo ya pini yolowetsa ya crystal driver pomwe siyikudulidwa, kuphwanyidwa kapena kupotozedwa pansonga. Mafunde otsika kwambiri amplitude ikuwonetsa kuti crystal circuit load ndi yolemetsa kwambiri kwa dalaivala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kulephera kwa oscillation kapena kulowetsa molakwika pafupipafupi. Pamwamba kwambiri amplitude amatanthawuza kuti kupindula kwa malupu ndikokwera kwambiri ndipo kungayambitse kulumpha kwa kristalo kupita kumtunda wapamwamba wa harmonic kapena kuwonongeka kosatha kwa kristalo.
Dziwani zomwe kristaloyo idatulutsa posanthula pini ya XTAL1/TOSC1 voltage. Dziwani kuti kafukufuku wolumikizidwa ndi XTAL1/TOSC1 amatsogolera ku capacitance yowonjezera, yomwe iyenera kuwerengedwa.
Kupindula kwa loop kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha komanso bwino ndi voltagndi (VDD). Izi zikutanthauza kuti mawonekedwe agalimoto amayenera kuyezedwa kutentha kwambiri komanso VDD yotsika kwambiri, komanso kutentha kotsika kwambiri komanso VDD yapamwamba kwambiri pomwe pulogalamuyo imayikidwa kuti igwire ntchito.
Sankhani kristalo yokhala ndi ESR yotsika kapena capacitive katundu ngati phindu la loop ndilotsika kwambiri. Ngati kupindula kwa loop ndikokwera kwambiri, zopinga zingapo, RS, zitha kuwonjezeredwa kuderali kuti zichepetse chizindikirocho. Chithunzi chili pansipa chikuwonetsa wakaleample la chowongolera chowongolera cha crystal chosavuta chokhala ndi cholumikizira chowonjezera (RS) pakutulutsa kwa XTAL2/TOSC2 pini.

Chithunzi 1-8. Crystal Driver yokhala ndi Added Series Resistor

Mawonekedwe a PCB ndi Zolinga Zopangira

Ngakhale ma oscillator ochita bwino kwambiri komanso ma kristalo apamwamba kwambiri sangagwire bwino ngati osaganizira mosamalitsa masanjidwe ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamsonkhano. Mphamvu zotsika kwambiri za 32.768 kHz oscillator nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka kwambiri pansi pa 1 μW, kotero kuti zomwe zikuyenda muderali ndizochepa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ma frequency a crystal amadalira kwambiri capacitive katundu.
Kuti muwonetsetse kulimba kwa oscillator, malangizowa akulimbikitsidwa panthawi ya PCB:

• Mizere yolowera kuchokera ku XTAL1/TOSC1 ndi XTAL2/TOSC2 kupita ku kristalo iyenera kukhala yayifupi momwe mungathere kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya parasitic ndikuwonjezera phokoso ndi chitetezo chamthupi. Osagwiritsa ntchito sockets.
• Tetezani kristalo ndi mizere yowonetsera pozungulira ndi ndege yapansi ndi mphete yolondera
• Osayendetsa mizere ya digito, makamaka mizere ya wotchi, pafupi ndi mizere ya kristalo. Pama board a multilayer PCB, pewani ma siginecha pansi pa mizere ya kristalo.
• Gwiritsani ntchito PCB yapamwamba kwambiri ndi zida zomangira
• Fumbi ndi chinyezi zidzawonjezera mphamvu ya parasitic ndikuchepetsa kudzipatula kwa chizindikiro, kotero kuti kupaka zoteteza kumalimbikitsidwa

Kuyesa Kulimba kwa Crystal Oscillation

Mawu Oyamba

Dalaivala wa AVR microcontroller's 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator amakonzedwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, motero
mphamvu yoyendetsa kristalo ndi yochepa. Kudzaza dalaivala wa kristalo kungapangitse kuti oscillator asayambe, kapena mwina
kukhudzidwa (kuyimitsidwa kwakanthawi, mwachitsanzoample) chifukwa cha kukwera kwa phokoso kapena kuchuluka kwa mphamvu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kapena kuyandikira kwa dzanja.
Samalani posankha ndikuyesa kristalo kuti muwonetsetse kulimba mu pulogalamu yanu. Magawo awiri ofunikira kwambiri a crystal ndi Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) ndi Load Capacitance (CL).
Poyesa makhiristo, kristaloyo iyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi 32.768 kHz oscillator pins kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya parasitic. Nthawi zambiri, timalimbikitsa kuchita muyeso muzolemba zanu zomaliza. Chitsanzo cha PCB chomwe chili ndi microcontroller ndi crystal circuit chingaperekenso zotsatira zolondola. Pakuyesa koyambirira kwa kristalo, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zachitukuko kapena zoyambira (mwachitsanzo, STK600) zitha kukhala zokwanira.
Sitikulimbikitsani kulumikiza kristalo ku mitu ya XTAL/TOSC yotulutsa kumapeto kwa STK600, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3-1, chifukwa njira yolumikizira idzakhala yovuta kwambiri kuphokoso ndipo potero onjezerani capacitive katundu wowonjezera. Kugulitsa kristalo mwachindunji kumayendedwe, komabe, kumapereka zotsatira zabwino. Kuti mupewe katundu wowonjezera kuchokera ku socket ndi njira ya STK600, timalimbikitsa kupindika XTAL/TOSC kutsogolo, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3-2 ndi Chithunzi 3-3, kuti asakhudze socket. Makhiristo okhala ndi mayendedwe (bowo okwera) ndi osavuta kuthana nawo, koma ndizothekanso kugulitsa SMD molunjika ku XTAL / TOSC kutsogolera pogwiritsa ntchito pini zowonjezera, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3-4. Kuwotchera makhiristo kumaphukusi okhala ndi pini yopapatiza ndikothekanso, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3-5, koma ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimafunikira dzanja lokhazikika.

Chithunzi 3-1. Kukhazikitsa Mayeso a STK600

Monga capacitive load idzakhudza kwambiri oscillator, simuyenera kufufuza kristalo mwachindunji pokhapokha mutakhala ndi zida zapamwamba zomwe zimapangidwira miyeso ya kristalo. Ma probe a 10X oscilloscope okhazikika amayika kutsitsa kwa 10-15 pF ndipo motero amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu pamiyezo. Kukhudza zikhomo za kristalo ndi chala kapena kafukufuku wa 10X kungakhale kokwanira kuyambitsa kapena kuyimitsa kugwedeza kapena kupereka zotsatira zabodza. Firmware yotulutsa chizindikiro cha wotchi ku pini wamba ya I/O imaperekedwa limodzi ndi cholembera ichi. Mosiyana ndi mapini olowetsa a XTAL/TOSC, mapini a I/O okonzedwa ngati zotuluka zotchingidwa amatha kufufuzidwa ndi ma probe a 10X oscilloscope osakhudza miyeso. Zambiri zitha kupezeka mu Gawo 4, Firmware Yoyeserera.

Chithunzi 3-2. Crystal Yogulitsidwa Mwachindunji ku Bent XTAL/TOSC Leads

Chithunzi 3-3. Crystal Yogulitsidwa mu STK600 Socket

Chithunzi 3-4. SMD Crystal Yogulitsidwa Molunjika ku MCU Pogwiritsa Ntchito Pin Extensions

Chithunzi 3-5. Crystal Adagulitsidwa ku Phukusi la 100-Pin TQFP yokhala ndi Narrow Pin Pitch

Mayeso a Negative Resistance and Safety Factor

Kuyesa kotsutsa koyipa kumapeza malire pakati pa kristalo ampLifier katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito kwanu komanso kuchuluka kwake. Pa max load, a ampmpweya udzatsamwitsidwa, ndipo kugwedezeka kudzatha. Mfundo imeneyi imatchedwa oscillator allowance (OA). Pezani mwayi wa oscillator powonjezera kwakanthawi kosiyana kosiyana pakati pa ampLifier output (XTAL2/TOSC2) lead ndi kristalo, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3-6. Onjezani zopinga zotsatizana mpaka kristalo itasiya kugwedezeka. Chilolezo cha oscillator ndiye chidzakhala kuchuluka kwa kukana kwa mndandandawu, RMAX, ndi ESR. Kugwiritsa ntchito potentiometer yokhala ndi ESR yosachepera <RPOT <5 ESR ikulimbikitsidwa.
Kupeza mtengo wolondola wa RMAX kungakhale kwachinyengo chifukwa palibe malo enieni olandirira oscillator omwe alipo. Oscillator isanayime, mutha kuwona kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono, ndipo pangakhalenso kuyimitsidwa koyambira. Oscillator ikayima, muyenera kuchepetsa mtengo wa RMAX ndi 10-50 kΩ musanayambe kuyambiranso. Kuyendetsa njinga yamagetsi kuyenera kuchitidwa nthawi iliyonse mukatha kuwonjezereka kosinthika. RMAX ndiye idzakhala mtengo wotsutsa pomwe oscillator sayamba pambuyo pa njinga yamagetsi. Dziwani kuti nthawi zoyambira zidzakhala zazitali kwambiri pamalo olandirira oscillator, chifukwa chake khalani oleza mtima.
Equation 3-1. Chilolezo cha Oscillator
OA = RMAX + ESR

Chithunzi 3-6. Kuyeza kwa Oscillator Allowance/RMAX

Kugwiritsa ntchito potentiometer yapamwamba yokhala ndi mphamvu yochepa ya parasitic ndikulimbikitsidwa (mwachitsanzo, SMD potentiometer yoyenera RF) kuti mupereke zotsatira zolondola kwambiri. Komabe, ngati mutha kupeza mwayi wabwino wa oscillator / RMAX ndi potentiometer yotsika mtengo, mudzakhala otetezeka.
Mukapeza kukana kopitilira muyeso, mutha kupeza chitetezo kuchokera ku Equation 3-2. Ogulitsa osiyanasiyana a MCU ndi ma kristalo amagwira ntchito ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana achitetezo. Chitetezo chimawonjezera malire pazovuta zilizonse zamitundu yosiyanasiyana monga oscillator ampkupindula kwa lifier, kusintha chifukwa cha magetsi ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, kusiyana kwa ndondomeko, ndi mphamvu ya katundu. 32.768 kHz oscillator ampLifier pa AVR microcontrollers ndi kutentha ndi mphamvu zimalipidwa. Chifukwa chake pokhala ndi zosinthazi mochulukirapo kapena mocheperako, titha kuchepetsa zofunikira pachitetezo chachitetezo poyerekeza ndi opanga ena a MCU / IC. Malangizo a chitetezo alembedwa mu Table 3-1.

Equation 3-2. Chitetezo Factor

Chithunzi 3-7. Series Potentiometer Pakati pa XTAL2/TOSC2 Pin ndi Crystal

Chithunzi 3-8. Mayeso a Allowance mu Socket

Gulu 3-1. Malangizo a Chitetezo

Factor Chitetezo	Malangizo
>5	Zabwino kwambiri
4	Zabwino kwambiri
3	Zabwino
<3	Osavomerezeka

Kuyeza Kuthekera Kwa Katundu Wogwira Ntchito

Mafupipafupi a kristalo amadalira kuchuluka kwa capacitive komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi Equation 1-2. Kugwiritsa ntchito capacitive katundu wotchulidwa mu kristalo deta pepala adzapereka pafupipafupi pafupi kwambiri pafupipafupi mwadzina 32.768 kHz. Ngati katundu wina wa capacitive agwiritsidwa ntchito, ma frequency adzasintha. Mafupipafupi adzawonjezeka ngati katundu wa capacitive akuchepa ndipo adzachepa ngati katunduyo akuwonjezeka, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3-9.
Kuthamanga kwafupipafupi kapena bandwidth, ndiko kuti, kutali bwanji ndi maulendo obwerezabwereza omwe amatha kukakamizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito katundu, zimadalira Q-factor ya resonator. Bandwidth imaperekedwa ndi ma frequency odziwika omwe amagawidwa ndi Q-factor, ndipo pamakristali apamwamba a Q quartz, bandwidth yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yochepa. Ngati ma frequency omwe amayezedwa achoka pamafupipafupi mwadzina, oscillator adzakhala ocheperako. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu muzolowera zowerengera β(jω) zomwe zingapangitse kutsitsa kwakukulu kwa ampLifier A kuti akwaniritse mgwirizano (onani Chithunzi 1-2).
Equation 3-3. Bandwidth

Njira yabwino yoyezera mphamvu yonyamula katundu (chiwerengero cha capacitance ndi parasitic capacitance) ndikuyesa mafupipafupi a oscillator ndikufanizira ndi mafupipafupi a 32.768 kHz. Ngati mafupipafupi omwe amayezedwa ali pafupi ndi 32.768 kHz, mphamvu yonyamula katunduyo idzakhala pafupi ndi ndondomekoyi. Chitani izi pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya firmware yoperekedwa ndi cholembera ichi ndi kafukufuku wokhazikika wa 10X pazotulutsa wotchi pa pini ya I/O, kapena, ngati ilipo, kuyeza kristaloyo molunjika ndi kafukufuku wapamwamba kwambiri wopangira miyeso ya kristalo. Onani Gawo 4, Firmware Yoyeserera, kuti mumve zambiri.

Chithunzi 3-9. Mafupipafupi vs. Kuthekera kwa Katundu

Equation 3-4 imapereka mphamvu yonse ya katundu popanda ma capacitor akunja. Nthawi zambiri, ma capacitor akunja (CEL1 ndi CEL2) amayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti agwirizane ndi kuchuluka kwa capacitive komwe kumatchulidwa papepala la data la crystal. Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito ma capacitor akunja, Equation 3-5 imapereka kuchuluka kwa capacitive.

Equation 3-4. Total Capacitive Load popanda Ma Capacitors Akunja
Equation 3-5. Total Capacitive Katundu Ndi Ma Capacitor Akunja

Chithunzi 3-10. Crystal Circuit yokhala ndi Internal, Parasitic, and External Capacitors

Test Firmware

Yesani firmware yotulutsa chizindikiro cha wotchi ku doko la I/O lomwe lingakhale lodzaza ndi kafukufuku wokhazikika wa 10X likuphatikizidwa mu .zip file kugawidwa ndi chidziwitso ichi. Osayesa maelekitirodi a kristalo mwachindunji ngati mulibe ma probes apamwamba kwambiri omwe amapangidwira miyeso yotere.
Lembani kachidindo kochokera ndikukonza .hex file mu chipangizo.
Ikani VCC mkati mwa magawo ogwiritsira ntchito omwe alembedwa papepala la deta, gwirizanitsani galasi pakati pa XTAL1/TOSC1 ndi XTAL2/TOSC2, ndi kuyeza chizindikiro cha wotchi pa pini yotulutsa.
Pini yotulutsa imasiyana pazida zosiyanasiyana. Mapini olondola alembedwa pansipa.

• ATmega128: Chizindikiro cha wotchi chimachokera ku PB4, ndipo mafupipafupi ake amagawidwa ndi 2. Zomwe zimayembekezeredwa ndi 16.384 kHz.
• ATmega328P: Chizindikiro cha wotchi chimachokera ku PD6, ndipo maulendo ake amagawidwa ndi 2. Zomwe zimayembekezeredwa ndi 16.384 kHz.
• ATtiny817: Chizindikiro cha wotchi chimatuluka ku PB5, ndipo ma frequency ake sanagawidwe. Ma frequency omwe akuyembekezeka ndi 32.768 kHz.
• ATtiny85: Chizindikiro cha wotchi chimachokera ku PB1, ndipo maulendo ake amagawidwa ndi 2. Zomwe zimayembekezeredwa ndi 16.384 kHz.
• ATxmega128A1: Chizindikiro cha wotchi chimatuluka ku PC7, ndipo ma frequency ake sanagawidwe. Ma frequency omwe akuyembekezeka ndi 32.768 kHz.
• ATxmega256A3B: Chizindikiro cha wotchi chimatuluka ku PC7, ndipo ma frequency ake sanagawidwe. Ma frequency omwe akuyembekezeka ndi 32.768 kHz.
• PIC18F25Q10: Chizindikiro cha wotchi chimachokera ku RA6, ndipo mafupipafupi ake amagawidwa ndi 4. Zomwe zimayembekezeredwa ndi 8.192 kHz.

Zofunika:  PIC18F25Q10 idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati woimira chida cha AVR Dx poyesa makhiristo. Imagwiritsa ntchito gawo la OSC_LP_v10 oscillator, lomwe ndi lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mndandanda wa AVR Dx.

Malangizo a Crystal

Table 5-2 ikuwonetsa masankhidwe a makhiristo omwe adayesedwa ndikupeza oyenera ma microcontrollers osiyanasiyana a AVR.

Zofunika:  Popeza ma microcontrollers ambiri amagawana ma module a oscillator, kusankha kokha kwa oyimira ma microcontroller omwe adayesedwa ndi ogulitsa makristalo. Onani files amagawidwa ndi cholembera kuti muwone malipoti oyambirira a crystal test. Onani gawo 6. Oscillator Module Overview kwa kupitiriraview zomwe microcontroller mankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito oscillator module.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kwa crystal-MCU kuchokera patebulo ili pansipa kudzatsimikizira kuti kumagwirizana bwino ndipo kumalimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe ali ndi ukadaulo wocheperako kapena wocheperako. Ngakhale kuphatikizika kwa crystal-MCU kumayesedwa ndi akatswiri odziwa bwino ma crystal oscillator kwa ogulitsa ma kristalo osiyanasiyana, timalimbikitsabe kuyesa kapangidwe kanu monga momwe tafotokozera mu Gawo 3, Kuyesa Kulimba kwa Crystal Oscillation, kuti muwonetsetse kuti palibe zovuta zomwe zayambika pakuyika, kugulitsa. , ndi zina.
Table 5-1 ikuwonetsa mndandanda wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya oscillator. Gawo 6, Oscillator Module Overview, ili ndi mndandanda wa zida zomwe ma module awa akuphatikizidwa.

Gulu 5-1. Zathaview ya Oscillator mu AVR® Devices

#	Oscillator module	Kufotokozera
1	X32K_2v7	2.7-5.5V oscillator ntchito megaAVR® zipangizo (1)
2	X32K_1v8	1.8-5.5V oscillator ntchito megaAVR/tinyAVR® zipangizo (1)
3	X32K_1v8_ULP	1.8-3.6V Ultra-low mphamvu oscillator ntchito megaAVR/tinyAVR picoPower® zipangizo
4	X32K_XMEGA (nthawi zonse)	1.6-3.6V Ultra-low mphamvu oscillator ntchito XMEGA® zipangizo. Oscillator kukhazikitsidwa mumalowedwe yachibadwa.
5	X32K_XMEGA (magetsi otsika)	1.6-3.6V Ultra-low mphamvu oscillator ntchito XMEGA zipangizo. Oscillator yokonzedwa kuti ikhale yotsika mphamvu.
6	X32K_XRTC32	1.6-3.6V Ultra-low mphamvu RTC oscillator ntchito XMEGA zipangizo zosungira batire
7	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP	1.8-5.5V ultra-low power oscillator yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu tinyAVR 0-, 1- ndi 2-series ndi megaAVR 0-series zipangizo
8	OSC_LP_v10 (nthawi zonse)	1.8-5.5V ultra-low power oscillator yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida za AVR Dx. Oscillator kukhazikitsidwa mumalowedwe yachibadwa.
9	OSC_LP_v10 (njira yotsika mphamvu)	1.8-5.5V ultra-low power oscillator yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida za AVR Dx. Oscillator yokonzedwa kuti ikhale yotsika mphamvu.

Zindikirani

1. Sagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi megaAVR® 0-series kapena tinyAVR® 0-, 1- ndi 2-series.

Gulu 5-2. Analimbikitsa 32.768 kHz Makhiristo

Wogulitsa	Mtundu	Phiri	Ma module a Oscillator Kuyesedwa ndi Kuvomerezedwa (Onani Gulu 5-1)	Kulekerera pafupipafupi [±ppm]	Katundu Kuthekera [pF]	Zofanana Zotsutsana Zotsutsana (ESR) [kΩ]
Microcrystal	Chithunzi cha CC7V-T1A	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	20/100	7.0/9.0/12.5	50/70
Abracon	ABS06	Zithunzi za SMD	2	20	12.5	90
Kadinala	Mtengo wa CPFB	Zithunzi za SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Kadinala	Chithunzi cha CTF6	TH	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Kadinala	Chithunzi cha CTF8	TH	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Endrich Citizen	Mtengo wa CFS206	TH	1, 2, 3, 4	20	12.5	35
Endrich Citizen	CM315	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 3, 4	20	12.5	70
Epson Tyocom	MC-306	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 3	20/50	12.5	50
Fox	FSXLF	Zithunzi za SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	65
Fox	FX135	Zithunzi za SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	70
Fox	FX122	Zithunzi za SMD	2, 3, 4	20	12.5	90
Fox	Mtengo wa FSRLF	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
NDK	Chithunzi cha NX3215SA	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 3	20	12.5	80
NDK	Chithunzi cha NX1610SE	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	6	50
NDK	Chithunzi cha NX2012SE	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9	20	6	50
Zida za Seiko	Chithunzi cha SSP-T7-FL	Zithunzi za SMD	2, 3, 5	20	4.4/6/12.5	65
Zida za Seiko	SSP-T7-F	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7/12.5	65
Zida za Seiko	SC-32S	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	70
Zida za Seiko	Chithunzi cha SC-32L	Zithunzi za SMD	4	20	7	40
Zida za Seiko	SC-20S	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	70
Zida za Seiko	SC-12S	Zithunzi za SMD	1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	90

Zindikirani: 

1. Ma kristalo amatha kupezeka ndi mphamvu zambiri zonyamula katundu komanso njira zololera pafupipafupi. Lumikizanani ndi ogulitsa kristalo kuti mudziwe zambiri.

Oscillator Module Yathaview

Gawoli likuwonetsa mndandanda womwe ma oscillator a 32.768 kHz akuphatikizidwa mu zida zosiyanasiyana za Microchip megaAVR, tinyAVR, Dx, ndi XMEGA®.

megaAVR® Zipangizo

Gulu 6-1. megaAVR® Zipangizo

Chipangizo	Oscillator module
Chithunzi cha ATmega1280	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega1281	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega1284P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega128A	X32K_2v7
Chithunzi cha ATmega128	X32K_2v7
Chithunzi cha ATmega1608	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega1609	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega162	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega164A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega164PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega164P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega165A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega165PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega165P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega168A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega168PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega168PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega168P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega168	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega169A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega169PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega169P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega169	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega16A	X32K_2v7
Chithunzi cha ATmega16	X32K_2v7
Chithunzi cha ATmega2560	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega2561	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega3208	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega3209	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega324A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega324PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega324PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega324P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega3250A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega3250PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega3250P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega325A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega325PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega325P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega328PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega328P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega328	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega3290A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega3290PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega3290P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega329A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega329PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega329P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega329	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega32A	X32K_2v7
Chithunzi cha ATmega32	X32K_2v7
Chithunzi cha ATmega406	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega4808	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega4809	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega48A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega48PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega48PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega48P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega48	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega640	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega644A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega644PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega644P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega6450A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega6450P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega645A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega645P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega6490A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega6490P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega6490	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega649A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega649P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega649	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega64A	X32K_2v7
Chithunzi cha ATmega64	X32K_2v7
Chithunzi cha ATmega808	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega809	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega88A	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega88PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega88PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega88P	X32K_1v8_ULP
Chithunzi cha ATmega88	X32K_1v8
Chithunzi cha ATmega8A	X32K_2v7
Chithunzi cha ATmega8	X32K_2v7

zida zazing'ono zaAVR®

Gulu 6-2. zida zazing'ono zaAVR®

Chipangizo	Oscillator module
ATtiny1604	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1606	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1607	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1614	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1616	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1617	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1624	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1626	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1627	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny202	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny204	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny212	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny214	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Mtengo wa ATtiny2313A	X32K_1v8
Mtengo wa ATtiny24A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny24	X32K_1v8
ATtiny25	X32K_1v8
Mtengo wa ATtiny261A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny261	X32K_1v8
ATtiny3216	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3217	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3224	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3226	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3227	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny402	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny404	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny406	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny412	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny414	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny416	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny417	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny424	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny426	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny427	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny4313	X32K_1v8
Mtengo wa ATtiny44A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny44	X32K_1v8
ATtiny45	X32K_1v8
Mtengo wa ATtiny461A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny461	X32K_1v8
ATtiny804	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny806	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny807	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny814	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny816	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny817	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny824	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny826	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny827	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
Mtengo wa ATtiny84A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny84	X32K_1v8
ATtiny85	X32K_1v8
Mtengo wa ATtiny861A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny861	X32K_1v8

Zida za AVR® Dx

Gulu 6-3. Zida za AVR® Dx

Chipangizo	Oscillator module
AVR128DA28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DA32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DA48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DA64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DA28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DA32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DA48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DB28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DB32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DB48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DD28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DD32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DD48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD64	OSC_LP_v10

Zida za AVR® XMEGA®

Gulu 6-4. Zida za AVR® XMEGA®

Chipangizo	Oscillator module
Chithunzi cha ATxmega128A1	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega128A3	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega128A4	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega128B1	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega128B3	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega128D3	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega128D4	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega16A4	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega16D4	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega192A1	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega192A3	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega192D3	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega256A3B	X32K_XRTC32
Chithunzi cha ATxmega256A1	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega256D3	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega32A4	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega32D4	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega64A1	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega64A3	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega64A4	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega64B1	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega64B3	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega64D3	X32K_XMEGA
Chithunzi cha ATxmega64D4	X32K_XMEGA

Mbiri Yobwereza

Doc. Rev.	Tsiku	Ndemanga
D	05/2022	Anawonjezera gawo 1.8. Thamangitsani Mphamvu. Kusintha gawo 5. Crystal Malangizo ndi makhiristo atsopano.
C	09/2021	General review za zolemba za ntchito. Zakonzedwa Equation 1-5. Gawo losinthidwa 5. Crystal Malangizo ndi zida zatsopano za AVR ndi makhiristo.
B	09/2018	Zakonzedwa Gulu 5-1. Maumboni owongolera.
A	02/2018	Adasinthidwa kukhala mtundu wa Microchip ndikulowetsa chikalata cha Atmel 8333. Thandizo lowonjezera la tinyAVR 0- ndi 1-series.
8333E	03/2015	Kusintha koloko ya XMEGA kuchokera ku PD7 kupita ku PC7. XMEGA B yowonjezeredwa.
8333D	072011	Mndandanda wamalingaliro wasinthidwa.
8333C	02/2011	Mndandanda wamalingaliro wasinthidwa.
8333B	11/2010	Zosintha zingapo ndi kukonza.
8333A	08/2010	Kukonzanso kwachikalata koyamba.

Zambiri za Microchip

The Microchip Webmalo

Microchip imapereka chithandizo cha intaneti kudzera pa athu website pa www.microchip.com/. Izi webtsamba limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga files ndi zambiri kupezeka mosavuta kwa makasitomala. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zilipo ndi izi:

• Thandizo lazinthu - Mapepala a deta ndi zolakwika, zolemba za ntchito ndi sampmapulogalamu, zida zamapangidwe, maupangiri a ogwiritsa ntchito ndi zikalata zothandizira pa Hardware, kutulutsa kwaposachedwa kwa mapulogalamu ndi mapulogalamu osungidwa zakale
• General Technical Support - Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri (FAQs), zopempha zothandizira luso, magulu okambirana pa intaneti, mndandanda wa mamembala a pulogalamu ya Microchip
• Business of Microchip - Zosankha katundu ndi maupangiri oyitanitsa, zofalitsa zaposachedwa za Microchip, mindandanda yamasemina ndi zochitika, mndandanda wamaofesi ogulitsa a Microchip, ogawa ndi oyimira mafakitale.

Ntchito Yodziwitsa Kusintha Kwazinthu
Ntchito yodziwitsa zakusintha kwazinthu za Microchip imathandizira makasitomala kuti azitha kudziwa zinthu za Microchip. Olembetsa adzalandira zidziwitso za imelo nthawi iliyonse pakakhala zosintha, zosintha, zosintha kapena zolakwika zokhudzana ndi banja linalake kapena chida chachitukuko.
Kuti mulembetse, pitani ku www.microchip.com/pcn ndikutsatira malangizo olembetsera.

Thandizo la Makasitomala
Ogwiritsa ntchito Microchip atha kulandira thandizo kudzera munjira zingapo:

• Wogawa kapena Woimira
• Local Sales Office
• Embedded Solutions Engineer (ESE)
• Othandizira ukadaulo

Makasitomala akuyenera kulumikizana ndi omwe amawagawa, oyimilira kapena ESE kuti awathandize. Maofesi ogulitsa am'deralo amapezekanso kuti athandize makasitomala. Mndandanda wamaofesi ogulitsa ndi malo uli m'chikalatachi.
Thandizo laukadaulo likupezeka kudzera mu webtsamba pa: www.microchip.com/support

Chitetezo cha Microchip Devices Code
Zindikirani tsatanetsatane wotsatira wa chitetezo cha code pazinthu za Microchip:

• Zogulitsa za Microchip zimakwaniritsa zomwe zili mu Microchip Data Sheet yawo.
• Microchip imakhulupirira kuti katundu wake ndi wotetezeka akagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira yomwe akufuna, malinga ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso m'mikhalidwe yabwinobwino.
• Ma Microchip amawakonda ndikuteteza mwamphamvu ufulu wake wazinthu zamaluso. Kuyesa kuphwanya malamulo otetezedwa ndi zinthu za Microchip ndikoletsedwa ndipo zitha kuphwanya Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
• Ngakhale Microchip kapena wopanga semiconductor wina aliyense sangatsimikizire chitetezo cha code yake. Kutetezedwa kwa ma code sikutanthauza kuti tikutsimikizira kuti chinthucho ndi "chosasweka". Chitetezo cha code chikusintha nthawi zonse. Microchip yadzipereka mosalekeza kuwongolera mawonekedwe achitetezo azinthu zathu.

Chidziwitso chazamalamulo
Bukuli ndi zambiri zomwe zili pano zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu za Microchip zokha, kuphatikiza kupanga, kuyesa, ndi kuphatikiza zinthu za Microchip ndi pulogalamu yanu. Kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsochi mwanjira ina iliyonse kumaphwanya mawuwa. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zimaperekedwa kuti zitheke ndipo zitha kulowedwa m'malo ndi zosintha. Ndi udindo wanu kuwonetsetsa kuti pulogalamu yanu ikugwirizana ndi zomwe mukufuna. Lumikizanani ndi ofesi yogulitsa za Microchip yanu kuti muthandizidwe zina kapena, pezani thandizo lina pa www.microchip.com/en-us/support/design-help/client-support-services.
ZIMENEZI AMAPEREKA NDI MICROCHIP "MONGA ILI". MICROCHIP SAMAIMILIRA KAPENA ZINTHU ZONSE KAYA KUTANTHAUZIRA KAPENA KUTANTHAWIRIKA, KULEMBEDWA KAPENA MWAMWAMBA
KAPENA POPEZA, ZOKHUDZANA NDI CHIdziwitso CHOPHANZA NDIPO KOMA ZOSAKHALA NDI ZINTHU ZINA ZONSE ZOSAKOLAKWA, KUCHITA, NDI KUKHALIRA PA CHOLINGA ENA, KAPENA ZIZINDIKIRO ZOKHUDZANA NDI KAKHALIDWE AKE, UKHALIDWE, KAPENA.
PAMENE MICROCHIP IDZAKHALA NDI NTCHITO PA CHIZINDIKIRO CHILICHONSE, CHAPADERA, CHILANGO, ZOCHITIKA, KAPENA ZOTSATIRA ZOTSATIRA, KUonongeka, mtengo, KAPENA NTCHITO ZONSE ZOMWE ZILI ZOKHUDZA CHIdziwitso KAPENA NTCHITO YAKE, KOMA CHIFUKWA CHIFUKWA CHOCHITIKA, ZOCHITIKA KAPENA ZOWONONGWA NDI ZOONERA. KUBWERA KWABWINO KWAMBIRI ZOLOLEZEDWA NDI MALAMULO, NDONDOMEKO YONSE YA MICROCHIP PA ZINSINSI ZONSE MU NJIRA ILIYONSE YOKHUDZANA NDI CHIdziwitso KAPENA KUKGWIRITSA NTCHITO CHOSAPYOTSA KUCHULUKA KWA ZOLIMBIKITSA, NGATI KULIPO, ZIMENE MULIPITSA CHIFUKWA CHIFUKWA CHIFUKWA CHIYANI.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za Microchip pa chithandizo cha moyo ndi / kapena ntchito za chitetezo ndizoopsa kwa wogula, ndipo wogula akuvomera kuteteza, kubwezera ndi kusunga Microchip yopanda vuto lililonse ku zowonongeka, zodandaula, masuti, kapena ndalama zomwe zimachokera ku ntchito yotere. Palibe zilolezo zomwe zimaperekedwa, mobisa kapena mwanjira ina, pansi pa ufulu wazinthu zaukadaulo za Microchip pokhapokha zitanenedwa.

Zizindikiro

Dzina la Microchip ndi logo, logo ya Microchip, Adaptec, AnyRate, AVR, logo ya AVR, AVR Freaks, Bes Time, Bit Cloud, Crypto Memory, Crypto RF, dsPIC, flexPWR, HELDO, IGLOO, JukeBlox, KeeLoq, Kleer, LANCheck, LinkMD, maXStylus, maXTouch, Media LB, megaAVR, Microsemi, Microsemi logo, MOST, MOST logo, MPLAB, OptoLyzer, PIC, picoPower, PICSTART, PIC32 logo, PolarFire, Prochip Designer, QTouch, SAM-BA, SenGenuity, SpyNIC, SSTNIC , SST Logo, SuperFlash, Symmetricom, SyncServer, Tachyon, TimeSource, tinyAVR, UNI/O, Vectron, ndi XMEGA ndi zizindikiro zolembetsedwa za Microchip Technology Incorporated ku USA ndi mayiko ena.
AgileSwitch, APT, ClockWorks, The Embedded Control Solutions Company, EtherSynch, Flashtec, Hyper Speed ​​Control, HyperLight Load, Intelli MOS, Libero, motorBench, m Touch, Powermite 3, Precision Edge, ProASIC, ProASIC Plus, ProASIC Plus logo, Chete- Waya, Smart Fusion, Sync World, Temux, Time Cesium, TimeHub, TimePictra, Time Provider, TrueTime, WinPath, ndi ZL ndi zizindikiro zolembetsedwa za Microchip Technology Incorporated ku USA.
Adjacent Key Suppression, AKS, Analog-for-the-Digital Age, AnyCapacitor, AnyIn, AnyOut, Augmented Switching, Blue Sky, Body Com, Code Guard, CryptoAuthentication, Crypto Automotive, CryptoCompanion, CryptoController, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, Dynamic Average Matching, DAM, ECAN, Espresso T1S, EtherGREEN, GridTime, Ideal Bridge, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, INICnet, Intelligent Paralleling, Inter-Chip Connectivity, JitterBlocker, Knob-on-Display, maxCrypto, maxView, memBrain, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPF, MPLAB Certified logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, MultiTRAK, NetDetach, NVM Express, NVMe, Omniscient Code Generation, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, PowerSmart, PureSilicon, REAL ICE Matrix, Q , Ripple Blocker, RTAX, RTG4, SAM-ICE, Serial Quad I/O, simpleMAP, SimpliPHY, Smar tBuffer, SmartHLS, SMART-IS, storClad, SQI, SuperSwitcher, SuperSwitcher II, Switchtec, SynchroPHY, Total Endurance, TSHARC, USBCheck , VariSense, VectorBlox, VeriPHY, ViewSpan, WiperLock, XpressConnect, ndi ZENA ndi zizindikiro za Microchip Technology Incorporated ku USA ndi mayiko ena.

SQTP ndi chizindikiro cha ntchito cha Microchip Technology Incorporated ku USA
Chizindikiro cha Adaptec, Frequency on Demand, Silicon Storage Technology, Symmcom, ndi Trusted Time ndi zizindikilo zolembetsedwa za Microchip Technology Inc. m'maiko ena.
GestIC ndi chizindikiro cholembetsedwa cha Microchip Technology Germany II GmbH & Co. KG, kampani ya Microchip Technology Inc., m'maiko ena.
Zizindikiro zina zonse zomwe zatchulidwa pano ndi zamakampani awo.
© 2022, Microchip Technology Incorporated ndi mabungwe ake. Maumwini onse ndi otetezedwa.

• ISBN: 978-1-6683-0405-1

Quality Management System
Kuti mudziwe zambiri za Microchip's Quality Management Systems, chonde pitani www.microchip.com/quality.

Zogulitsa Padziko Lonse ndi Ntchito

Ofesi Yakampani
2355 West Chandler Blvd. Chandler, AZ 85224-6199 Tel: 480-792-7200
Fax: 480-792-7277

Othandizira ukadaulo:
www.microchip.com/support

Web Adilesi:
www.microchip.com

Atlanta
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Tel: 678-957-9614
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UK - Wokingham
Tel: 44-118-921-5800
Fax: 44-118-921-5820

Zolemba / Zothandizira

MICROCHIP AN2648 Kusankha ndi Kuyesa 32.768 kHz Ma Crystal Oscillators a AVR Microcontrollers [pdf] Buku Logwiritsa Ntchito AN2648 Kusankha ndi Kuyesa 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators ya AVR Microcontrollers, AN2648, Kusankha ndi Kuyesa 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators ya AVR Microcontrollers, Crystal Oscillators for AVR Microcontrollers

Maumboni

• Buku Logwiritsa Ntchito