ʻO MICROCHIP AN2648 Ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators no nā AVR Microcontrollers
Hoʻolauna
Nā mea kākau: ʻO Torbjørn Kjørlaug lāua ʻo Amund Aune, Microchip Technology Inc.
Hōʻuluʻulu kēia palapala noi i nā kumu aniani, nā noʻonoʻo hoʻonohonoho PCB, a pehea e hoʻāʻo ai i kahi aniani i kāu noi. Hōʻike ʻia kahi alakaʻi koho aniani i nā kristal i ʻōlelo ʻia i hoʻāʻo ʻia e ka poʻe akamai a ʻike ʻia he kūpono no nā ʻano oscillator modules i nā ʻohana Microchip AVR® like ʻole. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka firmware hoʻāʻo a me nā hōʻike hoʻāʻo mai nā mea kūʻai kristal like ʻole.
Nā hiʻohiʻona
- Nā Kumu Oscillator Crystal
- PCB manao noonoo
- Ke ho'āʻo nei i ka Paʻa Crystal
- Ho'āʻo Firmware i komo
- Alakaʻi Manaʻo Crystal
Nā Kumu Oscillator Crystal
Hoʻolauna
Hoʻohana ka oscillator kristal i ka resonance mechanical o kahi mea piezoelectric vibrating e hana i kahi hōʻailona uaki paʻa loa. Hoʻohana mau ʻia ke alapine no ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi hōʻailona uaki paʻa a mālama i ka manawa; no laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā oscillator kristal i nā noi Radio Frequency (RF) a me nā kaapuni kikohoʻe manawa.
Loaʻa nā kristal mai nā mea kūʻai like ʻole i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano like ʻole a hiki ke ʻano like ʻole i ka hana a me nā kikoʻī. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me ke kaapuni oscillator no kahi noi paʻa paʻa ma luna o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka mahana, ka haʻahaʻa, ka lako mana, a me ke kaʻina hana.
Loaʻa i nā mea kino a pau ke alapine maoli o ka haʻalulu, kahi e hoʻoholo ai ke alapine vibrating e kona ʻano, nui, elasticity, a me ka wikiwiki o ke kani i loko o ka mea. Hoʻololi nā mea piezoelectric i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai kahi māla uila a hoʻohua i kahi māla uila ke hoʻi i kona ʻano kumu. ʻO ka mea piezoelectric maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia
i loko o nā kaapuni uila he quartz crystal, akā hoʻohana pū ʻia nā resonator ceramic - maʻamau i nā noi haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā mea koʻikoʻi manawa. ʻOki pinepine ʻia nā kristal 32.768 kHz i ke ʻano o kahi pahu kani. Me nā kristal quartz, hiki ke hoʻokumu i nā alapine pololei loa.
Helu 1-1. Ke ʻano o kahi 32.768 kHz Tuning Fork Crystal
Ka Oscillator
ʻO nā pae hoʻopaʻa kūpaʻa Barkhausen ʻelua mau kūlana i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo ai i ka wā e oscillate ai kahi kaapuni uila. 'Ōlelo lākou ināʻo A ka waiwai o ka ampʻO ka mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ke kaapuni uila a ʻo β(jω) ka hana hoʻololi o ke ala manaʻo, e hoʻomau ʻia nā oscillations kūlana paʻa i nā alapine wale nō:
- Ua like ka loa'a loop me ka lokahi ma ka nui loa, |βA| = 1
- ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ka pae a puni ka loop he zero a i ʻole ka huina helu o 2π, ʻo ia hoʻi, ∠βA = 2πn no n ∈ 0, 1, 2, 3…
ʻO ka helu mua e hōʻoia i kahi mau amphōʻailona liʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi helu liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka 1 e hoʻemi i ka hōʻailona, a ʻo kahi helu i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1 ampe hoala i ka hoailona i ka pau ole. E hōʻoia ka lua o ka helu ʻana i kahi alapine paʻa. No nā waiwai hoʻololi ʻē aʻe, e hoʻopau ʻia ka puka ʻana o ka hawewe sine ma muli o ka puka manaʻo.
Helu 1-2. Loop Manaʻo
Hōʻike ʻia ka 32.768 kHz oscillator ma Microchip AVR microcontrollers ma ke Kiʻi 1-3 a loaʻa i kahi mea hoʻohuli.
amplifier (loko) a me ke aniani (waho). Hōʻike nā Capacitors (CL1 a me CL2) i ka capacitance parasitic kūloko. Hiki i kekahi mau mea AVR ke koho i nā capacitors hoʻokomo i loko, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻemi i ka pono o nā capacitors ukana waho, ma muli o ke aniani i hoʻohana ʻia.
Ka hoohuli ana ampHāʻawi ka lifier i ka π radian (180 degere) hoʻololi pae. Hāʻawi ʻia ke koena π radian phase neʻe e ke aniani a me ka haʻawe capacitive ma 32.768 kHz, e hoʻololi ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pae o 2π radian. I ka wā hoʻomaka, ʻo ka ampE hoʻonui ʻia ka puka liifier a hiki i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka oscillation steady-state me ka loaʻa loop o 1, e hoʻokō ai i nā koina Barkhausen. Hoʻomalu ʻia kēia e ka AVR microcontroller's oscillator circuitry.
Helu 1-3. Kaapuni ʻo Pierce Crystal Oscillator ma nā mea AVR® (maʻalahi)
Hoʻohālike Uila
Hōʻike ʻia ke kaapuni uila like o kahi aniani ma ke Kiʻi 1-4. Ua kapa ʻia ka pūnaewele RLC ʻo ka lima hoʻoneʻe a hāʻawi i ka wehewehe uila o ke ʻano mechanical o ke aniani, kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo C1 i ka elasticity o ka quartz, L1 e hōʻike ana i ka nui haʻalulu, a ʻo R1 e hōʻike ana i nā poho ma muli o d.ampana. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo C0 i ka shunt a i ʻole static capacitance a ʻo ia ka huina o ka capacitance parasitic uila ma muli o ka hale aniani a me nā electrodes. Ina a
Hoʻohana ʻia ka mita capacitance e ana i ka capacitance crystal, ʻo C0 wale nō ke ana (ʻaʻohe hopena o C1).
Helu 1-4. Kaapuni Kaulike Crystal Oscillator
Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o Laplace, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻelua alapine resonant ma kēia pūnaewele. Kūleʻa ka moʻo
alapine (frequency), fs, pili wale ia ma C1 a me L1. ʻO ke alapine like ʻole a anti-resonant, fp, pū kekahi me C0. E nānā i ke Kiʻi 1-5 no ke ʻano reactance vs. frequency.
Ka hoohalike 1-1. ʻO ke alapine resonant moʻo
Ka hoohalike 1-2. ʻO ke alapine Resonant Parallel
Helu 1-5. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona Crystal Reactance
Hiki i nā kristal ma lalo o 30 MHz ke hana i kēlā me kēia alapine ma waena o ka moʻo a me nā alapine resonant like, ʻo ia hoʻi he inductive lākou i ka hana. Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā kristal kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 30 MHz ma ke ʻano resonant frequency a i ʻole overtone frequency, i loaʻa ma nā pākēneka o ke alapine kumu. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi haʻahaʻa capacitive, CL, i ke aniani e hoʻololi i ke alapine i hāʻawi ʻia e ka Equation 1-3. Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke alapine aniani ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka capacitance ukana, a ua kapa ʻia kēia i ka huki pinepine ʻana.
Ka hoohalike 1-3. Hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Parallel Resonant Frequency
Kūʻē Kūʻē Kūlike Kūlike (ESR)
ʻO ke kūpaʻa pūʻulu like (ESR) he hōʻike uila o nā poho mechanical o ke aniani. Ma ka moʻo
alapine resonant, fs, ua like ia me R1 ma ke kŘkohu uila. He mea koʻikoʻi ka ESR a hiki ke loaʻa i ka pepa ʻikepili kristal. ʻO ka ESR ka mea maʻamau e hilinaʻi i ka nui kino o ke aniani, kahi o nā kristal liʻiliʻi
(ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kristal SMD) ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poho a me nā waiwai ESR ma mua o nā kristal nui.
ʻO nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe o ka ESR e kau i ka ukana kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana ampliifier. Hiki i ka ESR kiʻekiʻe ke kumu o ka oscillator paʻa ʻole. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lokahi, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka pae Barkhausen.
Q-Factor a me ka Paʻa
Hāʻawi ʻia ka paʻa pinepine o ka kristal e ka Q-factor. ʻO ka Q-factor ka ratio ma waena o ka ikehu i mālama ʻia i loko o ke aniani a me ka huina o nā poho ikehu. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa iā Q nā kristal quartz ma waena o 10,000 a 100,000, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 100 paha no kahi oscillator LC. Loaʻa ka Q haʻahaʻa o nā resonator seramika ma mua o nā kristal quartz a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i nā loli i ka ukana capacitive.
Ka hoohalike 1-4. Q-Factor
Hiki i kekahi mau mea ke hoʻopili i ka paʻa pinepine: ʻO ke koʻikoʻi mīkini i hoʻoulu ʻia e ke kau ʻana, ka haʻalulu a i ʻole ke koʻikoʻi haʻalulu, nā ʻano like ʻole o ka lako mana, ka hoʻouka ʻana, ka mahana, nā māla magnetic a me ka uila, a me ka ʻelemakule aniani. Hoʻopaʻa maʻamau nā mea kūʻai aku Crystal i nā ʻāpana i kā lākou pepa ʻikepili.
Manawa Hoomaka
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ka hoʻohuli ʻana ampmea mālama ola ampola walaʻau. E hana ana ke aniani ma ke ʻano he kānana bandpass a hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻāpana alapine resonance kristal, ʻo ia hoʻi ampliified. Ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oscillation steady-state, loaʻa ka loop loop o ke aniani / hoʻohuli ampʻoi aku ka liifier loop ma mua o 1 a me ka hōʻailona ampe hoʻonui ʻia ka liʻiliʻi. Ma ka oscillation steady-state, e hoʻokō ka loaʻa loop i nā koina Barkhausen me ka loaʻa loop o 1, a me ka mau. ampliʻiliʻi.
Nā mea e pili ana i ka manawa hoʻomaka:
- E hoʻomaka mālie nā kristal ESR kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kristal ESR haʻahaʻa
- E hoʻomaka mālie nā kristal Q-factor kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kristal Q-factor haʻahaʻa
- E hoʻonui ka capacitance ukana kiʻekiʻe i ka manawa hoʻomaka
- Oscillator amphiki ke hoʻokele liifier (e ʻike i nā kikoʻī hou aʻe e pili ana i ka ʻae oscillator ma ka Pauku 3.2, Hōʻike Kūʻē Kūʻē ʻino a me ka Safety Factor)
Eia kekahi, e hoʻopili ke alapine aniani i ka manawa hoʻomaka (e hoʻomaka wikiwiki nā kristal wikiwiki), akā ua paʻa kēia ʻāpana no nā kristal 32.768 kHz.
Helu 1-6. Hoʻomaka i kahi Oscillator Crystal
Hoʻomanawanui wela
Hoʻokiʻoki pinepine ʻia nā crystal fork tuning maʻamau i waena o ke alapine i koho ʻia ma 25°C. Ma luna a ma lalo o 25 ° C, e emi ana ke alapine me kahi ʻano parabolic, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 1-7. Hāʻawi ʻia ka hoʻololi alapine e
ʻO ka hoohalike 1-5, kahi f0 ka alapine (frequency target) ma T0 (maʻa mau 32.768 kHz ma 25°C) a ʻo B ka helu helu wela i hāʻawi ʻia e ka pepa ʻikepili kristal (maʻamau he helu ʻino).
Ka hoohalike 1-5. Ka hopena o ka ʻokoʻa o ka Mahana
Helu 1-7. ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau maʻamau a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ke aniani
Ka ikaika o ke kalaiwa
ʻO ka ikaika o ke kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa aniani e hoʻoholo ai i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka puka hawewe sine o ka oscillator kristal. ʻO ka hawewe sine ka hoʻokomo pololei i loko o ka pine hoʻokomo uaki kikohoʻe o ka microcontroller. Pono kēia hawewe sine i ka liʻiliʻi loa a me ka vol kiʻekiʻetagʻO nā pae o ka pine hoʻokomo o ka mea hoʻokele kristal ʻoiai ʻaʻole e ʻoki ʻia, palahalaha a hoʻokaʻawale paha i nā piko. He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ampHōʻike ka litude he kaumaha loa ka ukana kaapuni aniani no ka mea hoʻokele, e alakaʻi ana i ka hiki ʻole o ka oscillation a i ʻole ke kuhi hewa ʻana i ka helu alapine. Kiʻekiʻe loa ampʻO ka litude ke kiʻekiʻe loa ka loaʻa o ka loop a hiki ke alakaʻi i ka lele aniani i kahi pae harmonic kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka pōʻino mau i ka aniani.
E hoʻoholo i nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻopuka o ke aniani ma ka nānā ʻana i ka XTAL1/TOSC1 pin voltage. E ʻike ʻoe i kahi ʻimi i pili i ka XTAL1/TOSC1 e alakaʻi i ka capacitance parasitic hou, pono e helu ʻia.
Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻia ka loaʻa loop e ka wela a maikaʻi hoʻi e ka voltage (VDD). ʻO ia hoʻi, pono e ana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻa ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa loa VDD, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka VDD kiʻekiʻe loa kahi i kuhikuhi ʻia ai ka noi e hana.
E koho i ke aniani me ka ESR haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka ukana capacitive inā haʻahaʻa loa ka loaʻa loop. Inā kiʻekiʻe loa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loop, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea pale moʻo, RS, i ke kaapuni e hoʻemi i ka hōʻailona puka. Hōʻike ka kiʻi ma lalo i kahi example o kahi kaapuni hoʻokele kristal maʻalahi me kahi mea hoʻohui i hoʻohui ʻia (RS) ma ka puka o ka XTAL2/TOSC2 pine.
Helu 1-8. Keaukaha Crystal me ka hoʻohui pū ʻana i nā mea pale
PCB Layout a me ka noonoo ana
ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hana ʻana o nā kaapuni oscillator maikaʻi loa a me nā kristal kiʻekiʻe inā ʻaʻole e noʻonoʻo pono i ka hoʻolālā a me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā o ka hui. ʻO ka mana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa 32.768 kHz oscillators e hoʻoheheʻe nui ʻia ma lalo o 1 μW, no laila he liʻiliʻi loa ke kahe ʻana o ke kaapuni. Eia kekahi, hilinaʻi nui ka frequency crystal i ka ukana capacitive.
No ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka ikaika o ka oscillator, ʻōlelo ʻia kēia mau alakaʻi i ka wā o ka hoʻonohonoho PCB:
- ʻO nā laina hōʻailona mai XTAL1/TOSC1 a me XTAL2/TOSC2 i ke aniani e pono e hōʻemi i ka capacitance parasitic a hoʻonui i ka walaʻau a me ka crosstalk immunity. Mai hoʻohana i nā kumu.
- E pale i ke aniani a me nā laina hōʻailona ma ka hoʻopuni ʻana iā ia me kahi mokulele honua a me ke apo kiaʻi
- Mai ala i nā laina kikohoʻe, ʻoi aku ka laina wati, kokoke i nā laina aniani. No nā papa PCB multilayer, pale i nā hōʻailona ala ma lalo o nā laina aniani.
- E hoʻohana i ka PCB kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hao
- ʻO ka lepo a me ka haʻahaʻa e hoʻonui ai i ka capacitance parasitic a hōʻemi i ka hoʻokaʻawale hōʻailona, no laila ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka uhi pale
Ke ho'āʻo nei i ka Paʻa o ka Oscillation Crystal
Hoʻolauna
ʻO ka AVR microcontroller's 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator driver i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka hoʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a no laila
palena ka ikaika o ke kalaiwa kalaiwa. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mea hoʻokele kristal hiki ke hoʻomaka ʻole ka oscillator, a i ʻole
e hoʻopili ʻia (hoʻopau ʻia no kekahi manawa, no ka example) ma muli o ke kani ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ukana capacitive i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka haumia a i ʻole kahi kokoke o kahi lima.
E mālama pono i ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke aniani e hōʻoia i ka paʻa pono o kāu noi. ʻO nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ʻelua o ke aniani ʻo Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) a me Load Capacitance (CL).
Ke ana ʻana i nā kristal, pono e hoʻokomo ʻia ke aniani i kahi kokoke loa i nā pine oscillator 32.768 kHz e hōʻemi i ka capacitance parasitic. Ma keʻano laulā, paipai mau mākou e hana i ke ana i kāu noi hope. Hiki i kekahi prototype PCB maʻamau i loaʻa ka microcontroller a me ka pōʻai aniani ke hāʻawi i nā hopena hoʻokolohua pololei. No ka hoʻāʻo mua ʻana i ke aniani, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻomohala a i ʻole ka pahu hoʻomaka (e laʻa, STK600) hiki ke lawa.
ʻAʻole mākou manaʻo e hoʻopili i ke aniani i nā poʻomanaʻo puka XTAL/TOSC ma ka hopena o STK600, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3-1, no ka mea, e maʻalahi loa ke ala hōʻailona i ka walaʻau a no laila e hoʻonui i ka ukana capacitive. ʻO ke kūʻai pololei ʻana i ke aniani i nā alakaʻi, e hāʻawi i nā hopena maikaʻi. I mea e pale aku ai i ka ukana capacitive hou mai ke kumu a me ke alahele ma ka STK600, paipai mākou e kulou i ke alakaʻi XTAL/TOSC i luna, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3-2 a me ka Kiʻi 3-3, no laila ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopā i ke kumu. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā kristal me nā alakaʻi (hoʻokomo ʻia ka lua), akā hiki nō ke kūʻai pololei iā SMD i nā alakaʻi XTAL/TOSC ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻonui pine, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3-4. Hiki nō hoʻi ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kristal i nā pūʻolo me ka pitch pine haiki, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3-5, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a koi i ka lima paʻa.
Helu 3-1. Hoʻonohonoho hoʻāʻo STK600
Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hopena capacitive i ka oscillator, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e ʻimi pololei i ke aniani ke ʻole ʻoe i loaʻa nā lako kiʻekiʻe i manaʻo ʻia no nā ana aniani. Hoʻokomo ʻo 10X oscilloscope probes maʻamau i ka hoʻouka ʻana o 10-15 pF a pēlā e loaʻa ai ka hopena kiʻekiʻe i nā ana. ʻO ka hoʻopā ʻana i nā pine o kahi aniani me ka manamana lima a i ʻole ka ʻimi 10X hiki ke lawa e hoʻomaka a hoʻōki i nā oscillations a hāʻawi i nā hopena hoʻopunipuni. Hoʻolako pū ʻia ka firmware no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka hōʻailona uaki i kahi pine I/O maʻamau me kēia palapala noi. ʻAʻole like me nā pine hoʻokomo XTAL/TOSC, ʻo nā pine I/O i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e like me nā puka i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā probes oscilloscope 10X maʻamau me ka ʻole o ka pili ʻana i nā ana. Hiki ke loaʻa nā kikoʻī hou aku ma ka Pauku 4, Test Firmware.
Helu 3-2. Kuʻi pololei ʻia ʻo Crystal i Bent XTAL/TOSC Leads
Helu 3-3. Ua kūʻai ʻia ʻo Crystal ma STK600 Socket
Helu 3-4. Hoʻopili pololei ʻia ʻo SMD Crystal i MCU me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻonui Pin
Helu 3-5. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Crystal i 100-Pin TQFP Package me ka Narrow Pin Pitch
ʻO ka ho'āʻo kū'ē kū'ēʻole a me ka mea palekana
ʻO ka ho'āʻo kū'ē kū'ēʻole eʻike i ka palena ma waena o ke aniani ampka ukana liifier i hoʻohana ʻia i kāu noi a me ka ukana ʻoi loa. Ma ka haawe nui, ka ampE ka'i ka liifier, a e pau ka oscillations. Kapa ʻia kēia wahi ʻo ka oscillator allowance (OA). E ʻimi i ka ʻae o ka oscillator ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi pale moʻo like ʻole ma waena o ka amppuka lifier (XTAL2/TOSC2) ke alakai a me ke aniani, e like me ka hoike ana ma ke Kii 3-6. E hoʻonui i ka pūʻali pale a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka oscillating o ke aniani. ʻO ka hāʻawi oscillator a laila ʻo ia ka huina o kēia ʻano kūʻē, RMAX, a me ka ESR. Manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka potentiometer me ka liʻiliʻi o ESR <RPOT <5 ESR.
Hiki ke paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi waiwai RMAX kūpono no ka mea ʻaʻohe wahi kikoʻī oscillator pololei. Ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka oscillator, ʻike paha ʻoe i ka emi ʻana o ke alapine, a aia kekahi hysteresis hoʻomaka. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka oscillator, pono ʻoe e hōʻemi i ka waiwai RMAX e 10-50 kΩ ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā oscillations. Pono e hana ʻia kahi kaʻa uila i kēlā me kēia manawa ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka resistor variable. ʻO ka RMAX ka waiwai kū'ē kahi i hoʻomaka ʻole ai ka oscillator ma hope o ke kaʻa uila. E hoʻomanaʻo e lōʻihi loa nā manawa hoʻomaka ma ka wahi hāʻawi oscillator, no laila e hoʻomanawanui.
Ka hoohalike 3-1. Hāʻawi Oscillator
OA = RMAX + ESR
Helu 3-6. Ana i ka Oscillator Allowance/RMAX
Hoʻohana ʻia ka potentiometer kiʻekiʻe me ka capacitance parasitic haʻahaʻa (e laʻa, kahi potentiometer SMD kūpono no RF) e hāʻawi i nā hopena pololei loa. Eia naʻe, inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokō i kahi alana oscillator maikaʻi / RMAX me kahi potentiometer haʻahaʻa, e palekana ʻoe.
I ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kūpaʻa moʻo kiʻekiʻe loa, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka helu palekana mai ka Haʻawina 3-2. Hoʻohana nā MCU a me nā mea kūʻai kristal me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo palekana palekana. Hoʻohui ka mea palekana i kahi palena no nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka oscillator ampka loaʻa ʻana o ka lifier, hoʻololi ma muli o ka lako mana a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka mahana, nā ʻano ʻano kaʻina hana, a me ka capacitance hoʻouka. ʻO ka 32.768 kHz oscillator ampʻO ka liifier ma nā microcontrollers AVR ka mahana a me ka mana i uku ʻia. No laila ma ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau ʻano hoʻololi i ʻoi aʻe a emi ʻole paha, hiki iā mākou ke hōʻemi i nā koi no ka mea palekana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hana MCU/IC ʻē aʻe. Ua helu ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kumu palekana ma ka Papa 3-1.
Ka hoohalike 3-2. Kumu Palekana
Helu 3-7. Māhele Potentiometer Ma waena o ka XTAL2/TOSC2 Pin a me Crystal
Helu 3-8. Ho'āʻo ʻAla i ka Socket
Papa 3-1. Nā Manaʻo Palekana Factor
| Palekana palekana | Manaʻo |
| >5 | Maikaʻi |
| 4 | Maikaʻi loa |
| 3 | Maikaʻi loa |
| <3 | ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia |
Ke ana i ka hikiwawe hoouka ana
Pili ke alapine aniani i ka haawe capacitive i hoʻohana ʻia, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ka Equation 1-2. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ukana capacitive i kuhikuhi ʻia i loko o ka pepa ʻikepili kristal e hāʻawi i kahi alapine kokoke loa i ka alapine nominal o 32.768 kHz. Inā hoʻohana ʻia nā ukana capacitive ʻē aʻe, e loli ke alapine. E hoʻonui ʻia ka alapine inā hoʻemi ʻia ka haʻahaʻa capacitive a e emi iho inā hoʻonui ʻia ka ukana, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 3-9.
ʻO ke alapine huki-hiki a i ʻole ka bandwidth, ʻo ia hoʻi, pehea ka lōʻihi mai ke alapine nominal e hiki ke hoʻoikaika ʻia ke alapine resonant ma ke kau ʻana i ka ukana, e pili ana i ka Q-factor o ka resonator. Hāʻawi ʻia ka bandwidth e ke alapine nominal i puʻunaue ʻia e ka Q-factor, a no nā kristal quartz kiʻekiʻe-Q, ua kaupalena ʻia ka bandwidth hoʻohana. Inā haʻalele ke alapine i ana ʻia mai ka alapine i koho ʻia, e emi ana ka ikaika o ka oscillator. Ma muli o ka attenuation kiʻekiʻe ma ka loop loop β(jω) e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka amplifier A no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lokahi (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 1-2).
Ka hoohalike 3-3. Kaʻeleʻele
ʻO kahi ala maikaʻi o ke ana ʻana i ka capacitance hoʻokō pono (ka huina o ka capacitance ukana a me ka capacitance parasitic) ʻo ia ke ana i ka alapine oscillator a hoʻohālikelike iā ia i ka alapine nominal o 32.768 kHz. Inā kokoke ka alapine ana i ka 32.768 kHz, e kokoke ana ka capacitance hoʻokō pono i ka kikoʻī. E hana i kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka firmware i hāʻawi ʻia me kēia palapala noi a me kahi ʻimi scope 10X maʻamau ma ka puka ʻana o ka uaki ma kahi pine I/O, a i ʻole, inā loaʻa, e ana pololei i ke aniani me kahi ʻimi impedance kiʻekiʻe i manaʻo ʻia no nā ana aniani. E ʻike i ka ʻāpana 4, Test Firmware, no nā kikoʻī hou aku.
Helu 3-9. ʻO ka pinepine vs
Hāʻawi ka hoʻohālikelike 3-4 i ka nui o ka ukana me ka ʻole o nā capacitor waho. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, pono e hoʻohui ʻia nā capacitors waho (CEL1 a me CEL2) e hoʻohālikelike i ka ukana capacitive i kuhikuhi ʻia ma ka pepa ʻikepili o ka kristal. Inā hoʻohana i nā capacitors waho, hāʻawi ka Equation 3-5 i ka nui o ka ukana capacitive.
Ka hoohalike 3-4. Ka nui o ka haawe ana me ka hao ole o waho
Ka hoohalike 3-5. Ka nui o ka haawe ana me na puana kuwaho
Helu 3-10. Kaapuni Kristal me na Pukiki Kuloko, Parasitic, a me waho
Hoʻāʻo Firmware
E ho'āʻo i ka firmware no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka hōʻailona uaki i kahi awa I/O i hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia me kahi probe 10X maʻamau i loko o ka .zip. file puunaueia me keia palapala noi. Mai ana pololei i nā electrodes kristal inā ʻaʻohe āu impedance kiʻekiʻe loa i manaʻo ʻia no ia mau ana.
E hōʻuluʻulu i ka code kumu a me ka papahana i ka .hex file i loko o ka mea hana.
E hoʻopili i ka VCC i loko o ka pae hana i helu ʻia ma ka pepa ʻikepili, hoʻohui i ke aniani ma waena o XTAL1/TOSC1 a me XTAL2/TOSC2, a ana i ka hōʻailona uaki ma ka pine puka.
ʻOkoʻa ka pine hoʻopuka ma nā mea like ʻole. Aia nā pine kūpono ma lalo nei.
- ATmega128: Hoʻopuka ʻia ka hōʻailona uaki i PB4, a ua māhele ʻia kona alapine e 2. ʻO 16.384 kHz ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.
- ATmega328P: Hoʻopuka ʻia ka hōʻailona uaki i PD6, a ua māhele ʻia kona alapine e 2. ʻO 16.384 kHz ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.
- ATtiny817: Hoʻopuka ʻia ka hōʻailona uaki i PB5, ʻaʻole i māhele ʻia kona alapine. ʻO ka alapine puka i manaʻo ʻia ʻo 32.768 kHz.
- ATtiny85: Hoʻopuka ʻia ka hōʻailona o ka uaki i PB1, a ua māhele ʻia kona alapine e 2. ʻO 16.384 kHz ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.
- ATxmega128A1: Hoʻopuka ʻia ka hōʻailona uaki i ka PC7, ʻaʻole i māhele ʻia kona alapine. ʻO ka alapine puka i manaʻo ʻia ʻo 32.768 kHz.
- ATxmega256A3B: Hoʻopuka ʻia ka hōʻailona uaki i PC7, ʻaʻole i māhele ʻia kona alapine. ʻO ka alapine puka i manaʻo ʻia ʻo 32.768 kHz.
- PIC18F25Q10: Hoʻopuka ʻia ka hōʻailona uaki iā RA6, a ua māhele ʻia kona alapine e 4. ʻO 8.192 kHz ka mea i manaʻo ʻia.
mea nui: Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka PIC18F25Q10 ma ke ʻano he ʻelele o kahi hāmeʻa AVR Dx i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ai i nā kristal. Hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka module oscillator OSC_LP_v10, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e ka moʻo AVR Dx.
Nā Manaʻo Crystal
Hōʻike ka papa 5-2 i kahi koho o nā kristal i hoʻāʻo ʻia a ʻike ʻia kūpono no nā microcontrollers AVR like ʻole.
mea nui: No ka mea he nui nā microcontrollers e kaʻana like i nā modula oscillator, he koho wale nō o nā huahana microcontroller i hoʻāʻo ʻia e nā mea kūʻai kristal. E nana i ka files puʻunaue ʻia me ka palapala noi e ʻike i nā hōʻike hoʻāʻo kristal kumu. E nana i ka pauku 6. Oscillator Module Overview no ka pau anaview ʻO kēlā huahana microcontroller e hoʻohana ai i ka module oscillator.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui ʻana o ka crystal-MCU mai ka papa ma lalo nei e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ʻana a makemake nui ʻia no nā mea hoʻohana me ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka ʻike aniani. ʻOiai ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hui ʻana o ka kristal-MCU e nā loea oscillator kristal ʻike nui i nā mea kūʻai kristal like ʻole, ke paipai nei mākou i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kāu hoʻolālā e like me ka wehewehe ʻana ma ka Pauku 3, ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka Crystal Oscillation Robustness, i mea e hōʻoia ai ʻaʻole i hoʻopuka ʻia nā pilikia i ka wā o ka hoʻolālā ʻana. , etc.
Hōʻike ka papa 5-1 i ka papa inoa o nā modula oscillator like ʻole. Mahele 6, Oscillator Module Overview, he papa inoa o nā mea hana i hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau modula.
Papa 5-1. Pauview o nā Oscillators i nā mea AVR®
| # | Oscillator Module | wehewehe |
| 1 | X32K_2v7 | 2.7-5.5V oscillator i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea megaAVR®(1) |
| 2 | X32K_1v8 | 1.8-5.5V oscillator i hoʻohana ʻia i nā megaAVR/tinyAVR® (1) |
| 3 | X32K_1v8_ULP | 1.8-3.6V oscillator mana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea megaAVR/liʻiliʻiAVR picoPower® |
| 4 | X32K_XMEGA (ʻano maʻamau) | 1.6-3.6V ultra-low power oscillator i hoʻohana ʻia i nā polokalamu XMEGA®. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka Oscillator i ke ʻano maʻamau. |
| 5 | X32K_XMEGA (ʻano mana haʻahaʻa) | 1.6-3.6V ultra-low power oscillator i hoʻohana ʻia i nā polokalamu XMEGA. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka Oscillator i ke ʻano mana haʻahaʻa. |
| 6 | X32K_XRTC32 | 1.6-3.6V ultra-haʻahaʻa RTC oscillator i hoʻohana ʻia i nā polokalamu XMEGA me ke kākoʻo pākaukau. |
| 7 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP | 1.8-5.5V ultra-low power oscillator i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea liʻiliʻi AVR 0-, 1- a me 2-series a me megaAVR 0-series. |
| 8 | OSC_LP_v10 (ʻano maʻamau) | 1.8-5.5V ultra-low power oscillator i hoʻohana ʻia i nā polokalamu AVR Dx series. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka Oscillator i ke ʻano maʻamau. |
| 9 | OSC_LP_v10 (ʻano mana haʻahaʻa) | 1.8-5.5V ultra-low power oscillator i hoʻohana ʻia i nā polokalamu AVR Dx series. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka Oscillator i ke ʻano mana haʻahaʻa. |
Nānā
- ʻAʻole i hoʻohana ʻia me ka megaAVR® 0-series a i ʻole tinyAVR® 0-, 1- a me 2-series.
Papa 5-2. Manaʻo ʻia 32.768 kHz Crystals
| Mea kūʻai | ʻAno | mauna | Nā Module Oscillator Hoʻāʻo ʻia a aponoia (E nana Papa 5-1) | Ka hoʻomanawanui pinepine [±ppm] | Haawe Ka mana [pF] | Kūʻē Series Kaulike (ESR) [kΩ] |
| Microcrystal | CC7V-T1A | SMD | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20/100 | 7.0/9.0/12.5 | 50/70 |
| ʻAbrakona | ABS06 | SMD | 2 | 20 | 12.5 | 90 |
| Kadinala | CPFB | SMD | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 50 |
| Kadinala | CTF6 | TH | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 50 |
| Kadinala | CTF8 | TH | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 50 |
| Makaainana Endrich | CFS206 | TH | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 20 | 12.5 | 35 |
| Makaainana Endrich | CM315 | SMD | 1, 2, 3, 4 | 20 | 12.5 | 70 |
| Epson Tyocom | MC-306 | SMD | 1, 2, 3 | 20/50 | 12.5 | 50 |
| Fox | FSXLF | SMD | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 65 |
| Fox | FX135 | SMD | 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 70 |
| Fox | FX122 | SMD | 2, 3, 4 | 20 | 12.5 | 90 |
| Fox | FSRLF | SMD | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | 20 | 12.5 | 50 |
| NDK | NX3215SA | SMD | 1, 2 | 20 | 12.5 | 80 |
| NDK | NX1610SE | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 6 | 50 |
| NDK | NX2012SE | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 | 20 | 6 | 50 |
| Nā Mea Hana Seiko | SSP-T7-FL | SMD | 2, 3, 5 | 20 | 4.4/6/12.5 | 65 |
| Nā Mea Hana Seiko | SSP-T7-F | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 7/12.5 | 65 |
| Nā Mea Hana Seiko | SC-32S | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 7 | 70 |
| Nā Mea Hana Seiko | SC-32L | SMD | 4 | 20 | 7 | 40 |
| Nā Mea Hana Seiko | SC-20S | SMD | 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 7 | 70 |
| Nā Mea Hana Seiko | SC-12S | SMD | 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 20 | 7 | 90 |
Nānā:
- Hiki ke loaʻa nā kristal me ka nui o ka load capacitance a me nā koho hoʻomanawanui pinepine. E leka uila i ka mea kūʻai kristal no ka ʻike hou aku.
Oscillator Module Overview
Hōʻike kēia ʻāpana i kahi papa inoa o nā oscillators 32.768 kHz i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā mea like ʻole Microchip megaAVR, tinyAVR, Dx, a me XMEGA®.
Nā mea megaAVR®
Papa 6-1. Nā mea megaAVR®
| Mea lako | Oscillator Module |
| ATmega1280 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega1281 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega1284P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega128A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega128 | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega1608 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega1609 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega162 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega164A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega164PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega164P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega165A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega165PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega165P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega168A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega168PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATMega168PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega168P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega168 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega169A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega169PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega169P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega169 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega16A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega16 | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega2560 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega2561 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega3208 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega3209 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega324A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega324PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATMega324PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega324P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega3250A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega3250PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega3250P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega325A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega325PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega325P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATMega328PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega328P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega328 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega3290A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega3290PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega3290P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega329A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega329PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega329P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega329 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega32A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega32 | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega406 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega4808 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega4809 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega48A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega48PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATMega48PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega48P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega48 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega640 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega644A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega644PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega644P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega6450A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega6450P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega645A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega645P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega6490A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega6490P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega6490 | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega649A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega649P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega649 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega64A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega64 | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega808 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega809 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATmega88A | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega88PA | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATMega88PB | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega88P | X32K_1v8_ULP |
| ATmega88 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATmega8A | X32K_2v7 |
| ATmega8 | X32K_2v7 |
Nā mea hana liʻiliʻiAVR®
Papa 6-2. Nā mea liʻiliʻiAVR®
| Mea lako | Oscillator Module |
| ATtiny1604 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1606 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1607 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1614 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1616 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1617 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1624 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1626 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny1627 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny202 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny204 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny212 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny214 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny2313A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny24A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny24 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny25 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny261A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny261 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny3216 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny3217 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny3224 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny3226 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny3227 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny402 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny404 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny406 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny412 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny414 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny416 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny417 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny424 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny426 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny427 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny4313 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny44A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny44 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny45 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny461A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny461 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny804 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny806 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny807 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny814 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny816 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny817 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny824 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny826 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny827 | X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP |
| ATtiny84A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny84 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny85 | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny861A | X32K_1v8 |
| ATtiny861 | X32K_1v8 |
Nā Mea Hana AVR® Dx
Papa 6-3. Nā Mea Hana AVR® Dx
| Mea lako | Oscillator Module |
| AVR128DA28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DA32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DA48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DA64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DA28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DA32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DA48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DA28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DA32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DA48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DA64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DB28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DB32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DB48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DB64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DB28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DB32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DB48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DB28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DB32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DB48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DB64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DD28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DD32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DD48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR128DD64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DD28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DD32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR32DD48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DD28 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DD32 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DD48 | OSC_LP_v10 |
| AVR64DD64 | OSC_LP_v10 |
Nā mea hana AVR® XMEGA®
Papa 6-4. Nā mea hana AVR® XMEGA®
| Mea lako | Oscillator Module |
| ATxmega128A1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128A3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128A4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128B1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128B3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128D3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega128D4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega16A4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega16D4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega192A1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega192A3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega192D3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega256A3B | X32K_XRTC32 |
| ATxmega256A1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega256D3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega32A4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega32D4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64A1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64A3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64A4 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64B1 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64B3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64D3 | X32K_XMEGA |
| ATxmega64D4 | X32K_XMEGA |
Moolelo Hooponopono
| ʻO Doc. Na Rev. | Lā | Manaʻo manaʻo |
| D | 05/2022 |
|
| C | 09/2021 |
|
| B | 09/2018 |
|
| A | 02/2018 |
|
| 8333E | 03/2015 |
|
| 8333D | 072011 | Hoʻouka hou ʻia ka papa inoa manaʻo. |
| 8333C | 02/2011 | Hoʻouka hou ʻia ka papa inoa manaʻo. |
| 8333B | 11/2010 | Nui nā mea hou a me nā hoʻoponopono. |
| 8333A | 08/2010 | Hoʻoponopono palapala mua. |
ʻIkepili Microchip
ʻO ka Microchip Webpaena
Hāʻawi ʻo Microchip i ke kākoʻo pūnaewele ma o kā mākou webkahua ma www.microchip.com/. ʻO kēia webhoʻohana ʻia ka pūnaewele e hana files a me ka 'ike maʻalahi i nā mea kūʻai mai. Aia kekahi o nā mea i loaʻa:
- Kākoʻo Huahana - Nā pepa ʻikepili a me ka hewa, nā palapala noi a me nā sampnā papahana, nā kumuwaiwai hoʻolālā, nā alakaʻi a me nā palapala kākoʻo ʻenehana, nā hoʻokuʻu polokalamu hou loa a me nā polokalamu waihona
- Kākoʻo ʻenehana nui - Nā nīnau i nīnau pinepine ʻia (FAQs), nā noi kākoʻo ʻenehana, nā hui kūkākūkā pūnaewele, Microchip design partner programme list member.
- Pāʻoihana o Microchip - Mea koho huahana a me nā alakaʻi alakaʻi, nā hoʻolaha hou o Microchip, ka papa inoa o nā seminar a me nā hanana, nā papa inoa o nā keʻena kūʻai Microchip, nā mea hoʻolaha a me nā ʻelele hale hana.
Hana Hoʻolaha Hoʻololi Huahana
Kōkua ka lawelawe hoʻolaha hoʻololi huahana a Microchip e mālama i nā mea kūʻai aku i nā huahana Microchip. E loaʻa ka leka uila i ka poʻe kākau inoa inā loaʻa nā loli, nā mea hou, nā hoʻoponopono a i ʻole nā hewa e pili ana i kahi ʻohana huahana kikoʻī a i ʻole nā mea hana hoʻomohala hoihoi.
No ka hoʻopaʻa inoa, hele i www.microchip.com/pcn a hahai i na kuhikuhi kakau inoa.
Kākoʻo mea kūʻai aku
Hiki i nā mea hoʻohana o nā huahana Microchip ke loaʻa ke kōkua ma o nā ala he nui:
- Mea hoolaha a Lunamakaainana paha
- Keena Kūʻai Kūloko
- ʻEnekinia Hoʻoponopono Hoʻokomo ʻia (ESE)
- Kākoʻo ʻenehana
Pono nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻokaʻaʻike i kā lākou mea hoʻolaha, ʻelele a i ʻole ESE no ke kākoʻo. Loaʻa nā keʻena kūʻai kūloko e kōkua i nā mea kūʻai aku. Aia kekahi papa inoa o nā keʻena kūʻai a me nā wahi i loko o kēia palapala.
Loaʻa ke kākoʻo ʻenehana ma o ka webkahua ma: www.microchip.com/support
Nā hiʻohiʻona pale code microchip
E nānā i nā kikoʻī aʻe o ka hiʻohiʻona pale code ma nā huahana Microchip:
- Hoʻokō nā huahana Microchip i nā kikoʻī i loko o kā lākou Microchip Data Sheet.
- Manaʻo ʻo Microchip ua paʻa kona ʻohana huahana ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano i manaʻo ʻia, i loko o nā kikoʻī hana, a ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau.
- ʻO nā waiwai Microchip a pale ikaika i kāna mau pono waiwai naʻauao. Ua pāpā loa ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e uhaki i nā hiʻohiʻona pale code o ka huahana Microchip a hiki ke hōʻeha i ke Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
- ʻAʻole hiki i ka Microchip a me nā mea hana semiconductor ʻē aʻe ke hōʻoia i ka palekana o kāna code. ʻAʻole manaʻo ka pale code e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana mākou i ka huahana "unbreakable". Ke ulu mau nei ka pale code. Ua kūpaʻa ʻo Microchip i ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona pale code o kā mākou huahana.
Hoolaha Kanawai
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia hoʻolaha a me ka ʻike ma ʻaneʻi me nā huahana Microchip, me ka hoʻolālā, hoʻāʻo, a hoʻohui i nā huahana Microchip me kāu noi. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻike ma kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe e kūʻē i kēia mau ʻōlelo. Hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i nā noi hāmeʻa no kou ʻoluʻolu wale nō a hiki ke pani ʻia e nā mea hou. Nau ke kuleana e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o kāu noi me kāu mau kikoʻī. E kelepona i kāu keʻena kūʻai Microchip kūloko no ke kākoʻo hou a i ʻole, e kiʻi i ke kākoʻo hou ma www.microchip.com/en-us/support/design-help/client-support-services.
HOʻolako ʻia kēia ʻike e MICROCHIP "AS IS". ʻAʻole hana ʻo MICROCHIP i nā hōʻike ʻana a i ʻole nā palapala hōʻoia o kēlā me kēia ʻano inā i hōʻike ʻia a i ʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia, i kākau ʻia a i ʻole waha, kānāwai.
A I ʻole, e pili ana i ka ʻike me ka ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i nā palapala hōʻoia no ka hōʻino ʻole, ke kūʻai aku, a me ka pono no kahi kumu, a i ʻole nā palapala hōʻoia e pili ana i kona kūlana, kūlana, a i ʻole hana.
ʻAʻole e kuleana ʻo MICROCHIP no kekahi mea ʻole, kūikawā, PUNITIVE, INCIDENTAL, a i ʻole nā hopena hopena, ʻino, kumu, a i ʻole nā lilo o kēlā me kēia ʻano mea e pili ana i ka ʻike a i ʻole kona hoʻohana ʻana, akā naʻe, ua hana ʻia, ʻoiai he hewa. HIKI A I OLE E IKE AUANEI NA POINO. I KA LOA LOA I A'E IA E KE KANAWAI, AOLE E OI KA NUI O NA KUKU, IA ANA, A IA KAU I UKU pololei aku ai ia MICROCHIP.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polokalamu Microchip i ke kākoʻo ola a / a i ʻole nā noi palekana e pili ana i ka mea kūʻai aku, a ʻae ka mea kūʻai aku e pale, hoʻopaʻa a hoʻopaʻa ʻole i ka Microchip mai nā pōʻino, nā koi, nā hoʻopiʻi, a me nā lilo i hopena mai ia hoʻohana. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ʻia nā laikini, ma ke ʻano a i ʻole, ma lalo o nā kuleana waiwai naʻauao Microchip ke ʻole ka ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe.
Nā hōʻailona
ʻO ka inoa Microchip a me ka hōʻailona, ka logo Microchip, Adaptec, AnyRate, AVR, AVR logo, AVR Freaks, Bes Time, Bit Cloud, Crypto Memory, Crypto RF, dsPIC, flexPWR, HELDO, IGLOO, JukeBlox, KeeLoq, Kleer, LANCheck, LinkMD, maXStylus, maXTouch, Media LB, megaAVR, Microsemi, Microsemi logo, MOST, MOST logo, MPLAB, OptoLyzer, PIC, picoPower, PICSTART, PIC32 logo, PolarFire, Prochip Designer, QTouch, SAM-BA, SenGenuity, SpyNIC, SST , SST Logo, SuperFlash, Symmetricom, SyncServer, Tachyon, TimeSource, tinyAVR, UNI/O, Vectron, a me XMEGA he mau inoa inoa inoa o Microchip Technology Incorporated ma USA a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
AgileSwitch, APT, ClockWorks, The Embedded Control Solutions Company, EtherSynch, Flashtec, Hyper Speed Control, HyperLight Load, Intelli MOS, Libero, motorBench, m Touch, Powermite 3, Precision Edge, ProASIC, ProASIC Plus, ProASIC Plus logo, Quiet- ʻO Wire, Smart Fusion, Sync World, Temux, Time Cesium, TimeHub, TimePictra, Time Provider, TrueTime, WinPath, a me ZL he mau inoa inoa inoa o Microchip Technology Incorporated ma USA.
Kāohi kī pili, AKS, Analog-no-ka-Digital Age, Kekahi Capacitor, AnyIn, AnyOut, Hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana, Blue Sky, Body Com, Code Guard, CryptoAuthentication, Crypto Automotive, CryptoCompanion, CryptoController, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, Dynamic Hoʻohālikelike Awelika, DAM, ECAN, Espresso T1S, EtherGREEN, GridTime, Alahaka Pono, Ka Papahana Serial In-Circuit, ICSP, INICnet, Naʻauao Kaulike, Inter-Chip Connectivity, JitterBlocker, Knob-on-Display, maxCrypto, maxView, memBrain, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPF, MPLAB i hōʻoia ʻia ka logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, MultiTRAK, NetDetach, NVM Express, NVMe, Omniscient Code Generation, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, PowerSmart, PureSilicon, QMatrix, REAL ICE , Palena Ripple, RTAX, RTG4, SAM-ICE, Serial Quad I/O, simpleMAP, SimpliPHY, Smar tBuffer, SmartHLS, SMART-IS, storClad, SQI, SuperSwitcher, SuperSwitcher II, Switchtec, SynchroPHY, Endurance Total, TSHARC, USBCheck , VariSense, VectorBlox, VeriPHY, ViewʻO Span, WiperLock, XpressConnect, a me ZENA nā hōʻailona o Microchip Technology Incorporated ma USA a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
ʻO SQTP kahi hōʻailona lawelawe o Microchip Technology Incorporated ma USA
ʻO ka logo Adaptec, Frequency on Demand, Silicon Storage Technology, Symmcom, a me Trusted Time he mau inoa inoa inoa inoa o Microchip Technology Inc. ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
He hōʻailona inoa inoa ʻo GestIC o Microchip Technology Germany II GmbH & Co. KG, he lālā o Microchip Technology Inc., ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe a pau i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, he waiwai ia o kā lākou hui.
© 2022, Microchip Technology Incorporated a me kāna mau lālā. Mālama ʻia nā kuleana a pau.
- ISBN: 978-1-6683-0405-1
Pūnaehana hoʻokele maikaʻi
No ka 'ike e pili ana i ka Microchip's Quality Management Systems, e 'olu'olu e kipa www.microchip.com/quality.
Nā Kūʻai a me nā lawelawe o ka honua holoʻokoʻa
Keena Hui
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Palapala / Punawai
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ʻO MICROCHIP AN2648 Ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators no nā AVR Microcontrollers [pdf] Ke alakaʻi hoʻohana AN2648 Ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators no AVR Microcontrollers, AN2648, Ke koho ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators no AVR Microcontrollers, Crystal Oscillators no AVR Microcontrollers |
