MICROCHIP AN2648 Kusarudza uye Kuedza 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators yeAVR Microcontrollers

Nhanganyaya

Vanyori: Torbjørn Kjørlaug naAmund Aune, Microchip Technology Inc.
Ichi chinyorwa chekushandisa chinopfupisa izvo zvekristaro, kufunga kwePCB marongero, uye maitiro ekuyedza kristaro mukushandisa kwako. Gwaro rekusarudza rekristaro rinoratidza makristasi anokurudzirwa akaedzwa nenyanzvi uye akawana akakodzera akasiyana oscillator module mumhuri dzakasiyana dzeMicrochip AVR®. Yedza firmware uye mishumo yekuyedza kubva kune vakasiyana vatengesi vekristaro inosanganisirwa.

Features

• Crystal Oscillator Basics
• PCB Dhizaini Mafungiro
• Kuedza Crystal Kusimba
• Test Firmware Inosanganisirwa
• Crystal Recommendation Guide

Crystal Oscillator Basics

Nhanganyaya

A crystal oscillator inoshandisa mechanical resonance yechinhu chinozunguzika piezoelectric kugadzira chiratidzo chewachi yakagadzikana. Iyo frequency inowanzo shandiswa kupa chiratidzo chewachi yakagadzikana kana kuchengeta nguva; saka, makristasi oscillator anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muRadio Frequency (RF) maapplication uye nguva-inonzwa dhijitari maseketi.
Makristasi anowanikwa kubva kune vakasiyana vatengesi mune akasiyana maumbirwo uye saizi uye anogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya mukuita uye zvakatemwa. Kunzwisisa ma paramita uye oscillator wedunhu kwakakosha kune yakasimba application yakagadzikana pamusoro pekusiyana kwekushisa, humidity, magetsi uye maitiro.
Zvese zvinhu zvemuviri zvine maitikiro echisikigo ekuzunguzika, uko frequency yevibrating inotarwa nechimiro chayo, saizi, elasticity, uye kumhanya kweruzha muchinhu. Piezoelectric zvinhu zvinokanganisa kana munda wemagetsi ukaiswa uye unogadzira munda wemagetsi painodzokera kune yayo yekutanga. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa piezoelectric zvinhu
mumaseketi emagetsi ikristaro yequartz, asi ceramic resonators inoshandiswawo - kazhinji mumutengo wakaderera kana kushoma-nguva-yakakosha maapplication. 32.768 kHz makristasi anowanzo kuchekwa muchimiro cheforogo yekugadzirisa. Nemakristasi equartz, chaiwo ma frequency anogona kugadzwa.

Mufananidzo 1-1. Chimiro che32.768 kHz Tuning Fork Crystal

Oscillator

Iyo Barkhausen kugadzikana maitiro maitiro maviri anoshandiswa kuona kuti dunhu remagetsi ringazununguka. Vanotaura kuti kana A iri pfuma ye ampLifying element mumagetsi edunhu uye β(jω) ndiyo yekufambisa basa remhinduro nzira, yakatsiga-mamiriro oscillations anozotsigirwa chete pama frequency ayo:

• The loop gain yakaenzana nekubatana muhukuru hwakakwana, |βA| = 1
• Kuchinja kwechikamu kutenderedza loop i zero kana kuti nhamba yakawanda ye 2π, kureva, ∠βA = 2πn ye n ∈ 0, 1, 2, 3…

Chiyero chekutanga chinovimbisa kugara ampLitude chiratidzo. Nhamba isingasviki 1 inoderedza chiratidzo, uye nhamba yakakura kupfuura 1 ichave ampsimudza chiratidzo kune infinity. Chechipiri chiyero chichaita kuti ive yakagadzikana frequency. Kune mamwe maitiro ekuchinja kwechikamu, iyo sine wave kubuda ichadzimwa nekuda kweiyo mhinduro loop.

Mufananidzo 1-2. Feedback Loop

Iyo 32.768 kHz oscillator muMicrochip AVR microcontrollers inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1-3 uye ine inverting.
amplifier (mukati) uye kristaro (kunze). Capacitors (CL1 uye CL2) inomiririra mukati meparasitic capacitance. Mimwe michina yeAVR ine zvakare inosarudzwa mukati mekutakura capacitor, iyo inogona kushandiswa kuderedza kudiwa kwekunze kwekutakura capacitor, zvichienderana nekristaro inoshandiswa.
The inverting amplifier inopa π radian (180 madhigirii) chikamu chekuchinja. Iyo yasara π radian phase shift inopihwa nekristaro uye capacitive load pa32.768 kHz, zvichikonzera kushanduka kwechikamu che2π radian. Panguva yekutanga, iyo amplifier inobuda ichawedzera kudzamara yakatsiga-mamiriro oscillation yasimbiswa ine loop kuwana 1, zvichiita kuti Barkhausen maitiro azadziswe. Izvi zvinodzorwa otomatiki neiyo AVR microcontroller's oscillator circuitry.

Mufananidzo 1-3. Pierce Crystal Oscillator Circuit muAVR® Devices (yakareruka)

Electrical Model

Iyo yakaenzana yemagetsi dunhu rekristaro inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1-4. Iyo yakatevedzana RLC network inodaidzwa kuti inofamba ruoko uye inopa tsananguro yemagetsi yemaitiro emuchina wekristaro, uko C1 inomiririra elasticity yequartz, L1 inomiririra kuzunguza misa, uye R1 inomiririra kurasikirwa nekuda kwe d.amping. C0 inonzi shunt kana static capacitance uye ihuwandu hwemagetsi eparasitic capacitance nekuda kwekristal housing uye electrodes. Kana a
capacitance mita inoshandiswa kuyera iyo crystal capacitance, chete C0 ichayerwa (C1 haizove nemhedzisiro).

Mufananidzo 1-4. Crystal Oscillator Yakaenzana Circuit

Nekushandisa iyo Laplace shanduko, maviri resonant frequency anogona kuwanikwa mune ino network. The series resonant
frequency, fs, zvinoenderana chete neC1 uye L1. Iyo yakafanana kana anti-resonant frequency, fp, inosanganisirawo C0. Ona Mufananidzo 1-5 we reactance vs. frequency maitiro.

Equation 1-1. Series Resonant Frequency

Equation 1-2. Parallel Resonant Frequency

Mufananidzo 1-5. Crystal Reactance Hunhu

Makristasi ari pasi pe30 MHz anogona kushanda chero frequency pakati peiyo nhevedzano uye yakafanana resonant frequencies, zvinoreva kuti inductive mukushanda. High-frequency crystals pamusoro pe30 MHz anowanzo shandiswa panhevedzano resonant frequency kana overtone frequencies, inoitika pakuwanda kweiyo yakakosha frequency. Kuwedzera capacitive mutoro, CL, kune kristaro kunokonzeresa shanduko muhuwandu hwakapihwa neEquation 1-3. Iyo crystal frequency inogona kugadziridzwa nekusiyanisa mutoro wekutakura, uye izvi zvinonzi frequency kudhonza.

Equation 1-3. Shifted Parallel Resonant Frequency

Yakaenzana Series Resistance (ESR)

Iyo yakaenzana yakatevedzana kuramba (ESR) inomiririra yemagetsi yekurasikirwa kwekristaro kwemechani. Panguva dzakatevedzana
resonant frequency, fs, yakaenzana neR1 mumuenzaniso wemagetsi. IESR inokosha parameter uye inogona kuwanikwa mukristal data sheet. Iyo ESR inowanzoenderana nekukura kwekristaro, uko makristasi madiki
(kunyanya makristasi eSMD) kazhinji ane kurasikirwa kwakanyanya uye ESR kukosha kupfuura makristasi makuru.
Yakakwirira ESR maitiro anoisa mutoro wepamusoro pane inverting amplifier. Kunyanya kukwira ESR kunogona kukonzera kusagadzikana oscillator oparesheni. Kubatana kwekubatana kunogona, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, hakugone kuwanikwa, uye chiyero cheBarkhausen chinogona kusazadzikiswa.

Q-Factor uye Kugadzikana

Iyo crystal's frequency kugadzikana inopiwa neQ-factor. Iyo Q-factor chiyero pakati pesimba rakachengetwa mukristaro uye huwandu hwekurasikirwa kwesimba rose. Kazhinji, makristasi equartz ane Q muhuwandu hwegumi kusvika ku10,000, zvichienzaniswa pamwe zana kune LC oscillator. Ceramic resonator ine yakaderera Q pane makristasi equartz uye anonzwa zvakanyanya kune shanduko mune capacitive mutoro.

Equation 1-4. Q-FactorZvinhu zvakati wandei zvinogona kukanganisa kugadzikana kwema frequency: Mechanical kusagadzikana kunokonzerwa nekukwira, kuvhunduka kana vibration kusagadzikana, kusiyanisa kwemagetsi, mutoro impedance, tembiricha, magineti nemagetsi minda, uye kuchembera kwekristaro. Crystal vatengesi vanowanzo nyora ma parameter akadaro mumapepa avo e data.

Nguva Yokutanga

Panguva yekutanga, inverting amplifier ampinoraramisa ruzha. Iyo kristaro ichaita sebhendi sefa uye inodzosera chete iyo crystal resonance frequency chikamu, inova ipapo. amplified. Usati wawana yakatsiga-mamiriro oscillation, iyo loop kuwana kwekristaro/inverting amplifier loop yakakura kupfuura 1 uye chiratidzo amphunhu huchawedzera. Pakugadzikana-mamiriro oscillation, iyo loop kuwana inozadzisa iyo Barkhausen maitiro ane loop kuwana 1, uye nguva dzose. amplitude.
Zvinhu zvinokanganisa nguva yekutanga:

• High-ESR makristasi achatanga zvishoma nezvishoma pane yakaderera-ESR makristasi
• High Q-factor makristasi anotanga zvishoma nezvishoma pane yakaderera Q-factor makristasi
• High load capacitance ichawedzera kutanga-up nguva
• Oscillator amplifier drive kugona (ona zvimwe zvakawanda pamusoro pemvumo ye oscillator muChikamu 3.2, Negative Resistance Test uye Chengetedzo Factor)

Mukuwedzera, crystal frequency ichakanganisa nguva yekutanga (inokurumidza makristasi ichatanga nokukurumidza), asi iyi parameter yakagadzirirwa 32.768 kHz makristasi.

Mufananidzo 1-6. Kutanga-Kutanga kweCrystal Oscillator

Tembiricha Kushivirira

Yakajairika tuning forogo makristasi anowanzo kuchekwa kuti pakati pezita re frequency pa25 ° C. Pamusoro uye pasi pe25 ° C, kuwanda kuchaderera nechimiro cheparabolic, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1-7. Iyo frequency shift inopiwa ne
Equation 1-5, apo f0 ndiyo inotarirwa kakawanda paT0 (kazhinji 32.768 kHz pa25 ° C) uye B ndiyo coefficient yekushisa inopiwa nekristal data sheet (kazhinji nhamba isina kunaka).

Equation 1-5. Effect of Temperature Variation

Mufananidzo 1-7. Typical Temperature vs. Frequency Characteristics of a Crystal

Dhiraivha Simba

Simba rekristaro mutyairi wedunhu rinotarisa hunhu hwesine wave kubuda kwekristaro oscillator. Iyo sine wave ndiyo inopinza yakananga mudhijitari wachi yekuisa pini yeiyo microcontroller. Iyi sine wave inofanirwa kureba zviri nyore iyo yakaderera uye yakanyanya voltage mazinga epini yekupinza yemutyairi wekristaro ichiri kuchekwa, kupepetwa kana kukanganiswa panhongonya. A too low sine wave amplitude inoratidza kuti iyo crystal yedunhu mutoro inorema zvakanyanya kumutyairi, zvichitungamira mukutadza kutadza kana kuverenga zvisizvo frequency. Zvakanyanyisa amplitude inoreva kuti iyo loop inowana yakanyanya kukwirira uye inogona kutungamirira kukristini kusvetuka kusvika kune yakakwira harmonic level kana kukuvadzwa zvachose kwekristaro.
Sarudza iyo kristaro inobuda maitiro nekuongorora iyo XTAL1/TOSC1 pini voltage. Ziva kuti probe yakabatana neXTAL1/TOSC1 inotungamira kune yakawedzera parasitic capacitance, iyo inofanirwa kuverengerwa.
Iyo loop gain inokanganiswa nekupisa uye zvakanaka nevoltage (VDD). Izvi zvinoreva kuti hunhu hwekutyaira hunofanirwa kuyerwa patembiricha yepamusoro uye yakaderera VDD, uye yakaderera tembiricha uye yepamusoro VDD pane iyo application inotsanangurwa kushanda.
Sarudza kristaro ine yakaderera ESR kana capacitive mutoro kana loop kuwana yakadzikira. Kana iyo loop kuwana yakakwira zvakanyanya, inoteedzana resistor, RS, inogona kuwedzerwa kudunhu kuti idzore chiratidzo chekubuda. Mufananidzo uri pazasi unoratidza example yeyakareruka yekristaro mutyairi wedunhu ine yakawedzera nhevedzano resistor (RS) pakubuda kweiyo XTAL2/TOSC2 pini.

Mufananidzo 1-8. Crystal Driver ane Yakawedzerwa Series Resistor

PCB Layout uye Dhizaini Mafungiro

Kunyangwe iyo yakanakisa kuita oscillator maseketi uye emhando yepamusoro makristasi haazoiti zvakanaka kana asinganyatso funga nezve marongerwo uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa panguva yegungano. Ultra-yakaderera simba 32.768 kHz oscillators anowanzo kuparara zvakanyanya pazasi 1 μW, saka ikozvino inoyerera mudunhu idiki zvakanyanya. Mukuwedzera, iyo crystal frequency inotsamira zvakanyanya pane capacitive mutoro.
Kuti ive nechokwadi chekusimba kweiyo oscillator, iyi nhungamiro inokurudzirwa panguva yePCB marongero:

• Mitsetse yechiratidzo kubva kuXTAL1/TOSC1 uye XTAL2/TOSC2 kuenda kukristaro inofanira kunge ipfupi sezvinobvira kuderedza parasitic capacitance uye kuwedzera ruzha uye crosstalk immune. Usashandise masokisi.
• Chengetedza kristaro uye mitsetse yechiratidzo nekuikomberedza nendege yepasi uye mhete yevarindi
• Usafambise mitsetse yedhijitari, kunyanya mitsetse yewachi, padyo nemitsetse yekristaro. Kune multilayer PCB mabhodhi, dzivirira masaini masaini pazasi pekristaro mitsetse.
• Shandisa yepamusoro-mhando PCB uye soldering zvinhu
• Guruva uye humidity zvinowedzera parasitic capacitance uye kuderedza chiratidzo chekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, saka kuvhara kwekudzivirira kunokurudzirwa.

Kuedza Crystal Oscillation Robustness

Nhanganyaya

Iyo AVR microcontroller's 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator mutyairi akagadziridzwa kushandiswa kwakaderera kwesimba, uye nekudaro.
iyo crystal driver simba ishoma. Kuwedzeredza mutyairi wekristaro kunogona kuita kuti oscillator isatange, kana inogona
kukanganiswa (kumira kwekanguva, semuenzanisoample) nekuda kweruzha spike kana kuwedzera capacitive mutoro unokonzerwa nekusvibiswa kana padyo neruoko.
Chenjerera paunosarudza uye kuyedza kristaro kuti uone kusimba kwakakodzera mukushandisa kwako. Iwo maviri akakosha maparamita ekristaro ari Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) uye Load Capacitance (CL).
Pakuyera makristasi, kristaro inofanirwa kuiswa padyo sezvinobvira kune 32.768 kHz oscillator pini kuderedza parasitic capacitance. Kazhinji, isu tinogara tichikurudzira kuita kuyerwa mune yako yekupedzisira application. Yetsika PCB prototype ine inokwana iyo microcontroller uye kristaro redunhu inogona kupawo mhinduro dzakakwana dzebvunzo. Kwekutanga kuyedzwa kwekristaro, kushandisa yekuvandudza kana yekutanga kit (semuenzaniso, STK600) inogona kukwana.
Isu hatikurudzire kubatanidza kristaro kune XTAL/TOSC inobuda misoro pakupera kwe STK600, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3-1, nekuti nzira yechiratidzo ichave yakanyatso kunzwisiswa ruzha uye nekudaro kuwedzera yakawedzera capacitive mutoro. Kutengesa kristaro zvakananga kune zvinotungamira, zvisinei, zvinopa mhedzisiro yakanaka. Kuti udzivise kuwedzera capacitive mutoro kubva socket uye nzira pa STK600, tinokurudzira kukotama iyo XTAL/TOSC inotungamira kumusoro, sezvakaratidzwa muFigure 3-2 uye Figure 3-3, kuti isabata socket. Makristasi ane zvinotungamira (gomba rakaiswa) zviri nyore kubata, asi zvakare zvinokwanisika kutengesa SMD zvakananga kune XTAL / TOSC inotungamira nekushandisa mapini ekuwedzera, sezvakaratidzwa muFigure 3-4. Kutengesa makristasi kumapakeji ane nhete yepini inogoneka zvakare, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3-5, asi idiki diki uye inoda ruoko rwakatsiga.

Mufananidzo 3-1. STK600 Test Setup

Sezvo capacitive mutoro uchange uine mhedzisiro yakakosha pane oscillator, haufanirwe kuongorora iyo kristaro zvakananga kunze kwekunge uine yemhando yepamusoro michina yakagadzirirwa kuyerwa kwekristaro. Yakajairwa 10X oscilloscope probes inoisa kurodha kwe10-15 pF uye nekudaro ichave nemhedzisiro yepamusoro pazviyero. Kubata mapini ekristaro nemunwe kana 10X probe inogona kukwana kutanga kana kumisa oscillations kana kupa mhedzisiro yenhema. Firmware yekuburitsa chiratidzo chewachi kune yakajairwa I/O pini inopihwa pamwe chete neichi chinyorwa chekunyorera. Kusiyana nemapini ekupinza eXTAL/TOSC, mapini eI/O akagadzirwa semabuffered anobuda anogona kuongororwa neyakajairwa 10X oscilloscope probes pasina kukanganisa zviyero. Mamwe mashoko anogona kuwanikwa muChikamu 4, Test Firmware.

Mufananidzo 3-2. Crystal Yakatengeswa Yakananga kune Bent XTAL/TOSC Inotungamira

Mufananidzo 3-3. Crystal Yakatengeswa mu STK600 Socket

Mufananidzo 3-4. SMD Crystal Yakatengeswa Yakananga kuMCU Ichishandisa Pin Extensions

Mufananidzo 3-5. Crystal Yakatengeswa ku100-Pin TQFP Package ine Narrow Pin Pitch

Negative Resistance Test uye Safety Factor

Iyo yakaipa yekupikisa bvunzo inowana muganho pakati pekristaro ampLifier mutoro unoshandiswa mune yako application uye iyo yakanyanya kuremerwa. Pamax load, iyo amplifier ichavhungwa, uye maoscillations achamira. Iyi poindi inonzi oscillator allowance (OA). Tsvaga iyo oscillator mvumo nekuwedzera kwenguva pfupi inosiyana inopikisa resistor pakati pe amplifier kubuda (XTAL2 / TOSC2) mutungamiri uye kristaro, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3-6. Wedzera yakateedzana resistor kusvika kristaro yamira kutenderera. Iyo oscillator mvumo ichabva yave huwandu hweiyi nhevedzano kuramba, RMAX, uye iyo ESR. Kushandisa potentiometer ine huwandu hweinenge ESR <RPOT <5 ESR inokurudzirwa.
Kutsvaga iyo chaiyo RMAX kukosha kunogona kuve kwakapusa nekuti hapana chaiyo oscillator mvumo yekubvumidza iripo. Isati yamira oscillator, unogona kuona zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedzwa kwefrequency, uye panogona kunge paine kutanga-kumisa hysteresis. Mushure mekunge oscillator yamira, iwe uchafanirwa kudzikisa kukosha kweRMAX ne10-50 kΩ kusati kwatangazve. Simba bhasikoro rinofanira kuitwa nguva imwe neimwe mushure mekunge dhizaini yakawedzera. RMAX inozove iyo inopikisa kukosha uko oscillator isingatangi mushure mekumhanya bhasikoro. Ziva kuti nguva dzekutanga dzichange dzakarebesa pane oscillator allowance point, saka iva nemoyo murefu.
Equation 3-1. Oscillator Allowance
OA = RMAX + ESR

Mufananidzo 3-6. Kuyera Oscillator Allowance/RMAX

Kushandisa potentiometer yemhando yepamusoro ine yakaderera parasitic capacitance inokurudzirwa (semuenzaniso, SMD potentiometer inokodzera RF) kuti ibudise mhedzisiro chaiyo. Nekudaro, kana iwe uchigona kuwana yakanaka oscillator mvumo / RMAX ine yakachipa potentiometer, iwe uchave wakachengeteka.
Paunenge uchiwana yakanyanya kuteedzera kuramba, unogona kuwana iyo yekuchengetedza chinhu kubva kuEquation 3-2. Vakasiyana MCU uye vatengesi vekristaro vanoshanda neakasiyana kuchengetedza chinhu kurudziro. Iyo yekuchengetedza chinhu inowedzera margin kune chero yakaipa mhedzisiro yezvakasiyana zvakasiyana senge oscillator amplifier kuwana, shanduko nekuda kwesimba rekupa uye tembiricha kusiyanisa, kusiyanisa kwemaitiro, uye mutoro wekutakura. Iyo 32.768 kHz oscillator amplifier paAVR microcontrollers tembiricha uye simba rinobhadharwa. Saka nekuva neaya machinjiro akawanda kana kushoma anogara, tinogona kuderedza zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza chinhu tichienzaniswa nevamwe vanogadzira MCU/IC. Iyo yekuchengetedza chinhu kurudziro yakanyorwa muTafura 3-1.

Equation 3-2. Safety Factor

Mufananidzo 3-7. Series Potentiometer Pakati pe XTAL2/TOSC2 Pini uye Crystal

Mufananidzo 3-8. Allowance Test muSocket

Tafura 3-1. Safety Factor Recommendations

Kudzivirirwa Chinhu	Kurudziro
>5	Excellent
4	Kugona chose
3	Kugona
<3	Hazvikurudzirwi

Kuyera Kubudirira Kwemutoro Capacitance

Iyo crystal frequency inotsamira pane capacitive mutoro wakaiswa, sezvakaratidzwa neEquation 1-2. Kushandisa iyo capacitive mutoro inotsanangurwa mukristaro data sheet ichapa frequency iri padyo neinomina frequency ye32.768 kHz. Kana mamwe macapacitive mitoro akaiswa, frequency inoshanduka. Iyo yakawanda ichawedzera kana capacitive load yakaderera uye ichaderera kana mutoro wacho uchiwedzerwa, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 3-9.
Iyo frequency yekudhonza-kugona kana bandwidth, ndiko kuti, kure sei kubva kuzita reko resonant frequency inogona kumanikidzwa nekushandisa mutoro, zvinoenderana neQ-factor ye resonator. Iyo bandwidth inopiwa neinonamisheni frequency yakakamurwa neQ-factor, uye kune yakakwirira-Q quartz makristasi, iyo inoshandiswa bandwidth inogumira. Kana iyo yakayerwa frequency ikatsauka kubva pazita rezita, iyo oscillator ichave isina kusimba. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukwirira kwepamusoro mumhinduro loop β(jω) iyo inokonzeresa kukwira kwepamusoro. ampLifier A kuwana kubatana kuwana (ona Mufananidzo 1-2).
Equation 3-3. Bandwidth

Nzira yakanaka yekuyera iyo inobudirira yekutakura capacitance (huwandu hwekuremerwa kwemutoro uye parasitic capacitance) ndeyekuyera oscillator frequency uye kuienzanisa neiyo zita rekuti 32.768 kHz. Kana iyo yakayerwa frequency iri padyo ne32.768 kHz, iyo inoshanda yekuremedza capacitance ichave padyo neiyo yakatarwa. Ita izvi nekushandisa iyo firmware inopihwa neiyi application note uye yakajairwa 10X scope probe pane wachi inobuda paI/O pini, kana, kana iripo, kuyera kristaro zvakananga nepamusoro-impedance probe inoitirwa kuyerwa kwekristaro. Ona Chikamu 4, Test Firmware, kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Mufananidzo 3-9. Frequency vs. Load Capacitance

Equation 3-4 inopa iyo yakazara mutoro capacitance pasina ekunze capacitors. Kazhinji, ekunze capacitor (CEL1 neCEL2) inofanira kuwedzerwa kuti ienderane necapacitive load inotsanangurwa mukristall's data sheet. Kana uchishandisa ekunze capacitors, Equation 3-5 inopa iyo yakazara capacitive mutoro.

Equation 3-4. Total Capacitive Load isina External Capacitors
Equation 3-5. Total Capacitive Mutoro une External Capacitors

Mufananidzo 3-10. Crystal Circuit ine Yemukati, Parasitic, uye External Capacitors

Test Firmware

Yedza firmware yekuburitsa chiratidzo chewachi kune I/O port inogona kutakurwa neyakajairwa 10X probe inosanganisirwa mu.zip file yakagoverwa nechinyorwa ichi chekunyorera. Usayera makristaro emagetsi zvakananga kana iwe usina yakakwira impedance probes yakagadzirirwa zviyero zvakadaro.
Nyora iyo kodhi kodhi uye ronga iyo .hex file mumudziyo.
Isa VCC mukati mechikamu chekushanda chakanyorwa mupepa re data, batanidza kristaro pakati pe XTAL1/TOSC1 ne XTAL2/TOSC2, woyera chiratidzo chewachi papini inobuda.
Pini yekubuda inosiyana pamidziyo yakasiyana. Mapini chaiwo akanyorwa pazasi.

• ATmega128: Chiratidzo chewachi chinobuda kuPB4, uye nguva yaro inoparadzaniswa ne 2. Iyo inotarisirwa kubuda yakawanda ndeye 16.384 kHz.
• ATmega328P: Chiratidzo chewachi chinobuda kuPD6, uye nguva yaro inoparadzaniswa ne 2. Iyo inotarisirwa kubuda yakawanda ndeye 16.384 kHz.
• ATtiny817: Chiratidzo chewachi chinobuda kuPB5, uye frequency yayo haina kukamurwa. Iyo inotarisirwa kubuda frequency ndeye 32.768 kHz.
• ATtiny85: Chiratidzo chewachi chinobuda kuPB1, uye nguva yaro inoparadzaniswa ne 2. Inotarisirwa kubuda kwehuwandu ndeye 16.384 kHz.
• ATxmega128A1: Chiratidzo chewachi chinobuda kuPC7, uye frequency yayo haina kukamurwa. Iyo inotarisirwa kubuda frequency ndeye 32.768 kHz.
• ATxmega256A3B: Chiratidzo chewachi chinobuda kuPC7, uye frequency yayo haina kukamurwa. Iyo inotarisirwa kubuda frequency ndeye 32.768 kHz.
• PIC18F25Q10: Chiratidzo chewachi chinobuda ku RA6, uye nguva yaro inoparadzaniswa ne 4. Iyo inotarisirwa kubuda yakawanda ndeye 8.192 kHz.

Zvakakosha:  Iyo PIC18F25Q10 yakashandiswa semumiriri weiyo AVR Dx yakatevedzana mudziyo painoyedza makristasi. Inoshandisa OSC_LP_v10 oscillator module, iyo yakafanana nekushandiswa neAVR Dx series.

Crystal Recommendations

Tafura 5-2 inoratidza kusarudzwa kwemakristasi akaedzwa uye akawanikwa akakodzera akasiyana-siyana AVR microcontrollers.

Zvakakosha:  Sezvo akawanda ma microcontrollers achigovana oscillator modules, chete kusarudzwa kweanomiririra microcontroller zvigadzirwa zvakaedzwa nevatengesi vekristaro. Onai files yakagovaniswa neinoti yekushandisa kuti uone yekutanga crystal test mishumo. Ona chikamu 6. Oscillator Module Overview for an overview iyo microcontroller chigadzirwa chinoshandisa iyo oscillator module.

Kushandisa crystal-MCU musanganiswa kubva patafura iri pazasi kunopa kuenderana kwakanaka uye kunokurudzirwa zvakanyanya kune vashandisi vane hushoma kana hushoma hunyanzvi hwekristaro. Kunyangwe iwo masanganiswa ekristaro-MCU akaedzwa nehunyanzvi vane ruzivo rwekristaro oscillator kune vakasiyana vatengesi vekristaro, isu tichiri kukurudzira kuti uedze dhizaini yako sezvakatsanangurwa muChikamu 3, Kuedza Crystal Oscillation Robustness, kuve nechokwadi chekuti hapana nyaya dzakaunzwa panguva yekurongeka, soldering. , nezvimwewo.
Tafura 5-1 inoratidza rondedzero yeakasiyana oscillator modules. Chikamu 6, Oscillator Module Pamusoroview, ine runyorwa rwemidziyo inosanganisirwa mamodule aya.

Tafura 5-1. Overview yeOscillators muAVR® Devices

#	Oscillator module	Tsanangudzo
1	X32K_2v7	2.7-5.5V oscillator inoshandiswa mune megaAVR® zvishandiso (1)
2	X32K_1v8	1.8-5.5V oscillator inoshandiswa mu megaAVR/tinyAVR® zvishandiso(1)
3	X32K_1v8_ULP	1.8-3.6V Ultra-yakaderera simba oscillator inoshandiswa mu megaAVR/tinyAVR picoPower® zvishandiso
4	X32K_XMEGA (yakajairika maitiro)	1.6-3.6V Ultra-yakaderera simba oscillator inoshandiswa mumidziyo yeXMEGA®. Oscillator yakagadziridzwa kune yakajairika mode.
5	X32K_XMEGA (yakaderera-simba modhi)	1.6-3.6V Ultra-yakaderera simba oscillator inoshandiswa mumidziyo yeXMEGA. Oscillator yakagadziridzwa kune yakaderera-simba modhi.
6	X32K_XRTC32	1.6-3.6V Ultra-yakaderera simba RTC oscillator inoshandiswa mu XMEGA zvishandiso zvine bhatiri backup
7	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP	1.8-5.5V Ultra-yakaderera simba oscillator inoshandiswa mudikiAVR 0-, 1- uye 2-yakatevedzana uye megaAVR 0-yakatevedzana zvishandiso
8	OSC_LP_v10 (yakajairika maitiro)	1.8-5.5V Ultra-yakaderera simba oscillator inoshandiswa muAVR Dx akatevedzana zvishandiso. Oscillator yakagadziridzwa kune yakajairika mode.
9	OSC_LP_v10 (yakaderera-simba modhi)	1.8-5.5V Ultra-yakaderera simba oscillator inoshandiswa muAVR Dx akatevedzana zvishandiso. Oscillator yakagadziridzwa kune yakaderera-simba modhi.

Cherechedza

1. Haisi kushandiswa nemegaAVR® 0-series kana tinyAVR® 0-, 1- uye 2-yakatevedzana.

Tafura 5-2. Inokurudzirwa 32.768 kHz Makristasi

Vendor	Type	Gomo	Oscillator modules Tested uye Yakatenderwa (Ona Tafura 5-1)	Frequency Tolerance [±ppm]	Load Capacitance [pF]	Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) [kΩ]
Microcrystal	CC7V-T1A	SMD	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	20/100	7.0/9.0/12.5	50/70
Abracon	ABS06	SMD	2	20	12.5	90
Cardinal	CPFB	SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Cardinal	CTF6	TH	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Cardinal	CTF8	TH	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
Endrich Citizen	CFS206	TH	1, 2, 3, 4	20	12.5	35
Endrich Citizen	CM315	SMD	1, 2, 3, 4	20	12.5	70
Epson Tyocom	MC-306	SMD	1, 2, 3	20/50	12.5	50
Fox	FSXLF	SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	65
Fox	FX135	SMD	2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	70
Fox	FX122	SMD	2, 3, 4	20	12.5	90
Fox	FSRLF	SMD	1, 2, 3, 4, 5	20	12.5	50
NDK	NX3215SA	SMD	1, 2, 3 ,XNUMX	20	12.5	80
NDK	NX1610SE	SMD	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	6	50
NDK	NX2012SE	SMD	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9	20	6	50
Seiko Instruments	SSP-T7-FL	SMD	2, 3, 5	20	4.4/6/12.5	65
Seiko Instruments	SSP-T7-F	SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7/12.5	65
Seiko Instruments	SC-32S	SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	70
Seiko Instruments	SC-32L	SMD	4	20	7	40
Seiko Instruments	SC-20S	SMD	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	70
Seiko Instruments	SC-12S	SMD	1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9	20	7	90

Cherechedza: 

1. Makristasi anogona kuwanikwa aine akawanda mutoro capacitance uye frequency kushivirira sarudzo. Bata mutengesi wekristaro kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo.

Oscillator Module Pamusoroview

Ichi chikamu chinoratidza rondedzero iyo 32.768 kHz oscillator inosanganisirwa mune akasiyana Microchip megaAVR, tinyAVR, Dx, uye XMEGA® zvishandiso.

megaAVR® Zvishandiso

Tafura 6-1. megaAVR® Zvishandiso

Mudziyo	Oscillator module
ATmega1280	X32K_1v8
ATmega1281	X32K_1v8
ATmega1284P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega128A	X32K_2v7
ATmega128	X32K_2v7
ATmega1608	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega1609	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega162	X32K_1v8
ATmega164A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega164PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega164P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega165A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega165PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega165P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega168	X32K_1v8
ATmega169A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega169PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega169P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega169	X32K_1v8
ATmega16A	X32K_2v7
ATmega16	X32K_2v7
ATmega2560	X32K_1v8
ATmega2561	X32K_1v8
ATmega3208	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega3209	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega324A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega324PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega324PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega324P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3250A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3250PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3250P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega325A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega325PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega325P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega328PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega328P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega328	X32K_1v8
ATmega3290A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3290PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega3290P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega329A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega329PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega329P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega329	X32K_1v8
ATmega32A	X32K_2v7
ATmega32	X32K_2v7
ATmega406	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega4808	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega4809	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega48A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega48PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega48PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega48P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega48	X32K_1v8
ATmega640	X32K_1v8
ATmega644A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega644PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega644P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6450A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6450P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega645A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega645P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6490A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6490P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega6490	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega649A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega649P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega649	X32K_1v8
ATmega64A	X32K_2v7
ATmega64	X32K_2v7
ATmega808	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega809	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATmega88A	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega88PA	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega88PB	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega88P	X32K_1v8_ULP
ATmega88	X32K_1v8
ATmega8A	X32K_2v7
ATmega8	X32K_2v7

zvidikiAVR® Zvishandiso

Tafura 6-2. zvidikiAVR® Zvishandiso

Mudziyo	Oscillator module
ATtiny1604	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1606	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1607	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1614	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1616	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1617	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1624	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1626	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny1627	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny202	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny204	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny212	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny214	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny2313A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny24A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny24	X32K_1v8
ATtiny25	X32K_1v8
ATtiny261A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny261	X32K_1v8
ATtiny3216	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3217	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3224	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3226	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny3227	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny402	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny404	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny406	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny412	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny414	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny416	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny417	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny424	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny426	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny427	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny4313	X32K_1v8
ATtiny44A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny44	X32K_1v8
ATtiny45	X32K_1v8
ATtiny461A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny461	X32K_1v8
ATtiny804	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny806	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny807	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny814	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny816	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny817	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny824	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny826	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny827	X32K_1v8_5v5_ULP
ATtiny84A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny84	X32K_1v8
ATtiny85	X32K_1v8
ATtiny861A	X32K_1v8
ATtiny861	X32K_1v8

AVR® Dx Zvishandiso

Tafura 6-3. AVR® Dx Zvishandiso

Mudziyo	Oscillator module
AVR128DA28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DA32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DA48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DA64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DA28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DA32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DA48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DA64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DB64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DB28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DB32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DB48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DB64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR128DD64	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DD28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DD32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR32DD48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD28	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD32	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD48	OSC_LP_v10
AVR64DD64	OSC_LP_v10

AVR® XMEGA® Zvishandiso

Tafura 6-4. AVR® XMEGA® Zvishandiso

Mudziyo	Oscillator module
ATxmega128A1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128A3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128A4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128B1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128B3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128D3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega128D4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega16A4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega16D4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega192A1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega192A3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega192D3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega256A3B	X32K_XRTC32
ATxmega256A1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega256D3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega32A4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega32D4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64A1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64A3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64A4	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64B1	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64B3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64D3	X32K_XMEGA
ATxmega64D4	X32K_XMEGA

Revision History

Doc. Rev.	Date	Comments
D	05/2022	Yakawedzera chikamu 1.8. Dhiraivha Simba. Yakagadziridza chikamu 5. Crystal Recommendations nemakristasi matsva.
C	09/2021	General review yezvinyorwa zvekunyorera. Yakagadziriswa Equation 1-5. Updated chikamu 5. Crystal Recommendations nemidziyo mitsva yeAVR uye makristasi.
B	09/2018	Yakagadziriswa Tafura 5-1. Yakagadziriswa mareferensi.
A	02/2018	Yakashandurwa kuita Microchip fomati uye yakatsiva iyo Atmel gwaro nhamba 8333. Yakawedzera rutsigiro rwetinyAVR 0- uye 1-yakatevedzana.
8333E	03/2015	Yakachinja XMEGA wachi kubuda kubva PD7 kuenda kuPC7. XMEGA B yakawedzerwa.
8333D	072011	Recommendation list yakagadziridzwa.
8333C	02/2011	Recommendation list yakagadziridzwa.
8333B	11/2010	Zvakawanda zvekuvandudza uye kugadzirisa.
8333A	08/2010	Kudzokororwa kwegwaro rekutanga.

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HAPANA CHIITIKO CHICHAITWA MICROCHIP KUNE MHOSVA DZEPI ZVIRI KUNHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU , ZVINHU , ZVINOITWA , ZVAKAITIKA , KANA ZVINOTEVERA KURASIKA , KUPARADZWA , MUTEMO , KANA KUTI KUTI MUTE CHESE ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINO KANA MASHANDISI AWO, ZVISINEI ZVAKAITWA MAZANO ZVINOGONA KANA KUKABADZA ZVINOFONEKWA. ZVINO ZVIKURU ZVINOBVUNZWA NEMUTEMO, MICROCHIP YAKATAURWA YOSE PAZVINOITWA ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINOITWA NERUZIVO KANA KUSHANDISA KWAKO HAKUZOPIRI MUNHU WEMURIPO, KANA UCHIDA, WAWAKABHADHARA ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINOITWA NERUZIVO KANA KUSHANDISWA KWAKO HAKUZOPFUURA MUNHU WEMURIPO, KANA UCHIDA, WAWAKABHADHARA ZVINHU ZVINO KUNYANYA KUTI MICROCHIP.
Kushandiswa kweMicrochip zvishandiso mukutsigira hupenyu uye / kana kuchengetedza zvikumbiro zviri panjodzi yemutengi, uye mutengi anobvuma kudzivirira, kubhadharira uye kubata Microchip isingakuvadzi kubva kune chero uye zvese zvinokuvadza, zvirevo, masutu, kana mari inokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwakadaro. Hapana marezinesi anofambiswa, zviri pachena kana neimwe nzira, pasi peMicrochip intellectual property rights kunze kwekunge zvataurwa neimwe nzira.

Trademarks

Iyo Microchip zita uye logo, iyo Microchip logo, Adaptec, AnyRate, AVR, AVR logo, AVR Freaks, Bes Time, Bit Cloud, Crypto Memory, Crypto RF, dsPIC, flexPWR, HELDO, IGLOO, JukeBlox, KeeLoq, Kleer, LANCheck, LinkMD, maXStylus, maXTouch, Media LB, megaAVR, Microsemi, Microsemi logo, MOST, MOST logo, MPLAB, OptoLyzer, PIC, picoPower, PICSTART, PIC32 logo, PolarFire, Prochip Designer, QTouch, SAM-BA, SenGenuity, SpyNIC, SSTNIC , SST Logo, SuperFlash, Symmetricom, SyncServer, Tachyon, TimeSource, tinyAVR, UNI/O, Vectron, uye XMEGA zviratidzo zvakanyoreswa zveMicrochip Technology Incorporated muUSA nedzimwe nyika.
AgileSwitch, APT, ClockWorks, The Embedded Control Solutions Company, EtherSynch, Flashtec, Hyper Speed ​​Control, HyperLight Load, Intelli MOS, Libero, motorBench, m Touch, Powermite 3, Precision Edge, ProASIC, ProASIC Plus, ProASIC Plus logo, Yakanyarara- Waya, Smart Fusion, Sync World, Temux, Time Cesium, TimeHub, TimePictra, Time Provider, TrueTime, WinPath, uye ZL zviratidzo zvekutengesa zvakanyoreswa zveMicrochip Technology Incorporated muUSA.
Adjacent Key Suppression, AKS, Analog-for-the-Digital Age, Chero Capacitor, AnyIn, AnyOut, Augmented Switching, Blue Sky, Body Com, Code Guard, CryptoAuthentication, Crypto Automotive, CryptoCompanion, CryptoController, dsPICDEM, dsPICDEM.net, Dynamic Avhareji Matching, DAM, ECAN, Espresso T1S, EtherGREEN, GridTime, Ideal Bridge, In-Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, INICnet, Intelligent Paralleling, Inter-Chip Connectivity, JitterBlocker, Knob-on-Display, maxCrypto, maxView, memBrain, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPF, MPLAB Certified logo, MPLIB, MPLINK, MultiTRAK, NetDetach, NVM Express, NVMe, Omniscient Code Generation, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, PowerSmart, PureSilicon, REAL Matrix, Q. , Ripple Blocker, RTAX, RTG4, SAM-ICE, Serial Quad I/O, simpleMAP, SimpliPHY, Smar tBuffer, SmartHLS, SMART-IS, storClad, SQI, SuperSwitcher, SuperSwitcher II, Switchtec, SynchroPHY, Total Endurance, TSHARC, USBCheck , VariSense, VectorBlox, VeriPHY, ViewSpan, WiperLock, XpressConnect, uye ZENA zviratidzo zveMicrochip Technology Incorporated muUSA nedzimwe nyika.

SQTP chiratidzo chesevhisi cheMicrochip Technology Incorporated muUSA
The Adaptec logo, Frequency on Demand, Silicon Storage Technology, Symmcom, uye Trusted Time zviratidzo zvekutengesa zvakanyoreswa zveMicrochip Technology Inc. kune dzimwe nyika.
GestIC ichiratidzo chekutengeserana chakanyoreswa cheMicrochip Technology Germany II GmbH & Co. KG, inotsigira Microchip Technology Inc., kune dzimwe nyika.
Mamwe matrademark ese ataurwa pano zvinhu zvemakambani avo.
© 2022, Microchip Technology Incorporated nemakambani ayo. All Rights Reserved.

• ISBN: 978-1-6683-0405-1

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Zvinyorwa / Zvishandiso

MICROCHIP AN2648 Kusarudza uye Kuedza 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators yeAVR Microcontrollers [pdf] Bhuku reMushandisi AN2648 Kusarudza uye Kuedza 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators yeAVR Microcontrollers, AN2648, Kusarudza uye Kuedza 32.768 kHz Crystal Oscillators yeAVR Microcontrollers, Crystal Oscillators yeAVR Microcontrollers.

References

• User Manual