intel Kuita Bhizinesi Nyaya yeKuvhurika uye Virtualized RAN

Yakavhurika uye virtualized RAN yakagadzirirwa kukurumidza kukura

Yakavhurika uye yakadhirowewa redhiyo yekuwana network (Open vRAN) matekinoroji anogona kukura kusvika angangoita gumi muzana yemusika wese weRAN panosvika 10, maererano nefungidziro kubva kuDell'Oro Group2025. Izvi zvinomiririra kukurumidza kukura, zvichipihwa kuti Vhura vRAN inongoita chikamu chimwe muzana chemusika weRAN nhasi.
Pane zvikamu zviviri zvekuvhura vRAN:

• Virtualization inopatsanura software kubva kune Hardware uye inogonesa RAN mitoro yekushanda kuti imhanye pamaseva-chinangwa-sevha. General-chinangwa hardware yakawanda
  inochinjika uye iri nyore kuyera pane mudziyo-based RAN.
• Zviri nyore kuwedzera mashandiro matsva eRAN uye kusimudzira kwekuita uchishandisa software yekusimudzira.
• Proven IT misimboti senge software-defined networking (SDN), cloud-native, uye DevOps inogona kushandiswa. Kune mashandiro ekuita mukuti network inogadziriswa sei, inogadziriswazve, uye yakagadziridzwa; pamwe chete nekuona kukanganisa, kururamisa, nekudzivirira.
• Nzvimbo dzakavhurika dzinogonesa Kukurukurirana Sevhisi Vanopa (CoSPs) kuti vawane zvinongedzo zveRAN yavo kubva kune vakasiyana vatengesi uye vanozvibatanidza zviri nyore.
• Kudyidzana kunobatsira kuwedzera kukwikwidza muRAN zvese pamutengo uye maficha.
• Virtualized RAN inogona kushandiswa isina yakavhurika nzvimbo, asi mabhenefiti makuru kana ese maviri mazano asanganiswa.
• Kufarira muvRAN kwave kuwedzera nguva pfupi yadarika, nevazhinji vashandisi vari kuita muyedzo uye kutumira kwavo kwekutanga.
• Deloitte inofungidzira kune makumi matatu neshanu anoshanda Vhura vRAN deployments pasi rese35. Intel's FlexRAN software architecture yebaseband processing iri kushandiswa mune angangoita makumi matatu neshanu deployments pasi rese. (ona Mufananidzo 1).
• Mubepa rino, isu tinoongorora bhizinesi kesi yeVhura vRAN. Tichakurukura mabhenefiti ekubhadhara kwebhendi yekubatanidza, uye zvikonzero zvezvikonzero nei Vhura vRAN ichiri kudiwa kana kubatana kusingaite.

Kuunza itsva RAN topology

• Mune yechinyakare Distributed RAN (DRAN) modhi, iyo RAN yekugadzirisa inoitwa padyo neredhiyo antenna.
  Virtualized RAN inotsemura RAN kuita pombi yemabasa, inogona kugovaniswa kune yakagoverwa unit (DU) uye yepakati unit (CU). Pane zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa zvekuparadzanisa RAN, sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2. Split Option 2 inoshandisa Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) uye Radio Resource Control (RRC) muCU, asi mamwe mabasa ebhendi anotakurwa. kunze muDU. Iyo PHY basa rinogona kupatsanurwa pakati peDU uye Remote Radio Unit (RRU).

The advantages of split RAN architectures ndeaya:

• Kubata iyo Yepasi-PHY basa paRRU inoderedza iyo fronthaul bandwidth inodiwa. Mu4G, Option 8 splits yaiwanzo shandiswa. Ne5G, kuwedzera kwebandwidth kunoita kuti Option 8 isashande ye5G yakamira (SA) modhi. (5G isiri-yakamira (NSA) deployments inogona kushandisa Option 8 senhaka).
• Hunhu hwechiitiko hunogona kuvandudzwa. Apo musimboti
  ndege inodzora inogoverwa kuCU, iyo CU inova iyo yekufamba anchor point. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kune mashoma mahandvers pane aripo apo iyo DU iri anchor point3.
• Kubata iyo PDCP kuCU kunobatsirawo kuyera mutoro kana uchitsigira iyo mbiri yekubatanidza (DC) kugona.
  ye5G mune yeNSA architecture. Pasina kupatsanurwa uku, zvishandiso zvemushandisi zvaizobatana kune zviteshi zviviri zvepasi (4G ne5G) asi chete anchor base station ndiyo yaizoshandiswa kugadzirisa hova kuburikidza nebasa rePDCP. Uchishandisa split Option 2, iyo PDCP basa inoitika nechepakati, saka maDU anonyatso kurodha-yakaenzana4.

Kuderedza mari kuburikidza nebaseband pooling

• Imwe nzira iyo Vhura vRAN inogona kubatsira kuderedza mutengo ndeyekubatanidza baseband kugadzirisa. Imwe CU inogona kushandira akawanda maDU, uye maDU anogona kuwanikwa neCUs ekuita mari. Kunyangwe iyo DU ichitambirwa panzvimbo yesero, panogona kuve nehunyanzvi nekuti iyo DU inogona kushandira akawanda maRRU, uye mutengo pabhiti unodzikira sezvo cell cell inokura5. Software inomhanya pane zvekutengesa kunze-pasherufu Hardware inogona kuterera, uye kuyera zvakanyanya kuchinjika, pane yakatsaurirwa Hardware inoda basa remaoko kuyera nekugadzirisa.
• Baseband pooling haisi yega kuVhura vRAN: mutsika dzechinyakare RAN, mabhendi ebhendi (BBUs) dzimwe nguva akaiswa mumapoka munzvimbo dzepakati, dzinodaidzwa kuti mahotera eBBU. Iwo akabatana neRRUs pamusoro pepamusoro-kumhanya fiber. Iyo inoderedza mutengo wemidziyo panzvimbo iyi uye inoderedza huwandu hwemarori ekuisa uye kusevhisi michina. BBU mahotera anopa mashoma granularity yekuyera, zvakadaro. Iyo Hardware BBUs haina ese ezvekushandisa optimization advantages ye virtualization, kana kushanduka kwekubata akawanda uye akasiyana mitoro yebasa.
• Basa redu pachedu neCoSPs rakaona kuti mutengo wepamusoro wekushandisa (OPEX) muRAN iBBU software rezenisi. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwesoftware kuburikidza nekubatanidza kunobatsira kukwidziridza mutengo wevaridzi (TCO) weRAN.
• Zvisinei, mari yekufambisa inoda kutariswa. Iyo backhaul yechinyakare DRAN yagara iri mutsara wekurenda wakapihwa kune nharembozha opareta nevagadziri venetiweki. Mitsetse yakabhadharwa inogona kudhura, uye mutengo une chekuita nehurongwa hwebhizinesi rekuti iyo DU inofanira kuwanikwa.
• Kambani yeConsultancy Senza Fili uye vRAN mutengesi Mavenir vakatevedzera mutengo zvichienderana nemiedzo yakaitwa nevatengi veMavenir, Intel, uye HFR Networks6. Mamiriro maviri akaenzaniswa:
• DUs anowanikwa neRRUs panzvimbo dzemasero. Midhaul yekufambisa inoshandiswa pakati peDU neCU.
• DUs anowanikwa neCUs. Fronthaul transport inoshandiswa pakati peRRUs neDU/CU.
• Iyo CU yaive munzvimbo yedata umo zviwanikwa zvehardware zvaigona kuiswa muRRUs. Chidzidzo ichi chakatevedzera mutengo weCU, DU, uye midhaul uye fronthaul transport, inofukidza zvese
• OPEX uye capital expenditure (CAPEX) pamusoro pemakore matanhatu.
• Kuisa pakati peDU kunowedzera mitengo yekufambisa, saka mubvunzo waive wekuti kuwana kwekubatanidza kunodarika mutengo wekufambisa. Chidzidzo chacho chakawana:
• Vafambisi vane mutengo wakaderera wekutakura kune mazhinji emasero emasaiti avo vari nani pane kuisa pakati peDU neCU. Vanogona kucheka TCO yavo kusvika ku42 muzana.
• Vashandi vane mitengo yakakwira yekufambisa vanogona kucheka TCO yavo inosvika gumi neshanu muzana nekutambira iyo DU panzvimbo yechitokisi.
• Iko kuchengetwa kwemutengo kunoenderana zvakare nesero huwandu uye spectrum inoshandiswa. A DU panzvimbo yechitokisi, semuenzanisoample, inogona kunge isingashandiswe uye inogona kuyera kutsigira mamwe maseru kana yakakwirira bandwidth nemutengo mumwe chete.
• Zvinogona kugoneka kuisa pakati peRAN kugadzirisa kusvika ku200km kubva paredhiyo saiti mu "Cloud RAN" modhi. Imwe yakaparadzana Senza Fili uye Mavenir kudzidza7 yakawana kuti Cloud RAN inogona kuderedza mutengo ne37 muzana pamakore mashanu, zvichienzaniswa neDRAN. BBU kubatanidza uye kunyatso shandisa Hardware kunobatsira kutyaira pasi mutengo. Kuchengetedzwa kweOPEX kunobva pakugadzirisa kwakaderera uye mitengo yekushandisa. Nzvimbo dzepakati dzingangove nyore kuwana uye kubata pane maseru masaiti ari, uye maseru masaiti anogona zvakare kuve madiki nekuti kune midziyo mishoma inodiwa ipapo.
• Virtualization uye centralization pamwe chete zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuyera sezvo traffic inoda kuchinja. Zviri nyore kuwedzera mamwe maseva echinangwa-chinangwa kune dziva rekushandisa pane kusimudzira midziyo yemidziyo panzvimbo yesero. CoSPs inogona kuenzanisa mari yavo yehardware nekukura kwavo kwemari, vasingade kuendesa Hardware ikozvino inozokwanisa kubata traffic mumakore mashanu.
• Yakawanda sei network yekuona?
• ACG Tsvagiridzo neRed Hat yakaenzanisa iyo inofungidzirwa mutengo wevaridzi (TCO) yeDistributed radio access network (DRAN) uye virtualized RAN (vRAN)8. Vakafungidzira mari yekushandisa mari (CAPEX) yevRAN yaive hafu yeDRAN. Izvi zvaive zvakanyanya pasi pekuita mari zvakanaka kubva pakuva nemidziyo mishoma panzvimbo shoma uchishandisa centralization.
• Chidzidzo ichi zvakare chakawana kuti kushandiswa kwekushandisa (OPEX) kwakakwira zvakanyanya kuDRAN kupfuura vRAN. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nekuderedzwa kwekurojesa saiti, kugadzirisa, fibre lease, uye simba uye kutonhora mutengo.
• Iyo modhi yaive yakavakirwa paTier 1 Communications Service Provider (CoSP) ine zviuru gumi nezviviri zviteshi zvino, uye kukosha kwekuwedzera gumi nerimwe mumakore mashanu anotevera. Ko iyo CoSP inofanirwa kuona iyo yese RAN, kana ingori itsva uye yakawedzera masaiti?
• ACG Tsvagiridzo yakawana kuti iyo TCO yekuchengetedza yaive 27 muzana apo chete nyowani uye nzvimbo dzekukura dzakaonekwa. TCO kuchengetedza yakawedzera kusvika ku44 muzana apo nzvimbo dzese dzakaitwa.
• 27%
  • TCO kuchengetedza
• Virtualizing angori matsva uye akawedzera RAN masaiti
• 44%
  • TCO kuchengetedza
• Virtualizing ese maRAN masaiti
• ACG Tsvakurudzo. Kubva pane network yemasaiti e12,000 ane zvirongwa zvekuwedzera 11,000 mumakore mashanu anotevera.

Nyaya yeVhura vRAN panzvimbo yechitokisi

• Mamwe maCoSP anotora Vhura vRAN panzvimbo yechitokisi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvine musoro, kunyangwe kana baseband pooling isingaunze mari yekuchengetedza.
  Kugadzira inoshanduka-yakavakirwa network network
• Imwe CoSP yatakataura nayo yakasimbisa kukosha kwekukwanisa kuisa mabasa etiweki pese pavanopa kuita kwakanyanya kweimwe network network.
• Izvi zvinogoneka kana iwe ukashandisa zvakajairika-chinangwa Hardware mukati metiweki, kusanganisira yeRAN. The
  basa rendege yemushandisi, semuenzanisoample, inogona kutamiswa kuenda kuRAN saiti pamucheto wetiweki. Izvi zvinoderedza zvakanyanya latency.
• Zvishandiso zveizvi zvinosanganisira mitambo yemakore, augmented reality/virtual reality, kana kuchengetera zvirimo.
• General-chinangwa hardware inogona kushandiswa kune mamwe maapplication kana RAN ine yakaderera kudiwa. Pachave nemaawa akabatikana uye maawa akanyarara, uye iyo RAN ichave chero zvakadaro
  overprovisioned kuti ienderane nekukura kwetraffic mune ramangwana. Iyo yakasara pasevha inogona kushandiswa sero saiti yeInternet yeZvinhu kuremerwa kwebasa, kana yeRAN Intelligent Controller (RIC), inogonesa manejimendi eredhiyo ichishandisa hungwaru hwekugadzira uye kudzidza muchina.
• Kuwedzera granular sourcing kunogona kubatsira kudzikisira mitengo
• Kuve neakavhurika interfaces kunopa vashandisi rusununguko rwekuburitsa zvikamu kubva chero kupi. Inowedzera kukwikwidzana pakati pevatengesi vemidziyo yemafoni echinyakare, asi handizvo zvese. Inopawo vashandisi kushanduka kwekubva kune vagadziri vehardware vasina kumbobvira vatengesa zvakananga kunetiweki. Kudyidzana kunovhura musika kune itsva vRAN software makambani, zvakare, anogona kuunza hutsva uye kuwedzera mutengo kukwikwidza.
• Vashandi vanogona kukwanisa kuwana mutengo wakaderera nekutsvaga zvinhu, kunyanya redhiyo, zvakananga, pane kuzvitenga kuburikidza nemugadziri wemidziyo yenhare.
  (TEM). Iyo redhiyo inoverengera chikamu chikuru chebhajeti yeRAN, saka mari yekuchengetedza pano inogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakakura pamitengo yese. Iyo BBU software rezenisi ndiyo yekutanga mutengo weOPEX, saka kuwedzera kukwikwidza muRAN software layer kunobatsira kudzikisira mitengo inoenderera.
• PaMobile World Congress 2018, Vodafone Chief Technology
• Mukuru Johan Wibergh akataura nezvemwedzi mitanhatu yekambani iyi
• Vhura RAN bvunzo muIndia. "Takakwanisa kudzikisa mutengo wekushanda neinopfuura 30 muzana, tichishandisa chivakwa chakavhurika, nekukwanisa kuwana zvikamu kubva muzvidimbu zvakasiyana," akadaro9.
• 30% kuchengetedza mari
• Kubva pakutsvaga zvikamu zvakasiyana.
• Vodafone's Open RAN kuyedza, India

Kuvaka chikuva chemabasa matsva

• Kuve neyakajairwa-chinangwa compute kugona kumucheto kwetiweki zvakare kunogonesa CoSPs kugamuchira vatengi-vakatarisana nebasa ipapo. Zvakare nekugona kubata mabasa ari padyo zvakanyanya nemushandisi, CoSPs inokwanisa kuvimbisa kuita. Izvi zvinogona kuvabatsira kuti vakwikwidze nevanopa sevhisi yegore kune mitsetse yebasa.
  Edge masevhisi anoda yakagoverwa gore rekuvaka, inotsigirwa ne orchestration uye manejimendi. Izvi zvinogona kugoneswa nekuve neakazara virtualized RAN inoshanda nemisimboti yemakore. Chokwadi, virtualizing iyo RAN ndeimwe yevatyairi vekuona edge komputa.
• Intel® Smart Edge Vhura software inopa software toolkit yeMulti-Access Edge Computing (MEC). Zvinobatsira kubudirira
  yakanyanya optimized kuita, zvichibva pane zviwanikwa zvehardware zviripo pese panoitwa application.
  CoSPs 'kumucheto masevhisi anogona kuve anoyevedza kune maapplication anoda yakaderera latency, inowirirana kuita, uye yakakwirira kuvimbika.

Consistency inobatsira kuderedza mari

• Virtualization inogona kuunza mari yekuchengetedza, kunyangwe mumasaiti umo baseband pooling isingagone kushandiswa. Kune mabhenefiti kune iyo
• CoSP uye iyo RAN estate yakazara mukuve neyakafanana dhizaini.
• Kuve nesoftware imwechete uye hardware stack kunorerutsa kuchengetedza, kudzidziswa, uye rutsigiro. Maturusi akajairwa anogona kushandiswa kubata ese masaiti, pasina kuda kusiyanisa pakati peiyo yakadzika matekinoroji.

Kugadzirira ramangwana

• Kufamba kubva kuDRAN kuenda kune imwe yepakati RAN architecture inotora nguva. Kuvandudza RAN panzvimbo yesero kuti Vhura vRAN ibwe rakanaka rekutsika. Iyo inogonesa inopindirana software yekuvaka kuti iunzwe kare, kuitira kuti nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzigone kuve nyore pakati mune ramangwana. Iyo Hardware yakaiswa panzvimbo dzesero inogona kutamirwa kune yepakati RAN nzvimbo kana kushandiswa kune mamwe emucheto mitoro yebasa, zvichiita kuti mari yanhasi ishande mukufamba kwenguva. Iyo hupfumi hwekudzokera kumashure inogona kuchinja zvakanyanya mune ramangwana kune mamwe kana ese eCoSP's RAN masaiti, zvakare. Saiti dzisingashande kune centralized RAN nhasi dzinogona kushanda zvakanyanya kana yakachipa fronthaul yekubatanidza inowanikwa. Kumhanyisa virtualized RAN panzvimbo yesero kunoita kuti CoSP iite
  kuisa pakati gare gare kana iyo ikava sarudzo inodhura-inoshanda.

Kuverenga iyo yakazara mutengo wevaridzi (TCO)

• Kunyange mari isiri iyo yekutanga kukurudzira kwekugamuchira
• Vhura vRAN matekinoroji muzviitiko zvakawanda, panogona kunge paine mari yekuchengetedza. Saka zvakawanda zvinoenderana neakananga deployments.
• Hapana maviri opareta network akafanana. Mukati metiweki yega yega, mune yakakura kusiyana kwakakura munzvimbo dzese dzeserosi. Manetiweki topology anoshanda kunzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda mumadhorobha anogona kunge asina kukodzera kumaruwa. Iyo spectrum iyo sero saiti inoshandisa ichave nemhedzisiro pane bandwidth inodiwa, iyo ichakanganisa iyo fronthaul mutengo. Nzira dzekufambisa dziripo dze fronthaul dzine simba guru pamuenzaniso wemutengo.
• Tarisiro ndeyokuti munguva refu, kushandisa Vhura vRAN inogona kuva inodhura kupfuura kushandisa hardware yakatsaurirwa, uye ichava nyore kuyera.
• Accenture yakataura ichiona kuchengetedza kweCAPEX kwe49 muzana uko Vhura vRAN matekinoroji akashandiswa ku5G deployments10. Goldman Sachs akashuma yakafanana CAPEX nhamba ye50 muzana, uye akaburitsawo mari yekuchengetedza ye35 muzana muOPEX11.
• PaIntel, tiri kushanda nevanotungamira maCoSP kutevedzera TCO yeVhura vRAN, kusanganisira zvese CAPEX neOPEX. Kunyange iyo CAPEX ichinyatsonzwisiswa, isu tinoda kuona zvakadzama tsvagiridzo yekuti mutengo wekushandisa wevRAN unoenzaniswa sei nemidziyo yakatsaurirwa. Tiri kushanda neOpen vRAN ecosystem kuti tiongorore izvi zvakare.

50% CAPEX kuchengetedza kubva Vhura vRAN 35% OPEX kuchengetedza kubva Vhura vRAN Goldman Sachs

Kushandisa Vhura RAN kune ese asina waya zvizvarwa

• Kuunzwa kwe5G ndiyo inokonzeresa shanduko yakawanda muredhiyo yekuwana network (RAN). 5G masevhisi anozove ane bandwidth-nzara uye achiri kubuda, achiita yakawedzera scalable uye inochinjika dhizaini inodiwa zvakanyanya. Yakavhurika uye yakadhirowewa redhiyo yekuwana network (Vhura vRAN) inogona kuita kuti 5G ive nyore kuisa mugreenfield network, asi vashoma vashandisi vari kutanga kubva pakutanga. Avo vane network iripo vari panjodzi yekuzoguma neaviri akafanana tekinoroji stacks: imwe yakavhurika ye5G, uye imwe yakavakirwa yakavharwa, tekinoroji tekinoroji kuzvizvarwa zvekare zvenetiweki.
• Parallel Wireless inoshuma kuti vashandisi vanovandudza chivakwa chavo chenhaka neOpen vRAN vanotarisira kuona kudzoka pakudyara mumakore matatu12. Vashandi vasingagadzirise masevhisi avo enhaka vanogona kuona mutengo wekushandisa (OPEX) kubva pamakumi matatu kusvika pamakumi mashanu muzana kupfuura makwikwi, Parallel Wireless estimate30.
• 3 years Nguva yakatorwa kuona kudzoka pakudyara kubva pakuvandudza legacy network kuenda kuVhura vRAN. Parallel Wireless14

Mhedziso

• CoSPs dziri kuwedzera kutora Vhura vRAN kuvandudza kuchinjika, scalability, uye mutengo-kushanda kwemanetwork avo. Tsvagiridzo kubva kuACG Tsvagiridzo uye Parallel Wireless inoratidza kuti iyo yakawanda Yakavhurika vRAN inoiswa, iyo yakakura kukanganisa kwainogona kuita pakudzikisa mitengo. CoSPs vari kutora Vhura vRAN nekuda kwezvikonzero zvine musoro, zvakare. Iyo inopa network gore-kunge kuchinjika uye inowedzera iyo CoSP simba rekutaurirana kana uchitsvaga RAN zvikamu. Mumasaiti umo kuungana kusingaratidzi kudzikisira mitengo, kuchine mari kubva pakushandisa inowirirana tekinoroji panzvimbo yeparedhiyo uye munzvimbo dzepakati dzeRAN kugadzirisa. Kuve neyakajairwa-chinangwa compute pamucheto wetiweki kunogona kubatsira maCoSPs kukwikwidza nevanopa masevhisi egore kuti varemerwe nebasa. Intel iri kushanda neinotungamira CoSPs kutevedzera TCO yeVhura vRAN. Yedu TCO modhi ine chinangwa chekubatsira maCoSPs kukwirisa mutengo uye kuchinjika kweiyo RAN estate.

Dzidza zvimwe

• Intel eGuide: Kuendesa Yakavhurika uye Yakangwara RAN
• Intel Infographic: Cloudifying iyo Radio Access Network
• Ndeipi Nzira Yakanakisa Yekuwana Kuvhura RAN?
• Yakawanda Sei Vashandisi Vanogona Kuchengeta ne Cloud RAN?
• Economic Advantages yeVirtualizing iyo RAN muMobile Operators 'Infrastructure
• Chii Chinoitika Kuendesa TCO kana Mobile Operators Deploy OpenRAN Chete ye5G?
• Intel® Smart Edge Vhura

1. Vhura RAN Set Kutora 10% yeMusika ne2025, 2 Gunyana 2020, SDX Central; zvichibva pane data kubva kuDell'Oro Boka kuburitswa kwenhau: Vhura RAN kuSwedera Kaviri-Digit RAN Share, 1 Gunyana 2020.
2. Tekinoroji, Midhiya, uye Terecommunication Predictions 2021, 7 Zvita 2020, Deloitte
3. Virtualized RAN - Vol 1, Kubvumbi 2021, Samsung
4. Virtualized RAN - Vol 2, Kubvumbi 2021, Samsung
5. Ndeipi Nzira Yakanakisa Yekuwana Kuvhura RAN?, 2021, Mavenir
6. ibid
7. Yakawanda Sei Vanogona Kuchengeta ne Cloud RAN?, 2017, Mavenir
8. Economic Advantages of Virtualizing the RAN muMobile Operators 'Infrastructure, 30 Gunyana 2019, ACG Research uye Red Hat 9 Facebook, TIP Advance Wireless Networking With Terragraph, 26 February 2018, SDX Central.
9. Accenture Strategy, 2019, sezvakataurwa muVhura RAN Kubatanidzwa: Mhanya Nayo, Kubvumbi 2020, iGR.
10. Goldman Sachs Global Investment Tsvagiridzo, 2019, sezvakataurwa mukati Yakavhurika RAN Kubatanidzwa: Mhanya Nayo, Kubvumbi 2020, iGR.
11. ibid
12. ibid

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Zvinyorwa / Zvishandiso

intel Kuita Bhizinesi Nyaya yeKuvhurika uye Virtualized RAN [pdf] Mirayiridzo Kugadzira Iyo Bhizinesi Nyaya Yekuvhurika uye Virtualized RAN, Kuita Iyo Bhizinesi Nyaya, Bhizinesi Nyaya, Yakavhurika uye Virtualized RAN, Nyaya

References

• User Manual