Ikheli le-MAC (Media Access Control) yisihlonzi esiyingqayizivele esinikezwe ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi kungxenye yenethiwekhi ebonakalayo. Amakheli e-MAC asetshenziswa njengekheli lenethiwekhi kubuchwepheshe obuningi benethiwekhi ye-IEEE 802, okuhlanganisa i-Ethernet ne-Wi-Fi. Kuyinombolo yokuhlonza izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha ekhomba ngokukhethekile idivayisi ngayinye kunethiwekhi.

Umehluko phakathi kwekheli le-WiFi MAC nekheli le-Bluetooth MAC:

1. Umongo Wokusetshenziswa:
   • Ikheli le-WiFi MAC: Isetshenziswa amadivayisi ukuxhuma kunethiwekhi ye-Wi-Fi. Kuyadingeka ukuze kukhonjwe amadivayisi ku-LAN kanye nokuphatha ukuxhumana nokulawula ukufinyelela.
   • Ikheli le-Bluetooth MAC: Lokhu kusetshenziswa amadivaysi okuxhumana kwe-Bluetooth, ukuhlonza amadivaysi angaphakathi kwebanga le-Bluetooth nokuphatha ukuxhumana nokudluliswa kwedatha.
2. Izinombolo Ezabelwe:
   • Ikheli le-WiFi MAC: Amakheli e-WiFi MAC avamise ukunikezwa umkhiqizi wesilawuli senethiwekhi (NIC) futhi agcinwa kuhadiwe yayo.
   • Ikheli le-Bluetooth MAC: Amakheli e-Bluetooth MAC nawo anikezwa umkhiqizi wedivayisi kodwa asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwe-Bluetooth kuphela.
3. Ifomethi:
   • Womabili amakheli ngokuvamile alandela ifomethi efanayo — amaqembu ayisithupha amadijithi amabili ama-hexadecimal, ahlukaniswa ngamakholoni noma amakhonco (isb, 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E).
4. Amazinga weProtocol:
   • Ikheli le-WiFi MAC: Isebenza ngaphansi kwamazinga e-IEEE 802.11.
   • Ikheli le-Bluetooth MAC: Isebenza ngaphansi kwezinga le-Bluetooth, okuyi-IEEE 802.15.1.
5. Ububanzi Bokuxhumana:
   • Ikheli le-WiFi MAC: Isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi okubanzi, ngokuvamile ebangeni elikhudlwana kanye nokuxhumana kwe-inthanethi.
   • Ikheli le-Bluetooth MAC: Isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana kwebanga eliseduze, ngokuvamile ukuxhuma idivayisi yomuntu siqu noma ukwakha amanethiwekhi endawo yomuntu siqu.

I-Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): I-BLE, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Bluetooth Smart, ubuchwepheshe benethiwekhi yendawo yomuntu siqu obungenawaya obuklanywe futhi bamakethwa yi-Bluetooth Special Interest Group okuhloswe ngayo izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinoveli ekunakekelweni kwezempilo, ukuqina, amabhikhoni, ezokuphepha, nezimboni zokuzijabulisa zasekhaya. I-BLE ihloselwe ukunikeza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuncishiswe kakhulu kanye nezindleko kuyilapho kugcinwa uhla lokuxhumana olufanayo ne-Bluetooth yakudala.

Ukwenza Ikheli le-MAC ngokungahleliwe: Ukwenza ngokungahleliwe kwekheli le-MAC kuyindlela yobumfihlo lapho amadivayisi eselula azungezisa amakheli awo e-MAC ngezikhathi ezithile noma isikhathi ngasinye lapho exhuma kunethiwekhi ehlukile. Lokhu kuvimbela ukulandelelwa kwamadivayisi kusetshenziswa amakheli awo e-MAC kumanethiwekhi ahlukene e-Wi-Fi.

1. Ukwenza ngokungahleliwe Ikheli le-WiFi MAC: Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa kumadivayisi eselula ukugwema ukulandelela kanye nokwenza iphrofayela yomsebenzi wenethiwekhi yedivayisi. Amasistimu wokusebenza ahlukene asebenzisa ukungahleliwe kwekheli le-MAC ngokuhlukile, ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okusebenza.
2. Ukungahleliwe kwekheli le-Bluetooth MAC: I-Bluetooth ingase futhi isebenzise ukwenza ngokungahleliwe kwekheli le-MAC, ikakhulukazi ku-BLE, ukuvimbela ukulandelelwa kwedivayisi uma ikhangisa ukuba khona kwayo kwamanye amadivaysi e-Bluetooth.

Inhloso yokwenza okungahleliwe kwekheli le-MAC ukuthuthukisa ubumfihlo bomsebenzisi, njengoba ikheli le-MAC elimile lingasetshenziswa ukulandelela imisebenzi yomsebenzisi kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi ahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Uma kucatshangelwa ubuchwepheshe obusha nemibono ephikisanayo, umuntu angase futhi aqagele ukuthi ngokuzayo, ukwenza ngokungahleliwe kwekheli le-MAC kungase kuthuthuke ukuze kusetshenziswe izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokukhiqiza amakheli esikhashana noma kusetshenziswe izingqimba ezengeziwe zokuvikela ubumfihlo njengokubethela kwezinga lenethiwekhi noma ukusetshenziswa kwamakheli esikhathi esisodwa. lolo shintsho ngephakethe ngalinye elithunyelwe.

Ukubheka Ikheli le-MAC

Ukubheka Ikheli le-MAC

Ikheli le-MAC liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko:

1. Isihlonzi Esiyingqayizivele Senhlangano (OUI): Amabhayithi amathathu okuqala ekheli le-MAC aziwa njenge-OUI noma ikhodi yomthengisi. Lokhu ukulandelana kwezinhlamvu ezinikezwe i-IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) kumkhiqizi wehardware ehlobene nenethiwekhi. I-OUI ihlukile kumkhiqizi ngamunye futhi isebenza njengendlela yokuzikhomba emhlabeni jikelele.
2. Isihlonzi Sedivayisi: Amabhayithi amathathu asele ekheli le-MAC anikezwe umkhiqizi futhi ahlukile kudivayisi ngayinye. Le ngxenye kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa nge-NIC-specific part.

Uma ubheka ikheli le-MAC, ngokuvamile usebenzisa ithuluzi noma isevisi ye-inthanethi enesizindalwazi sama-OUI futhi owazi ukuthi yibaphi abakhiqizi abahambisana nabo. Ngokufaka ikheli le-MAC, isevisi ingakutshela ukuthi iyiphi inkampani ekhiqize ihadiwe.

Nakhu ukuthi ukubhekwa kwekheli le-MAC okujwayelekile kusebenza kanjani:

1. Faka Ikheli le-MAC: Uhlinzeka ngekheli eligcwele le-MAC kusevisi yokubheka noma ithuluzi.
2. Ukuhlonza i-OUI: Isevisi ihlonza ingxenye yokuqala yekheli le-MAC (i-OUI).
3. Ukusesha kweDatabase: Ithuluzi licinga le OUI kusizindalwazi sayo ukuze lithole umakhi ohambisanayo.
4. Ulwazi Lokukhiphayo: Isevisi ibe isikhipha igama lomkhiqizi kanye neminye imininingwane efana nendawo, uma ikhona.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba i-OUI ingakutshela umenzi, ayikutsheli lutho ngedivayisi ngokwayo, njengemodeli noma uhlobo. Futhi, njengoba umkhiqizi angase abe nama-OUI amaningi, ukubheka kungase kubuyisele abantu abangaba amakhandidethi abambalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinsiza zingase zinikeze imininingwane eyengeziwe ngokubheka ikheli le-MAC nezinye izingosi zolwazi ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ikheli libonwe yini kumanethiwekhi athile noma ezindaweni ezithile.

Landelela Ikheli le-MAC

I-WiGLE (Wireless Geographic Logging Engine) iyi- webisayithi elinikezela ngesizindalwazi samanethiwekhi angenawaya emhlabeni wonke, elinamathuluzi okusesha nokuhlunga lawa manethiwekhi. Ukulandelela indawo yekheli le-MAC usebenzisa i-WiGLE, ngokuvamile ungalandela lezi zinyathelo:

1. Finyelela ku-WiGLE: Iya ku-WiGLE webisayithi bese ungena ngemvume. Uma ungenayo i-akhawunti, uzodinga ukubhalisela eyodwa.
2. Cinga Ikheli le-MAC: Zulazulela kumsebenzi wosesho bese ufaka ikheli le-MAC lenethiwekhi engenantambo oyithandayo. Leli kheli le-MAC kufanele lihlotshaniswe nendawo ethile yokufinyelela engenantambo.
3. Hlaziya Imiphumela: I-WiGLE izobonisa noma yimaphi amanethiwekhi afana nekheli le-MAC olifakile. Izokubonisa imephu lapho la manethiwekhi afakwe khona. Ukunemba kwedatha yendawo kungahluka kuye ngokuthi zingakhi izikhathi nokuthi bangaki abasebenzisi abahlukene inethiwekhi engene kuyo.

Mayelana nomehluko phakathi kokusesha kwe-Bluetooth ne-WiFi ku-WiGLE:

• Ama-Frequency Bands: I-WiFi ngokuvamile isebenza kumabhendi angu-2.4 GHz nangu-5 GHz, kuyilapho i-Bluetooth isebenza kubhendi engu-2.4 GHz kodwa ngephrothokholi ehlukile nobubanzi obufushane.
• Uhlelo Lokutholwa: Amanethiwekhi e-WiFi akhonjwa nge-SSID yawo (Isihlonzi Sesethi Yesevisi) nekheli le-MAC, kuyilapho amadivayisi e-Bluetooth esebenzisa amagama edivayisi namakheli.
• Ibanga Lokusesha: Amanethiwekhi e-WiFi angatholwa emabangeni amade, ngokuvamile amashumi amamitha, kuyilapho i-Bluetooth ivamise ukukhawulelwa kumamitha angaba ngu-10.
• Idatha Ingeniwe: Usesho lwe-WiFi luzokunikeza amagama enethiwekhi, izivumelwano zokuphepha, namandla esignali, phakathi kweminye idatha. Ukusesha kwe-Bluetooth, okungajwayelekile kakhulu ku-WiGLE, ngokuvamile kuzokunika amagama edivayisi kuphela nohlobo lwedivayisi ye-Bluetooth.

Mayelana nokugqagqana kwekheli le-MAC:

• Izihlonzi ezihlukile: Amakheli e-MAC kufanele abe izihlonzi ezihlukile zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zenethiwekhi, kodwa kunezimo zokudlulana ngenxa yamaphutha okukhiqiza, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwamakheli kuzimo ezihlukene.
• Umthelela Ekulandeleni Indawo: Ukugqagqana kumakheli e-MAC kungaholela ekufakweni kolwazi lwendawo olungalungile, njengoba ikheli elifanayo lingase livele ezindaweni eziningi, ezingahlobene.
• Izinyathelo Zobumfihlo: Amanye amadivayisi asebenzisa ukungahleliwe kwekheli le-MAC ukuvimbela ukulandelela, okungadala ukugqagqana okusobala kuzinqolobane ezifana ne-WiGLE, njengoba idivayisi efanayo ingase ifakwe ngamakheli ahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

I-WiGLE ingaba ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuqonda ukusatshalaliswa nobubanzi bamanethiwekhi angenantambo, kodwa inomkhawulo, ikakhulukazi ekunembeni kwedatha yendawo kanye namandla okugqagqana kwekheli le-MAC.

Izithenjwa

• Imaniwali yosebenzisayo