SILICON LABS UG103.11 Tushen Software

Ƙayyadaddun bayanai:

• Sunan Samfura: Tushen Tushen
• Maƙera: Silicon Labs
• Protocol: Zare
• Shafin: Rev. 1.6
• Ka'idar Sadarwar Sadarwar Mara waya: Sadarwar Saƙo
• Ƙididdiga masu goyan baya: IEEE, IETF

Bayanin samfur

Zaren Fundamentals amintaccen ƙa'idar sadarwar raga mara waya ce ta Silicon Labs. Yana goyan bayan adiresoshin IPv6, haɗaɗɗen rahusa zuwa wasu cibiyoyin sadarwar IP, kuma an inganta shi don ƙarancin ƙarfi, aiki mai tallafin baturi. An ƙirƙira ƙa'idar don Haɗin Gida da aikace-aikacen kasuwanci inda ake son sadarwar tushen IP.

Umarnin Amfani

1. Gabatarwa zuwa Tushen Tushen:
   Zare amintaccen ƙa'idar sadarwar raga mara waya ce wacce aka gina akan ƙa'idodin IEEE da IETF data kasance. Yana ba da damar sadarwar na'ura-zuwa-na'ura a cikin Haɗin Gida da aikace-aikacen kasuwanci.
2. Buɗe Zauren aiwatarwa:
   OpenThread, aiwatar da šaukuwa na ka'idar Thread, yana ba da abin dogaro, amintacce, da ƙarancin wutar lantarki-zuwa na'urar sadarwa don aikace-aikacen gini na gida da kasuwanci. Silicon Labs yana ba da ƙa'idar tushen tushen OpenThread wanda aka keɓance don aiki tare da kayan aikin su, ana samun su akan GitHub kuma azaman ɓangare na Sauƙi Studio 5 SDK.
3. Membobin Rukunin Zaure:
   Haɗuwa da Rukunin Zaren yana ba da dama ga takaddun samfur kuma yana haɓaka amfani da na'urori masu kunna zaren. Ana sanar da nau'ikan Magajin Ƙimar Taimako tare da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida a cikin 2022.

FAQ:

• Tambaya: Ta yaya zan iya zazzage sabuwar ƙayyadaddun zare?
  A: Za a iya saukar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun zaren ta hanyar ƙaddamar da buƙatu akan rukunin Zauren websaiti a https://www.threadgroup.org/ThreadSpec.
• Tambaya: Menene babban advantagKuna amfani da Zaren a cikin na'urorin IoT?
  A: Zaren yana ba da amintacciyar ƙa'idar sadarwar raga mara waya wacce ke goyan bayan aiki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi da sadarwar na'ura zuwa na'ura, haɓaka ƙimar karɓa da karɓar mai amfani ga na'urorin IoT.

UG103.11: Tushen Tushen

• Wannan daftarin aiki ya ƙunshi taƙaitaccen bayani game da bayyanar
• Zaren, yana ba da fasaha a kanview, kuma ya bayyana wasu mahimman fasalulluka na Zaren da za a yi la'akari da su yayin aiwatar da maganin Zaren.
• Silicon Labs 'Jerin Mahimmanci ya ƙunshi batutuwa waɗanda manajojin aikin, masu sanya hannu, da masu haɓakawa yakamata su fahimta kafin fara aiki akan hanyar hanyar sadarwar da aka haɗa ta amfani da.
• Silicon Labs chips, cibiyoyin sadarwar kamar EmberZNet PRO ko Silicon Labs Bluetooth®, da kayan aikin haɓaka haɓaka. Ana iya amfani da takaddun azaman wurin farawa ga duk wanda ke buƙatar gabatarwa don haɓaka aikace-aikacen sadarwar mara waya, ko wanda yake sabo ga yanayin ci gaban Silicon Labs.

GASKIYA BAYANAI

• Gabatar da Zaren kuma yana ba da fasaha a kanview.
• Yana bayyana wasu mahimman abubuwan Zaren, gami da tarin IP ɗin sa, topology na cibiyar sadarwa, sarrafa hanya da haɗin yanar gizo, shiga hanyar sadarwa, gudanarwa, bayanai masu dagewa, tsaro, na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, ƙaddamar da na'urar, da Layer aikace-aikace.
• Ya ƙunshi sabuntawa don Ƙayyadaddun Zaren 1.3.0.
• Ya haɗa da matakai na gaba don aiki tare da sadaukarwar Silicon Labs OpenThread.

Gabatarwa

1. Silicon Labs da Intanet na Abubuwa
   • An fayyace sigar Internet Protocol 4 (IPv4) a cikin 1981 a cikin RFC 791, Ƙayyadaddun Ka'idar Tsarin Intanet na DARPA. ("RFC" tana nufin "Neman Sharhi" Duk da haka, yayin da adadin masu amfani da na'urori ke karuwa sosai, ya bayyana a fili cewa adadin adiresoshin IPv32 zai ƙare kuma akwai buƙatar sabon sigar IP. Don haka ci gaban IPv4 a cikin 4s da niyyarsa ta maye gurbin IPv232. Tare da adireshin 4.3-bit (4-byte), IPv6 yana ba da damar adiresoshin 1990, fiye da adiresoshin 4 × 128 fiye da IPv16 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6).
   • Kalubale ga kamfanoni a cikin masana'antar da aka haɗa kamar Silicon Labs shine magance wannan ƙaura ta fasaha da kuma mafi mahimmancin buƙatun abokan ciniki yayin da muke matsawa zuwa duniyar na'urori da ke da alaƙa a cikin gida da wuraren kasuwanci, abin da galibi ake magana da shi azaman ja. Intanet na Abubuwa (IoT). A babban matakin burin IoT na Silicon Labs shine:
   • Haɗa duk na'urori a cikin gida da sararin kasuwanci tare da mafi kyawun hanyar sadarwa, ko tare da Zigbee PRO, Thread, Blue-hakori, ko wasu ƙa'idodi masu tasowa.
   • Yi amfani da ƙwarewar kamfani a cikin na'urori masu amfani da makamashi.
   • Haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi, guntuwar sigina mai gauraya.
   • Samar da haɗin kai mai rahusa zuwa na'urorin Ethernet da na'urorin Wi-Fi na yanzu.
   • Kunna ayyukan girgije da haɗin kai zuwa wayoyi da allunan waɗanda zasu haɓaka sauƙin amfani da ƙwarewar mai amfani gama gari ga abokan ciniki.
     Cimma duk waɗannan burin zai ƙara ƙimar karɓa da karɓar mai amfani ga na'urorin IoT.
2. Rukunin Zare
   • Rukunin Zare (https://www.threadgroup.org/) an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2014. Silicon Labs wani kamfani ne da ya kafa tare da wasu kamfanoni shida. Thread Group ƙungiya ce ta ilimi ta kasuwa wacce ke ba da takaddun samfur kuma tana haɓaka amfani da na'ura mai ba da izini na na'ura (D2D) da samfuran injin-zuwa na'ura (M2M). Kasancewa cikin Rukunin Zaure a buɗe yake.
   • Za'a iya saukar da ƙayyadaddun zaren 1.1 bayan ƙaddamar da buƙata anan: https://www.threadgroup.org/ThreadSpec. An kuma sanar da sigogin magajin Ƙididdigar Zaren, 1.2 da 1.3.0, tare da shirye-shiryen takaddun shaida a cikin 2022. Sabuwar ƙayyadaddun 1.4-draft Thread yana samuwa ne kawai ga membobin Thread.
3. Menene Zaren?
   Zare amintacce ne, ka'idar sadarwar raga mara waya. Tarin Zaren wani ma'auni ne mai buɗewa wanda aka gina akan tarin Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Wutar Lantarki da Lantarki (IEEE) da ƙa'idodin Injin Injiniya na Intanet (IETF), maimakon sabon ma'auni (duba wannan adadi).
4. Babban Halayen Zaren
   • Tarin zaren yana goyan bayan adiresoshin IPv6 kuma yana ba da haɗin kai mai rahusa zuwa wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa na IP kuma an inganta shi don ƙaramin ƙarfi / aiki mai goyan bayan bat-tery, da sadarwar na'ura zuwa na'ura mara waya. An ƙera tarin zaren musamman don Gidan Haɗe da aikace-aikacen kasuwanci inda ake son sadarwar tushen IP kuma ana iya amfani da yadudduka na aikace-aikace iri-iri akan tari.
   • Waɗannan su ne ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya na tarin Zaren:
   • Sauƙaƙan shigarwar hanyar sadarwa, farawa, da aiki: Tarin zaren yana goyan bayan manyan hanyoyin sadarwa da yawa. Shigarwa abu ne mai sauƙi ta amfani da wayar hannu, kwamfutar hannu, ko kwamfuta. Ana amfani da lambobin shigarwa na samfur don tabbatar da na'urori masu izini kawai za su iya shiga cibiyar sadarwa. Sauƙaƙan ƙa'idodi don ƙirƙira da haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa suna ba da damar tsarin su daidaita kansu da kuma gyara matsalolin tuƙi yayin da suke faruwa.
   • Amintacce: Na'urori ba sa shiga hanyar sadarwar sai dai idan an ba su izini kuma duk sadarwa an rufaffen sirri da tsaro. Ana ba da tsaro a Layer cibiyar sadarwa kuma yana iya kasancewa a Layer ɗin aikace-aikacen. An rufaffen duk hanyoyin sadarwa na zaren ta amfani da tsarin tantancewa na zamanin wayo da kuma Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Tsaron da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar zaren ya fi sauran ƙa'idodin mara waya da Ƙungiyar Zaure ta kimanta.
   • Kanana da manyan cibiyoyin sadarwar gida: Cibiyoyin gida sun bambanta daga da yawa zuwa ɗaruruwan na'urori. An tsara Layer sadarwar don inganta aikin cibiyar sadarwa bisa ga amfanin da ake sa ran.
   • Manyan hanyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci: Don manyan shigarwar kasuwanci, cibiyar sadarwa guda ɗaya ba ta isa ta rufe duk aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen, tsarin da buƙatun hanyar sadarwa ba. Samfurin Domain Thread yana ba da damar haɓakawa har zuwa 10,000s na na'urorin Zaren a cikin jigilar guda ɗaya, ta amfani da haɗin fasahar haɗin kai daban-daban (Thread, Ethernet, Wi-fi, da sauransu).
   • Gano sabis na jagora biyu da haɗin kai: Multicast da watsa shirye-shirye ba su da inganci akan cibiyoyin sadarwar raga mara waya. Don sadarwar kashe-kashe, Zaren yana ba da rajistar sabis inda na'urori za su iya yin rajistar kasancewarsu da ayyukansu, kuma abokan ciniki za su iya amfani da tambayoyin unicast don gano ayyukan da aka yi rajista.
   • Range: Na'urori na yau da kullun suna ba da isassun kewayo don rufe gida na yau da kullun. Samfuran ƙira masu ƙarfi tare da ƙarfi ampliifiers suna fadada kewayon sosai. Ana amfani da bakan da aka rarraba a cikin Physical Layer (PHY) don zama mafi kariya ga tsangwama. Don shigarwa na kasuwanci na kasuwanci, ƙirar Domain Thread yana ba da damar cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa don sadarwa tare da juna akan kashin baya, don haka ƙara kewayo don rufe yawancin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa.
   • Babu maki guda na gazawa: Tarin zaren an ƙera shi don samar da amintattun ayyuka masu dogaro koda tare da gazawa ko asarar na'urori guda ɗaya. Hakanan na'urorin zaren na iya haɗa hanyoyin haɗin tushen IPv6 kamar Wi-Fi da Ethernet a cikin topology don rage yuwuwar ɓangarori masu yawa. Ta wannan hanyar, za su iya amfani da mafi girman kayan aiki, ƙarfin tashoshi, da ɗaukar hoto na waɗannan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar, yayin da suke tallafawa na'urori marasa ƙarfi.
   • Ƙarfin ƙarfi: Na'urori suna sadarwa da kyau don sadar da ingantaccen ƙwarewar mai amfani tare da shekarun da ake tsammanin rayuwa ƙarƙashin yanayin baturi na yau da kullun. Na'urori na iya yawanci aiki na shekaru da yawa akan nau'in batura na AA ta amfani da zagayowar ayyuka masu dacewa.
   • Mai tsada: Chipsets masu jituwa da tarin software daga dillalai da yawa ana farashi don jigilar jama'a kuma an tsara su daga ƙasa har zuwa samun ƙarancin ƙarfi.
5.  BuɗeThread
   • OpenThread da Google ya fitar shine aiwatar da tushen tushen tushen Thread®. Google ya fitar da OpenThread don samar da fasahar haɗin gwiwar da ake amfani da ita a cikin samfuran Google Nest mafi fa'ida ga masu haɓakawa, don haɓaka haɓaka samfuran samfuran gida da gine-ginen kasuwanci.
   • Tare da ƙunƙuntaccen Layer abstraction na dandamali da ƙaramin sawun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, OpenThread yana ɗaukar nauyi sosai. Yana goyan bayan duka tsarin-on-guntu (SoC) da kuma mai sarrafa rediyo (RCP).
   • OpenThread yana bayyana ƙa'idar sadarwa ta na'ura-zuwa-na'ura mara ƙarfi ta tushen IPv6 abin dogaro, amintacce, da ƙarancin ƙarfi don aikace-aikacen gini na gida da kasuwanci. Yana aiwatar da duk fasalulluka da aka ayyana a cikin Takaddun Takaddun Taɗi 1.1.1, Takaddun Takaddun Zare 1.2, Takaddun Takaddun Zare 1.3.0, da daftarin Ƙimar Zaren 1.4 (kamar yadda aka fitar da wannan takaddar).
   • Silicon Labs ya aiwatar da ƙa'idar tushen OpenThread wanda aka keɓance don aiki tare da kayan aikin Silicon Labs. Ana samun wannan ƙa'idar akan GitHub kuma a matsayin kayan haɓaka software (SDK) wanda aka sanya tare da Sauƙaƙawar Studio 5. SDK cikakken gwajin hoto ne na tushen Gi-tHub. Yana goyan bayan babban kewayon kayan masarufi fiye da sigar GitHub, kuma ya haɗa da takardu da exampba a samun aikace-aikacen akan GitHub.

Zare Fasaha Ya Kareview

1. IEEE 802.15.4
   • Ƙayyadaddun IEEE 802.15.4-2006 ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun sadarwa ne na sadarwa mara waya wanda ke bayyana ma'aunin Matsakaicin Samun Matsakaicin Mara waya (MAC) da Physical (PHY) da ke aiki a 250 kbps a cikin rukunin 2.4 GHz, tare da taswirar hanya zuwa ƙungiyoyin subGHz (IEEE 802.15.4. 2006-802.15.4 Musamman). An tsara shi tare da ƙananan iko a hankali, XNUMX ya dace da aikace-aikace yawanci ya ƙunshi babban adadin nodes.
   • Ana amfani da Layer MAC 802.15.4 don sarrafa saƙo na asali da kuma sarrafa cunkoso. Wannan Layer MAC ya haɗa da tsarin Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) don na'urori don sauraren tashoshi bayyananne, da madaidaicin hanyar haɗin gwiwa don sarrafa sakewa da kuma amincewa da saƙon don ingantaccen sadarwa tsakanin na'urorin da ke kusa. Ana amfani da boye-boye na MAC Layer akan saƙon da ya dogara da maɓallan kafa-ed da kuma daidaita su ta manyan yadudduka na tarin software. Layer na cibiyar sadarwa yana ginawa akan waɗannan hanyoyin da ke ƙasa don samar da hanyoyin sadarwa na ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshen abin dogaro a cikin hanyar sadarwar.
   • An fara da Ƙayyadaddun Zare 1.2, haɓakawa da yawa daga ƙayyadaddun IEEE 802.15.4-2015 an aiwatar da su don sa cibiyoyin sadarwa masu ƙarfi, masu amsawa da daidaitawa:
   • Ingantattun Tsarin Tsara: Yana haɓaka rayuwar baturi da amsa na'urar ƙarshen barci (SED), ta rage adadin saƙonnin da SED ke iya aikawa ta iska. Duk wani fakitin bayanai da ya zo daga SED (ba buƙatun bayanai kawai) za a iya yarda da kasancewar bayanan da ke kan gaba.
   • Ingantattun Keepalive: Yana rage adadin zirga-zirga da ake buƙata don kiyaye hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin SED da iyaye ta hanyar ɗaukar kowane saƙon bayanai azaman watsa cibiyar sadarwa mai rai.
   • Haɗin kai SampJagoran Sauraro (CSL): Wannan fasalin ƙayyadaddun IEEE 802.15.4-2015 yana ba da damar ingantaccen aiki tare tsakanin SED da iyaye ta hanyar tsara lokutan watsawa/karɓar aiki tare ba tare da buƙatun bayanan lokaci-lokaci ba. Wannan yana ba da damar na'urori marasa ƙarfi waɗanda ke da ƙarancin jinkirin hanyar haɗin gwiwa da hanyar sadarwa tare da ƙarancin damar karon saƙo.
   • Haɓaka Binciken ACK: Wannan fasalin ƙayyadaddun IEEE 802.15.4-2015 yana ba da damar ikon mai ƙididdigewa akan tambayoyin ma'auni yayin adana makamashi ta hanyar sake amfani da tsarin zirga-zirgar bayanai na yau da kullun maimakon raba saƙonnin bincike.
2. Zauren Gine-gine na Cibiyar sadarwa
   1. Gidan Gine-gine
      Masu amfani suna sadarwa tare da cibiyar sadarwar Zaren zama daga na'urarsu (wayar hannu, kwamfutar hannu, ko kwamfuta) ta hanyar Wi-Fi akan Cibiyar Gidan Gida (HAN) ko ta amfani da aikace-aikacen tushen girgije. Hoto mai zuwa yana kwatanta nau'ikan na'urori masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin gine-ginen cibiyar sadarwa na Thread.

Hoto 2.1. Zauren Gine-gine na Cibiyar sadarwa
Ana haɗa nau'ikan na'urori masu zuwa a cikin hanyar sadarwar zaren, farawa daga cibiyar sadarwar Wi-Fi:

• Masu ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa suna ba da haɗin kai daga cibiyar sadarwa ta 802.15.4 zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwa da ke kusa akan sauran yadudduka na zahiri (Wi-Fi, Ethernet, da sauransu). Masu ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa suna ba da sabis don na'urori a cikin hanyar sadarwar 802.15.4, gami da sabis na tuƙi da gano sabis don ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa. Ana iya samun ɗaya ko fiye da masu amfani da kan iyaka a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Zare.
• Jagora, a cikin ɓangaren cibiyar sadarwa na Thread, yana sarrafa rajista na ID na mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa kuma yana karɓar buƙatun daga na'urorin ƙarshen na'ura (REEDs) don zama masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa. Jagoran ya yanke shawarar wanda ya kamata ya zama masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa, kuma Jagora, kamar duk masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa, na iya samun yara na ƙarshen na'ura. Jagoran kuma yana sanyawa da sarrafa adiresoshin hanyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar amfani da CoAP (Constrained Appli-cation Protocol). Koyaya, duk bayanan da ke ƙunshe a cikin Jagoran suna nan a cikin sauran Magudanar Ruwa. Don haka, idan Jagoran ya gaza ko ya rasa haɗin kai tare da hanyar sadarwa ta Thread, za a zaɓi wani hanyar sadarwa na Thread, kuma ya karɓi matsayin Jagora ba tare da sa hannun mai amfani ba.
• Zaren Routers suna ba da sabis na kewayawa zuwa na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa. Thread Routers kuma suna ba da haɗin kai da sabis na tsaro don na'urorin da ke ƙoƙarin shiga hanyar sadarwar. Ba a tsara hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da su don yin barci ba kuma suna iya rage aikin su kuma su zama REEDs.
• REEDs na iya zama na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ko Jagora, amma ba lallai ba ne mai na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa wanda ke da kaddarori na musamman, kamar musaya masu yawa. Saboda topology na cibiyar sadarwa ko wasu sharuɗɗan, REEDs ba sa aiki azaman masu tuƙi. REEDs ba sa aika saƙonni ko ba da haɗin kai ko sabis na tsaro don wasu na'urori a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Cibiyar sadarwa tana sarrafawa da haɓaka na'urorin da suka cancanci na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa zuwa masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa idan ya cancanta, ba tare da hulɗar mai amfani ba.
• Ƙarshen na'urorin da ba su cancanci na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ba na iya zama ko dai FEDs (cikakken na'urori masu ƙarewa) ko MEDs (ƙananan na'urorin ƙarshe). MEDs ba sa buƙatar yin aiki tare da iyayensu a sarari don sadarwa.
• Na'urorin ƙarshen barci (SEDs) suna sadarwa kawai ta hanyar iyayensu na Thread Router kuma ba za su iya isar da saƙonni ga wasu na'urori ba.
• Na'urorin Ƙarshen Barci na Daidaitawa (SSEDs) aji ne na Na'urorin Ƙarshen Barci waɗanda ke amfani da CSL daga IEEE 802.15.4-2015 zuwa babban tsarin aiki tare da iyaye, guje wa amfani da buƙatun bayanai na yau da kullun.

Gine-ginen Kasuwanci
Samfurin Kasuwancin Zaren yana ɗaukar nau'ikan na'urori masu mahimmanci don hanyar sadarwar zama kuma yana ƙara sabbin dabaru. Masu amfani suna sadarwa tare da cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci ta na'urori (wayar hannu, kwamfutar hannu, ko kwamfuta) ta hanyar Wi-Fi ko ta hanyar sadarwar kasuwancin su. Fig-ure mai zuwa yana kwatanta yanayin cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci.

Hoto 2.2. Kasuwancin Sadarwar Sadarwar Topology

Ma'anar su ne:

• Samfurin Domain Thread yana goyan bayan haɗin kai na hanyoyin sadarwa masu yawa da kuma madaidaicin dubawa zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwar IPv6 mara igiyar ruwa. Babban fa'idar Domain Zauren shine cewa na'urori suna da ɗan sassauƙa don haɗawa da duk wani aiki na cibiyar sadarwa wanda aka saita tare da yanki na Zaure na gama gari, wanda ke rage buƙatar tsarin hanyar sadarwa na hannu ko sake daidaitawa ta hanyar hannu mai tsada lokacin da girman cibiyar sadarwa ko ƙarar bayanai aka ƙima. sama.
• Kashi na Border Routers (BBRs) nau'in na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ne na Border Border a cikin sararin kasuwanci wanda ke sauƙaƙe aiki tare da Zauren yanki na ɓangarorin cibiyar sadarwa da yawa kuma yana ba da damar yaɗa manyan sifofin watsa shirye-shirye zuwa cikin kowane raga guda a cikin Babban Do-main. Cibiyar sadarwar zaren da ke wani yanki na babban yanki dole ne ta sami aƙalla "Primary" BBR guda ɗaya kuma yana iya samun "BBRs" na biyu da yawa don rashin aminci. BBRs suna sadarwa da juna akan kashin baya wanda ke haɗa dukkan hanyoyin sadarwa na Zaure.
• Haɗin Kashin baya shine hanyar haɗin IPv6 mara igiyar waya wacce BBR ke haɗawa ta amfani da keɓancewar waje da ake amfani da ita don aiwatar da ka'idar Link Protocol Thread Backbone (TBLP) don aiki tare da sauran BBRs.
• An saita na'urorin zaren a cikin aiwatar da kasuwanci ta amfani da Domains Thread da Adireshin Musamman na Domain (DUAs). DUA na na'urar ba ta taɓa canzawa tsawon rayuwarta na kasancewa wani yanki na yanki. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe ƙaura zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar Zaure daban-daban a cikin yanki ɗaya kuma yana tabbatar da cewa BBRs daban-daban suna sauƙaƙe hanyar zirga-zirga a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa.

An kwatanta waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin adadi mai zuwa:

Hoto 2.3. Model Domain Thread
Babu Mahimman Kasawa Guda Daya

• An ƙera tarin Zaren don ba shi da maƙasudin gazawa ɗaya. Yayin da akwai na'urori masu yawa a cikin tsarin da ke yin ayyuka na musamman, An tsara Zaren don maye gurbin su ba tare da tasiri na ci gaba da ci gaba na hanyar sadarwa ko na'urori ba. Domin misaliample, na'urar ƙarshen barci tana buƙatar iyaye don sadarwa, don haka wannan iyaye yana wakiltar maƙasudi ɗaya na gazawar sadarwarsa. Koyaya, na'urar ƙarshen bacci zata iya kuma zata zaɓi wani iyaye idan babu iyayenta. Bai kamata wannan canji ya zama ganuwa ga mai amfani ba.
  Yayin da aka ƙera tsarin ba tare da gazawa ɗaya ba, a ƙarƙashin wasu topologies za a sami na'urori guda ɗaya waɗanda ba su da ƙarfin ajiya. Domin misaliample, a cikin tsarin da ke da iyaka guda
• Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, idan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta Border ta rasa wuta, babu wata hanyar da za a iya canjawa zuwa madadin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. A cikin wannan yanayin, dole ne a sake fasalin hanyar sadarwa ta Border.
• Farawa da Ƙayyadaddun Zare 1.3.0, Rarraba hanyoyin sadarwa na kan iyaka na iya sauƙaƙe rashin gazawa ɗaya ta kowane matsakaici (kamar Wi-Fi ko Ethernet) ta amfani da Zaren.
• Radiyo Encapsulation Link (TREL). Tare da wannan fasalin, yuwuwar ɓangarorin Zaren da ke ƙulla alaƙa yana raguwa.

Tushen IP Stack

1. Yin jawabi
   • Na'urori a cikin tari na Zaren suna tallafawa tsarin gine-ginen IPv6 kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin RFC 4291 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4291: IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture). Na'urori suna goyan bayan Musamman
   • Adireshin Gida (ULA), Adireshin Musamman na Domain (DUA) a cikin tsarin yanki na Zaure, da ɗaya ko fiye Adireshin Unicast na Duniya (GUA) dangane da albarkatun da suke da su.
   • Babban oda na adireshi IPv6 suna ƙayyadad da hanyar sadarwar kuma sauran suna ƙayyade takamaiman adireshi a waccan hanyar sadarwar. Don haka, duk rigunan adireshi a cikin hanyar sadarwa guda ɗaya suna da nau'ikan N guda na farko. Wadanda na farko
   • N ragowa ana kiran su "prefix". "/64" yana nuna cewa wannan adireshi ne mai prefix 64-bit. Na'urar da ke farawa cibiyar sadarwa tana ɗaukar prefix / 64 wanda ake amfani da shi a duk hanyar sadarwar. Prefix shine ULA (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4193Adireshin IPv6 Unicast na Musamman). Hakanan hanyar sadarwar na iya samun ɗaya ko sama da (s) Border Router (s) wanda kowanne zai iya ko ba shi da /64 wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don samar da ULA ko GUA. Na'urar da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar tana amfani da adireshinta na EUI-64 (64-bit Extended Unique Identifier) ​​don samo mai gano hanyar sadarwa kamar yadda aka ayyana a Sashe na 6 na RFC 4944 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4944: Isar da fakitin IPv6 akan IEEE 802.15.4 Networks ). Na'urar za ta goyi bayan adireshin IPv6 na gida wanda aka saita daga EUI-64 na kumburi azaman mai gano ma'amala tare da sanannen mahaɗin prefix na gida FE80 :: 0/64 kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin RFC 4862 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4862: IPv6 Adireshin Jihohi Autoconfiguration) da RFC 4944.
   • Na'urorin kuma suna goyan bayan adiresoshin multicast masu dacewa. Wannan ya haɗa da mahaɗi-na gida duk kulliyoyin multicast, mahaɗa na gida duk multicast na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, multicast mai ƙididdigewa, da multicast na gida na raga. Tare da kasancewar na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na kashin baya a cikin ƙirar yanki, na'urori kuma za su iya tallafawa manyan adiresoshin multicast idan sun yi rajista don su.
   • Kowace na'urar da ke shiga hanyar sadarwar an sanya ta gajeriyar adireshin 2-byte kamar yadda IEEE 802.15.4-2006 keɓancewa. Ga masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa, an sanya wannan adireshi ta amfani da manyan ragi a cikin filin adireshi.
   • Sannan ana sanya wa yara gajeriyar adireshi ta hanyar amfani da manyan bits na iyayensu da ƙananan ragi da suka dace don adireshinsu. Wannan yana ba duk wata na'ura da ke cikin hanyar sadarwar damar fahimtar wurin da yaron yake tafiya ta hanyar amfani da babban yanki na filin adireshinsa.
2. 6LoWPAN
   • 6LoWPAN yana nufin "IPv6 Over Low Power Wireless Networks." Babban burin 6LoWPAN shine watsawa da karɓar fakitin IPv6 akan hanyoyin haɗin 802.15.4. A yin haka dole ne ya daidaita don 802.15.4 matsakaicin girman firam da aka aika sama da iska. A cikin hanyoyin haɗin Ethernet, ana iya aika fakiti mai girman IPV6 Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) (1280 bytes) cikin sauƙi azaman firam ɗaya akan hanyar haɗin. A cikin yanayin 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN yana aiki azaman Layer daidaitawa tsakanin layin sadarwar IPv6 da layin haɗin haɗin 802.15.4. Yana magance matsalar watsa IPv6
   • MTU ta hanyar rarraba fakitin IPv6 a mai aikawa da sake haɗa shi a mai karɓa.
     6LoWPAN kuma yana ba da tsarin matsawa wanda ke rage girman kai na IPv6 da aka aika sama da iska kuma ta haka yana rage watsawa sama. Ƙananan raƙuman da aka aika sama da iska, ƙarancin kuzari da na'urar ke cinyewa. Zaren yana yin cikakken amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin don watsa fakiti mai inganci akan hanyar sadarwar 802.15.4. RFC 4944https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4944da RFC 6282 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6282) bayyana dalla-dalla hanyoyin da ake cika rarrabuwar kawuna da matsi da kai.
3. Link Layer Forwarding
   Wani muhimmin fasalin Layer 6LoWPAN shine ƙaddamar da fakitin Layer Layer. Wannan yana ba da ingantacciyar ingantacciyar injiniya mai ƙaranci don tura fakitin hop da yawa a cikin hanyar sadarwar raga. Zaren yana amfani da hanyar layin IP tare da isar da fakitin Layer link.
   Zaren yana amfani da ƙaddamar da layin hanyar haɗin gwiwa don tura fakiti bisa ga tebur ɗin IP. Don cim ma wannan, ana amfani da taken raga na 6LoWPAN a cikin kowane fakiti-hop mai yawa (duba adadi mai zuwa).
   • Hoto 3.1. Rukunin Header Format
   • A cikin Zaren, Layer na 6LoWPAN ya cika bayanin Mesh Header tare da mafarin gajeriyar adireshin 16-bit da adireshin tushe na 16-bit na ƙarshe. Mai watsawa yana duba gajeriyar adireshin hop 16-bit na gaba a cikin Teburin Rubutu, sannan ya aika firam ɗin 6LoWPAN zuwa gajeriyar adireshin hop 16-bit na gaba a matsayin makoma. Na'urar hop na gaba tana karɓar fakitin, tana duban hop na gaba a cikin
   • Teburin kewayawa / Teburin Maƙwabta, yana rage ƙidayar hop a cikin 6LoWPAN Mesh Header, sannan aika fakitin zuwa hop na gaba ko makoma ta ƙarshe 16-bit gajeriyar adireshi azaman makoma.
   • 6 LoWPAN Encapsulation
     An gina fakitin LoWPAN akan ƙa'ida ɗaya da fakitin IPv6 kuma suna ƙunshe da fakitin kan layi don kowane ƙarin ayyuka. Kowane 6LoWPAN na kan yana gaba da ƙimar aikawa da ke gano nau'in rubutun (duba adadi mai zuwa).
4. 6 LoWPAN Encapsulation
   An gina fakitin LoWPAN akan ƙa'ida ɗaya da fakitin IPv6 kuma suna ƙunshe da fakitin kan layi don kowane ƙarin ayyuka. Kowane 6LoWPAN na kan yana gaba da ƙimar aikawa da ke gano nau'in rubutun (duba adadi mai zuwa).
   Hoto 3.2. Gabaɗaya Tsarin Fakitin LoWPAN
   Zaren yana amfani da nau'ikan masu kai na 6LoWPAN masu zuwa:
   • Mesh Header (an yi amfani da shi don isar da layin haɗin gwiwa)
   • Shugaban Rushewa (an yi amfani da shi don rarrabuwar fakitin IPv6 zuwa fakitin LoWPAN da yawa)
   • Babban Matsi na Header (Ana amfani da shi don matsawa masu kai IPv6)
   • Ƙididdigar 6LoWPAN ta ba da umarni cewa idan akwai kan sama sama da ɗaya, dole ne su bayyana cikin tsari da aka ambata a sama. Wadannan su ne examples na fakiti 6LoWPAN da aka aika ta iska.
   • A cikin adadi mai zuwa, nauyin 6LoWPAN yana kunshe da matsewar taken IPv6 da sauran kayan biya na IPv6.
   • Hoto 3.3. Fakitin LoWPAN Mai Kunshi IPV6 Payload tare da Matsarin IPV6 Header
   • A cikin adadi mai zuwa, nauyin 6LoWPAN yana ƙunshe da taken IPv6 da wani ɓangare na nauyin kaya na IPv6.
   • Hoto 3.4. Fakitin 6LoWPAN Mai Kunshi Mesh Header, Babban Rubuce-Rubuce, da Kan Matsawa Sauran kayan aikin za a watsa su cikin fakiti masu zuwa ta kowane tsari a cikin adadi mai zuwa.
   • Hoto 3.5. 6LoWPAN na gaba
5. Farashin ICMP
   Na'urorin zare suna goyan bayan ka'idar ka'idar saƙon Ikon Intanet 6 (ICMPv6) yarjejeniya kamar yadda aka ayyana a RFC 4443, La'akarin Saƙon Saƙon Intanet (ICMPv6) don Ƙididdigar Intanet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). Suna kuma goyan bayan buƙatun echo da saƙon amsa amsawa.
6. UDP
   Tarin zaren yana goyan bayan User Datagram Protocol (UDP) kamar yadda aka ayyana a RFC 768, User Datagram Protocol.
7. TCP
   Tarin zaren yana goyan bayan bambance-bambancen Tsarin Kula da Sufuri (TCP) mai suna "TCPlp" (TCP Low Power) (Duba usenix-NSDI20). Na'urar da ta dace da zaren tana aiwatar da ƙaddamarwar TCP da matsayin mai sauraro kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin:
   • RFC 793, Tsarin Gudanar da Watsawa
   • RFC 1122, Abubuwan Bukatu don Masu Rundunan Intanet
   • Ƙayyadaddun Zaren 1.3.0 da mafi girma: Abubuwan aiwatar da TCP na yau da kullun ba a saurara don yin aiki da kyau akan cibiyoyin sadarwar raga mara waya kuma tare da iyakataccen girman firam 802.15.4. Saboda haka, ƙayyadaddun yana bayyana waɗannan abubuwan da ma'aunin ma'auni da ake buƙata don ingantaccen aiwatar da TCP akan hanyoyin sadarwa na Zaure (duba Ƙayyadaddun Zaren 1.3.0, sashe na 6.2 TCP).
8. SRP
   • Ka'idar rajistar Sabis (SRP) kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Ƙa'idar Rajista Sabis don Ganowar Sabis na tushen Sabis ana amfani da shi akan na'urorin Zaren da ke farawa tare da Ƙayyadaddun Zaren 1.3.0. Dole ne akwai rajistar Sabis, wanda na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ke kula da ita. Abokan ciniki na SRP akan hanyar sadarwar raga suna iya yin rajista don ba da sabis daban-daban. Sabar ta SRP tana karɓar tambayoyin gano tushen DNS kuma yana ba da bayanan sirri na jama'a don tsaro, tare da wasu ƙananan kayan haɓakawa don ingantacciyar tallafi ga abokan ciniki.

Hanyar sadarwa na hanyar sadarwa

1. Adireshin Yanar Gizo da Na'urori
   • Tarin zaren yana goyan bayan cikakken haɗin kai tsakanin duk masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Ainihin topology ya dogara ne akan adadin masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Idan akwai na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa guda ɗaya, to, hanyar sadarwar tana samar da tauraro. Idan akwai na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa fiye da ɗaya to an kafa raga ta atomatik (duba 2.2 Thread Network Architecture).
2. Rukunin hanyoyin sadarwa
   • Cikakkun cibiyoyin sadarwa suna sa tsarin rediyo ya zama abin dogaro ta hanyar ƙyale radiyo don isar da saƙon ga wasu rediyo. Domin misaliampDon haka, idan kumburi ba zai iya aika saƙo kai tsaye zuwa wani kumburi ba, cibiyar sadarwar raga ta haɗa saƙon ta hanyar ɗaya ko fiye da nodes na diary. Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin sashe na 5.3 Rarraba, duk nodes na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin tari na Thread suna kula da hanyoyi da haɗin kai tare da juna don haka ragar yana ci gaba da kiyayewa da haɗin kai. Akwai iyaka na adireshi na 64 na hanyar sadarwa a cikin cibiyar sadarwar Thread, amma ba za a iya amfani da su gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan yana ba da damar lokaci don sake amfani da adiresoshin da aka goge.
   • A cikin hanyar sadarwar raga, na'urorin ƙarshen barci ko na'urorin da suka dace da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ba sa hanya zuwa wasu na'urori. Waɗannan na'urori suna aika saƙonni zuwa iyaye wanda shine na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Wannan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na iyaye tana kula da ayyukan tuƙi don na'urorin yaran sa.

Haɗin kai da hanyar sadarwa

Cibiyar sadarwa na Thread tana da masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa har guda 32 waɗanda ke amfani da hanyar tuƙi na gaba don saƙon da ke kan tebur ɗin tuƙi. Teburin kewayawa ana kiyaye shi ta tarin Thread don tabbatar da cewa duk masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa suna da haɗin kai da kuma hanyoyin zamani don kowane na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Duk masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa suna musayar tare da sauran masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa farashinsu na zirga-zirga zuwa sauran masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa a cikin tsarin da aka matsa ta amfani da Mesh Link Establishment (MLE).

1.  Saƙonnin MLE
   • Ana amfani da saƙon Mesh Link Establishment (MLE) don kafawa da daidaita amintattun hanyoyin haɗin radiyo, gano na'urori makwabta, da kula da farashi tsakanin na'urori a cikin hanyar sadarwa. MLE yana aiki a ƙasan layin da ke kan hanya kuma yana amfani da mahaɗin hop ɗaya na gida unicasts da multicasts tsakanin masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa.
   • Ana amfani da saƙon MLE don ganowa, daidaitawa, da amintattun hanyoyin haɗi zuwa na'urorin maƙwabta kamar yadda yanayin yanayi da yanayin jiki ke canzawa. Hakanan ana amfani da MLE don rarraba ƙimar daidaitawa waɗanda aka raba a cikin hanyar sadarwar kamar tasha da ID na Yanki na Yanki (PAN). Ana iya tura waɗannan saƙonni tare da ambaliya mai sauƙi kamar yadda MPL ta ƙayyade (https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-roll-trickle-mcast-11: Multicast Protocol don Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfi da Cibiyoyin Cibiyoyin Rasa (MPL)).
   • Saƙonnin MLE kuma suna tabbatar da an yi la'akari da ƙimar haɗin kai na asymmetric lokacin da aka kafa farashi tsakanin na'urori biyu. Kuɗin haɗin haɗin asymmetric na gama gari a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa 802.15.4. Don tabbatar da amincin saƙon ta hanyoyi biyu, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da farashin haɗin kai biyu.
2. Gano Hanyar Hanya da Gyara
   • Ana yawan amfani da gano hanyar da ake buƙata a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa mara ƙarfi 802.15.4. Koyaya, gano hanyar da ake buƙata tana da tsada dangane da kan hanyar sadarwa da bandwidth saboda na'urori suna watsa buƙatun gano hanyoyin ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa. A cikin tarin Zaren, duk masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa suna musayar fakitin MLE-hop guda ɗaya mai ɗauke da bayanin farashi zuwa duk sauran masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa. Duk masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa suna da bayanan farashi na zamani zuwa kowane mai amfani da hanyar sadarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa don haka ba a buƙatar gano hanyar da ake buƙata ba. Idan hanya ba ta da amfani, masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa za su iya zaɓar hanya ta gaba mafi dacewa zuwa wurin da aka nufa.
   • Ana yin tuƙi zuwa na'urorin yara ta hanyar duba manyan ragi na adireshin yaron don tantance adireshin mahaifa na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Da zarar na'urar ta san hanyar sadarwa ta iyaye, ta san bayanin farashin hanyar da bayanin hop na gaba na waccan na'urar.
   • Kamar yadda farashin hanya ko tsarin hanyar sadarwa ke canzawa, canje-canjen suna yaduwa ta hanyar hanyar sadarwar ta amfani da saƙonnin hop-hop na MLE. Farashin jigilar kaya ya dogara ne akan ingancin haɗin kai biyu tsakanin na'urori biyu. Ingantacciyar hanyar haɗin kai a kowace hanya ta dogara ne akan gefen haɗin yanar gizo akan saƙonni masu shigowa daga waccan na'urar maƙwabta. Wannan Alamar Ƙarfin Siginar da aka karɓa (RSSI) mai shigowa an tsara ta zuwa ingantacciyar hanyar haɗin gwiwa daga 0 zuwa 3. Ƙimar 0 tana nufin farashi da ba a san shi ba.
   • Lokacin da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya karɓi sabon saƙon MLE daga maƙwabci, ko dai ya riga ya sami shigarwar tebur maƙwabci don na'urar ko ɗaya an ƙara shi. Saƙon MLE ya ƙunshi farashi mai shigowa daga maƙwabci, don haka ana sabunta wannan a cikin tebur maƙwabta na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Saƙon MLE kuma ya ƙunshi sabunta bayanan da aka sabunta don sauran masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa waɗanda aka sabunta su a cikin tebur ɗin.
   • Adadin masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa yana iyakance ga adadin tuƙi da bayanin farashi waɗanda za a iya ƙunshe a cikin fakiti guda 802.15.4. Wannan iyaka a halin yanzu 32 na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
3. Hanyar hanya
   • Na'urori suna amfani da hanyar sadarwar IP ta al'ada don tura fakiti. Teburin tuƙi yana cike da adiresoshin cibiyar sadarwa da kuma hop mai dacewa na gaba.
   • Ana amfani da hanyar sadarwa ta nisa don samun hanyoyin zuwa adiresoshin da ke kan hanyar sadarwar gida. Lokacin zagayawa akan hanyar sadarwa ta gida, manyan rago shida na wannan adireshin 16-bit suna bayyana maƙasudin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa.
   • Wannan iyaye mai tuƙi yana da alhakin turawa zuwa makoma ta ƙarshe dangane da ragowar adireshin 16-bit.
   • Don kashe hanyar sadarwar hanyar sadarwa, Mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa Border yana sanar da Jagoran na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na takamaiman prefixes da yake aiki da kuma rarraba wannan bayanin azaman bayanan cibiyar sadarwa a cikin fakitin MLE. Bayanan hanyar sadarwa sun haɗa da bayanan prefix, wanda shine prefix ɗin kansa, mahallin 6LoWPAN, Rukunin Border, da Adireshin Jihohi Autoconfiguration (SLAC) ko uwar garken DHCPv6 don wannan prefix. Idan na'ura za ta saita adireshi ta amfani da wannan prefix, tana tuntuɓar uwar garken SLAAC ko DHCP mai dacewa don wannan adireshin. Bayanan hanyar sadarwar kuma sun haɗa da jerin sabar masu ba da izini waɗanda ke adiresoshin 16-bit na tsoffin hanyoyin sadarwa na Iyakoki.
   • Bugu da ƙari, a cikin sararin kasuwanci tare da ƙirar Domain Thread, Mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na Ƙashin Ƙashin baya yana sanar da jagoran na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na Domain Unique Prefix da yake aiki, don nuna cewa wannan ragar wani yanki ne na babban yankin Zaure. Bayanan cibiyar sadarwar don wannan sun haɗa da bayanan prefix, mahallin 6LoWPAN, da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ALOC. Babu tutocin SLAAC ko DHCPv6 da aka saita don wannan saitin prefix, duk da haka aikin adireshi yana bin tsarin mara ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kuma sabis da TLVs uwar garken da ke nuna ƙarfin sabis na "ƙashin baya" na wannan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Kwafin iya gano adireshi akan kashin baya yana samuwa ga kowace na'ura da ta yi rajistar Adireshin Musamman na Domain (DUA) tare da BBR. DUA na na'urar ba ta taɓa canzawa tsawon rayuwarta na kasancewa wani yanki na yanki.
   • Wannan yana sauƙaƙe ƙaura ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban a cikin yanki ɗaya kuma yana tabbatar da cewa BBRs daban-daban suna sauƙaƙe hanyar zirga-zirga a cikin cibiyoyin sadarwa masu yawa. A kan kashin baya, ana amfani da daidaitattun fasahar zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na IPv6 irin su IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (NS/NA kamar yadda RFC 4861) da Multicast Listener Discovery (MLDv2 kamar yadda RFC 3810) ke amfani da su.
   • An naɗa Jagora don kiyaye na'urorin da suka dace da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa sun zama masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ko kyale masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa su rage darajarsu zuwa na'urorin da suka cancanta. Wannan Jagoran kuma yana keɓancewa da sarrafa adiresoshin hanyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar amfani da CoAP. Koyaya, duk bayanan da ke cikin wannan Jagoran ana kuma tallata su lokaci-lokaci ga sauran hanyoyin sadarwa. Idan Jagoran ya fita daga hanyar sadarwar, za a zaɓi wani na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma ya karɓi matsayin Jagora ba tare da sa hannun mai amfani ba.
   • Masu ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa suna da alhakin sarrafa 6LoWPAN matsawa ko faɗaɗa da yin magana zuwa kashe na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa. Manufofin Iyakar Kashin baya suna da alhakin sarrafa MPL tare da rufewar IP-in-IP da kuma yankewa don manyan sifofin watsa labarai masu girma da ke shiga da fita daga cikin raga.
   • Don ƙarin bayani game da masu amfani da iyaka, duba AN1256: Amfani da Silicon Labs RCP tare da Buɗewar Border Border Router.
4. Sake gwadawa da godiya
   • Yayin da ake amfani da saƙon UDP a cikin tarin Zauren, ana buƙatar isar da saƙon ingantaccen abin da ake buƙata kuma an kammala shi ta waɗannan matakan nauyi:
   • Maimaita matakin MAC-kowace na'ura tana amfani da amincewar MAC daga hop na gaba kuma za ta sake gwada saƙo a layin MAC idan ba a karɓi saƙon MAC ACK ba.
   • Sake gwadawa-Layin aikace-aikace- Layer ɗin aikace-aikacen zai iya tantance idan amincin saƙon ma'auni ne mai mahimmanci. Idan haka ne, ana iya amfani da amincewar ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe da kuma sake gwada yarjejeniya, kamar sake gwadawar CoAP.

Shiga da Ayyukan Sadarwa

Zaren yana ba da damar hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa guda biyu:

• Raba bayanan ƙaddamarwa kai tsaye zuwa na'ura ta amfani da hanyar da ba ta da amfani. Wannan yana ba da damar tuƙi na'urar zuwa hanyar sadarwar da ta dace ta amfani da wannan bayanin.
• Ƙirƙiri zaman ƙaddamarwa tsakanin na'urar haɗawa da aikace-aikacen ƙaddamarwa akan wayowin komai da ruwan, kwamfutar hannu, ko kuma web.
• Don cibiyar sadarwar kasuwanci tare da samfurin yanki na Zaure, tsarin rijistar Mai sarrafa kansa ba tare da sa hannun mai amfani ba wanda takaddun shaida na aiki akan masu shiga bayan an ƙayyade ta Ƙaddamarwa ta Zare 1.2. Takaddun shaida na aiki ya ƙunshi bayanan yanki don na'urar kuma yana ba da damar samar da ingantaccen Maɓallin Maɓalli na hanyar sadarwa. Wannan samfurin yana buƙatar mai rejista ko
• Interface Mai Rajistar Zaren (TRI) akan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na kashin baya kuma tana sauƙaƙe sadarwa tare da hukuma ta waje (MASA) ta amfani da ka'idojin ANIMA/BRSKI/EST. Cibiyar sadarwa da ke goyan bayan wannan samfurin ƙaddamarwa ana kiranta cibiyar sadarwar CCM.
• Don ƙarin bayani kan ƙaddamar da hanyoyin sadarwar zaren, duba sashe na 11. Kwamishina na'ura.
• Hanyar 802.15.4 da ake amfani da ita akai-akai na shiga tare da izinin shiga tuta a cikin ma'aunin wutar lantarki ba a amfani da shi a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na Zare. An fi amfani da wannan hanyar don haɗa nau'in maɓallin turawa inda babu mahaɗan mai amfani ko tashar waje zuwa na'urori. Wannan hanyar tana da matsala tare da tuƙi na na'ura a cikin yanayi inda akwai cibiyoyin sadarwa da yawa kuma yana iya haifar da haɗarin tsaro.
• A cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na Zaure, duk haɗin kai an ƙaddamar da shi ne ta mai amfani. Bayan shiga, ana kammala tantancewar tsaro a matakin aikace-aikacen tare da na'urar ƙaddamarwa. An tattauna wannan tabbaci na tsaro a sashe na 9. Tsaro.
• Na'urori suna haɗa hanyar sadarwa azaman na'urar ƙarshen barci, na'urar ƙarewa (MED ko FED), ko REED. Sai bayan REED ya shiga kuma ya koyi tsarin hanyar sadarwa zai iya yuwuwar neman zama a

Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Bayan shiga, ana ba da na'ura gajeriyar adireshi 16-bit dangane da iyayenta. Idan na'urar da ta dace da na'ura mai ba da hanya ta hanyar sadarwa ta zama hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa, jagora ya sanya shi adireshin hanyar sadarwa. Ana tabbatar da gano kwafin adireshi don masu ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta hanyar hanyar rarraba adireshi ta tsakiya wacce ke kan Jagora. Iyaye ne ke da alhakin guje wa kwafin adireshi don na'urorin da aka karɓa saboda suna ba su adireshi yayin shiga.

1. Gano hanyar sadarwa
   • Ana amfani da gano hanyar sadarwa ta na'urar haɗin gwiwa don tantance menene cibiyoyin sadarwa 802.15.4 ke tsakanin kewayon rediyo. Na'urar tana duba duk tashoshi, tana ba da buƙatar gano MLE akan kowane tashoshi, kuma tana jiran martanin gano MLE. Sakamakon sake ganowa na 802.15.4 MLE ya ƙunshi nauyin biyan kuɗi tare da sigogin cibiyar sadarwa, gami da Mai gano Sabis na Sabis na cibiyar sadarwa (SSID), tsawaita ID ɗin PAN, da sauran ƙididdiga waɗanda ke nuna idan cibiyar sadarwar tana karɓar sabbin mambobi da ko tana goyan bayan ƙaddamarwa na asali.
   • Ba a buƙatar gano hanyar sadarwa idan na'urar ta kasance a cikin hanyar sadarwar saboda ta san tashar da kuma ƙarin ID na PAN don cibiyar sadarwa. Wadannan na'urori sai su haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwa ta amfani da kayan aikin da aka bayar.
2. Bayanan Bayani na MLE
   • Da zarar na'urar ta makala zuwa cibiyar sadarwa, akwai bayanai iri-iri da ake buƙata don shiga cikin hanyar sadarwar. MLE yana ba da sabis don na'urar don aika unicast zuwa na'urar maƙwabta don buƙatar sigogin cibiyar sadarwa da sabunta farashin haɗin kai ga makwabta. Lokacin da sabuwar na'ura ta shiga, tana kuma gudanar da martanin ƙalubale don saita matakan tsaro kamar yadda aka tattauna a sashe na 9. Tsaro.
   • Duk na'urori suna tallafawa watsawa da karɓar saƙonnin daidaitawar hanyar haɗin MLE. Wannan ya haɗa da "buƙatun hanyar haɗin gwiwa", "karɓar hanyar haɗin gwiwa", da kuma "karɓar hanyar haɗin gwiwa da buƙatar" saƙonni.
   • Ana amfani da musayar MLE don daidaitawa ko musanya bayanai masu zuwa:
   • Dogon adireshin 16-bit da 64-bit EUI 64 na na'urorin makwabta
   • Bayanan iyawar na'urar, gami da idan na'urar ƙarewar barci ce da kuma yanayin barcin na'urar
   • Kudin hanyar haɗin maƙwabta idan na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa
   • Kayan tsaro da ƙididdiga masu ƙima tsakanin na'urori
   • Kudin tafiyar da zirga-zirga zuwa duk sauran hanyoyin sadarwa na Zaren da ke cikin hanyar sadarwa
   • Tattara da rarraba Ma'aunin Haɗin kai game da ƙimar daidaitawar mahaɗin daban-daban
   • Lura: Ana rufaffen saƙon MLE sai dai lokacin fara aikin bootstrapping kumburi lokacin da sabuwar na'urar bata sami kayan tsaro ba.
3.  COAP
   Ƙuntataccen Ƙa'idar Aikace-aikacen (CoAP) kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin RFC 7252 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7252: The Constrained Application Proto-col (CoAP)) ƙa'idar sufuri ce ta musamman don amfani tare da ƙayyadaddun nodes da ƙananan hanyoyin sadarwa. CoAP yana ba da samfurin hulɗar buƙatu/ amsawa tsakanin wuraren ƙarshen aikace-aikacen, yana tallafawa ginanniyar gano ayyuka da albarkatu, kuma ya haɗa da mahimman ra'ayoyi na web kamar URLs. Ana amfani da CoAP a cikin Zaren don saita adireshi na gida-mesh da adiresoshin multicast da na'urori ke buƙata. Bugu da ƙari, ana kuma amfani da CoAP don saƙonnin gudanarwa kamar samu da saita bayanan bincike da sauran bayanan cibiyar sadarwa akan masu amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na Zaure.
4. DHCPv6
   DHCPv6 kamar yadda aka ayyana a RFC 3315 ana amfani dashi azaman ka'idar abokin ciniki-uwar garken don sarrafa daidaita na'urori a cikin hanyar sadarwa. DHCPv6 yana amfani da UDP don neman bayanai daga uwar garken DHCP (https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3315.txt: Ƙa'idar Kanfigareshan Mai watsa shiri mai ƙarfi don IPv6 (DHCPv6)).
   Ana amfani da sabis na DHCPv6 don daidaitawa:
   • Adireshin cibiyar sadarwa
   • Adireshin multicast da na'urori ke buƙata
   • Saboda an sanya gajerun adireshi daga uwar garken ta amfani da DHCPv6, ba a buƙatar gano adreshin kwafi. DHCPv6 kuma ana amfani da shi ta hanyar Border Routers waɗanda ke ba da adireshi dangane da prefix ɗin da suka bayar.
5. SLAAC
   SLAAC (Aikace-aikacen Adireshin Jiha) kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin RFC 4862 (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4862: IPv6 Address Auto-Configuration) hanya ce da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa Border Router ke sanya prefix, sa'an nan kuma na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ya samo 64 bit na karshe na adireshin. Na'urar daidaitawa ta IPv6 mara jiha ba ta buƙatar saitin runduna ta hannu, ƙaramin (idan akwai) daidaitawar hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma babu ƙarin sabobin. Hanyar da ba ta da ƙasa tana ba mai watsa shiri damar samar da adiresoshinsa ta amfani da haɗin bayanan da ba za a iya samu ba da kuma bayanan da masu amfani da hanyar sadarwa ke tallata su.
6. SRP
   Ka'idar rajistar Sabis (SRP) kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Ƙa'idar Rajista Sabis don Ganowar Sabis na tushen Sabis ana amfani da shi akan na'urorin Zaren da ke farawa tare da Ƙayyadaddun Zaren 1.3.0. Dole ne akwai rajistar Sabis, wanda na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ke kula da ita. Abokan ciniki na SRP akan hanyar sadarwar raga suna iya yin rajista don ba da sabis daban-daban. Sabar ta SRP tana karɓar tambayoyin gano tushen DNS kuma yana ba da bayanan sirri na jama'a don tsaro, tare da wasu ƙananan kayan haɓakawa don ingantacciyar tallafi ga abokan ciniki.

Gudanarwa

1. Farashin ICMP
   Duk na'urori suna goyan bayan Protocol Control Saƙon Intanet don saƙon kuskure na IPv6 (ICMPv6), da buƙatun echo da saƙon amsa amsawa.
2. Gudanar da Na'ura
   Layer na aikace-aikacen akan na'urar yana da damar yin amfani da tsarin sarrafa na'urar da bayanan bincike waɗanda za'a iya amfani da su a cikin gida ko tattara kuma a aika zuwa wasu na'urorin gudanarwa.
   A 802.15.4 PHY da MAC yadudduka, na'urar tana ba da bayanin mai zuwa ga Layer na gudanarwa:
   • EUI 64 adireshin
   • gajeriyar adireshin 16-bit
   •  Bayanin iyawa
   • PAN ID
   • Fakitin da aka aika an karɓa
   • Octets sun aika aka karɓa
   • Fakitin da aka sauke akan aikawa ko karɓa
   • Kurakurai na tsaro
   • Yawan sakewa MAC
3. Gudanar da hanyar sadarwa
   Layer na cibiyar sadarwa a kan na'urar kuma yana ba da bayanai kan gudanarwa da bincike waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a cikin gida ko aika zuwa wasu na'urorin gudanarwa. Layin cibiyar sadarwa yana ba da jerin adireshi na IPv6, tebur maƙwabci da ɗan yaro, da tebur ɗin tuƙi.

Dagewar Data

Ana iya sake saita na'urorin da ke aiki a cikin fili ba da gangan ko da gangan ba saboda dalilai iri-iri. Na'urorin da aka sake saita suna buƙatar sake kunna ayyukan cibiyar sadarwa ba tare da sa hannun mai amfani ba. Don yin wannan cikin nasara, ma'ajiyar da ba ta da ƙarfi dole ne ta adana bayanan masu zuwa:

• Bayanin hanyar sadarwa (kamar PAN ID)
• Kayan tsaro
• Bayanin bayani daga hanyar sadarwa don samar da adiresoshin IPv6 don na'urorin

$Tsaro

• Cibiyoyin zaren cibiyoyin sadarwa ne mara igiyar waya waɗanda ke buƙatar kiyayewa daga hare-haren kan iska (OTA). Ana kuma haɗa su da intanet don haka dole ne a kiyaye su daga hare-haren intanet. Yawancin aikace-aikacen da ake ƙera don Zaren za su yi amfani da fa'idar amfani da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar dogon lokaci na aiki marasa kulawa da ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki. A sakamakon haka, tsaro na Thread networks yana da mahimmanci.
• Zaren yana amfani da maɓalli mai faɗin hanyar sadarwa wanda ake amfani dashi a Media Access Layer (MAC) don ɓoyewa. Ana amfani da wannan maɓalli don daidaitaccen IEEE 802.15.4-2006 tantancewa da ɓoyewa. Tsaro na IEEE 802.15.4-2006 yana kare cibiyar sadarwa ta Zaure daga hare-haren iska da suka samo asali daga wajen hanyar sadarwar. Amincewa da kowane kumburi na kowane mutum na iya yuwuwar bayyana maɓalli mai faɗin hanyar sadarwa. Sakamakon haka, yawanci ba shine kawai nau'in tsaro da ake amfani da shi ba a cikin cibiyar sadarwar Zaren. Kowane kumburi a cikin cibiyar sadarwar Zaren yana musayar ƙididdiga masu ƙima tare da maƙwabta ta hanyar musafaha MLE. Waɗannan ƙidayar firam ɗin suna taimakawa kariya daga harin sake kunnawa. (Don ƙarin bayani akan MLE, duba Ƙididdigar Zar).
• Nodes suna toshe hanyoyin mu'amalar adireshin IP ɗinsu mai fa'ida da fa'idodin MAC ɗin su ta hanyar bazuwar su. Haja EUI64 da aka sanya hannu a kumburi ana amfani da ita azaman adireshin tushe kawai a lokacin farkon haɗin gwiwa. Da zarar an haɗa kumburi zuwa cibiyar sadarwa, kumburin yana amfani da matsayin tushensa ko dai adireshi dangane da ID ɗin node na byte biyu, ko ɗaya daga cikin adiresoshin sa da aka ambata a sama. Ba a amfani da EUI64 azaman adireshin tushe da zarar an haɗa kumburi zuwa hanyar sadarwa.

Gudanar da hanyar sadarwa kuma yana buƙatar zama mai tsaro. Ana iya gudanar da aikace-aikacen sarrafa hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa akan kowace na'ura mai haɗin Intanet. Idan waccan na'urar ba ita kanta memba ce ta hanyar sadarwar Zaure ba, dole ne ta fara kafa amintaccen Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) haɗi tare da Thread Border Router. Kowace cibiyar sadarwa na Thread tana da kalmar wucewar gudanarwa wanda ake amfani da ita wajen kafa wannan haɗin. Da zarar an haɗa aikace-aikacen gudanarwa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar zaren, ana iya ƙara sabbin na'urori zuwa cibiyar sadarwar.

1. 802.15.4 Tsaro
   • Ƙididdigar IEEE 802.15.4-2006 tana bayyana ka'idojin shiga mara waya da mai jarida don PANs da HANs. Waɗannan ka'idoji an yi niyya don aiwatarwa akan na'urorin rediyo da aka keɓe kamar waɗanda ake samu daga Labs Silicon. IEEE 802.15.4-2006 tana goyan bayan aikace-aikace iri-iri, waɗanda yawancinsu suna da tsaro. Domin misaliampDon, yi la'akari da yanayin aikace-aikacen tsarin ƙararrawa wanda ke sa ido kan ginin gini. Idan cibiyar sadarwar ba ta da tsaro kuma mai kutse ya sami damar shiga cibiyar sadarwar, ana iya watsa saƙon don ƙirƙirar ƙararrawa ta ƙarya, gyara ƙararrawar da ke akwai, ko kashe halaltaccen ƙararrawa. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yanayi yana haifar da babban haɗari ga mazaunan ginin.
   • Yawancin aikace-aikacen suna buƙatar sirri kuma galibi suna buƙatar kariyar mutunci. 802-15.4-2006 yana magance waɗannan buƙatun ta amfani da ƙa'idar tsaro ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da mahimman ayyukan tsaro guda huɗu:
   • Ikon shiga
   • Mutuncin saƙo
   • Sirrin saƙo
   • Kariyar sake kunnawa
   • Kariyar sake kunnawa da IEEE 802.15.4-2006 ke bayarwa bangare ne kawai. Zaren yana ba da ƙarin tsaro ta amfani da musafaha MLE tsakanin nodes ɗin da aka tattauna a sama don kammala kariyar sake kunnawa.
2. Amintaccen Gudanarwar hanyar sadarwa
   Gudanar da hanyar sadarwa kuma yana buƙatar zama mai tsaro. Ana iya gudanar da aikace-aikacen sarrafa hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa akan kowace na'ura mai haɗin Intanet. Akwai sassa biyu na tsaro:
   • Tsaro na iska wanda 802.15.4 ke kulawa. Zaren yana aiwatar da tsaro na 802.15.4-2006 matakin 5.
   • Cibiyoyin sadarwar CCM: Idan na'urar ba ita kanta memba ce ta hanyar sadarwar CCM ba, dole ne ta kafa haɗi tare da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na baya don samun takardar shaidar aiki don kafa kanta a matsayin yanki na Thread.
   • Cibiyoyin da ba CCM ba: Tsaron Intanet: Idan na'urar ba ita kanta memba ce ta hanyar sadarwa ta Thread ba, dole ne ta fara kafa amintacciyar hanyar sadarwa ta Data-gram Transit Layer Security (DTLS) tare da Thread Border Router. Kowace cibiyar sadarwa na Thread tana da kalmar wucewar gudanarwa wacce ake amfani da ita don kafa amintaccen haɗi tsakanin na'urorin gudanarwa na waje da Manufofin Iyakoki. Da zarar an haɗa aikace-aikacen gudanarwa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar zaren, ana iya ƙara sabbin na'urori zuwa cibiyar sadarwar.

Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa

• A Thread Border Router na'ura ce da ke haɗa cibiyar sadarwa mara waya ta Thread zuwa wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa na tushen IP (kamar Wi-Fi ko Ethernet) a cikin duniyar waje ta hanyar gida ko cibiyar sadarwa na gida. Ba kamar ƙofofin ƙofofin da ke cikin sauran hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya ba, yana da cikakkiyar ma'ana ga tashar tashar jiragen ruwa da ka'idojin aikace-aikacen da ke zaune a saman layin hanyar sadarwa. Sakamakon haka, aikace-aikace na iya sadarwa amintacce daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe ba tare da fassarar Layer na aikace-aikacen ba.
• A Thread Border Router kadan yana goyan bayan ayyuka masu zuwa:
  • Ƙarshe-zuwa-ƙarshen IP Haɗin kai ta hanyar kewayawa tsakanin na'urorin Zare da sauran cibiyoyin sadarwar IP na waje.
  • Kwamishina Zaren Waje (misaliample, wayar hannu) don tantancewa da haɗa na'urar Zaren zuwa cibiyar sadarwar Zaren.

Za a iya samun magudanan kan iyaka da yawa a cikin hanyar sadarwa, suna kawar da “matsayi guda na gazawa” a yayin da ɗayansu ya lalace. Mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa yana ba kowane na'ura mai zare damar haɗa kai tsaye zuwa ayyukan girgije na duniya, lokacin da cibiyoyin sadarwar kasuwanci ke gudana IPV6 da IPv4, ko IPv4 kawai.

1.  Siffofin na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa Border don Sadarwar Kashe-Rana
   • Za a iya aiwatar da zaren nan da nan a cikin yanayin aiki na yanzu, kafin juzu'i ko cikakken canji zuwa IPv6 da Zaren yana ba da damar dacewa da baya na IPv4 ta amfani da Adireshin Yanar Gizo.
   • Fassarar (NAT). NAT64 tana fassara fakitin IPv6 zuwa IPv4, kuma NAT64 tana fassara fakitin IPv4 zuwa IPv6. Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa na Thread Border na iya aiki azaman mai watsa shiri na IPv4 akan hanyar sadarwar yanki mai faɗi (WAN), mai iya samun hanyar sadarwa ta IPv4 da adireshin mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa. Yana iya samun adireshi ta amfani da DHCP daga wurin tafki na adireshin IPv4. The Thread Border Router kuma na iya aiwatar da Protocol Control Port (PCP) don sarrafa yadda ake fassara fakitin IPv4 masu shigowa da turawa da goyan bayan taswirar taswira. Yawancin fassarorin IPv4 zuwa IPv6 (kuma akasin haka) za a iya sarrafa su ta Zaren
   • Na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, tare da ƙaramin canje-canje da ake buƙata-ed zuwa cibiyar sadarwar data kasance.
     Bugu da ƙari, Rarraba Border na Thread Border suna goyan bayan haɗin kai na IPv6 bidirectional tare da gano maƙwabcin IPv6, tallace-tallacen na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa, gano simintin gyare-gyare da yawa, da tura fakiti.
2. Zare kan Kayan Aiki
   • Cibiyoyin sadarwar zare suna tsara ta atomatik zuwa ɓangarorin hanyar sadarwa daban-daban lokacin da babu haɗin kai tsakanin saitin na'urori biyu ko fiye. Rarraba zaren na ba da damar na'urori su ci gaba da sadarwa tare da wasu na'urori a cikin Rukunin Zaure ɗaya amma ba tare da na'urorin zaren a wasu ɓangarori ba.
   • Zaren kan Kayan Aiki yana ba da damar na'urori masu zare don haɗa fasahar haɗin tushen IP (misaliample, Wi-Fi da Ethernet) a cikin Thread topology. Waɗannan ƙarin hanyoyin haɗin zaren akan sauran fasahohin hanyar haɗin yanar gizo suna rage yuwuwar faruwar ɓangarori na Net-Work da yawa, yayin da aka ba da garantin dacewa da baya-bayan nan tare da na'urorin Zaren 1.1 da 1.2. Ana samun waɗannan fa'idodin don kowane ilimin kimiyyar hanyar sadarwa wanda ya haɗa da aƙalla Manufofin kan Iyakoki guda biyu da aka haɗa ta hanyar haɗin ginin da ke kusa.
   • Don ƙarin bayani, koma zuwa Ƙididdigar Zaren 1.3.0 (ko Zaren ƙayyadaddun daftarin aiki 1.4), Babi na 15 (Zare Kan Kayayyakin Ƙasa).
3. OpenThread Border Router
   Aikin OpenThread na na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ana kiransa OpenThread Border Router (OTBR). Yana goyan bayan haɗin raga ta amfani da ƙirar RCP. Silicon Labs yana ba da aiwatarwa (mai goyan baya akan Rasberi Pi) da lambar tushe azaman ɓangare na Silicon Labs GSDK. Don ƙarin bayani, duba AN1256: Amfani da Silicon Labs RCP tare da OpenThread Border Router.
   Takaddun bayanai akan saitin da gine-gine na OTBR yana samuwa a https://openthread.io/guides/border-router.

Kwamishina na'ura

Ana ba da izinin na'urorin zaren akan cibiyoyin sadarwar zaren ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin sassan da ke gaba.

1. Kwamishina Zaren Gargajiya
   • Don ƙaddamar da ƙananan cibiyoyin sadarwa (Thread Specification 1.1.1 ko sama), masu sakawa za su iya amfani da ƙa'idar ƙaddamar da zaren da aka bayar azaman hanya kyauta don na'urorin Android da iOS. Ana iya amfani da wannan ƙa'idar don ƙara sabbin na'urori cikin sauƙi zuwa cibiyar sadarwar ko sake daidaita na'urorin da ke da su.
   • Zaren yana amfani da Ƙa'idar Kwamishina Mesh (MeshCoP) don tabbatar da amincin, aiki, da haɗa sabbin na'urorin rediyo marasa amana zuwa cibiyar sadarwar raga. Cibiyoyin sadarwar zaren sun ƙunshi raga na na'urori masu sarrafa kansu masu sarrafa kansu tare da mu'amalar IEEE 802.15.4 da madaidaicin matakin tsaro wanda ke buƙatar kowace na'ura a cikin ragar don mallaki na yanzu, maɓallin babban sirrin da aka raba.
   • Tsarin ƙaddamarwa yana farawa ne lokacin da ɗan takarar Kwamishinan, yawanci wayar hannu da aka haɗa ta hanyar WiFi, ta gano cibiyar sadarwar Thread ta ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na kan iyaka. Masu ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa suna tallata samuwarsu ga kwamishinonin ta amfani da duk wurin sabis ɗin da ya dace. Hanyar ganowa dole ne ta samar wa ɗan takarar Kwamishinan hanyar sadarwa da sunan cibiyar sadarwa, saboda ana amfani da sunan cibiyar sadarwa daga baya azaman gishirin sirri don kafa Zama na Gudanarwa.
   • Dan takarar Kwamishina, bayan ya gano hanyar sadarwar sha'awa ta Zaren, yana haɗa ta ta hanyar amfani da Kwamshinar Kwamishina (lafazin kalmar wucewa da mutum ya zaɓa don amfani da ita wajen tabbatarwa). Matakin Tabbatar da Kwamishina yana kafa amintaccen haɗin abokin ciniki/sabar uwar garke tsakanin ɗan takarar Kwamishinan da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa ta DTLS. Wannan amintaccen zaman ana saninsa da Zaman Gudanarwa. Zama na Kwamishina yana amfani da lambar tashar tashar UDP da aka keɓe wanda aka tallata yayin lokacin ganowa. Wannan tashar jiragen ruwa ana kiranta da Commissioner Port. Takardar shaidar da aka yi amfani da ita don kafa Zaman Kwamishina ana kiranta da Pre-Shared Key for the Commissioner (PSKc).
   • Sannan Dan takarar Kwamishinan ya yi rajistar shaidarsa da hanyar sadarwa ta kan iyaka. Jagoran ya mayar da martani ta hanyar karba ko ƙin yarda da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa a matsayin mai isar da saƙo ga Kwamishinan.
   • Bayan an yarda, Jagoran ya sabunta yanayinsa na cikin gida don bin diddigin kwamishina mai aiki, sannan kuma na'urar ta Border Router ta aika da sakon tabbatarwa ga dan takarar Kwamishinan yana sanar da na'urar cewa yanzu ita ce Kwamishinan.
   • Lokacin da akwai kwamishina mai izini mai alaƙa da Cibiyar Sadarwar Zaure, zai yuwu a haɗa na'urorin Zaren da suka cancanta. Waɗannan ana kiran su masu haɗin gwiwa kafin su zama ɓangare na
   • Cibiyar sadarwa. Mai haɗin gwiwa ya fara ƙirƙirar haɗin DTLS tare da Kwamishinan don musanya kayan aiki. Daga nan sai ta yi amfani da kayan ƙaddamarwa don haɗawa zuwa cibiyar sadarwar Thread. Ana ɗaukar kumburin wani yanki na hanyar sadarwa ne kawai bayan an kammala waɗannan matakan biyu. Yana iya sa'an nan shiga cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwa don nodes na gaba. Duk waɗannan matakan sun tabbatar da cewa na'urar da ta dace ta shiga cibiyar sadarwar Thread daidai, kuma ita kanta cibiyar sadarwar Thread tana da kariya daga hare-haren mara waya da intanet. Don ƙarin bayani kan Ƙa'idar Kwamishina ta Rukunin, duba ƙayyadaddun zaren.
2. Ingantaccen Kwamishina tare da Tsare-tsaren Kasuwanci a Zaren 1.2
   • Ƙididdigar Zaren 1.2 da Ƙwararren Kasuwancinsa yanzu suna ba da izinin cibiyoyin sadarwa mafi girma, kamar waɗanda ake buƙata a gine-ginen ofis, gine-ginen jama'a, otal, ko wasu nau'ikan gine-ginen masana'antu ko kasuwanci. Saboda ingantacciyar goyan bayan ƙaddamarwa, Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar 1.2 cikin sauƙi tana ba da damar dubban na'urori a cikin turawa ɗaya, waɗanda za'a iya daidaita su da hannu, ta atomatik, kuma ta hanyar ci gaba da fasalulluka na ƙaddamarwa na nesa.
   • Ƙarin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a cikin Zaren 1.2 yana ba da izini don ingantaccen sikelin tabbaci, haɗin yanar gizo, yawo na subnet, da aiki bisa amintattun sahihancin a cikin Yankin Kasuwanci. Don ba da damar ingantaccen ingantaccen na'urori da tabbatar da bayanan izini, mai sakawa tsarin zai iya kafa Hukumar Takaddun Shaida ta Kasuwanci don sauƙaƙe tura babbar hanyar sadarwa. Wannan yana ba mai sakawa damar saitawa da kula da hanyar sadarwa ba tare da shiga cikin na'urori kai tsaye ba kuma ba tare da yin hulɗa kai tsaye da waɗannan na'urori ba, ta hanyar tsarin rajista na atomatik mai suna Autonomous Enrollment. Ba kamar Zaren 1.1 ba, inda ake amfani da haɗa lambar wucewar na'urar don tantancewa, Ƙaddamarwar Kasuwanci a cikin Zauren 1.2 za ta goyi bayan nau'i na tushen takaddun shaida mafi girma. Cibiyar sadarwa na kasuwanci na iya samun yanki ɗaya ko fiye kuma kowane yanki za a iya saita shi don haɗa hanyoyin sadarwar Zaure da yawa.

Aikace-aikace Layer

Zare tarin hanyar sadarwar raga mara waya ce wanda ke da alhakin tafiyar da saƙonni tsakanin na'urori daban-daban a cikin cibiyar sadarwar Zaren da aka kwatanta a sashe na 2.2 Thread Network Architecture. Hoton da ke gaba yana kwatanta yadudduka a cikin ka'idar Thread.

Hoto 12.1. Zare Protocol Layers

• Ma'anar ma'anar Layer na aikace-aikacen shine "launi na abstraction wanda ke ƙayyade ƙa'idodin da aka raba da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa da runduna ke amfani da su a cikin hanyar sadarwar sadarwa" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer). A sauƙaƙe, Layer na aikace-aikacen shine "harshen na'urori," misaliample, yadda maɓalli yayi magana da kwan fitila. Yin amfani da waɗannan ma'anoni, babu wani Layer na aikace-aikacen a cikin Zaren. Abokan ciniki suna gina layin aikace-aikacen bisa ga iyawar da ke cikin tarin Zaren da nasu bukatun. Ko da yake Zaren baya samar da Layer na aikace-aikacen, yana ba da sabis na aikace-aikacen asali:
• UDP saƙon
  UDP yana ba da hanyar aika saƙonni ta amfani da lambar tashar jiragen ruwa 16-bit da adireshin IPv6. UDP yarjejeniya ce mafi sauƙi fiye da TCP kuma tana da ƙarancin haɗin kai (misaliample, UDP baya aiwatar da saƙon rayayyu). Sakamakon haka, UDP yana ba da damar saurin saƙon da aka fi so, mafi girma kuma yana rage yawan kasafin kuɗi na aikace-aikacen. Har ila yau, UDP yana da ƙaramin sarari code fiye da TCP, wanda ya bar ƙarin walƙiya akan guntu don aikace-aikacen al'ada.
• Multicast saƙon
  Zaren yana ba da damar watsa saƙonni, wato, aika saƙo iri ɗaya zuwa nodes da yawa akan hanyar sadarwa ta Thread. Mul-ticast yana ba da damar ginanniyar hanyar don yin magana da nodes na maƙwabta, masu tuƙi, da gabaɗayan cibiyar sadarwar Zaure tare da daidaitattun adiresoshin IPv6.
• Yaduddukan aikace-aikacen ta amfani da sabis na IP
  Zaren yana ba da damar yin amfani da yadudduka na aikace-aikace kamar UDP da CoAP don ba da damar na'urori suyi sadarwa ta hanyar Intanet. Yaduddukan aikace-aikacen da ba IP ba zai buƙaci wasu daidaitawa don aiki akan Zaren. (Dubi RFC 7252 don ƙarin bayani akan CoAP.)
  • Silicon Labs OpenThread SDK ya haɗa da waɗannan sampda aikace-aikacen da kuma akwai daga OpenThread GitHub sake ajiyewa: • ot-cli-ftd
  • ot-cli-mtd
  • ot-rcp (amfani da haɗin gwiwa tare da OpenThread Border Router)
• Ana iya amfani da waɗannan aikace-aikacen don nuna fasalin cibiyar sadarwar Zaren. Bugu da kari, Silicon Labs OpenThread SDK shima yana samar da na'urar karshen bacci sample app (sleepy-demo-ftd da sleepy-demo-mtd), wanda ke nuna yadda ake amfani da fasalulluka na sarrafa wutar lantarki na Silicon Labs don ƙirƙirar ƙananan na'urar wuta. A ƙarshe, ot-ble-dmp sampaikace-aikacen yana nuna yadda ake gina aikace-aikacen multiprotocol mai ƙarfi ta amfani da OpenThread da tarin Bluetooth na Silicon Labs. Dubi QSG170: Jagorar Fara Saurin Saurin Buɗe zaren don ƙarin bayani kan aiki tare da tsohonampAikace-aikace a cikin Simplicity Studio 5.

Matakai na gaba

• Silicon Labs OpenThread SDK ya haɗa da ƙwararrun cibiyar sadarwar OpenThread da s.ampaikace-aikacen da ke nuna ainihin hanyar sadarwa da halayen aikace-aikacen. Ana ƙarfafa abokan ciniki da su yi amfani da sampda aikace-aikacen don samun masaniya game da Zaren gabaɗaya da kuma Silicon Labs na musamman. Kowane aikace-aikacen yana nuna yadda na'urori ke ƙirƙira da haɗa hanyoyin sadarwa, da kuma yadda ake aika saƙonni da karɓa. Ana samun aikace-aikacen don amfani bayan loda Sauƙin Studio 5 da Silicon Labs OpenThread SDK. Simplicity Studio 5 ya haɗa da goyan baya don ƙirƙirar aikace-aikace (Project Configurator) da yanke hanyar sadarwa da saƙon-Layer na aikace-aikace (Network Analyzer) a cikin Zaren da ke ba da ƙarin haske game da ayyukan cibiyoyin sadarwar Zaure. Don ƙarin bayani, duba QSG170: Buɗe-Thread Jagoran Farawa Mai Sauri.
• Don ƙarin bayani game da OpenThread Border Routers duba AN1256: Amfani da Silicon Labs RCP tare da OpenThread Border Rout-er. Don ƙarin bayani kan haɓaka Zaren 1.3.0 sampDon aikace-aikacen duba AN1372: Haɓaka Buɗewar Aikace-aikace don Zaren 1.3.

Disclaimer

• Silicon Labs yana da niyyar samarwa abokan ciniki sabbin, daidaito, da cikakkun bayanai na duk kayan aiki da kayayyaki da ke akwai don tsarin da masu aiwatar da software ta amfani da ko niyyar amfani da samfuran Silicon Labs. Bayanin siffa, samuwan samfura da maɓalli, girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da adiresoshin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya suna nufin kowace takamaiman na'ura, da sigogin “Na yau da kullun” da aka bayar suna iya bambanta kuma suna yi a aikace-aikace daban-daban. Aikace-aikace misaliampKadan da aka bayyana a nan don dalilai ne kawai. Silicon Labs yana da haƙƙin yin canje-canje ba tare da ƙarin sanarwa ga bayanin samfurin, ƙayyadaddun bayanai, da kwatancen nan ba, kuma baya bada garanti dangane da daidaito ko cikar bayanan da aka haɗa. Ba tare da sanarwar farko ba, Silicon Labs na iya sabunta firmware na samfur yayin aikin masana'anta don dalilai na tsaro ko aminci. Irin waɗannan canje-canje ba za su canza ƙayyadaddun bayanai ko aikin samfurin ba. Silicon Labs ba za su sami alhakin sakamakon amfani da bayanan da aka kawo a cikin wannan takarda ba. Wannan daftarin aiki ba ya nufin ko a sarari bayar da kowace lasisi don ƙirƙira ko ƙirƙira kowane haɗaɗɗiyar da'irori. Ba a ƙirƙira samfuran ko izini don amfani da su a cikin kowane na'urorin FDA Class III, aikace-aikacen da ake buƙatar amincewar premarket na FDA ko Tsarin Tallafin Rayuwa ba tare da takamaiman izinin rubutaccen bayani ba.
• Silicon Labs. “Tsarin Tallafin Rayuwa” shine kowane samfur ko tsarin da aka yi niyya don tallafawa ko dorewar rayuwa da/ko lafiya, wanda, idan ya gaza, ana iya sa ran zai haifar da babban rauni ko mutuwa. Ba a tsara samfuran silicon Labs ko izini don aikace-aikacen soja ba. Ba za a yi amfani da samfuran Silicon Labs a ƙarƙashin kowane yanayi a cikin makaman da suka haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga) makaman nukiliya, na halitta ko makamai masu guba, ko makamai masu linzami masu iya isar da irin waɗannan makaman ba. Silicon Labs yana watsi da duk bayanan da aka bayyana da garanti kuma ba zai zama alhakin ko alhakin duk wani rauni ko lahani da ke da alaƙa da amfani da samfurin Silicon Labs a cikin irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen mara izini ba. Lura: Wannan abun ciki na iya ƙunsar kalmomi masu banƙyama waɗanda yanzu ba a daina amfani da su ba. Silicon Labs yana maye gurbin waɗannan sharuɗɗan da harshe mai haɗawa a duk inda zai yiwu. Don ƙarin bayani, ziyarci www.silabs.com/about-us/inclusive-lexicon-project

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Takardu / Albarkatu

SILICON LABS UG103.11 Tushen Software [pdf] Jagorar mai amfani UG103.11 Abubuwan Abubuwan Zare Software, UG103.11, Software Tushen Zare, Software na Mahimmanci, Software

Magana

• Manual mai amfani