Electronics Projects and Experiments Guide

1. Fundamentals

1.1 How to Use This Book
1.2 Circuit Construction
- 1.2.1 Experimental Setup with Breadboard
- 1.2.2 Soldered Circuit on PCB
- 1.2.3 Soldering
- 1.2.4 Other Ways to Build a Circuit
- 1.2.5 Other Tools
1.3 Components and Circuit Symbols
- 1.3.1 Resistors
- 1.3.2 Capacitors
- 1.3.3 Diodes
- 1.3.4 Transistors
- 1.3.5 Integrated Circuits
- 1.3.6 Other Components and Circuit Symbols
1.4 Simply: Some Formulas and Concepts
- 1.4.1 Current and Voltage
- 1.4.2 Ohm's Law
- 1.4.3 Power
- 1.4.4 Current and Voltage Behavior in Capacitors and Coils
- 1.4.5 Series and Parallel Circuits
- 1.4.6 Kirchhoff's Current Law and Voltage Law
1.5 Circuit Concepts and Component Availability
- 1.5.1 Circuit Technology for Self-Built and Commercial Devices
- 1.5.2 Availability of Special Components

2. First Steps

2.1 Simply: Continuity Tester with LED
- 2.1.1 The Circuit
- 2.1.2 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 2.1.3 Assembly on a PCB
2.2 Diodes, LEDs, and Resistors
- 2.2.1 Construction and Function of Diodes
- 2.2.2 Diode Characteristics
- 2.2.3 Calculating the Resistor for an LED

3. Radio Reception

3.1 Diode Receiver
- 3.1.1 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 3.1.2 Function of the Diode Receiver
3.2 Resonant Circuits
- 3.2.1 The Resonant Circuit as a Resonator
- 3.2.2 Resonant Circuit Quality
- 3.2.3 Covering a Desired Frequency Range
3.3 Impedance Matching
3.4 AM Receiver
- 3.4.1 A Simple MW Receiver with an IC
- 3.4.2 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 3.4.3 Assembly on a PCB
- 3.4.4 Long and Shortwave Reception
3.5 MW Tuner for Subsequent AF Amplifier
3.6 Radio Receiver Technology
- 3.6.1 TRF Receiver
- 3.6.2 Superheterodyne Receiver
- 3.6.3 Reflex Receiver
- 3.6.4 Audion
- 3.6.5 AM, FM, RDS, DRM, DAB
3.7 Coils
- 3.7.1 Air Coils
- 3.7.2 Coils with Ferrite Cores
- 3.7.3 Practical Aspects
- 3.7.4 Where Do the Formulas Come From?
3.8 FM Tuner
- 3.8.1 A Simple FM Tuner
- 3.8.2 FM Tuner with Varicap
- 3.8.3 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 3.8.4 Assembly on a PCB
- 3.8.5 Other FM Tuner ICs
3.9 Varicaps
- 3.9.1 Principle
- 3.9.2 Circuits with Varicaps

4. AF Amplifiers

4.1 AF Amplifier with LM386
- 4.1.1 The Circuit
- 4.1.2 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 4.1.3 Assembly on a PCB
- 4.1.4 Simple Intercom
4.2 Other AF Amplifiers with IC
- 4.2.1 One-Watt Amplifier with TDA7052A
- 4.2.2 Two-Watt Amplifier with TBA820M
- 4.2.3 2.5-Watt Amplifier with LM380N
- 4.2.4 2x2-Watt Stereo Amplifier with LM1877
- 4.2.5 The Construction of Amplifiers

5. Radios with Amplifiers

5.1 AM Radio with Amplifier
5.2 FM Radio with Amplifier
5.3 Further Expansion

6. Adjusting and Stabilizing Voltages

6.1 Voltage Divider
6.2 Potentiometers
- 6.2.1 Linear and Logarithmic Potentiometers
- 6.2.2 Potentiometers as a Danger – Potentiometers in Danger
- 6.2.3 A Little Mechanics
- 6.2.4 Digital Potentiometers
6.3 Voltage Stabilization
- 6.3.1 Stabilization with Z-Diodes
- 6.3.2 Series Regulator with 78(L)XX
- 6.3.3 Series Regulator with Adjustable Output Voltage

7. Signal Generators

7.1 Versatile 1-kHz Generator
- 7.1.1 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 7.1.2 Some Applications
7.2 Dimensioning Astable Multivibrators
- 7.2.1 Calculation of an Astable Multivibrator: A Guide
- 7.2.2 Some Examples
  - 7.2.2.1 Alternating Flasher
  - 7.2.2.2 Short Flashes Instead of Alternating Flashes
  - 7.2.2.3 A 1-kHz Tone Generator
- 7.2.3 How Does an Astable Multivibrator Work?
  - 7.2.3.1 The Bipolar Transistor as a Switch
  - 7.2.3.2 The Multivibrator Oscillates
- 7.2.4 How Are the Formulas Derived?
7.3 Continuity Tester with Tone
- 7.3.1 The Circuit
- 7.3.2 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 7.3.3 Assembly on a PCB
7.4 Electronic Organ with Timer IC 555
- 7.4.1 The Circuit
- 7.4.2 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 7.4.3 Improved Organ
7.5 A Little Music Theory for Electronics Enthusiasts
- 7.5.1 Overtones and Harmonics
- 7.5.2 Logarithmic Perception of Frequency
7.6 Playing with the 556
- 7.6.1 The Circuit
- 7.6.2 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 7.6.3 Assembly on a PCB
7.7 A Look at Timer ICs 555 and 556
- 7.7.1 Astable Multivibrator
- 7.7.2 Monostable Multivibrator
7.8 Intercom with Call Tone
- 7.8.1 The Circuit
- 7.8.2 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 7.8.3 Assembly on a PCB
7.9 It Doesn't Always Have to Be a Square Wave: A Function Generator
- 7.9.1 The Circuit
- 7.9.2 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 7.9.3 Assembly on a PCB
7.10 An Acoustic Illusion
- 7.10.1 Optical Illusions - Acoustic Illusions
- 7.10.2 The Circuit
- 7.10.3 Assembly on a Breadboard
7.11 Calculation of Square Wave Generators with the 4093
- 7.11.1 Circuit and Calculation
- 7.11.2 How Does the Generator Work?

8. More Complex Circuits

8.1 Graphic Display: A Mini Oscilloscope
- 8.1.1 The Half Display: 5x7 LED Matrix
- 8.1.2 First Experiments: Displaying a Square Wave Signal
- 8.1.3 Assembly on a Breadboard
- 8.1.4 Circuit of the Mini Oscilloscope
- 8.1.5 Assembly of the Mini Oscilloscope
8.2 Operational Amplifiers
- 8.2.1 Ideal and Real Function of an Operational Amplifier
- 8.2.2 Circuits with Op-Amps without Negative Feedback
- 8.2.3 Circuits with Op-Amps with Negative Feedback
8.3 Digital Circuits
- 8.3.1 Building Blocks Instead of Individual Parts
- 8.3.2 Logic Families and Logic ICs
8.4 Electronic Dice with Microcontroller
- 8.4.1 The Circuit
- 8.4.2 Assembly of the Circuit and Programming the Microcontroller
- 8.4.3 The Software for the Microcontroller
8.5 Microcontroller

Appendix A: A Variable Capacitor to Build Yourself

A.1 Required Parts
A.2 Assembly

Appendix B: Data Sheets of Transistors BC546 to BC559

B.1 Designations of Single Semiconductors
B.2 Universal Transistors
- B.2.1 Common Data of Types BC546 to BC559
- B.2.2 NPN Transistors BC546 to BC549
- B.2.3 PNP Transistors BC556 to BC559

Appendix C: Sources for Components

C.1 Common Passive and Active Components
C.2 Breadboards for Experimental Setup and Universal PCBs
C.3 Integrated Circuits
C.4 Material for Coil Construction
C.5 Variable Capacitors
C.6 Varicap
C.7 Crystal Earpiece
C.8 LED Dot Matrix

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Table of Contents

1. Fundamentals

2. First Steps

3. Radio Reception

4. AF Amplifiers

5. Radios with Amplifiers

6. Adjusting and Stabilizing Voltages

7. Signal Generators

8. More Complex Circuits

Appendix A: A Variable Capacitor to Build Yourself

Appendix B: Data Sheets of Transistors BC546 to BC559

Appendix C: Sources for Components

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