Victron Energy Isolation Transformers

Safety and prevention of galvanic corrosion

The Isolation Transformer eliminates any electrical continuity between AC shore power and the boat. It is essential for safety and eliminates the need for galvanic isolators and polarity alarms.

Safety is taken for granted in case of a normal on-shore installation. A fuse will blow or a GFCI (Ground Fault Current Interrupter) will trip in case of a short circuit or current leakage to ground. Connecting the ground wire of the shore-side supply to the metal parts of the boat will result in galvanic corrosion. Bringing only the live and neutral wire on board results in an unsafe situation because GFCIs will not work nor will a fuse blow in case of a short circuit to a metal part on the boat.

Galvanic corrosion occurs when two dissimilar metals in electrical contact are simultaneously exposed to an electrically conducting fluid. Seawater and, to a lesser extent, fresh water are such fluids. In general, the more active alloy of the couple corrodes preferentially while the less active (more noble) material is cathodically protected. The rate of galvanic corrosion is a function of several variables including area ratios, conductivity of the fluid, temperature, nature of the materials, etc.

It is a misunderstanding that galvanic corrosion occurs only in metal and aluminium hulls. In fact it can occur on any boat as soon as a metallic part (the shaft and propeller) is in contact with water. Galvanic corrosion will quickly dissolve your sacrificial anodes, and attack the shaft, propeller and other metal parts in contact with water as soon as the boat is connected to the shore-side supply.

It might therefore be tempting not to connect the ground conductor: this is however extremely dangerous because GFCIs will not work nor will a fuse blow in case of a short circuit to a metal part on the boat.

The best solution to avoid galvanic corrosion and at the same time prevent any unsafe situation is to install an Isolation Transformer to connect to the shore-side supply.

The Isolation Transformer eliminates any electrical continuity between shore power and the boat. The shore power is fed to the primary side of the transformer, and the ship is connected to the secondary. The Isolation Transformer completely isolates the boat from the shore ground. By connecting all metal parts to the neutral output on the secondary side of the transformer, a GFCI will trip, or a fuse will blow in case of a short circuit.

Soft start is a standard feature of a Victron Energy isolation transformer. It will prevent the shore power fuse from blowing due to the inrush current of the transformer, which would otherwise occur.

It is also recommended, for optimal safety, to connect the secondary neutral of the transformer to ground when the boat is out of the water.

Specifications

STANDARDS

• EN 60076

Safety

(1) Can be used as:

• 115 V to 115 V isolation transformer
• 115 V to 230 V isolation transformer
• 230 V to 115 V isolation transformer
• 230 V to 230 V isolation transformer

Diagrams

Shore ground connected to immersed metals of the boat causes galvanic corrosion

A diagram illustrates shore power connected to a boat's systems, with the shore ground directly linked to the boat's immersed metal parts. This connection allows galvanic current to flow between dissimilar metals in the water, leading to corrosion. The diagram shows a fuse/breaker and an RCD (Residual Current Device) on the shore power line, and a galvanic current path from the boat's hull to a propeller.

Shore ground isolated from boat ground

A diagram shows shore power connected to an Isolation Transformer. The primary side of the transformer is connected to the shore power, including the ground. The secondary side of the transformer provides isolated power to the boat's systems. The boat's neutral is connected to the secondary ground, and all immersed metal parts are connected to this neutral. This setup prevents galvanic current flow from the shore ground to the boat's metal parts, thus preventing galvanic corrosion. An RCD is shown on the secondary side for safety.

Internal wiring diagram

The internal wiring diagram shows the connections for an isolation transformer. It includes input terminals for Line (L), Neutral (N), and Protective Earth (PE) from the shore. The transformer has a primary winding and a secondary winding. The secondary side has output terminals for L, N, and PE for the ship's systems. A soft start component is indicated in series with the primary winding. The secondary neutral (N) is shown connected to the ship's protective earth (PE).