Sonel PQM-707 Power Quality Analyzer User Manual

User Manual for Sonel models including: PQM-707 Power Quality Analyzer, PQM-707, Power Quality Analyzer, Quality Analyzer

PQM-707 User manual

Sonel S.A.

File Info : application/pdf, 128 Pages, 6.38MB

PQM-707 insobs v1.20.9 GB

USER MANUAL POWER QUALITY ANALYZER
PQM-707
SONEL S.A. Wokulskiego 11 58-100 widnica, Poland Version 1.20.9 26.11.2024

Thank you for purchasing the PQM-707 power quality analyzer. Please acquaint yourself with this manual to avoid measuring errors and prevent possible prob-
lems related to the operation of the meter.
2

CONTENTS
1 General information ................................................................................... 6
1.1 Safety..................................................................................................................6 1.2 General characteristics .......................................................................................7 1.3 Power supply of the analyzer ..............................................................................8 1.4 Measured parameters .........................................................................................9 1.5 Compliance with standards ...............................................................................11
2 Operation of the analyzer ........................................................................ 12
2.1 Switching the analyzer ON/OFF........................................................................12 2.2 Emergency restart.............................................................................................12 2.3 Emergency shutdown........................................................................................12 2.4 Auto-off .............................................................................................................13 2.5 LED ...................................................................................................................13 2.6 MicroSD memory card ......................................................................................13 2.7 USB external memory - pendrive ......................................................................14 2.8 Main elements of the screen .............................................................................14
2.8.1 Top bar .....................................................................................................................15 2.8.2 The title bar and help ................................................................................................15 2.8.3 Main window.............................................................................................................15 2.8.4 Information bar on the parameters of the current mains configuration .......................16 2.8.5 Menu bar ..................................................................................................................16 2.9 Recording configuration ....................................................................................17 2.9.1 Recording configuration General settings...............................................................20 2.9.2 Recording configuration General settings II............................................................22 2.9.3 Recording configuration Voltage parameters .........................................................23 2.9.4 Recording configuration Current parameters..........................................................25 2.9.5 Recording configuration Powers ............................................................................26 2.9.6 Recording configuration Energy and power factors ................................................27 2.9.7 Recording configuration Flicker and unbalance......................................................28 2.9.8 Recording configuration THD, TDD and harmonics................................................29 2.9.9 Configuration default settings....................................................................................30 2.9.10 Start / stop of recording.............................................................................................31 2.9.11 Approximate recording times ....................................................................................32 2.10 Analyzer settings...............................................................................................33 2.10.1 Analyzer settings Hardware settings ......................................................................33 2.10.2 Analyzer settings Settings......................................................................................34 2.10.3 Analyzer settings Managers...................................................................................36 2.11 Recording analysis............................................................................................39 2.11.1 List of recordings ......................................................................................................39 2.11.2 Recording summary window .....................................................................................40 2.11.3 Timeplots selecting the time range.........................................................................41 2.11.4 Timeplots selecting data ........................................................................................43 2.11.5 Timeplots of parameters timeplot window ..............................................................45 2.11.6 Generating report on compliance with standard ........................................................47 2.11.7 Report according to standard - description................................................................49
2.11.7.1 Section GENERAL INFORMATION ....................................................................49 2.11.7.2 Section MEASUREMENT STATISTICS..............................................................50 2.11.7.3 Section FREQUENCY ........................................................................................51 2.11.7.4 Section VOLTAGE..............................................................................................52 2.11.7.5 Section PHASE-TO-PHASE VOLTAGE..............................................................52
3

2.11.7.6 Section FLICKER ...............................................................................................52 2.11.7.7 Section UNBALANCE.........................................................................................52 2.11.7.8 Section HIGHER ORDER HARMONICS.............................................................53 2.11.7.9 Section HIGHER ORDER HARMONICS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..........53 2.11.7.10 Section ADDITIONAL INFORMATION EVENTS ........................................53 2.11.7.11 Section ADDITIONAL INFORMATION STATISTICS OF POLYPHASE
EVENTS ............................................................................................................. 53 2.11.7.12 Section ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..........................................................54 2.11.8 Harmonics graph ......................................................................................................54 2.11.9 Event list...................................................................................................................54 2.11.10 Energy cost calculator ........................................................................................58 2.11.10.1 Settings of the energy cost calculator............................................................59 2.11.11 Generating report on compliance with standard NEC220.87...............................61 2.12 Inrush current ....................................................................................................63 2.12.1 Inrush current measurement configuration ................................................................63 2.12.2 Inrush current measurement and analysis ................................................................65 2.13 Measuring the efficiency of the inverter.............................................................69 2.13.1 Measurement configuration.......................................................................................69 2.13.2 Live mode.................................................................................................................71 2.14 Energy losses calculator ...................................................................................73 2.14.1 Functional Description ..............................................................................................73 2.14.2 Configuration of the loss calculator ...........................................................................74 2.15 About analyzer ..................................................................................................76 2.16 LIVE mode of the network .................................................................................76 2.16.1 Waveforms of voltages and currents .........................................................................76 2.16.2 Timeplot of RMS values............................................................................................78 2.16.3 Live mode tabular view ..........................................................................................79 2.16.4 Phasor diagram ........................................................................................................81 2.16.5 Harmonics graph/table..............................................................................................82 2.17 Operation with PC .............................................................................................84 2.17.1 "Sonel Analysis" software .........................................................................................84 2.17.2 PC connection and data transmission .......................................................................84 2.18 Wiring diagrams ................................................................................................85 2.18.1 Verifying the connection............................................................................................90 2.19 Example of use .................................................................................................92
3 Design and measurement methods ....................................................... 96
3.1 Voltage inputs ...................................................................................................96 3.2 Current inputs....................................................................................................96 3.3 Digital integrator ................................................................................................96 3.4 Signal sampling.................................................................................................97 3.5 PLL synchronization..........................................................................................97 3.6 Frequency measurement ..................................................................................97 3.7 Event detection .................................................................................................98 3.8 Methods of parameter's averaging....................................................................99
4 Calculation formulas.............................................................................. 100
4.1 Single-phase network......................................................................................100 4.2 Split-phase network.........................................................................................103 4.3 3-phase 4-wire network...................................................................................104 4.4 3-phase 4-wire (no U L2) / 2 ½ - element network ..........................................106
4

4.5 3-phase 3-wire networks .................................................................................107 5 Technical specification ......................................................................... 108
5.1 Inputs ..............................................................................................................108 5.2 Sampling and real time clock ..........................................................................109 5.3 Measured parameters accuracy, resolution and ranges ..............................109
5.3.1 Reference conditions .............................................................................................. 109 5.3.2 Measurement uncertainty within rated temperature range.......................................110 5.3.3 Voltage ................................................................................................................... 110 5.3.4 Current ................................................................................................................... 111 5.3.5 Frequency .............................................................................................................. 111 5.3.6 Harmonics .............................................................................................................. 111 5.3.7 Power and energy...................................................................................................112 5.3.8 Estimating the uncertainty of power and energy measurements..............................113 5.3.9 Flicker.....................................................................................................................115 5.3.10 Unbalance .............................................................................................................. 115 5.4 Event detection voltage and current RMS ....................................................115 5.4.1 Event detection hysteresis ...................................................................................... 115 5.5 Recording........................................................................................................116 5.6 Power supply...................................................................................................117 5.7 Supported mains types ...................................................................................117 5.8 Supported current probes ...............................................................................118 5.9 Communication ...............................................................................................118 5.10 Environmental conditions and other technical data .........................................118 5.11 Safety and electromagnetic compatibility ........................................................119 5.12 Standards........................................................................................................119
6 Rechargeable battery ............................................................................ 120 6.1 Genral information...........................................................................................120 6.2 Replacing rechargeable batteries....................................................................120
7 Cleaning and maintenance ................................................................... 121 8 Storage .................................................................................................... 121 9 Dismantling and disposal ..................................................................... 121 10 Optional accessories ............................................................................. 122 11 Positions of the meter's cover.............................................................. 123 12 Manufacturer .......................................................................................... 123
5

PQM-707 user manual

1 General information
The following international symbols are used on the analyzer and in this manual:

Warning; See explanation in
manual
Direct voltage/ current
Do no dispose of this product as un-
sorted municipal waste

Functional earth terminal
Double Insulation (Protection Class)
Recycling information

Alternating voltage/ current
Conforms to relevant European Union direc-
tives (Conformité Européenne)
Conforms to relevant Australian standards

1.1 Safety
Warning
To avoid electric shock or fire, you must observe the following guidelines:
· Before you proceed to operate the analyzer, acquaint yourself thoroughly with the present manual and observe the safety regulations and specifications provided by the producer.
· Any application that differs from those specified in the present manual may result in damage to the device and constitute a source of danger for the user.
· Analyzers must be operated only by appropriately qualified personnel with relevant certificates authorizing the personnel to perform works on electric systems. Operating the analyzer by unauthorized personnel may result in damage to the device and constitute a source of danger for the user.
· The device must not be used for networks and devices in areas with special conditions, e.g. fire-risk and explosive-risk areas.
· Before starting the work, check the analyzer, wires, current probes and other accessories for any sign of mechanical damage. Pay special attention to the connectors.
· It is unacceptable to operate the device when: it is damaged and completely or partially out of order, its cords and cables have damaged insulation, of the device and accessories mechanically damaged.
· Do not power the analyzer from sources other than those listed in this manual. · Do not connect inputs of the analyzer to voltages higher than the rated values. · PE input of the analyzer is used only for connecting local grounding. Do not connect this
input to any voltage. · Use accessories and probes with a suitable rating and measuring category for the tested
circuit. · Do not use current probes other than those listed in this manual. · Use only double insulated and certified probes. · Do not exceed the rated parameters of the lowest measurement category (CAT) of the
used measurement set consisting of the analyzer, probes and accessories. The measurement category of the entire set is the same as of the component with the lowest measurement category. · If possible, connect the analyzer to the de-energized circuits. 6

1 General information
· Opening the device socket plugs results in the loss of its tightness, leading to a possible damage in adverse weather conditions. It may also expose the user to the risk of electric shock.
· Do not handle or move the device while holding it only by its cables. · Do not short battery pack terminals together. · Do not disassembly the pattery pack. · Repairs may be performed only by an authorized service point.
1.2 General characteristics
PQM-707 (Fig. 1) is a mobile, 3-phase Power Quality Analyzer, providing its users with features for measuring, analysing and recording parameters of 50/60 Hz power networks and power quality in accordance with the European Standard EN 50160 and other standards. The analyzer is made in class S, in accordance with the requirements of IEC 61000-4-30:2015.
Convenient operation is ensured by a 7-inch LCD with a resolution of 800x480 and a multi-point touch panel. It may be also operated using the attached stylus. The display provides the current view of network parameters (including waveforms, vectors, tables). The user interface includes a complete analyzer configuration (selection of parameters for data recording/logging) and an analysis of the recorded data (including time and harmonics diagrams, reports on compliance with standards).
The only two buttons are used to turn on the meter and start the data recording.
The analyzer is equipped with five banana voltage terminals marked as L1, L2, L3, N and PE. The range of voltages measured by four measuring channels is max. ±1150 V. The use of external transducers enables the analyzer to be used in networks with higher voltages.
Four terminals for current probes allow user to connect several types of probes to measure currents. The terminals may be connected to the following probe types: flexible probes with nominal rating up to 6000 A and hard clamps. Also in case of current, the nominal range may be changed by using additional transformers. The analyzer automatically recognizes the type of connected probes (provided that they have letter A in their marking and that automatic probes are set in the recording configuration).
The device has a user-accessible microSD memory card with a capacity of 4 GB. The card is used for storing recorded data files, reports and screenshots. The meter also has an internal memory with a smaller capacity, which is used for storing configuration files, standard settings and other.
Recorded parameters are divided into groups that may be independently turned on/off for recording purposes and this solution facilitates the rational management of the space on the memory card. Parameters that are not recorded, leave more memory space for further measurements.
The meter is compatible with PC software Sonel Analysis, which also supports other analyzers produced by Sonel. In the current version, this software provides the current view of the measured network ("live" mode) and the analysis of recorded data.
The data may be read using the USB port (slot of B type to connect PC) or directly from a microSD card and inserting it to an external memory card reader.
In addition, the analyzer has a second USB port - type A, which may be used to connect an external memory stick. Using the interface of the analyzer, the user may transfer selected files to the memory stick (e.g. files with reports and settings).
7

PQM-707 user manual
Fig. 1. Power Quality Analyzer PQM-707. General view.
1.3 Power supply of the analyzer
The analyzer is powered from two sources: external power supply adapter (input voltage 100...240 V AC, output 12 V DC) and from a removable Li-Ion battery pack. The fully charged battery pack provides at least 4 hours of uninterrupted operation without an external power supply. After connecting the power supply the battery pack is recharged. Details are described in section 6 After the battery pack is discharged the meter stops its current operations (e.g. recording) and switches -off in the emergency mode. When the power supply from mains returns, the analyzer resumes interrupted recording.
Additional option for recharging the meter is connecting it with USB cable to a PC or charger with USB output. The charging current is then reduced accordingly (approx. 15-fold), which means that charging time is longer. This type of charging works only when the analyzer is completely switched off (not in sleep mode).
Additional or new battery pack used for PQM-707 (Li-Ion 11.1 V, 3.4 Ah) may be purchased at our store or in Sonel distribution network.
8

1 General information
1.4 Measured parameters
The analyzer is designed to measure and record the following parameters: · RMS voltages up to 760 VAC reffered to PE input (measuring range up to ±1150 V), · RMS currents:
· up to 6000 A (peak currents up to ±20 kA) using flexible probes, · up to 1400 A using hard clamps, · crest factors for current and voltage, · mains frequency within the range of 40..70 Hz, · active, reactive and apparent power and energy, distortion power, · harmonics of voltages and currents (up to 50th), · active and reactive powers of harmonics, · Total Harmonic Distortion THDF for current and voltage, · Total Demand Distortion TDD for current, · power factor PF, cos, tan, · unbalance factors for three-phase mains and symmetrical components, · flicker severity PST and PLT, Some of the parameters are aggregated (averaged) according to the time selected by the user (available settings: 1s, 3s, 10s, 30s, 1min, 10min, 15min, 30min) and may be stored on a memory card. In addition to average value, it is also possible to record minimum and maximum values in individual averaging periods. The analyzer detects the following types of voltage events: dip, swell and interruption. User may define two thresholds for current: exceeding (top value) of the maximum value and dropping below (bottom value) the minimum value. The current in the neutral channel has two independent thresholds. In DC systems, there are two thresholds: exceeding the maximum and minimum voltage value. Event detection may be accompanied by recording waveforms of voltage and current waveforms and RMS values. These waveforms are recorded at the beginning and end of the event. Tab. 1 presents a summary of parameters measured by PQM-707, depending on the mains type.
9

PQM-707 user manual

Tab. 1. Measured parameters for different network configurations.

Parameter

Mains type, channel

RMS voltage

UDC

DC voltage

RMS current

IDC

DC current

Frequency

CF U

Voltage crest factor

CF I

Current crest factor

Active power

Q1, QB

Reactive power

D, SN

Distortion power

Apparent power

Power Factor

cos tan
THD U
THD I
EP+, EPEQ1+, EQ1EQB+, EQB-
ES Uh1..Uh50
Ih1..Ih50 Ph1..Ph50

Displacement power factor
Factor tangent Total harmonic distortion
voltage Total harmonic distortion
current Active energy (consumed
and supplied) Reactive energy (consumed and supplied)
Apparent energy
Voltage harmonic amplitudes
Current harmonic amplitudes
harmonics active power

Qh1..Qh50
Unbalance U, I
PST, PLT

harmonics reactive power
Symmetrical components and unbalance factors
Flicker severity

TDD

Total demand distortion

1-phase
L1 N
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
· ·
· ·
·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · ·

3-phase

2-phase

4-wire,

3-wire,

2 ½ - element

2-element

L1 L2 N L1 L2 L3 N L12L23L31 L1

· · · · · ·· · · ·

· · · ·

·· · · · ·· · · ·

· · ·(1)

· ·

·· · · ·

· ·

·· · · ·

· ·

·· · · ·

· ·

·· · · ·

· ·

·· · · ·

·(1)

DC+M L1 L2
· · · ·
· ··

· · · · · ·· · · ·

· ·

·· · · ·

· ·(2) ·(2) ·(2) ·(2)

· ·

·· · · ·

·(1)

· ·

·· · · ·

· · · · · ·· · · ·

· · · · · · ·
· · · · ·

· · ·· · · ·

· ·· · ··

· ··

· · ·

· · ·· · · ·

Explanations: L1, L2, L3 (L12, L23, L31) indicate subsequent phases,
N is a measurement for voltage channel N-PE or current channel IN, depending on the parame-
ter type,
is the total value for the system. (1) In 3-wire networks, the total reactive power is calculated as inactive power = 2 - 2
(see discussion on reactive power in Power Quality Guide document)
(2) Only consumed energy EP+

1 General information
1.5 Compliance with standards
The analyzer is designed to meet the requirements of the following standards. Standards valid for measuring network parameters: · IEC 61000-4-30:2015 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Testing and measurement
techniques - Power quality measurement methods. · IEC 61000-4-7:2007 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Testing and Measurement
Techniques - General Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected to them. · IEC 61000-4-15:2011 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Testing and Measurement Techniques - Flickermeter - Functional and Design Specifications. · IEC 50160:2010 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution networks.
Safety standards: · IEC 61010-1 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement control and
laboratory use. Part 1: General requirements. · IEC 61010-2-030 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control,
and laboratory use - Part 2-030: Particular requirements for testing and measuring circuits.
Standards for electromagnetic compatibility: · IEC 61326 Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use. Requirements
for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC).
The device meets all the requirements of Class S as defined in IEC 61000-4-30. The summary of the requirements is presented in the table below.

Tab. 2. Summary of selected parameters in terms of their compliance with the standards

Aggregation of measurements at different intervals
Real-time clock (RTC) uncertainty
Frequency
Power supply voltage
Voltage fluctuations (flicker) Dips, interruptions and surges of supply voltage Supply voltage unbalance Voltage and current harmonics

IEC 61000-4-30 Class S: · Basic measurement time for parameters (voltage, current, harmonics, unbal-
ance) is a 10-period interval for 50 Hz power supply system and 12-period interval for 60 Hz system, · Interval of 3 s (150 periods for the nominal frequency of 50 Hz and 180 periods for 60 Hz), · Interval of 10 minutes, · Interval of 2 h (basing on 12 intervals of 10 min.) IEC 61000-4-30 Class S: · Built-in real time clock with accuracy better than ± 5 s / 24 h. Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 Class S of the measurement method and uncertainty Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 Class S of the measurement method and uncertainty The measurement method and uncertainty meets the requirements of IEC 61000-4-15 standard. Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 Class S of the measurement method and uncertainty Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 Class S of the measurement method and uncertainty Compliant with IEC 61000-4-30 Class S of the measurement method and uncertainty (IEC 61000-4-7 class II)

PQM-707 user manual
2 Operation of the analyzer
2.1 Switching the analyzer ON/OFF
The analyzer may be switched-on by pressing button . Starting the meter from the completely inactivated status takes about thirty seconds. The screen displays the version of the software and the boot-up progress is indicated by a bar at the bottom part of the screen. After boot-up, the meter enters normal operation mode and displays the initial screen, which may be specified by the user. The default start-up screen is shown in Fig. 2.
The analyzer may be turned off by pressing button (if recording is not active). A window will be displayed, where the user selects the mode for switching the meter off: · SHUTDOWN complete inactivation with minimum power consumption. Selecting this option
ends the meter operation and then turns it off. Restarting the meter switched off in this way will take about thirty seconds. The advantage of this mode is the ability a long-term storage of the meter in the off state, without significant discharging of its battery pack. · SUSPEND stand-by of the meter. This mode allows user to quickly start the meter, but at the cost of increased power consumption from the battery pack. The battery pack in this state will be completely discharged in approx. 40 hours. After exceeding the critical level of discharging, the meter automatically switches off completely (see the option above).
In some situations, turning off the meter is locked: · If the analyzer is recording, the user will see a message that recording is in progress. To switch
the analyzer off, first stop the recording. · When the analyzer performs processes that can not be interrupted, e.g. software update. In
this case, wait until the meter goes into standby mode.
2.2 Emergency restart
If the analyzer stops to respond, it may be forced to restart. This procedure will not delete any settings or personal information. If the emergency restart occurs while recording is in progress, the recording will be suspended until the device is restarted.
How to force the analyzer to restart? · Press and hold button until the device turns off and on again. · When the startup screen appears (approx. 15 seconds from pressing ) release the button.
2.3 Emergency shutdown
If the analyzer stops responding, the user may perform emergency shutdown. Performing this action will not delete any personal information or user settings, but the date and time in the device will reset.
Performing an emergency shutdown during the recording will stop it until the device is restarted. When the device is turned on again, the recording process will continue and its results will be saved to xxx_part2 file, where xxx is the name of the recording that was in progress before the shutdown. For an emergency shutdown, the battery must be removed from the device, as described in sec. 6.2.
It is strongly recommended to avoid an emergency shutdown of the device, as it may damage the file where the recording is in progress or damage the device while updating its firmware.
12

2 Operation of the analyzer
2.4 Auto-off
The user can enable the option to automatically switching off the meter after 10 or 30-minutes of inactivity (see sec. 2.10.2). If the analyzer during this time is powered from the battery pack and is not in the recording mode and when connection to PC is inactive, it automatically switches when it is not used to save energy.
The analyzer turns off automatically also when the battery is fully discharged. Such emergency shut-down is performed regardless of the mode of the device. In case of active recording, it will be interrupted. When the power supply returns, the recording process is resumed. Emergency shutdown is signalled by an appropriate message.
2.5 LED
Two-colour LED located below (START) button indicates the recording status and charge status of the battery pack. Red colour indicates the recording process: · LED flashes red during data recording, with a frequency of 0.5 Hz (once every 2 seconds) · LED is inactive when recording is off.
Green colour indicates the battery pack: · LED is continuously green during charging and when recording is off (also when the meter is
switched off) · during charging, but when the recording is on, green LED turns on once every 10 seconds. · it flashes at 0.5 Hz frequency after charging error is detected (exceeded temperature, no battery
pack); at the same time when recording is on red and green LED's flash alternately. When green LED flashes for a long time, even when the ambient temperature is correct and the battery pack temperature is within the range from 0°C to 45°C, it may indicate a faulty battery pack and the need to contact the manufacturer's service.
2.6 MicroSD memory card
Removable microSD HC card is the primary place of data storage for: · recorded measurement data, · standard compliance reports, · screenshot files. The top bar shows the status of the card and its free space available.
To ensure proper operation of the analyzer and prevent data loss: · do not remove the memory card during recording. Ignoring this recommendation may result in
ending the recording process, damage of data recorded, and in some cases, damage to the entire structure of files saved on the card. · do not modify or delete files stored on the card or store own files on it. If the analyzer after inserting the card detects an error in the file system, the memory format panel is shown to perform formatting of the card. Only after formatting (which removes all files) it will be possible to reuse the card in the analyzer. · Before removing the card from the meter (e.g. to read the data by Sonel Analysis by using external card reader) it is recommended to turn the meter off, to save all cached data.
MicroSD memory card may be formatted from the user interface level. Enter ANALYZER SETTINGS and select MEMORY, where the user may ability to format the memory (see also sec. 2.10.1).
13

PQM-707 user manual
2.7 USB external memory - pendrive
Connecting an external USB stick allows user to: · copy selected files with reports on standard compliance from microSD memory card to the
memory stick, · copy selected files with screenshot from microSD memory card to the memory stick, · save the log file of the meter, in case of an error in the analyzer in order to perform an analysis
in the service department of the manufacturer, · update the firmware of the analyzer. For this purpose, first save in the root folder of the memory
stick the update file downloaded from the manufacturer's website http://www.sonel.pl/en/download/firmware.html (after extracting the ZIP archive). After inserting the USB memory to the analyzer, select from the main menu ANALYZER SETTINGS and then UPGRADES. When correct update files are detected, the appropriate window is displayed. The user should follow the onscreen prompts. Supported file systems are FAT and FAT32. When a memory formatted in a different file system is inserted, the device will display a window informing about detecting unformatted media carrier. From this window, the user may directly enter the formatting screen. The data on the memory stick are stored in the folder named " PQM-707_DATA".
2.8 Main elements of the screen
Fig. 2 shows the default screen of the analyzer after switching on. There you can distinguish several sections: · top bar , · the title and help bar , · main window , · information bar on current mains configuration , · menu bar .
Fig. 2. Main elements of the analyzer screen.
14

2.8.1 Top bar Top bar (Fig. 3) includes from left to right:

2 Operation of the analyzer

Fig. 3. Elements of the top bar.
· Current time and date of the analyzer . · Button of HOLD function. Pressing this icon on the screens of LIVE mode (preview of the
current network, see sec. 2.16) will stop the refreshing of image displayed in the main window. Press it again to return to normal mode. · The button signalling the correct connection of the analyzer . The icon on this button informs the user about the correctness or potential problem with the configuration or connection of the
analyzer. Pressing this icon (it may show symbol , or ) will display a window with more detailed information about possible errors in connecting the analyzer to the mains and with the compliance of mains parameters with the measurement configuration. More information can be found in section 2.18.1. · Recording status icon . The icon is green when recording is inactive. After starting the recording of the icon turns red. · Information on connected or configured current probes . If the measurement configuration has no probes indicated - the field displays dashes "---". When a specific type of probes is selected, their name will be displayed. In the mode of auto detection of probes, the device displays the name of recognized probes (probe must be of the same type used in all measurement channels) or the question mark "?" if no probes are connected (or detected). · Memory card icon with information about free space . If the card is not in the slot, the screen shows the icon crossed out. · External USB memory icon (USB stick) . If no external memory is connected, the icon is crossed out. · The icon of battery charge status and external power supply .
2.8.2 The title bar and help
The title bar (Fig. 2, element ) displays the name of the current main window with the name of the section. It allows user to quickly see which part of the interface is displayed. The right side of
the screen displays the Help icon . After clicking it, a context help is displayed, which describes interface elements visible on the screen.
2.8.3 Main window
In the central part of the screen, the main window of the analyzer is displayed. The default window (shown in Fig. 2) contains four items: · RECORDING CONFIGURATION. This part of the interface is used to configure the measurement
system and all aspects related to the recording of network parameters such as: mains type (e.g. single-phase, three-phase), probes type, transformers, recorded parameters. · RECORDING ANALYSIS provides an analysis of the recorded data and "live" view of the recording process. · SPECIAL FUNCTIONS including: · INRUSH after selecting this option, the analyzer switches to inrush measurement mode
(see section 2.12), · INVERTER EFFICIENCY (see section 2.13).
15

PQM-707 user manual
· ENERGY LOSSES CALCULATOR (see section 2.14). · ANALYZER SETTINGS its includes a range of analyzer configuration options, such as date and
time, managing energy saving modes, or standards and files manager. · ANALYZER INFORMATION after selecting this option, a window is displayed with the details of
the analyzer and manufacturer.
A more detailed description of each section is presented in the following chapters.
2.8.4 Information bar on the parameters of the current mains configuration Below the main screen a bar is displayed, which shows the main parameters of the active meas-
urement system (Fig. 2, element ): · nominal voltage, · mains frequency, · mains type, · the name of the current recording configuration.
The mains type is symbolized by icons: - 1-phase system,
- split-phase system,
- 3-phase 4-wire system, - 3-phase 4-wire (no U L2) / 2 ½ element (no V L2/B), - transducers: 3-phase 4-wire, - 3-phase 3-wire system, - 3-phase open delta, - transducers: 3-phase 3-wire, - 3-phase 3-wire Aron / 2-elements, - transducers: 3-phase 3-wire Aron (2 PTs, 2-Elements) - DC system,
- DC+M system.
2.8.5 Menu bar The menu bar is displayed at the bottom of the screen (Fig. 2, element ). It usually contains
several touch icons which change depending on the current context. The individual icons are described in sections presenting individual screens. In some cases, an additional menu bar is opened above the main menu bar.
Some icons displayed in the menu bar have a permanent effect throughout the interface: - return to the main screen, - return to the previous screen. - saving a screenshot to an image file on microSD memory card, - opening an additional zoom in/out menu for the chart.
In subsequent sections, the menu bar icons (and their effects), specific for a given view, are described in a separate part of entitled "Menu bar functions".
16

2 Operation of the analyzer
2.9 Recording configuration
Before any measurement is started it is necessary to properly configure the analyzer in accordance with the requirements of the user. Configuration changes are performed directly in the analyzer and it is (at the moment) the only possible way to configure the device - Sonel Analysis software in its current version (4.3.0) does not support the configuration of PQM-707 analyzer.
To access the configuration module on the main screen, select section RECORDING CONFIGURATION. The list is displayed with measurement configurations saved in the analyzer's memory (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Recording configuration Configuration list.

The table has three columns: · TYPE displayed icon determines the type of measurement configuration:

- recording acc. to user configuration (inactive - grey)

- recording acc. to user configuration (active - green)

- recording for compliance with the selected standard (inactive)

- recording for compliance with the selected standard (active)

· NAME the name of the configuration given by the user.

· DATE date and time of creating the configuration.

The list may be scrolled in the window by finger icon or using the bar on the right.

PQM-707 user manual Menu bar functions To make the desired configuration active, click its line, and then on the bottom bar select icon (activate the configuration). To modify the indicated configuration, in the bottom bar select icon (editing) or double-click the line of this configuration. Selecting the filter icon activates an additional menu bar displayed above the main menu bar, where you may indicate which registrations are listed: acc. to user configuration, acc. to a standard, or both types. Selecting a given type is indicated by orange colour e.g. . To add a new configuration, select icon (add). After clicking the icon for adding a new configuration, a window will be displayed as shown in Fig. 5. The title bar will display the default name of the new configuration. It is created from current date and time in the format "YYYY-MM-DD hh_mm_ss_settings", which may be modified. An asterisk after the name indicates that the configuration has been modified but not saved.
Fig. 5. Recording configuration selecting the type of a new configuration.
18

2 Operation of the analyzer

The first step in creating a new configuration is selecting the type of a new configuration. There are two possibilities:
· ACCORDING TO USER the user decides fully on recording character, averaging time and type of parameters to be recorded.
· ACCORDING TO STANDARD recording for the compliance of the tested mains with the standard selected from the list; it enables user to generate a compliance report. The user may set only certain recording parameters, e.g. network layout and nominal voltage; other parameters are set automatically in accordance with the requirements of the selected standard (unchangeable). By default the analyzer has the following profiles prepared: o EN50160: European standard in three variants depending on the nominal voltage value (low, medium and high) o Regulation of the Minister of Economy: provisions valid in Poland in four variants depending on the nominal voltage value (low, medium, high 110 kV and 220 kV, high 400 kV) o Two variants of an Australian Standard (based on EN 50160 and AS 61000.3.100), for low and medium voltage, o GOST 32144-2013: Russian standard in four variants depending on the nominal voltage value (low, medium 6-20 kV, medium 35 kV, high), o NEC220.87 30-day Load Studies.
· STANDARD SETTINGS PREDEFINED list of five predefined settings the user can choose in order to speed up the process of complete setup. User needs to decide on the type of mains and averaging period etc. List of available settings: o All parameters
o Logging: V, I, f and THD
o Power study & Energy audit
o Logging: harmonics, V, I
o Power Quality
o Load Study

Menu bar functions
- approving the selected recording type and entering detailed edition.
- saving configuration with default parameters. The user will be asked for the name of the configuration file. You can save the configuration with the default name, created automatically, or change the name as desired.

Detailed configuration settings are divided into eight screens: · GENERAL SETTINGS, · GENERAL SETTINGS II, · VOLTAGE PARAMETERS, · CURRENT PARAMETERS, · POWERS, · ENERGY AND POWER FACTORS, · FLICKER AND UNBALANCE, · THD, TDD AND HARMONICS, · HARMONICS POWER.

Buttons

and

at the bottom menu bar are used to switch between successive screens.

After editing the configuration you can save it under a certain name in the internal memory of the analyzer

by clicking icon . A window will be displayed, in which the user may to give the configuration a name (or leave the proposed one). To edit the name, click its area - a window with on-screen keyboard will appear. Field Set as active will set the saved configuration as active - the analyzer reads all settings and will be ready to start recording. To confirm, click OK, to cancel CANCEL.
19

PQM-707 user manual 2.9.1 Recording configuration General settings
Screen of General settings is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Recording configuration General settings At this point, you may define: · MAINS TYPE. By clicking the icon from drop-down list, or on the network name, you can select
the following types (the names may differ depending on the language selected US or GB): o 1-phase, o Split-phase, o 3-phase 4-wire (systems with neutral wire, e.g. wye with N), o 3-phase 3-wire (systems without neutral wire wye without N and delta), o 3-phase 3-wire Aron / 2 element (as standard 3-wire system, but with the current measurement using two probes (I1 and I3), the third current (I2) is calculated according to the calculation method from the formula I2 = -(I1+I3) ) o 3-phase 4-wire (no U L2) / 2 ½ element (no V L2/B) (as standard 4-wire system, but with the calculation of U L2 voltage (U L2 voltage is not measured) according to the formula UL2 = -(UL1+UL3) ). o 3-phase open delta, o Transducers: 3-phase 4-wire, o Transducers: 3-phase 3-wire, o Transducers: 3-phase (V system, Aron).
The above types of mains are available for frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz. In DC systems, there are two systems of networks:
o DC measuring one DC voltage and one DC current, o DC+M measuring two DC voltages in relation to the middle potential (M stands
for middle), with the option for measuring two DC currents (probes C-5 or C-5A). · VOLTAGE UN the user may select from a list the nominal voltage of the tested network. Each
entry in the list contains two values separated by slash, e.g. 230/400. The first of them specifies the nominal phase voltage in systems with neutral conductor (1-phase, split-phase, 3-phase 20

2 Operation of the analyzer
4-wire). The second value determines the phase-to-phase voltage in such systems and nominal phase-to-phase voltage in systems without neutral conductor (3-phase 3-wire) · FREQUENCY FN mains nominal frequency. There are three positions:
o 50 HZ, o 60 HZ, o DC selecting this option allows the measurement in DC systems (mains types:
DC and DC+M described above). · PROBES TYPE - here you can enable or disable the measurement of currents and determine the
type of probes. If the current measurement is required, indicate probes to be used from the following list:
o F-X flexible probes (Rogowski coil) with a nominal range of 3000 A, AC measurement,
o C-4 probes CT (with core) with a range of 1000 A for AC currents measurement, o C-5 probes with Hall sensor with a range of 1000 A for measuring AC and DC
currents (only probes available in DC circuits), o C-6 probes CT (with core) with a range of 10 A for AC measurement, o C-7 probes CT (with core) with a range of 100 A for AC measurement, o AUTO selecting this item allows you to use any automatic probe (the letter A in the
designation, e.g. F-3A). The analyzer displays the type of connected probes on the top bar. Starting the recording is possible only when the analyzer recognized properly connected probes, and when the types of probes in multiphase systems are identical. o NONE indicating this option turns off the current measurement and all the parameters that need the current measure (i.e. power). When from FREQUENCY FN list DC position is selected, then only the following options are available: None, C-5, Auto (in Auto mode only C-5A probes are accepted). · VOLTAGE TRANSDUCER allows you to enter a multiplier of the nominal voltage selected from the list. The value of the multiplier may be set in the range from 0.1 to 10000.0 in 0.0001 steps. Multipliers are set in situations when using the external voltage transformers that modify the actual mains voltage to another voltage (usually lower), acceptable to the measuring instrument. Below the multiplier value, the screen displays resulting nominal voltage, which is the product of the multiplier and the nominal voltage indicated on the selection list. For example, when measuring the medium voltage of 15 kV (3-phase, 3-wire system) transformers are used to lower the ratio of 150:1. Voltage of 15 kV is transformed to 100 V, which may be safely provided to the input of the analyzer. In order to ensure that the measuring device indicates the factual voltage in a medium voltage network, it is necessary to set the voltage transformer at 150.0, and choose "58/100" from the list of nominal voltages. Voltage 100 V provided to the analyzer input will be multiplied by 150 and will be shown as 15 kV. · CURRENT TRANSDUCER - provides the current multiplier measured by the current probes. The value of the multiplier can be set in the range of from 0.1 to 10000.0, in 0.0001 steps. When using external current transformers (usually reducing the current value) this field has to be provided with the same value as the transformer ratio. The currents measured by the probes will be multiplied by the transducer factor to reflect the actual currents flowing on the primary side of the transformer. Below the multiplier value, the resulting new value of the maximum current on the primary side is displayed, which is the product of the multiplier and the nominal range of probes used. For example, using the transformer of 10 000 A / 5 A and a probes C6(A) (with nominal range of 10 A) you may measure currents up to 10 000 A (the limitation results from abilities of the transducer, not probes - primary current corresponding to the nominal current of the probes is 20 000 A).
21

PQM-707 user manual 2.9.2 Recording configuration General settings II
Screen of General settings II is shown in Fig. 7. It consists of the following fields: · TRIGGERING: specifies the method of starting the recording.
o Immediate starts recording after pressing START, o Threshold device is ready for recording after pressing START button, but saving
data to the memory card begins when the specified threshold of any event is exceeded, e.g. after detecting the first voltage dip. When analyzer waits for the first event to occur the recording state icon on the top bar changes to . o Schedule start and end times of recording are defined by the user. The user may define only the start time (then the end will be triggered manually using a button), or only the end time (then the recording will be triggered manually by button) or both of the times. The fields for entering times are on the same screen in section SCHEDULE. Readiness for recording is obtained after pressing START button. When analyzer waits for the start time the recording state icon on the top bar changes to . Proper data recording begins and ends at the set time interval. The scheduled recording process may be interrupted at any time manually by pressing START.
Fig. 7. Recording configuration General settings II.
· AVERAGING PERIOD - specifies the averaging time of recorded parameters and also the time between successive recorded data on a memory card (except events). The following settings are available: 1 second, 3 seconds, 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes.
· HYSTERESIS - percentage value in the range from 0.1 to 10, to be used for detecting events. Higher values allow to limit the number of detected events if the parameter value fluctuates around the threshold. The typical value of the hysteresis is 2%.
22

2 Operation of the analyzer · ADDITIONAL MEASUREMENTS - in this section you can enable the measurement of additional
channels: o N-PE voltage ticking this box results in recording also parameters of voltage channel N-PE (as for other voltage channels). o N-conductor current ticking this box results in recording the current in the neutral conductor. It is necessary to connect the probes in channel N.
· CONFIGURATION NAME displays the current name of the edited configuration (read-only). · SELECTED STANDARD - in case of recording acc. to a standard, this field displays the name of the
selected standard, e.g. "EN50160 low voltage". In other cases, the field displays dashes "---". 2.9.3 Recording configuration Voltage parameters
The screen for setting voltage parameters is shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8. Recording configuration - Voltage parameters It contains the following elements: · FREQUENCY - selection boxes for recording the following parameters:
o Minimum - recording the smallest frequency value registered in averaging period. For example: in 10-minute averaging, this is the minimum value of 10-second frequency out of the 60 measured in that range.
o Average - the averaged value of the frequency in the averaging period. For example: in case of this parameter and a 10-minute averaging, the value is the arithmetic mean of 60 frequency values measured in this period.
o Maximum - the highest frequency recorded in the averaging period. o All - ticking this box will automatically select all three parameters (Minimum, Aver-
age, Maximum). · CREST FACTOR U selection boxes for recording voltage Crest Factor. Similarly to the frequency
and most of the other parameters, the following fields are available: o Minimum o Average o Maximum
23

PQM-707 user manual · RMS VOLTAGE L-N or RMS VOLTAGE L-L (depending on the type of network) - selection boxes
for recording RMS voltage phase-to-neutral and phase-to-phase. Minimum and maximum values are searched from RMS1/2 values (RMS 1-cycle value refreshed every half-cycle). The user may select the following fields:
o Minimum o Maximum The average value is always recorded and ticked permanently. · LOG PHASE TO PHASE VOLTAGE ticking this box enables recording of the average phase-tophase voltages in 3-phase 4-conductor systems or one phase-to-phase voltage in split-phase system (the box is active only in these two systems). · LOG EVENTS ticking this box enables voltage event detection: swells, dips, interruptions. Three field with values allow the user to introduce own thresholds for these three types of events. Thresholds may be entered in volts or as a percentage values referenced to the nominal voltage of the network, e.g. setting the threshold of swell as +10% at nominal voltage of 230 V triggers the detection of swell after exceeding 253 V voltage (RMS1/2). The event ends when the voltage drops to the threshold value reduced by hysteresis. If the hysteresis in the described case is 2%, then the end of the event will occur if when voltage (RMS1/2) is lower than 248.4 V (253 V - 4.6 V). · LOG WAVEFORMS AND RMS ½ VALUES - ticking this box results in additional recording of waveforms of active measurement channels (also current channels) at the start and end of the voltage event. These waveforms have a standard length of 6 periods (approx. 120 ms), 2 periods of pretrigger (before start time) and 4 periods after.
24

2.9.4 Recording configuration Current parameters The view of this screen is shown in Fig. 9.

2 Operation of the analyzer

Fig. 9. Recording configuration - Current parameters
The elements are active (for editing) if the screen of general settings has enabled measurement of currents. · CREST FACTOR I recording current Crest Factor. You may record:
o Minimum o Average o Maximum · RMS CURRENT recording RMS current, Available options: o Minimum o Average o Maximum Minimum and maximum values in the averaging period are searched from all the RMS1/2 values, as in the case of the RMS voltage.
· LOG EVENTS ticking this box enables current event detection. Entering "0" disables a given event. The entered values may be from range 0 ... In (where In is the current measurement range after taking into account current transformers) o L max [A] - maximum value threshold for current L1, L2, L3 (depending on the network). An event is detected when the value of RMS1/2 current exceeds the specified threshold. o L min [A] minimum value threshold for current L1, L2, L3. An event is detected when the value of RMS1/2 current drops below the specified threshold. o N max [A] similarly to L max, but it relates to N current channel (neutral current). o N min [A] similarly to L min, but it relates to N current channel (neutral current).
· LOG WAVEFORMS AND RMS ½ VALUES - ticking this box results in additional recording of waveforms of active measurement channels (also voltage channels) at the start and end of the current event. These waveforms have a standard length of 6 periods (approx. 120 ms), 2 periods pretrigger time and 4 periods after start.
25

PQM-707 user manual 2.9.5 Recording configuration Powers
Configuration screen Powers is shown in Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Recording configuration Powers. It is possible to activate the recording of minimum, average and maximum values for the following power types: · ACTIVE POWER P, · REACTIVE POWER Q1 (for IEEE 1459) or REACTIVE POWER QB (for Budeanu method), · DISTORTION POWER SN (for IEEE 1459) or DISTORTION POWER D (for Budeanu method), · APPARENT POWER S. In the lower part there is a checkbox "Reactive power calculation method": IEEE 1459 (recommended and set by default) or Budeanu.
26

2 Operation of the analyzer 2.9.6 Recording configuration Energy and power factors Configuration screen Energy and power factors is shown in Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Recording configuration Energy and power factors The following elements are available: · ENERGY:
o Active energy Ep - ticking this box activates recording of active energy. The readout of meters measuring active energy (consumed and supplied) will be saved at every averaging period.
o Reactive energy Eq - ticking this box activates recording of reactive energy. The readout of meters measuring reactive energy (consumed and supplied) will be saved at every averaging period.
o Apparent energy Es - ticking this box activates recording of apparent energy. The readout of the energy meter will be saved at every averaging period.
· POWER FACTOR user may enable recording of minimum, average and maximum, · cos recording of Displacement Power Factor (the phase shift between the primary voltage
and current components). It is possible to activate the recording of minimum, average and maximum values. · tan - recording tangent ratio (the ratio of reactive power to active power). It is possible to activate the recording of minimum, average and maximum values.
27

PQM-707 user manual 2.9.7 Recording configuration Flicker and unbalance
Configuration screen Flicker and unbalance is shown in Fig. 12. On this screen the user may enable the following parameters: · SHORT-TERM FLICKER SEVERITY PST PST factor is calculated every 10 minutes. · LONG-TERM FLICKER SEVERITY PLT PLT is calculated every 2 hours from 12 PST values. · UNBALANCE AND SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS U - the user may enable recording of minimum,
medium and maximum values. This group includes voltage parameters: o Positive sequence symmetrical component U1 [V], o Negative sequence symmetrical component U2 [V], o Zero symmetrical component U0 [V], o Negative sequence unbalance factor u2 [%], which is the ratio of negative sequence U2 to positive sequence U1 expressed as a percentage value, o Positive sequence unbalance factor u0 [%], which is the ratio of positive sequence U0 to positive sequence U1 expressed as a percentage value,
· UNBALANCE AND SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS I - the user may enable recording of minimum, medium and maximum values. This group includes current parameters: o Positive sequence symmetrical component I1 [A], o Negative sequence symmetrical component I2 [A], o Zero symmetrical component I0 [A], o Negative sequence unbalance factor i2 [%], which is the ratio of negative sequence I2 to positive sequence I1 expressed as a percentage value, o Positive sequence unbalance factor i0 [%], which is the ratio of positive sequence I0 to positive sequence I1 expressed as a percentage value,
Fig. 12. Recording configuration Flicker factor and asymmetry.
28

2 Operation of the analyzer
2.9.8 Recording configuration THD, TDD and harmonics
The last screen of recording configuration is THD, TDD and harmonics (Fig. 13, Fig. 14). It allows user to activate recording of the following parameters: · THD U total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage; factor THD-F is calculated (referred to the
fundamental component). It includes 50 harmonics. You may record: o minimum, o average, o maximum.
· HARMONICS AMPLITUDES U activating recording of amplitudes for 50 voltage harmonics. The following elements may be saved: o minimum values, o average values, o maximum values.
· THD I - Total Harmonic Distortion of current, similarly to THD for voltage, · HARMONICS AMPLITUDES I similarly to voltage harmonics, · TDD total demand distortion parameter.

Fig. 13. Recording configuration THD, TDD and harmonics.

After tapping the

icon the second part of the menu appears (Fig. 14). It allows user

to activate recording of the following parameters:

· HARMONICS ACTIVE POWER - activates recording of all harmonic active powers,

· HARMONICS REACTIVE POWER - activates recording of all harmonic reactive powers.

PQM-707 user manual
Fig. 14. Recording configuration harmonic powers.
2.9.9 Configuration default settings The default configuration settings ac. to the user are as follows: · Mains type: 3-phase 4-wire, · Nominal frequency: 230/400 V (phase/phase-to-phase) (120/208 V for US language settings), · Nominal frequency: 50 Hz (60 Hz for US language settings), · Current measurements and probes: activated current measurement with automatic probes, · Voltage and current transducers: disabled, · Triggering: immediate, · Averaging time: 10 minutes, · Event detection hysteresis: 2.0%, · N-PE voltage and IN current measurement: disabled, · Recorded parameters: average values of the following parameters:
o frequency, o crest factors for voltage and current, o RMS values of phase voltages and currents, o active power, reactive power, apparent power, distortion power (measurement
method IEEE-1459), o active energy, reactive energy, apparent energy, o power factor PF, cos and tan factors, o flicker factors PST and PLT, o unbalance factors and symmetrical components of voltage and current, o THD U, THD I, harmonic amplitudes of voltages and currents. · Event detection: o detection of voltage events activated: swell 110% UNOM, dip 90% UNOM, interruption
5% UNOM, recording waveforms and RMS1/2 activated, o current events disabled. 30

2 Operation of the analyzer
The default configuration settings acc. to standard are as follows: · Selected standard: EN50160 low voltage, · Mains type: 3-phase 4-wire, · Nominal frequency: 230/400 V (phase/phase-to-phase), · Nominal frequency: 50 Hz, · Current measurements and probes: activated current measurement with automatic probes, · Voltage and current transducers: disabled, · Triggering: immediate, · Event detection hysteresis: 2.0%, · N-PE voltage and IN current measurement: disabled, · Recorded parameters:
o in accordance with standard requirements. · Event detection:
o voltage events in accordance with the requirements of the standard, enabled recording of waveforms and RMS1/2 values,
o current events disabled.

2.9.10 Start / stop of recording

After correct configuring recording and activating it, measurements can be triggered. To do this,

press the START flashing red LED.

button. Recording in-progress is signalled by red icon

in the top bar and

Before starting the recording, pay attention to the following issues: · Verify time of the analyzer. If the date or time are incorrect, go to ANALYZER SETTINGS DATE
AND TIME to enter the correct data.
· Verify connections of the analyzer with the tested network. If the icon for the correct connection
of the analyzer on the top bar is or , then before recording parameters, an additional window is displayed warning about a potential problem with the connection. The user must confirm the start of recording ignoring the warning or cancel the start. For more information about the potential problem display the window informing about the correct connection (see sec. 2.18.1). It may be also helpful to check the phasor diagram (vectors of voltages and currents; rotation sequence of phases in 3-phase system should be such that phase UL1 (UL1-2) is at 0°, UL2 (UL2-3) approx. -120°, UL3 (UL3-1) approx. -240°. Both unbalance factors (for voltage and current) shown on this screen should be low (typically less than 10%, especially for voltage). The display of waveforms may be checked for the shape of the waveforms and the RMS values of voltages and currents. The correct connection of current probes may be verified by checking the mark(s) of active power - in most cases of operation of passive loads this sign will be positive. · If the recording is longer, ensure the continuity of power supply by connecting an external 12V power supply adapter to the socket of the analyzer (the bar in the upper right corner will show an electric plug icon). · If the user selected the probes of Auto type (automatic probes) in the measurement configuration, the analyzer after pressing START checks whether correct probes are connected. If an error is detected, an adequate message will be displayed; recording will not be triggered. The analyzer requires that all required channels use probes of the same type. The user sees the correct detection of probes on the top bar when appropriate probes are detected, their type is next to the probes icon. If a question mark is displayed in this place, it means an error of connection. In DC systems, the only permitted probes are C-5 and C-5A. · The memory card must be inserted into the socket, and have enough free space (which is indicated on the top bar). If the card has not enough free space for the expected records (which

PQM-707 user manual
depends e.g. on the averaging time, recording time, mains type and number of measured parameters), you must ensure a free space by deleting previous recordings (go to ANALYZER SETTINGS FILES). · Recording takes the name of measurement configuration, which is active at the time of its triggering and there is no possibility to change it later. Therefore, it may be helpful to name the configuration before that, using a name which describes the measurements to facilitate finding it on the list of records (the name of the configuration can be modified before the start, entering the edition of active configuration).
Stopping the recording process: · To stop recording, press START button and confirm your intention to stop in the pop-up
window. Stopping the recording will be confirmed by sounds (one long and three short beeps)
and the colour of the recording icon will change into green . Red LED will stop flashing. If the recording is secured by PIN code, you need to enter the correct code and unlock it first. · Recording ends automatically as scheduled (if the end time is set), in other cases the user stops it by pressing START or recording ends when the memory card is full. · Recording ends automatically when the memory card is full.

2.9.11 Approximate recording times
The maximum recording time depends on many factors such as the size of the memory card, averaging time, the type of system, number of recorded parameters, waveforms recording, event detection, and event thresholds. A few selected configurations are presented in Tab. 3. The last column specifies the approximate recording times when the memory card is almost completely empty and has approx. 3.6 GB of free space. The typical configurations shown below assumes the measurement of the N-PE voltage and IN current. If the averaging time is different than the one chosen for the sample user configuration of 1 second, the approximate time of recording is proportionally extended, e.g. for 10-second averaging, the recording time will be 10 times the specified recording time at 1-second averaging.

Tab. 3. Approximate recording times for a few typical configurations.

Configuration type/ recorded parameters
according to EN 50160
according to EN 50160 User's recording,
all parameters activated User's recording,
all parameters activated

Averaging period
10 minutes 10 minutes 1 second 1 second

System type (current measure-
ment on)
3-phase 4-wire
1-phase
3-phase 4-wire 3-phase 4-wire

Events (with waveforms)
· (1000 events)
· (1000 events)
· (1000 events)
· (1000 events)

Current measure-
ment
·
·
·

Approximate recording time with 3.6GB allocated
space > 10 years
> 10 years
17 days
39 days

User's recording, all parameters activated

1 second

1-phase

· (1000 events)

37 days

User's recording, all parameters activated
User's recording, all parameters activated
User's recording, all parameters activated

1 second 1 second 1 second

1-phase
3-phase 3-wire 3-phase 3-wire

(1000 events)

· (1000 events)

(1000 events)

77 days 25 days 51 days

2 Operation of the analyzer
2.10 Analyzer settings After selecting ANALYZER SETTINGS section in the main screen, the screen shown in Fig. 15 will
be displayed. In this part of the meter interface, a series of screens is available for configuring many aspects of the analyzer operation. All settings are divided into the following three sections:
· HARDWARE SETTINGS · SETTINGS · MANAGERS They are described in the following sections.
Fig. 15. Analyzer settings 2.10.1 Analyzer settings Hardware settings
Section HARDWARE SETTINGS contains the following options: · DATE AND TIME - to set the date and time of the analyzer. All measured data is determined
in accordance with this time. You may also choose one of two ways to display the date: o YYYY-MM-DD o MM/DD/YYYY
· PROBES - This panel enables user to reverse phases of connected probes in the software. This is useful in situations where the physical reversing of probes is impossible or difficult. To reverse the phase of the selected channel, click on the appropriate icon. The default phase of the probes is marked as DEFAULT. Active reversing (by software) is marked as REVERSED. Phase of probes can not be changed during the recording process.
· MEMORY displays information on the space on SD memory card, internal memory of the analyzer and possibly on a connected USB storage device (flash drive) (Fig. 16). Each of these three memories may be formatted by clicking FORMAT button. After acknowledging the warning message on deleting all data from the selected memory, the formatting process is started. All files stored on the specified memory will be permanently deleted. 33

PQM-707 user manual
Fig. 16. Analyzer settings - Memory. 2.10.2 Analyzer settings Settings
Section SETTINGS is divided as follows: · REGIONAL SETTINGS on this screen (Fig. 17) you may select:
o Language, o Method for marking subsequent phases (L1, L2, L3, or A, B, C), o The colours assigned to each voltage and current channel in the interface. A
few predefined colour profiles have been prepared (EU, Australia, India, China, USA), and two user profiles were marked as U1 and U2. After selecting one user profile from the list, a pop-up window will appear for setting the colour of each channel. First click on the channel to be set and then specify the desired colour.
Fig. 17. Analyzer settings - Regional settings. 34

2 Operation of the analyzer
· POWER SAVING the user can activate the Auto-off mode of the analyzer after a specified period of time (if no recording is on), and specify whether the meter is to be turned off completely or enter suspend mode. o AUTO-OFF MODE: selecting the method for auto-off: total inactivation (Switch off) or suspend. o AUTO-OFF TIME the user may disable the auto-off by selecting Never, or specify the idle time after which the meter turns off (After 10 minutes or After 30 minutes).
· SECURITY the analyzer may be protected against unauthorized access by 4-digit PIN code. Entering the code will be required every time after turning the meter on, when option LOCK ANALYZER BY PIN CODE is selected. The default PIN is "0000" and may be changed by clicking PIN field. Additionally, you can activate the blocking of the analyzer after 30 seconds from the start of recording. When you select this option, 30 seconds after recording is started (when user does not use the screen interface or buttons during the time), the analyzer displays a window to enter the PIN code. After entering wrong PIN three times in a row, the meter locks for 10 minutes. Only after this time, it will be possible to re-entry PIN.
· In order to reset the PIN code in emergency mode to its default value, hold for 5 seconds buttons and simultaneously. When the window with the PIN code is displayed, click on the box with blinking cursor. The keyboard screen will be displayed - enter "0000" code and confirm it.
· USER DATA - in this place you can enter your contact information. These data will be also printed in generated reports on compliance with the standard.
· STARTUP SCREEN - you can set the startup screen shown after starting the analyzer: o WAVEFORM o TIMEPLOT o PHASOR o HARMONICS o MAIN MENU (default)
· DISPLAY in this place you can adjust the brightness of the LCD. The specified brightness affects the time of the analyzer operation powered from the battery pack. The automatic switching off the display ensures longer life of the battery pack; You can set the time for display switching off at 2 or 5 minutes from the last operation.
35

PQM-707 user manual
2.10.3 Analyzer settings Managers Section MANAGERS includes: · STANDARDS after selecting this option, a window is displayed, as shown in Fig. 18. This window shows a list of standards profiles stored in the internal memory of the analyzer that are used to generate the compliance reports.

Fig. 18. Analyzer settings - Standards manager.

After clicking the line of selected standard and then preview icon

in the bottom

menu, the first configuration preview screen will be displayed for a given profile.

Buttons

and

sive screens.

at the bottom menu bar are used to switch between succes-

Button allows you to switch the view to preview standard criteria that are used for

generating standard compliance report. Similarly, buttons

and

allow user to

switch between successive windows. Parameters of standards are stored permanently

in the analyzer memory and can not be changed. They meet the current standards on

power supply quality.

· FILES - This panel allows user to view and manage files saved in the storage media of the

analyzer. After selecting it, a window appears with a list of files as shown in Fig. 19.

2 Operation of the analyzer

Fig. 19. Analyzer settings - File manager.

The following elements are specified in next table columns: o TYPE the icon representing the file type. It consists of the following types:

- recording file acc. to a standard

- recording file acc. to user configuration

- inrush recording file

- screenshot

- configuration file acc. to a standard

- configuration file acc. to user configuration

- configuration file for inrush

- configuration file for inverter efficiency test

- standard compliance report

o SELECT in this column selection boxes are available for a given file (select them to copy or delete)
o NAME name given to the file o SIZE file size o DATE date and time of last file modification

PQM-707 user manual Menu bar functions - displaying an additional menu bar of file manager. - switching the view to display the data stored in the microSD card. - switching the view to display the data stored in the internal memory - copying selected files to external media (USB stick); the icon is active only after connecting the storage medium. - selecting all the files. - displaying additional menu for filtering files. You may specify what types of files are to be displayed in the list by clicking the corresponding icons representing the file type; the selected file types are indicated by an icon in orange. - delete selected files.
· UPGRADES will be displayed as window shown in Fig. 20. In this mode, a memory stick can be connected to the analyzer with a file containing a new version of firmware. If such a file is detected and you confirm your intention to update firmware, the meter performs automatic upgrade process. The user should follow the on-screen prompts. The second option of updating is the use of Sonel Analysis software.
Fig. 20. Analyzer settings - Update manager.
Note! Before starting the update, connect an external 12V DC power supply, to ensure continuity of supply. During an update, do not remove
the USB memory.
38

2 Operation of the analyzer
2.11 Recording analysis
PQM-707 allows user to perform a simplified analysis of the recorded data, using the device itself, without additional software. The scope of the analysis includes:
· general preview of the recording - start and end time, the number of recorded events, including their type, average values of voltages and currents,
· a detailed overview of all the events with a preview of waveforms and graphs of RMS1/2, · preview the average value of voltage(s) across the whole recording range on a graph, · preparing timeplots of any recorded parameters (limited to 1100 points and 4 parameters
on a single graph) with zoom-in option and time-point marker. · Bar-graph preview of harmonics (average value for the whole recording period). It is possible to analyse recordings completed and saved on the memory card and on-going recordings. 2.11.1 List of recordings To enter the analysis select RECORDING ANALYSIS in the main screen (the main screen is shown Fig. 2). After selecting this option, a list of recordings saved on the memory card is displayed as shown in Fig. 21.
Fig. 21. Recording analysis - recording list.
39

PQM-707 user manual

The table columns present:

· TYPE of recording the icon indicating recording type:

- recording according to user configuration,

- recording for compliance with the standard,

- inrush recording.

· NAME of the recording, which is the same as the name of the configuration, according to which the recording was made,

· SIZE of the recording,

· DATE of stopping the recording process. In the case of an active recording, it is always on the top of the list, regardless of the selected

sorting, and instead of icon for recording type, the recording icon is displayed .

Menu bar functions
- entering the analysis of the selected recording (also by double-clicking its name), - displaying additional menu for filtering files. Specify which types of recording are displayed in the list. Orange icon means that this type was selected.

The maximum number of recordings that can be saved in the recorder (memory card) is 99. After reaching this number, the possibility of making further registrations is blocked. Then you should free up some space in the memory card.

2.11.2 Recording summary window

After selecting a record from the list of registration and clicking icon

(or double-clicking

record name in the list), a recording summary window is displayed as shown in Fig. 22.

Fig. 22. Recording analysis - Recording summary. 40

2 Operation of the analyzer
The screen of the recording summary (Fig. 22) shows: · recording configuration name , · start and end times of recording and its duration (if recording is still in progress - the end time is not shown), the free space on the memory card and the estimated time to fill the space by the recorded data , · the number of detected events, divided into several types , · average, minimum average and maximum average voltage values in the whole recording range . Minimum and maximum values are determined from the recorded values of the average voltage (these are not minimum and maximum RMS1/2 values ). In addition to the values in volts, in brackets you can see the percentage value related to the nominal voltage. If a channel has not been measured in a given configuration, dashes are displayed. · average, minimum average and maximum average current values in the whole recording range . Similarly as for voltages, the minimum and maximum values are determined from average currents. If a channel has not been measured in a given configuration, dashes are displayed.
Menu bar functions
- moving to the list of events.
- diagrams. Click to open an additional menu bar with the following options:
- timeplots. Description in sec. 2.11.3.
- a bar graph with the average values of harmonics. Description in sec. 2.11.8.
- generating a standard compliance report (only for recording acc. to standard). Description in sec. 2.11.6.

- moving to the energy cost calculator (only for recording acc. to user configuration). Description in sec. 2.11.10.

2.11.3 Timeplots selecting the time range

Clicking icon

from the recording summary screen, takes you to a part of the interface, that

allows you to generate timeplots of recorded parameters. The timeplot may include max. four dif-

ferent parameters.

The screen displays a window with the graph of average voltage RMS or DC (depending on the

mains type) from the whole recording period.

This window (Fig. 23) contains the following elements: · recording start time , · recording duration , · recording end time , · sliders of selected time range (left and right) , · chart of average voltage RMS/DC , · buttons for displaying sliders at left/right side of the window , · start time of the selected time range , · selected time period , · end time of the selected time range .

PQM-707 user manual The time range from which the user wants to plot the timeplots of parameters may be determined in two ways:
· using the sliders . Grasp the corresponding slider and drag it, setting individual the beginning and end of the interval;
· writing the desired start and end time, or duration. In case of duration, the user must choose whether the time is to be related to the beginning or end of the range. Introduced range is checked for compliance with the requirements (limited to 1100 points) and if they are not met, the range is automatically modified to the allowable range (corresponding message is displayed).
Fig. 23. Recording analysis - selecting time range for the chart. Menu bar functions
- selecting parameters for timeplots, - graph zoom menu.
42

2 Operation of the analyzer

2.11.4 Timeplots selecting data

After selecting desired time range and clicking the icon for parameter selection

, a

window will appear as shown in Fig. 24.

Fig. 24. Recording analysis - selecting parameters for the timeplot.
The specific parameter is selected in 3 steps: · indicate Category of the parameter, · it is followed by Type of the parameter within a particular Category, · in the last step, select a particular parameter from the available channels and the minimum, average, maximum and instantaneous values.
CATEGORY and TYPES are grouped as follows: · VOLTAGE: o U RMS (RMS voltage) o U L-L (phase-to-phase RMS voltage) o CF U (voltage Crest Factor) o f (frequency) o PST (short-term flicker severity) o PLT (long-term flicker severity) · CURRENT: o I RMS (RMS current) o CF I (current Crest Factor) · POWER: o P (active power) o Q1/QB (reactive power) o SN/D (distortion power)
43

PQM-707 user manual
o S (apparent power) o cos (Displacement Power Factor) o PF (Power Factor) o tan · ENERGY: o EP+ (active energy consumed) o EP- (active energy supplied) o EQ+ (reactive energy consumed) o EQ- (reactive energy supplied) o ES (apparent energy) · HARMONICS U: o THD U (voltage Total Harmonic Distortion) o UH1...UH50 (voltage harmonics of 1..50) · HARMONICS I: o THD I (current Total Harmonic Distortion) o TDD I (current Total Demand Distortion) o IH1...IH50 (current harmonics of 1..50) · HARMONICS ACTIVE POWER: o PH1...PH50 (current harmonics of 1...50) · HARMONICS REACTIVE POWER: o QH1...QH50 (current harmonics of 1...50)
After selecting the category and type, tick the box to choose a specific parameter in a particular measurement channel (or a total value). In the window for selecting the parameters, only those parameters are displayed which were recorded.
For better orientation, the fields with parameters selected for the chart, the fields of category and type are surrounded by orange border, if they contain any selected parameters.
If you have already ticked four parameters, any attempt to select another will result in displaying a message on limited number of parameters in the chart.
Menu bar functions - display a timeplot of selected parameters. - removes selection of all the selected parameters.
44

2 Operation of the analyzer

2.11.5 Timeplots of parameters timeplot window

After clicking icon

in the selection screen data, a timeplot is generated showing changes

in time of specified parameters (Fig. 25).

Fig. 25. Recording analysis - timeplot.
On the right side of the chart the following items are shown: - start time of the whole plot, - end time of the whole plot, - time range of the timeplot (total), - date and time marker - buttons for individual waveforms with a value for the time marker.
The area of the chart may be freely enlarged (zoom-in) and moved using the touch panel. Zoomingin the graph does not affect the displayed times of start, end and duration they are fixed and always apply to the whole plot - not only to the enlarged portion.
Each of the two scales describing the vertical axis may be assigned to one of the plotted parameters or to a few having the same unit.
Menu bar functions
- displays additional menu bar for selecting displayed timeplots.
- graph zoom menu.
- displays additional menu for setting scales (Fig. 26). In this menu, you can select the description of the scale on the right and left side of the chart. To do this, click on the icon with the name of the parameter. The icon with the unit name is displayed when the graph have at least two parameters having the same unit. Click this icon to rescale plots having the same unit to a common scale (described by one of the common parameters). Remember that when scales are not unified, only one waveform with unit assigned to the axis is scaled to the indicated scale
45

PQM-707 user manual and its plot is adjusted to the size of the window other waveforms, even having the same unit, are not scaled. - screenshot of the current window to a graphic file.
Fig. 26. Recording analysis - timeplot - selecting scale.
46

2.11.6 Generating report on compliance with standard

2 Operation of the analyzer

Selecting icon on the recording summary screen, results in moving to the screen for generating report on compliance with the standard. If the recording was carried out according to the profile of one of the standards (e.g. EN 50160), then it is possible to verify whether the parameters of the tested network comply with standards requirements and generate a report, including a transcript of the report to a file. To generate a report, you must first indicate a number of options that affect the way of generating the final report (Fig. 27).

Fig. 27. Recording analysis - options of the report according to standard.
· OPTIONS 25 HARMONICS / 40 HARMONICS: the user indicates the number of harmonics shown in the report. You can select 25 or 40 harmonics. The criterion to meet the requirements of the standard is in line with the standard guidelines and independent on number of harmonics indicated in this place. This setting affects only the number of harmonics shown in the summary table of the report.
· OPTIONS INCLUDE U L-L: ticking this option results in including in the report statistics for the phase-to-phase voltages (if recorded). It applies only to split-phase and 3-phase 4wire systems.
· EXCLUDED DATA: determines data to be excluded from the statistics in the report. There are three options available: o NONE: report includes all recorded data, including those during which the voltage events occurred, o FLAGGED (INTERRUPTIONS): statistics of the report are created using data from which the records including interruptions were removed. This is a typical setting, according to which reports should be generated according to the guidelines of EN 50160. Power failures are treated as exceptional situations in the network operation and as abnormal operation are not included in the quality statistics. The definition of an interruption in polyphase systems is consistent with 47

PQM-707 user manual
standard IEC 61000-4-30, i.e. a power supply interruption in such a system occurs when in all phases of the system an interruption was detected (at the same time). In the report section describing the event, all interruptions are included. o FLAGGED (INTERRUPTIONS, DIPS, SWELLS): statistics of the report are created using data from which the records including interruptions, dips and swells were removed. In the report section describing the event, these interruptions are included. · CONNECTION SYNCHRONOUS/NO SYNCHRONOUS: Option NO SYNCHRONOUS is selected in island systems, isolated from other networks; otherwise, select option SYNCHRONOUS. The standards provide a separate quality criteria on frequencies for these two types of connections. · NOTES: In this field you can type additional text, which will be included in "Note" section of the report.

After setting the parameters of the report, it may be generated by clicking icon in the bottom bar. After a while, it will be displayed on the screen. The report may be scrolled using the

finger-pointer or buttons

and

Report may be saved to a file (in pdf format) on the memory card (from the bottom menu select icon , then from the additional menu bar select ) or after connecting USB memory stick to the analyzer (from the bottom menu select icon and then from the additional menu bar

select

A fragment of a typical report is shown in Fig. 28.

Fig. 28. Recording analysis - report according to standard. 48

2 Operation of the analyzer
2.11.7 Report according to standard - description European standard EN 50160 specifies the characteristics and quality criteria that should be
met by the distribution networks of low medium and high voltage. Many countries adopted provisions of this standard, sometimes slightly modifying it, entering own local rules for parameters of the power supply networks.
Standard EN 50160 divides distribution networks, depending on the nominal voltage into three groups:
· Low voltage networks (LV) with voltages Unom 1 kV (in PQM-707 the profile for such networks is "EN 50160 (low voltage)"),
· Medium voltage networks (MV): 1kV < Unom 36 kV (profile "EN 50160 (medium voltage)"), · High voltage networks (HV): 36kV < Unom 150 kV (profile "EN 50160 (high voltage)"),
Tab. 4 lists the quality parameters included in standard EN 50160 and the criteria for their evaluation for the low and medium voltage (parameters measured by PQM-707). It should be noted that these criteria relate to the normal operation of the network, excluding periods of power interruptions and other anomalies, e.g. those related to atmospheric phenomena.
2.11.7.1 Section GENERAL INFORMATION Section GENERAL INFORMATION contains general information about measurement parame-
ters, including additional fields, which may be filled by the user when generating the report: · Measurement performed by, · Notes, · Analyzer type and serial number, · Software (analyzer software version) · Time of start, end and duration of the measurement (acc. to local time of the analyzer) · The number of averaged parameter samples, according to different times - this part specifies the number of time periods for which the parameters were measured: o 10 s - the number of frequency measurements, o 10 min - the number of measurement periods for most of other parameters such as RMS voltage, harmonics, THD, symmetrical components, o 15 min used in reports on compliance with the Polish Regulation, where additionally 15-minute parameters are measured e.g. active power, reactive power and tan, o 2 h the number of time periods in which flicker factor PLT was calculated. · The number of excluded samples - the total number of excluded time periods due to activated option of excluding flagged data (due to interruptions alone or events such dip, swell, interruptions). · Nominal values of the network: o Mains type, o Nominal phase and phase-to-phase voltage, o Nominal mains frequency. · Event limits for swells, dips and interruptions.
49

PQM-707 user manual

2.11.7.2 Section MEASUREMENT STATISTICS
Section MEASUREMENT STATISTICS is a graphical summary of the tested network compliance with the standard. Verified parameter type is listed on the left side, while the right side shows the horizontal bars that define percentile of data that meets the quality criteria.

Percentile of a given percentage threshold is the value below which the percentage of all samples is present. Percentile 50% is also called the median; it determines the value for which half of the samples is below the median and the second half is greater or equal to it. In the area of power quality testing, the following percentiles are commonly used: 95%, 99% or 99.5%.

Tab. 4. Power quality criteria according to EN 50160 for the low voltage networks (up to 1kV) and medium voltage networks (36 kV).

Parameter
Slow changes in voltage RMS voltage

Basic parameter meas-
urement time 10 minutes

Criterion
For LV networks: for 95% of the measurements the deviation from the nominal voltage shall be within the range of ±10% Unom for 100% of measurements: -15%...+10% Unom

Frequency

10 seconds

For MV networks: for 99% of the measurements the deviation from the nominal
voltage shall be within the range of ±10% Unom for 100% of measurements: ±15% Unom For networks connected synchronously:
for 99.5% of the measurements the deviation should be within ±1% fnom (i.e. for 50 Hz it is 49.5...50.5 Hz) for 100% of measurements: 6%...+4% fnom (47...52 Hz)

Rapid voltage changes (flicker) Voltage unbalance
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD-F) Voltage harmonics

2 hours 10 minutes 10 minutes 10 minutes

For networks connected asynchronously (e.g. island networks): for 95% of the measurements the deviation should be within ±2% fnom (i.e. for 50Hz it is 49...51 Hz) for 100% of measurements: ±15% fnom (42.5...57.5 Hz) for 95% of the measurements the long-term flicker severity is PLT 1 for 95% of the measurements of the negative-sequence unbalance factor should be 2% for 95% of measurements, THD-F should be 8%

For 95% of the measurements, the level of each voltage har-

monic component related to the fundamental component

should be less than:

Odd order harmonics

Even order harmonics

Order

Relative level

Order

Relative level

5.0%

2.0%

6.0%

1.0%

5.0%

6 ... 24

0.5%

1.5%

3.5%

3.0%

0.5%

2.0%

1.5%

0.5%

1.5%

2 Operation of the analyzer
Percentile 0% is the same as the minimum value of the set of samples, whereas percentile 100% is equal to the maximum value of the set (there is no higher value). For example, standard EN 50160 for the RMS voltage value specifies that 100% of measurements must be within the range of -15%...+10% Unom, and 95% of measurements must be within the range of ±10% Unom. These two requirements may be written as follows:
· percentile of 100% must be between -15% ...+10% Unom, · percentile 95% must be between -10%...+10% Unom.
To check whether the RMS voltage meets the stated requirements, proceed as follows: 1. all measured voltage samples are sorted from the lowest [1] the highest [N] 2. it is checked whether the maximum value (i.e. percentile 100%, sample with [N] index) is in the range of -15% to +10% Unom, and if yes then this criterion is met, 3. it is checked whether the value of the sorted table with index [N * 0.95] (first integer number greater than or equal to N * 0.95) i.e. percentile 95%, is in the range of -10%...+10% Unom. If yes, this criterion is met.
In case of the report on compliance with the standards and the section on measurement statistics, the length of the bands indicates the percentile of samples (the horizontal axis in the report ranges from 80% to 100%) that meet this criterion. For the RMS voltage, the statistics section provides two separate parameters, for which separate assessment criteria are set:
· Voltage (95.00% of measurements) · Voltage (100.00% of measurements) Bands on the right shows the percentage of samples that meet the specified criteria. For example, for 95% of the voltage measurements, if the band has the value 97%, it means that 97% percent of the samples meets this requirement (above the required 95%), and the band will be green (indicating that the criteria are met). If only 90% of the samples meet this criterion, the band will be red, as the standard criterion is not met. If the percentage of samples that meet the criterion is less than 80%, then the band displays text in red "< 80%", which means that the criterion specified in the standard is not met and the percentile is lower then 80%.
The tested network meets the quality criteria if all percentile bands in section MEASUREMENT STATISTICS are green.
2.11.7.3 Section FREQUENCY
Section FREQUENCY includes detailed statistical information on the network frequency in the tested period. The first part of the table, provides the percentage values of samples (percentiles), which meet the criteria (Values within tolerance) for both of the defined tolerance ranges (column Tolerance). The values that meet the criteria are displayed in black. When the criterion is not met, the value is displayed in red with an additional asterisk (*). Column Tolerance specifies the range of frequencies, which must be observed in case of all samples, and which is calculated on the basis of the standard provisions. The second part of this section contains additional information about the distribution of the samples in the tested set. Individual rows of the table present:
· Maximum (i.e. percentile of 100%) the maximum recorded frequency, · 99.50% value - percentile 99.5% (99.5% of frequency samples is lower or equal to a spec-
ified voltage in volts); the percentile depends on the specified standard and may be different than the one shown here. · 0.50% value - percentile 0.5% (0.5% of voltage samples is lower or equal to a specified frequency); this percentile is always selected symmetrically to the previous percentile - to make the distance between two percentiles from the minimum or maximum was the same. · Minimum (i.e. percentile of 0%) the lowest frequency in the tested set of samples.
51

PQM-707 user manual
As in the first part, the frequency range is specified, where the values should fit to meet quality criteria; if a given value does not meet the criterion, it is displayed in red with an additional asterisk (*).
2.11.7.4 Section VOLTAGE
Section VOLTAGE includes detailed statistical information on the criteria for RMS voltage (phase voltage in systems with neutral conductor and phase-to-phase voltage in 3-phase 3-wire systems). The first part of the table, provides the percentage values of samples (percentiles), which meet the criteria (Values within tolerance) for both of the defined tolerance ranges (column Tolerance). The values that meet the criteria are displayed in black. When the criterion is not met, the value is displayed in red with an additional asterisk (*). Column Tolerance specifies the range of voltages, which must be observed in case of a specified percentage of samples. The second part of this section contains additional information about the distribution of the samples in the tested set. Individual rows of the table present:
· Maximum (i.e. percentile of 100%) the maximum voltage value among all samples in the given channel,
· Value 95.00% - percentile of 95% (95% of voltage samples have value lower or equal to a specified voltage in volts),
· Value 5.00% - percentile of 5% (5% of voltage samples have value lower or equal to a specified voltage),
· Minimum (i.e. percentile of 0%) the lowest voltage value in the tested set of samples.
As in the first part, the voltage range is specified, where the values should fit to meet quality criteria; if a given value does not meet the criterion, it is displayed in red with an additional asterisk (*).
2.11.7.5 Section PHASE-TO-PHASE VOLTAGE
Section PHASE-TO-PHASE VOLTAGE is included in the report only when option INCLUDE U LL is ticked during report generation and when network layout is split-phase or 3-phase 4-wire. Phase-to-phase voltage is also included in the statistics and influences the overall result of the network quality test. The value of phase-to-phase voltage is determined as:
· In split-phase systems: twice the phase voltage (second voltage (i.e. phase-to-phase) in the list of available nominal voltages in the measurement configuration or exact twice the phase voltage in the case of using voltage transducers)
· In 3-phase 4-wire systems: the second voltage (i.e. phase-to-phase) in the list of available nominal voltages in the measurement configuration or the phase voltage multiplied by 3 in the case of using voltage transducers)
The percentage criteria for the phase-to-phase voltage are the same as for the phase voltage.
2.11.7.6 Section FLICKER
This section provides information about the flicker severity PLT. The first section provides the percentage of PLT samples within the range required by the standard (e.g. 0...1). The second specified the percentile value of 95%. Comparing this value with the limit imposed by the standard allows to assess the margin of PLT parameter in the tested network in terms of standard provisions.
If a given value of PLT is flagged after enabling the option for excluding flagged data, it is ignored and not reflected in the statistics.
2.11.7.7 Section UNBALANCE
If the tested network is a three-phase network, the report in its UNBALANCE section specifies details of the negative sequence unbalance factor:
52

2 Operation of the analyzer
· the percentage of samples that meet the criterion of 95% percentile (or another specified in the standard),
· the actual value of the 95% percentile of the unbalance factor.

2.11.7.8 Section HIGHER ORDER HARMONICS
Section HIGHER ORDER HARMONICS includes statistics and measurements for individual harmonics for which the standard defines level limits (usually harmonics of 2..25) and Total Harmonic Distortion factor THD-F. If a value is not within the limits, it is displayed in red with an additional asterisk (*).

2.11.7.9 Section HIGHER ORDER HARMONICS ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Section HIGHER ORDER HARMONICS - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION is present in the report after selecting report for 50 harmonics. It is an informational part, presenting values of percentile 95% for 26...50 harmonics, i.e. those for which the standard does not introduce level limits.

2.11.7.10 Section ADDITIONAL INFORMATION EVENTS
Section ADDITIONAL INFORMATION - EVENTS contains information about detected voltage events such as swell, dip, interruption. For each of these types, the following information is provided:
· Number of events divided into single phases, · Extreme value (maximum for swell, minimum for dip and interruption), · Maximum duration of the event.

2.11.7.11 Section ADDITIONAL INFORMATION STATISTICS OF POLYPHASE EVENTS
This section provides statistics of polyphase events according to the guidelines of EN 50160 (for swells, dips and interruptions). Events are classified basing on their duration and minimum / maximum values. The table presents the number of events meeting the specified couple of the criteria.

Tab. 5. Statistical distribution of swells, according to EN 50160.

Voltage crest U [%Unom]
U 120 110 > U > 120

0.01 t 0.5 S1
T1

Duration time t [s]
0.5 < t 5 S2 T2

5 < t 60 S3
T3

Tab. 6. Statistical distribution of dips, according to EN 50160.

Residual voltage U [%Unom]
90 > U 80 80 > U 70 70 > U 40 40 > U 5
U < 5

0.01 t 0.2 A1 B1 C1 D1 X1

0.2 < t 0.5 A2 B2 C2 D2 X2

Duration time t [s]
0.5 < t 1 A3 B3 C3 D3 X3

1 < t 5 A4 B4 C4 D4 X4

5 < t 60 A5 B5 C5 D5 X5

Tab. 7. Statistical distribution of interruptions.

Residual voltage U [%Unom] U < 5

t 3min short interruptions

Duration time t t > 3min
long interruptions

PQM-707 user manual
2.11.7.12 Section ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Section ADDITIONAL INFORMATION is present in reports generated for compliance with the
Polish Regulation of the Minister of Economy, when currents and 15-minute power values were measured. In such cases the following additional parameters are also recorded:
· 15-minute active power, · 15-minute reactive power, · 15-minute apparent power, · total 15-minute tan factor
This section of the report presents the maximum 15-minute values recorded for the four parameters.

2.11.8 Harmonics graph

If the user selects option

in the recording summary screen, a bar graph will be generated

with average harmonics for the whole recording period. Harmonics are averaged using RMS

method. Structure of the chart and using the window elements is explained in sec. 2.16.5.

Note
In case of large amounts of measurement data, plotting the harmonics chart may take a long time, which is indicated by a progress bar on the screen. Plotting a graph of harmonics with the same data will be immediate, thanks to the data buffering.

2.11.9 Event list
Selecting option from the recording summary screen (in the bottom menu) will display a window with a list of recorded events. The analyzer may detect the following types of events:
In 50/60Hz systems: · voltage dips, · voltage swells, · voltage interruptions, · exceeding the maximum current threshold (I > max.), separate thresholds for I1,2,3 and IN · dropping below the minimum current threshold (I < min.), separate thresholds for I1,2,3 and IN
In DC systems: · exceeding the absolute maximum DC voltage threshold (|UDC| > max.) · exceeding the absolute maximum DC current threshold (|IDC| > max.)
If the user selected detection of any of the events listed above in the measurement configuration screen, and if these events have been recorded, the list will include all of them. An example of the event window is shown in Fig. 29.

2 Operation of the analyzer
Fig. 29. Recording analysis list of events. The table contains the following columns:
· TYPE of event: dip, interruption, swell, I > max, I < min, UDC > max, IDC > max. · SOURCE of event: channel where the event occurred, · START: date and time of beginning of event, · DURATION of the event (if the event was in progress when recording was ended, an addi-
tional sign ">" is displayed, which means that the event has not been ended), · THRESHOLD: threshold value that has been set in the recording configuration, · EXTREMUM: parameter limit value (maximum or minimum, depending on the event type),
which was recorded during the event. For example, in case of voltage dip, it is a residual voltage, which is the lowest URMS1/2 value recorded during the dip. · WAV. (waveform): when recording waveforms and RMS1/2 values is activated in the configuration, this column will show a sine wave icon indicating available waveforms and RMS1/2 values. These waveforms are recorded at the beginning and end of the event. The table may be sorted by selected column after clicking its header. Next to the column name, a small arrow is present to show the direction of sorting. Menu bar functions After selecting a specific event in the table (by clicking its line), you can perform additional operations by selecting the following options from the menu bar: - opens additional menu of waveforms:
- waveform. After selecting a specific event in the table (by clicking its line) and indicating this option, a waveform of instantaneous voltage and current values (samples) is displayed for the beginning and end of the event. Usually (if activated in the configuration) 6 cycles are stored (120 ms for 50 Hz) for the beginning and 6 cycles for the end of the event (2 cycles before triggering and 4 after triggering). In case of missing data (e.g. when
55

PQM-707 user manual the event was in progress at the end of recording process and data on event end are missing) only the available data are displayed, e.g. chart plotted only for the event start. An example of window for voltage dip waveform is shown in Fig. 30. The right panel shows the data of the event: start time, end time, duration and the values for the cursor. Similarly as for the other charts, the options are available for zooming in/out the chart area (also by double-click) and selection of displayed channels, etc.
Fig. 30. Recording analysis - dip waveform. - RMS1/2 plot. After selecting a specific event in the table (by clicking its line) and indicating this option, a waveform of RMS1/2 is displayed. Usually, 15 mains cycles are saved (300 ms for 50 Hz) for the beginning and end of the event (5 cycles before triggering and 10 after triggering). In case of missing data (e.g. when the event was in progress at the end of recording process and data on event end are missing) only the available data are displayed. The functions in the chart window are the same as in case of waveform window. - ANSI chart. It shows the graph of voltage events according to ANSI criteria. Dots represent individual events and their location indicates the duration (horizontal axis) and peak (extremum in the event table) related to the nominal voltage on the vertical axis. Arrow icons on the right side of the graph may be used to select individual events. By touching the screen in the graph area, the user may move the marker to the indicated place. Information about the specified event (type, duration, extreme value) are shown on the right side of the screen. An example of screen with similar diagram is shown in Fig. 31.
56

2 Operation of the analyzer
Fig. 31. Recording analysis ANSI graph. - CBEMA graph. It shows the graph of voltage events according to CBEMA criteria. Description of the graph and its properties are similar to ANSI chart (see above). An example of screen with similar diagram is shown in Fig. 32.
Fig. 32. Recording analysis - CBEMA graph. 57

PQM-707 user manual 2.11.10 Energy cost calculator
When the parameters recorded by the analyzer include active energy EP (see energy recording settings, sec. 2.9.6 and Fig. 11), it is possible to calculate the energy costs acc. to the cost calculator set by the user. To enter the screen of the energy cost calculator, use the bar on the recording summary window (Fig. 22) and select icon . The screen with energy costs will be displayed as shown in Fig. 33. The following sections present:
· Recording time start, end and duration of the recording. The last line shows the duration taken for analysis by the algorithm of the cost calculator (full aggregation periods). The algorithm enables the calculation of the energy costs for the whole recording period and there is no option to select a different time interval.
· Energy this field displays the total active energy in kilowatt-hours measured in the reporting time interval.
· Single-zone tariff this section displays the total cost of energy in the selected currency for single-zone variant. The tariff of this type has a single flat rate per kWh, regardless of the time of day and day of the week. Name of the tariff (may be modified by the user) is displayed in the upper part.
· Multi-zone tariff shows the total cost of energy in the chosen currency in the multi-zone variant. This tariff allows you to define two continuous time intervals in 24 hours, which have different cost rates per kWh, and the third rate for other times of the day. Configuration of rates and zones is carried out in the control panel of the energy cost calculator.
If you have not used or have not changed the settings of the cost calculator, the analyzer will use the default settings. The settings of the cost calculator may be modified by selecting from the menu bar option .
Fig. 33. Screen with summary of the energy cost calculator. Menu bar functions - entering the settings of the energy cost calculator. 58

2 Operation of the analyzer 2.11.10.1 Settings of the energy cost calculator
The settings of the cost calculator may be easily modified to fit individual needs. The energy cost calculator in the analyzer allows you to calculate costs for two tariffs:
· Single-zone tariff this is the simplest form of tariffs - a single rate for each kilowatt is taken into account throughout the analysed interval, regardless of time of day or day of the week.
· Multi-zone tariff a more extensive tariff, which allows you to set three different rates that apply in different time intervals: o Zone A billing rate you may enter the cost of 1 kWh for the first time interval of the day (e.g. daytime rate), o Zone B billing rate you may enter the cost of 1 kWh for the second time interval of the day (e.g. night-time rate), o Zone C billing rate (not included in zones A and B).
Settings of the cost calculator are divided into two screens shown in Fig. 34 and Fig. 35. The first screen allows you to configure the following parameters:
· Currency - you can choose from a list of several predefined currencies (PLN, EUR, USD, RUB, INR) or set your own (up to four characters), which will be shown on the list as the last position and marked with an asterisk (*).
· For single-zone tariff: o Name of the single-zone tariff (C11 as default) - after clicking the name field a panel is displayed for editing. o Billing rate the cost of 1 kWh of energy for single-zone tariff - after clicking on the value field a panel is displayed for editing. Rate values may be entered with an accuracy of four decimal places.
Fig. 34. Energy cost calculator Settings. · For Multi-zone tariff:
o Name of the zone (C12 as default) o Zone A billing rate for 1 kWh, o Zone B billing rate for 1 kWh, o Zone C billing rate for 1 kWh (for other times of the day).
59

PQM-707 user manual Time intervals of the day corresponding to A, B and C zones are set on the second screen with
settings (Fig. 35). Colours of time intervals on the second screen match the colours of billing rates on the first screen. In the simpler variant, the same zone settings are valid for all days of the week (only the set marked with icon ). If you need to configure other time intervals for the selected days (e.g. for Saturdays and Sundays), then click the selection box at the bottom left of the window - the second set of time intervals is unlocked - it is marked with icon . Select weekdays for the second set by clicking the selection boxes for desired week days. Both bars displayed on the screen represent the entire day [24 hours] divided into 15-minute blocks.
Fig. 35. Energy cost calculator billing zones Time intervals for zones A and B may be modified:
· by touching the centre of the time interval and moving it sideways, · by touching the left or right edge of the interval and changing the start or end of the tariff
zone. Start and end time is displayed in the middle of the time interval. The resolution of time intervals is 15 minutes. The minimum duration of an interval is 2 hours. To save the changes in the analyzer memory, select option from the menu bar and confirm your intention to save changes. The settings are global for the entire analyzer (not related to a specific recording). Menu bar functions
- switching between the two setting screens of the cost calculator. - saving the settings in the analyzer memory. - return to the results indicated by the cost calculator. If the settings have been modified and saved, the energy costs will be automatically calculated and displayed.
60

2 Operation of the analyzer 2.11.11 Generating report on compliance with standard NEC220.87 Selecting icon on the recording summary screen, results in moving to the screen for generating report on compliance with the standard NEC220.87. This screen is shown in Fig 36.
Fig. 36. Recording analysis recording summary according to standard NEC220.87. To generate a report, you must first indicate two parameters required by the standard NEC220.87. This screen is shown in Fig 37.
Fig. 37. Recording analysis parameters of the report according to standard NEC220.87 61

PQM-707 user manual
· CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING IN AMPS: nominal breaker current of circuit breaker for existing installation under test. Could be nominal breaker current of circuit breaker which will be used for this installation..
· DEVICE NOMINAL CURRENT: nominal current of new device in installation

After setting the parameters of the report, it may be generated by clicking icon in the bottom bar. After a while, it will be displayed on the screen. The report may be scrolled using the finger-

pointer or buttons

and

select

).An example of a typical report is shown in Fig. 28.

Fig. 38. An example of a typical report. If the duration of the registration is displayed in red, it means that the registration lasted less than 30 days
62

2 Operation of the analyzer
2.12 Inrush current
The mode of measuring the inrush current is entered by selecting in the main screen the option of INRUSH CURRENT. This mode is used to measure the inrush currents of various machines, equipment and facilities with sharp increases in current consumption. During a start-up such machines/equipment usually draw instantaneous currents significantly higher than nominal currents, which is caused for example by charging capacitors, mechanical resistance and magnetization of the core (motors and transformers). Knowing the value of inrush currents enables the user to correctly choose the over-current protection parameters for power supply systems supporting such devices (characteristics and nominal current values) in order to protect the system and its users in the event of a failure, but at the same time to prevent accidental tripping of the breaker during the start-up of the devices.
PQM-707 analyzer allows user to quickly and easily measure inrush currents, providing the information about:
· timeplots of instantaneous currents (waveforms), · timeplots of half-period RMS values - RMS1/2, · the maximum recorded values of half-period RMS values and Joule integral values i2t.
Joule integral is a measure of the heat generated during the start-up. To determine i2t - a time interval is taken from the moment of exceeding by RMS1/2 current the threshold value until lowering the value of RMS1/2 current drops below the threshold minus the hysteresis (by default hysteresis is equal to 2% of the nominal value INOM). Knowing the Joule integral is useful when choosing the overcurrent protection of circuits - manufacturers of protection devices usually state in specifications the characteristic value i2t, which triggers the device and interrupts the current flow in the circuit. Joule integral of the protection devices must be higher than the value measured during the measurement of inrush energy (integral).
Recording time of the waveform may be set in the range of from 5 to 60 seconds. Recording is triggered automatically after exceeding the set current threshold and ends after the set time. Moreover, waveforms before triggering (pretrigger) are recorded (1 second), providing the user with information about the currents before the triggering.
Only current waveforms are recorded; voltage is not recorded, it is also not necessary to connect voltage inputs of the analyzer.
The measuring algorithm implemented in PQM-707 ensures correct measurement of half-period RMS values also in a situation of variable frequency of the power supply current. This is useful in for devices powered from inverters (frequency converters). The permissible range of frequency variations is 30 ... 100 Hz. The algorithm is based on digital filtering of I1 current waveform, which removes all components of frequencies higher than the fundamental, allowing precise determining of points where current waveforms cross zero value, resulting in correct determination of RMS values during variable frequencies.
2.12.1 Inrush current measurement configuration
After selecting in main menu the option of INRUSH CURRENT the screen shown in Fig. 39 is displayed.
Before measuring the inrush current, the user must indicate the measurement parameters: · MAINS SYSTEM selection of the type of mains supplying power to the tested device, spec-
ifying current channels for connecting the probes: 3-phase 4-wire, 3-phase 3-wire, 3phase 3-wire with Aron's method measurement of currents, split-phase, single-phase, 3phase 4-wire (no U L2) / 2 ½ element (no V L2/B), 3-phase open delta. · FREQUENCY nominal frequency of power supply to the device (this frequency is used in the absence of current signal; the default algorithm is insensitive to the measured waveform frequency), · PROBES TYPE indicate the type of current probes used,
63

PQM-707 user manual · RECORDING TIME duration of recording from the triggering (exceeding the current threshold) may be selected from the following times: 5s, 10s, 15s, 20s, 25s, 30s, 60s.
Fig. 39. Inrush current configuration screen.
· NOMINAL CURRENT [A] enter the nominal value of INOM (one phase) of the tested device. · TRIGGER THRESHOLD [A] this field is automatically set to 150% of the nominal current during
the first edition of NOMINAL CURRENT [A] field (subsequent editions no longer update this field), but the user may enter a different value if necessary. This is the current threshold value when this value is exceeded the countdown of recording time is triggered. This value is also used for determining the thermal integral i2t this integral is calculated for the time interval when the measured current value is above the triggering threshold. The threshold value is displayed on graphs as a horizontal line and the field with its value is shown on the right side in the current axis area. · VOLTAGE CHECKBOX selection of this checkbox enables recording of the voltage. The title bar displays the default name of the edited configuration, which is created basing on current date and time, e.g. "2017-01-01 12_10_00_inrush". This name may be modified when you save the configuration. Menu bar functions - start of the measurement session for inrush current with specified settings (without saving the configuration). - saving the configuration of inrush current to a file with an option to start the measurement directly after saving (field Go to measurement in the pop-up window).
64

2 Operation of the analyzer

- entering the list of saved configurations of inrush current and creating a new configuration. Configurations of the inrush current are presented similarly as the measuring configurations (see Fig. 4), they have their own icon . Double-click on a selected configuration will open it automat-
ically and the inrush current configuration screen (Fig. 39). The button in the menu bar - is used for adding new configurations starting of the inrush current (a window is displayed, as shown in Fig.
39 with default settings). Icon is used to edit the chosen configuration of the inrush current.

2.12.2 Inrush current measurement and analysis
In the screen of inrush current settings, select the following icon a window shown in Fig. 40. Press START to start measurement.

in the menu bar to display

Fig. 40. Inrush current - waiting for start of the measurement. The analyzer enters the mode of monitoring currents and triggers the measurement if the current value in any of the measured channels exceeds the threshold value. The recording status icon changes to . At this moment you should switch on the tested device. The user may interrupt the process of waiting for a trigger by pressing START button. Exceeding the threshold and correct triggering will be signalled by an audible recording signal (triple tone) and the countdown of recording time will start.
65

PQM-707 user manual
Fig. 41. Inrush current - waiting for triggering the measurement. After the time elapses, the recording process ends and the analyzer automatically starts the analysis of measured inrush parameters, displaying the timeplot with current waveforms for the entire recording interval. An example of the screen displayed during the start-up of a 3-phase motor is shown in Fig. 42.
Fig. 42. Inrush current analysis waveforms plots. 66

2 Operation of the analyzer The window with a waveform of inrush current is similar to windows showing other plots. On the right side you may find the time of starting, ending and duration of the plot, the marker parameters and the buttons of active current channels, which indicate the current value at the marker point and allow user to enable and disable the display of individual channels.
Menu bar function - switching the view. After clicking it, an additional menu bar is displayed with options (available depending on the current view):
- Inrush RMS plot (Fig. 43; option available in waveforms and table view). Selecting this option displays a plot of RMS1/2 values of the measured currents.
- plot of inrush waveforms (Fig. 42; option available in the view of a plot for RMS1/2 and as a table).
- tabular view of inrush characteristic values (Fig. 44). The table displays the maximum RMS1/2 values and values of Joule integral determined for measured current channels. Files of recorded inrush current measurement sessions are automatically saved on the memory card and they are available for re-analysis from the main screen after entering RECORDING ANALYSIS. Recorded sessions are marked on the list by icon and their names are the same as the name of the configuration (default or entered by the user).
Fig. 43. Inrush current analysis Inrush RMS plot.
67

PQM-707 user manual Fig. 44. Inrush current - characteristic parameters.
68

2.13 Measuring the efficiency of the inverter

2 Operation of the analyzer

2.13.1 Measurement configuration

Inverters are widely used, e.g. in photovoltaic installations or systems of uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The analyzer enables the user to check the efficiency of inverters in electricity processing i.e. converting a DC voltage into single-phase or three-phase AC voltage. To enter this function, select on the main screen of the meter the following: SPECIAL FUNCTIONS and then INVERTER
EFFICIENCY.

Fig. 45. Configuration screen of inverter efficiency measurement.
Set the parameters of the tested inverter on the displayed configuration screen: · MAINS SYSTEM there are two types to choose from: o SINGLE PHASE, DC + 1-P Select this system type for inverters with single-phase AC output. The screen will show a simplified diagram of the analyzer connection to the tested circuit: · DC+ voltage input of the inverter must be connected to 'N' input of the analyzer · DC- input of the inverter must be connected to L3 input, · AC voltage side of the inverter must be connected between L1 and PE inputs of the analyzer, · current of DC side of the inverter is measured with DC clamps connected to N input of the clamps. Note: it is necessary to use clamps for DC measurements; these clamps are C-5A, · current of AC side of the inverter is measured with clamps connected to L1 input of the analyzer. The user may specify any type of clamps compatible with the analyzer.
69

PQM-707 user manual
o THREE PHASE, DC + 3-P It is possible to measure only the efficiency of three-phase, three-wire inverters (delta or star configuration without neutral wire). Please note that due to the limited number of voltage inputs in the analyzer, it is not possible to directly measure all phase-to-phase voltages. Therefore, the measured parameters on AC side are presented as approximate values, with accuracy depending on the symmetry of the output voltages of the inverter. If it works in such systems, verify voltage asymmetry before the efficiency measurement (negative sequence unbalance U2/U1 should be less than 1%). This verification should be carried out by configuring and connecting the meter in a standard way to a three-phase network 3-P (after exiting function INVERTER EFFICIENCY). The asymmetry of currents on AC side is not relevant, as these currents are measured directly.

How to connect the analyzer: · DC+ voltage input of the inverter must be connected to 'N' input of the an-
alyzer · DC- input of the inverter must be connected to L3 input, · AC voltage side of the inverter: L1 and L2 outputs of the inverter must be
connected respectively to the L1 and L2 inputs of the analyzer. PE input of the analyzer must be connected to the inverter ground or to a local ground, if the inverter has no grounding connection, · current of DC side of the inverter is measured with DC clamps connected to N input of the clamps. Note: it is necessary to use clamps for DC measurements; these clamps are C-5A, · currents of AC side of the inverter are measured with clamps connected to L1, L2 and L3 inputs of the analyzer. The user may specify any type of clamps compatible with the analyzer.

· MANUFACTURER EFFICIENCY efficiency of the inverter declared by the manufacturer. This value is used to compare the measured efficiency with the declared value.
· DC CLAMPS TYPE this is a read-only field. The type of clamps is set to C-5A. · AC CLAMPS TYPE - the user may use the list to select the type of clamps used for current
measurements on AC side of the inverter.
· FREQUENCY nominal frequency of the AC output of the inverter.

After setting the required parameters, you can go directly to the required measurements.

Note: Pay attention to the fastening direction of current clamps. After entering relevant measurements, check that the indicated active powers have positive value. Otherwise, the indicated efficiency may have incorrect sign.

Menu bar functions - entering the measurement screen (live values in a tabular view) with the specified settings (without saving the configuration).
- saving the configuration of inverter efficiency to a file with an option to start the measurement directly after saving (field Go to Live mode in the pop-up window).

- entering the list of saved configurations of inverter efficiency and creating a new configuration. Configurations are presented similarly to the measuring configurations, they have their own

icon

. Double-click on a selected configuration will open it automatically and entering the

2 Operation of the analyzer screen with inverter efficiency settings (Fig. 46). The button in the menu bar is used for adding new configurations starting of the inrush current (a window is displayed, as shown in Fig. 47 with default settings). Icon is used to edit the chosen configuration of the inrush current.
Fig. 46. Menu of recording configuration 2.13.2 Live mode
After entering the live mode screen, all the parameters of the measured inverter circuit are shown in a tabular view.
Fig. 47. Live mode in tabular view for the inverter efficiency measurement mode. 71

PQM-707 user manual
· AC/DC line:
o column m displays the efficiency value m of the inverter as the ratio of the
active power of AC side to active power of DC side:

[%]

[] []

100 %

o column d shows the difference between the measured and declared efficiency

of the inverter:

[%] = [%] - [%]
where nom is the declared efficiency of the inverter entered to the configuration screen.

· line DC presents the parameters of DC side of the inverter such as voltage, current, active power, active energy.
· values related to AC side are displayed in lines: L1, L2, L3, N, L1-2, L2-3, L3-1 and .

Menu bar functions It is possible to display the live values on three screens:
- view of waveforms of currents and voltages
- view of the time diagram,
- view of the table of measurements.

The control is similar to that described in Sec. 2.16 LIVE mode of the network. The differences include the option of displaying additional parameters: I DC, U DC, P AC, P DC on the screens for waveforms and timeplots.

Fig. 48. Screens for waveforms and timeplots in the mode of inverter efficiency measurement
72

2.14 Energy losses calculator 2.14.1 Functional Description

2 Operation of the analyzer

In this mode, you can estimate the loss of active power and associated costs due to poor power supply quality. The loss analysis screen is shown in Fig. 49. Analysis can be performed in terms of the desired time.

Parameters to analyse

Fig. 49. Energy loss analysis

Popt power loss due to wire resistance (assuming the absence of higher harmonics, unbalance and reactive power)
Pdis losses due to higher harmonics Punb power losses due to network unbalance Prea power loss due to the presence of reac-
tive power
Ptot total losses (the sum of the above) Psav losses which can be reduced by improv-
ing the quality parameters (e.g. compensation of harmonics, elimination of unbalance), arising from the relationship:
Psav = Ptot - Popt

Copt cost related to Popt losses
Cdis cost related to Pdis losses Cunb cost related to Punb losses Crea cost related to Prea losses
Cpf cost related to a low power factor (large share of reactive power)
Ctot cost related to Prea losses Csav cost related to Psav losses

PQM-707 user manual

The financial loss can be estimated based on the current readings in terms of: one hour, one day, one month one year.

When one of the above options is activated (

), the table will display data relevant to

the selection.

Description of function icons going to the configuration panel of the loss calculator (section 2.14.2) performing the screenshot returning to the main menu of the recorder mode

2.14.2 Configuration of the loss calculator

After the icon has been selected, the calculator configuration panel appears, shown in Fig. 50

and Fig. 51. It is possible to switch between screens using the

icons.

Fig. 50. Energy loss analysis configuration screen 1
On the first screen, set the parameters of the wire, to which the analysis applies, namely:
· for phase conductors L:
o NUMBER OF WIRES in the phase, o CROSS SECTION of cores in mm2,
· for neutral conductors N:
o NUMBER OF NEUTRAL WIRES, o CROSS SECTION of cores in mm2,
· THE LENGTH of the analysed line in metres, · LINE MATERIAL copper or aluminium.
74

2 Operation of the analyzer Based on the above parameters, the calculator will calculate the power loss in the analysed line.
Fig. 51. Energy loss analysis configuration screen 2 On the second screen, set the parameters defining the financial loss, i.e:
· cost of 1 kWh of active energy, · cost of 1 kWh reactive energy at power factor PF 0.8, · cost of 1 kWh of reactive energy at power factor PF < 0.8, · currency.
To change the currency:
· tap the field with the current unit, · enter a new unit using the on-screen keyboard.
Description of function icons switching between the two setting screens of the calculator.
returning to the results indicated by the calculator. If the settings have been modified and saved, the results will be automatically calculated and displayed. recording calculator settings returning to the main menu of the recorder mode
75

PQM-707 user manual

2.15 About analyzer
After selecting this section, a window is displayed with basic information about the software version of the analyzer and with manufacturer's details. Clicking on icon in the menu bar displays detailed information about the version of the analyzer. On the screen with detailed information, after

connecting an external memory stick (USB flash drive) and clicking icon

in the bottom menu,

the system log of the meter will be saved. This option is available for diagnostic purposes. The

system log can be sent to the company's customer service in case of any problems with the meter.

2.16 LIVE mode of the network
The analyzer allows user to preview network parameters in real time (LIVE mode). Available views include the preview of voltage and current waveforms, timeplots of RMS values of voltages and currents, tabular view of parameters, phasor diagram and the harmonics view. If the default initial screen of the analyzer is the main screen (Fig. 2), then the bottom menu bar displays icons of individual views of LIVE mode:
- view of waveforms of currents and voltages,
- timeplot view,
- view of the table of measurements ,
- view of the phasor diagram,
- view of harmonics.
In this mode refreshing of the display can be temporarily blocked by using the function HOLD (see the top bar description in section 2.8.1). Clicking the H button pauses the refreshing (the icon color switches to red). Tapping the button for the second time re-enables refreshing (the icon color switches to black).
2.16.1 Waveforms of voltages and currents View of waveforms for instantaneous currents and voltages is selected from the main screen
using icon in the bottom bar. They show two cycles of network waveforms for active channels (depending on the measurement configuration). An example of the screen is shown in Fig. 52. Use buttons on the right side of the window to switch on/off individual measuring channels (at least one waveform must be always visible). The buttons include the name of the channel, for example. "U L1" and its RMS value. Waveforms areas can be zoomed-in vertically and horizontally by doubleclick and scrolled. Waveforms return to their default size after turning on/off any channel (buttons on the right side).
Note: In DC systems (DC and DC+M) this view is not available.

2 Operation of the analyzer
Fig. 52. Current readings - waveforms. Menu bar functions
- icon of active channels. After clicking, an additional menu bar is opened with buttons for enabling or disabling the display of current and voltage chanels. The active channel is indicated by orange colour of the button. Remember that the screen must display at least one waveform (you can not turn off all of them). The menu displays only the buttons of channels that exist in the mains system.
- zoom-in icon. Click it to open an additional menu bar with icons for zooming-in the graph horizontally and vertically. Holding the zooming icon for 2 seconds results in the maximum zoom-in/out.
- zoom-in horizontally - zoom-out horizontally - zoom-in vertically - zoom-out vertically - icon for selecting the view type. It displays the additional menu, where you can change the view type of LIVE mode. - screenshot icon. Clicking it saves the current contents of the main window to a graphic file. The file name is automatically created basing on the view name and the current date, for example "Live mode - waveforms 2016-08-01 12_00_00". Files are stored on a microSD card.
77

PQM-707 user manual 2.16.2 Timeplot of RMS values
Timeplot view (Fig. 53) is activated from the main screen using icon . This view displays a graph of the RMS values of voltages and currents in time. In DC and DC+M systems the chart presents DC values of voltages and currents. The whole window covers time of approx. 110 seconds. After filling the entire window, the chart moves to the left by 30 seconds.
Menu bar functions The same as for waveforms view.
Fig. 53. Live mode timeplot.
78

2 Operation of the analyzer

2.16.3 Live mode tabular view

To view a table with values of mains parameters, select icon

in the main screen. After

selecting it, the summary table is displayed with the values of the tested mains, refreshed in real

time. An example of the screen is shown in Fig. 54.

Fig. 54. Live mode measurements results table. The next lines were determined as follows: L1 phase values L1, L2 phase values L2, L3 phase values L3, N voltage values of channel UNPE and current channel IN, L1-2 phase-to-phase values L1-2, L2-3 phase-to-phase values L2-3, L3-1 phase-to-phase values L3-1, total values.
79

PQM-707 user manual
The next column show the values of individual parameters: U [V] RMS voltage, Uh01 [V] RMS of the fundamental voltage component, UDC [V] DC voltage, f [Hz] mains frequency, I [A] RMS current, Ih01 [A] RMS of the fundamental current component, IDC [A] DC current, P [W] active power, Q1 or QB [var] reactive power of the fundamental component or reactive power, acc. to Budeanu (depending on the method of calculating reactive power), S [VA] apparent power, SN [VA] or D [var] apparent distortion power or Budeanu distortion power (depending on the method of calculating the reactive power), EP+ [Wh] active energy consumed, EP- [Wh] active energy supplied, EQ1+ or EQB+ [varh] reactive energy consumed, EQ1- or EQB- [varh] reactive energy supplied, ES [VAh] apparent energy, PF Power Factor , cos Displacement Power Factor, tan tangent factor, THDU [%] Total Harmonic Distortion for voltage (referred to the fundamental component), THDI [%] Total Harmonic Distortion for current (referred to the fundamental component), CFU voltage Crest Factor, CFI current Crest Factor, PST short-term flicker severity, PLT Long-term flicker severity, U0 [V] zero sequence symmetrical component of voltage, U1 [V] positive sequence symmetrical component of voltage, U2 [V] negative sequence symmetrical component of voltage, U2/U1 [%] voltage negative sequence unbalance factor, U0/U1 [%] voltage zero sequence unbalance factor, I0 [A] zero sequence symmetrical component of current, I1 [A] positive sequence symmetrical component of current, I2 [A] negative sequence symmetrical component of current, I2/I1 [%] current negative sequence unbalance factor, I0/I1 [%] current zero sequence unbalance factor.
Menu bar functions
- moving to the next screens with parameters.
- icon for selecting the view type. It displays the additional menu, where you can change the view type of LIVE mode.
- screenshot.
80

2 Operation of the analyzer 2.16.4 Phasor diagram
The view of the phasor diagram is opened when you select icon in the main screen. Phasor graph (e.g. in Fig. 55) shows the basic layout of component vectors of voltages and currents. It may be used to quickly verify the correctness of connecting the analyzer to the network. In addition to the diagram, the tables include information about the values of fundamental components and their angles, as well as two unbalance factors of negative components (factors are displayed only for 3phase networks). The type of the load is indicated by a coil icon (inductive load) if the angle between the fundamental voltage and current components (Uh1,Ih1) is greater than zero (voltage ahead of the current), and by a capacitor icon (capacitive load) if this angle is negative (current ahead of voltage). Note: In DC systems (DC and DC+M) this view is not available.
Fig. 55. Live mode phasor diagram. Menu bar functions
- icon for selecting the view type. It displays the additional menu, where you can change the view type of LIVE mode.
- screenshot.
81

PQM-707 user manual 2.16.5 Harmonics graph/table
The last view of the Live mode presents harmonics. This view is selected by clicking icon from the main screen. This screen allows you to view the harmonics of voltages and currents, angles
between the current and voltage harmonics, cos factors of these currents and THD factors. Harmonics are displayed graphically in a bar graph or in a table. By default, the harmonics are presented in a bar graph. An example is shown in Fig. 56. Note: In DC systems (DC and DC+M) this view is not available.
Fig. 56. Live mode - harmonics - bar graph. Menu bar functions
- menu of active channels. After clicking, an additional menu bar is opened with buttons for enabling or disabling the data and to switch between current and voltage harmonics. Icon (available only in table view) enables preview of angles between voltage and current harmonics, together with the calculated values of cos angles. The active channel is indicated by orange colour of the button.
- switching to tabular view of harmonics (Fig. 57). The table in each row displays the harmonic values (from DC component to the harmonic of 50th order) or the angles between the current and voltage harmonics. In case of harmonics, the values may be displayed in absolute units (V/A), or as percentage related to the fundamental harmonic (see below). The angles are given in degrees. The powers of harmonics in % or W/var. In the tabular view, the buttons on the right side of the window shows the RMS values of voltages and currents.
- switching to the bar graph. The chart includes a marker, which indicates the order of harmonic(s), the value of which is shown on the button on the right side of the window. In addition, THD factor is also displayed at the right side. 82

2 Operation of the analyzer - icon for selecting the view type. It displays the additional menu, where you can change the view type of LIVE mode. - options menu for a chart or table. After selecting it, an additional menu bar is displayed, which provides several new options:
- an option of hiding the fundamental harmonic. - displaying values in absolute units (volts and amps).
- displaying values as percent in relation to the fundamental component. - screenshot.
Fig. 57. Live mode - harmonics - tabular graph.
83

PQM-707 user manual
2.17 Operation with PC
2.17.1 "Sonel Analysis" software Sonel Analysis is an application used to work with power analyzers of PQM series. When used
with PQM-707, it provides the following features: · read data from the device, · real-time preview of the mains (live view), · present data in the tabular form, · present data in the form of graphs, · analysing data for compliance with EN 50160 standard (reports) and other user-defined condi-
tions, · updating firmware of analyzer and updating the application itself.
The software operates with Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. Detailed manual for "Sonel Analysis" is available in a separate document (also downloadable from the manufacturer's website www.sonel.com).
2.17.2 PC connection and data transmission The analyzer allows communication with a PC when connected to it with USB cable.
Connection to a computer (PC mode), ensures: · transmission of data stored in the recorder memory:
o it is possible to read data from all completed recordings, · viewing mains parameters on PC:
o instantaneous values of: current, voltage, power and energy, total values for the entire system,
o harmonics, THD, o unbalance, o phasor diagrams for voltages and currents, o current and voltage waveforms drawn in real-time, o all other measured parameters.
· When connected to a PC, the display shows message "PC Connection" · When connected to a PC, all analyzer buttons are locked except button, but when the
analyzer operates with key lock mode (e.g. during recording), all the buttons are locked. The icon , located in the menu bar, terminates the connection with the PC. · When within 10 seconds of connecting a PC to the device no data exchange occurs between the analyzer and the computer, the analyzer exits data exchange mode and terminates the connection.
Sonel Analysis software also allows you to read data directly from a microSD card using an external memory card reader. This method allows for the fastest reading of the recorded data. To use this mode, remove the memory card from the meter and insert it into a reader connected to the computer (when removing the card, follow the rules described in sec. 2.6; it is safe to turn off the meter before that).
84

2 Operation of the analyzer

2.18 Wiring diagrams

The analyzer may be connected directly to the following types of AC networks:

single-phase (Fig. 58)

split-phase with split-winding of the transformer (Fig. 59),

3-phase 4-wire, 3-phase 4-wire (no U L2) / 2 ½ element (no V L2/B) (Fig. 60),

3-phase 3-wire, 3-phase 3-wire Aron / 2-element, 3-phase open delta (Fig. 61, Fig. 62).

Indirect measurement in MV and HV networks is possible:

in 3-phase 4-wire system (Fig. 63),

in 3-phase 3-wire system (Fig. 64).

Measurements in DC systems is possible in two configurations:

DC one-voltage DC system (Fig. 65)

DC+M two-voltage DC system with middle point (Fig. 66)

In DC systems, it is possible to measure the current using probes C-5A.

In three-wire AC systems, current may be measured by the Aron method (Fig. 62), which uses only two probes that measure linear currents IL1 and IL3. IL2 current is then calculated using the following formula:
2 = -1 - 3
In systems with neutral conductor, the user may additionally activate current measurement in this conductor, after installing additional probes in IN channel. This measurement is performed after activating "N conductor current" option in the configuration.

Note In order to correctly calculate total apparent power Se and total Power Factor (PF) in a 4-wire 3-phase system, it is necessary to measure the current in the neutral conductor. Then it is necessary to activate option N conductor current and connect 4 probes, as shown in Fig. 60. More information on total apparent power Se - see Power Quality Guide docu-
ment.
For systems with available PE and N conductors (earthing and neutral) it is also possible to measure N-PE voltage. To do this, connect PE conductor to PE input of the analyzer. In addition, select option N-PE voltage in measurement point settings.
Pay attention to the direction of current probes. The probes should be installed with the arrow indicating the load direction. It may be verified by conducting an active power measurement in most types of passive loads active power is positive. When probes are inversely connected, it is possible to change their polarity using in software (ANALYZER SETTINGS PROBES)
The following figures show schematically how to connect the analyzer to the tested network depending on its type.
Icons used in the drawings with respect for optional connections have the following meanings:
if voltage UN-PE measurement is required, use this icon to connect as shown in diagram (connect PE input to the protective conductor)
85

PQM-707 user manual if current IN measurement is required, use this icon to connect as shown in diagram (connect probes in channel IN).
Fig. 58. Wiring diagram single phase.
Fig. 59. Wiring diagram split-phase. 86

2 Operation of the analyzer
Fig. 60. Wiring diagram 3-phase 4-wire, 3-phase 4-wire (no U L2) / 2 ½ element (no V L2/B) systems.
Fig. 61. Wiring diagram 3-phase 3-wire, 3-phase open delta systems. 87

PQM-707 user manual
Fig. 62. Wiring diagram 3-phase 3-wire Aron, 2-element systems (current measurement using Aron method).
Fig. 63. Wiring diagram indirect measurement of MV in 3-phase 4-wire system. 88

2 Operation of the analyzer
Fig. 64. Wiring diagram indirect measurement of MV in 3-phase 3-wire system. Fig. 65. Wiring diagram DC system. 89

PQM-707 user manual

Fig. 66. Wiring diagram DC+M system (bipolar).

2.18.1 Verifying the connection

After clicking the button that is signalling the correct connection of the analyzer (see Fig. 3) a window is displayed showing some important information on the connection of the analyzer to the tested network. This information helps the user to verify the compliance of the current configuration of the analyzer with the parameters of the measured network. The window provides the following information:
· Voltage values - two possible icons:

- RMS voltages are correct, they are within the tolerance range of 15% of the

nominal voltage,

- RMS values are outside the range of UNOM 15%.

· Current values - four options:

- RMS currents are in the range of 0.3% INOM...115% INOM,

- RMS currents are lower than 0.3% INOM,

- RMS currents are higher than 115% INOM,

· --- dashes are displayed when the current measurement is disabled in the config-

uration.

In 3-phase 3- and 4-wire systems the analyzer also calculates the sum of all the currents

(instantaneous values) and checks if it totals to zero. This helps in determining if all

current probes are connected correctly (i.e. arrows on current probes facing to the load).

If the calculated current sum RMS value is higher then 0.3% of Inom it is treated as an

error and the icon is displayed.
· Voltage vectors - the analyzer verifies the correctness of the fundamental components angles and displays the corresponding icon:

- the vectors have correct angles in the range of 30 of the theoretical value

for a resistive load and symmetrical circuit (in 3-phase systems),

- the accuracy of angles cannot be verified, because the RMS voltage value is

too low (less than 1% of UNOM),

- incorrect angles of vectors. In three-phase systems, this icon is displayed,

among others, in case of reversed sequence of voltage phases.

2 Operation of the analyzer

· Current vectors - correctness of vector angles is verified for the fundamental components of main currents in relation to the voltage vectors. The following icons are displayed:

- vectors are within 55 in relation to angles corresponding to the voltage vec-

tors,

- the accuracy of current vector angles cannot be verified, because the RMS

current values are too low (below 0.3% of INOM),

- vectors are outside the acceptable range of angles ( 55),

· --- dashes are displayed when the current measurement is disabled in the config-

uration.

· Frequency:

the measured grid frequency is in the range of fNOM 10%,

· - the RMS value of reference voltage phase is lower than 10 V or there is no PLL synchronization,

- the measured frequency is outside of fNOM 10% range.

The icon is displayed in the top control bar in the following way:

- if the table includes is at least one ,

- if the table includes is at least one , but there is no error (no ),

- if all measured parameters are correct.

PQM-707 user manual
2.19 Example of use
The procedure presented below shows how to make a measurement with the analyzer ('step by step'): from connecting the device to generating the measurement report. It provides guidelines how to quickly start to operate the analyzer and Sonel Analysis software. It is assumed that Sonel Analysis software is already installed.
Scenario: 1-phase measurement for compliance with EN 50160.
Measurement scenario is as follows: the user wants to measure voltage parameters of single-phase network 230 V 50 Hz. The goal is to generate a report on compliance with the requirements of standard EN 50160. In accordance with the requirements of the standard, the following parameters should be recorded: · 10-minute average values of voltage, THD and harmonics, · frequency of 10 seconds, · long-term flicker severity PLT, · voltage events: 110%Unom for swell, 90%Unom for dip, 5%Unom for interruption. When an event is
detected, the waveform and RMS1/2 graph must be recorded.
After the measurement, generate timelines of measured parameters and a sample report for compliance with the standard. Data should be saved for further analysis. This above activities shall be done using only the analyzer. Additionally, read the saved data stored in Sonel Analysis software and generate a report on compliance with the standard.
How to perform the measurements:

Step 1: Turn on the meter. Turn on the analyzer by pressing button. After loading the software, a screen should be displayed as shown in Fig. 2 or one of the LIVE mode screens, if the default screen has been changed in the configuration.

Step 2: Connect to the tested network. Connect the analyzer to the tested mains, as shown in Fig. 58. Connect voltage inputs L1, N. Probes do not need to be connected, because the current measurement is not required. Connect an external power supply to the analyzer to avoid supplying from the battery pack that may be interrupted due to the discharged battery.

Step 3: Create a new measurement configuration. Select RECORDING CONFIGURATION in the main screen. In the next few steps a new measurement configuration is created, according to the
specified requirements. From the bottom bar menu, select icon (adding a new configuration). Then, in the displayed window select option ACCORDING TO STANDARD on from the drop-down list
select standard EN 50160 LOW VOLTAGE. Confirm your selection by clicking icon on the menu bar. The first screen of detailed configuration will be displayed. From the drop-down list of MAINS SYSTEM select 1-phase, voltage Un leave 230/400 V, frequency 50 Hz and from list PROBES TYPE select None. On the other setup screens you do not need to make additional changes, so you can
save the configuration by choosing 'Save' icon . A window will be displayed for entering the name for the newly created configuration. By clicking on the box with default name, you can enter your own name, for example ,,EN50160 1-ph". After entering the name, tick box Set as active to switch the analyzer immediately to the new configuration and click OK. A window will be displayed to confirm saving of the configuration. The bottom information bar should include the following

information: Un: 230 V, fn:50 Hz, 1-phase mains icon

and the name of the new configuration.

2 Operation of the analyzer

Step 4: Check the correctness of the connection. Go to the main screen (icon ), and then

display the window with waveforms . The main window should present the instantaneous voltage waveforms (sine wave), and the button on the right side should indicate the value of the RMS voltage, which should be approximately 230 V i.e. the same as the nominal value of the

network set. You can also view check the tabular view of instantaneous parameters

and

harmonics .

Step 5: Check the readiness for recording. Before starting recording, make sure that the date and time of the analyzer are correct and that the analyzer has microSD memory card installed with sufficient disk space. If the date is not correct, from the main screen select ANALYZER SETTINGS and
then DATE AND TIME, enter correct values and confirm. If the correct memory card is inserted into the analyzer, the top bar will display a memory card icon with information about free space.

Step 6: Data recording. You can start recording by pressing button. After the window for confirming recording start is displayed press YES. Starting the recording will be confirmed by a triple
beep and the saving icon in the top bar will turn red , whereas LED will flash in red. The meter should be left in this state for a long period e.g. a few hours to save the appropriate amount of data (in recording according to EN 50160 new records are saved every 10 minutes, and assigning PLT indicator requires recording that lasts full two hours synchronized with the clock that multiplies the period of two hours). During the recording process, an event of voltage dip may be simulated by disconnecting lead L1 or N from the meter for a while. To meet the regulatory requirements, recording process should be performed at least for the duration of one week.

Step 7: Stop recording. After the required time, stop the recording by pressing the intention to stop the recording process.

and confirming

Step 8: Go to the recording analysis. From the main screen select RECORDING ANALYSIS screen. Find the completed recording in the list of records: its name should be the same as the user's configuration, for example. "EN50160 1-ph" (in step 3), compare the date and time of completion with the current time of the meter. You can also sort the list by date, in order to display the latest recordings at the top of the list. Double-click the found recording or highlight it by single click, and

select from the bottom menu preview icon

. You will see the recording summary screen.

Step 9: Generate timeplots. To generate an example of a timeplot with three waveforms: average voltage UL1, 10-second frequency (which are normally stored in all recordings according to standard) and flicker PLT, perform the following steps. On the recording summary screen, select

waveform icon

in the bottom menu and then select icon

from the additional menu. A

graph will be displayed with the average value of the voltage for the entire recording range. This

screen is used to indicate the time range, which will be used to generated timeplots of user-selected

parameters. Orange rectangle marks the active time range that may be moved to increase (up to

the limit of 1,100 samples) or decrease the indicated range. After adjusting the time range, click

option

in the bottom bar which means the selection of plotted parameters. Select the sample

parameters (maximum four) for example average voltage UL1, frequency and voltage THD. After

selecting the parameters, go to the bottom bar and click icon

to generate chart. The screen

will display a window with the timeplot of selected parameters. The marker may indicate a specific

time and provide the parameters in this time visible on the right side panel.

PQM-707 user manual
Step 10. Generate report on compliance with standard. From the graph window return to the recording summary screen (in the bottom bar select and then , and then twice ). After that, to generate a report of compliance with standard EN 50160 (which was used for recording),

click icon

in the bottom bar. Window with report options will be displayed (as in Fig. 27). After

selecting the desired options, the icon on the menu bar to generate a report. It will be displayed on the screen. Individual sections of the report are presented in sec. 2.11.7.

Step 11. Saving report on the USB memory stick (flash drive). To save the generated report on compliance with the standard in external USB memory, connect the flash drive to the analyzer, wait until the device is recognized, and the top bar should include a not uncrossed icon of USB flash
drive. Then, in the menu bar click saving icon and in additional menu that appears, click icon

to save the report. After a successful saving, a window will appear with confirmation. Report (in pdf format) will be saved on a removable drive in a folder named "PQM-707_DATA".

Step 12: Connect the meter with Sonel Analysis software. First install this software. Once installed, you must start it and connect the analyzer to the computer using USB cable. If this is the first connection, wait to install the drivers of the analyzer. Select Analyzer Analysis in the menu, or use the toolbar and select Analysis option. A window will be displayed with a list of available analyzers - the list should include one item with the detected PQM-707. Double click on the name of the analyzer to connect with it. After connecting, the analyzer screen will show window PC connection.

An alternative method to read the data by Sonel Analysis, is transferring the memory card into the card reader connected to a computer (for data safety, first turn off the meter, to save all data on the card). Select (similarly as above) Analyzer Analysis in the menu, or use the toolbar and select Analysis option. A window will appear with a list of detected memory cards; the list should include item: "PQM-707 [serial number] - Connection with the memory card" of the detected card of the analyzer. Double-click twice on this item and then confirm the connection to continue.

Step 13: Read the recording data from the analyzer. As a result of selecting option Analysis, the software will display a window for choosing data type to be downloaded from the meter. It is possible to download the recording data (measurements) and screenshots. In such case, the recorded data will be downloaded, so you'll need to tick option Recordings. At this point, the program downloads from the meter a list of available recordings. The list includes all recordings that are currently stored on the microSD card of the analyzer. Indicate recording you want to download and click Read data. A window will appear showing data loading progress. After loading all data, a window is displayed for saving downloaded data into the disk. It is recommended to save the data to a desired location on the disk, in order to retrieve it for further analysis. Indicate the location on the disk, name the file and click Save. In the displayed window click on the horizontal bar indicating time of recording placed under text Configuration No... (Standard) (after clicking it turns orange) and then click Data Analysis.

Step 14: Data Analysis. In the main window of data analysis four main buttons are available: General (default view after loading data), Measurement, Events, Configuration. In General view, on the right side, icons are displayed representing individual measurements, event and recorded waveforms in the timeline. This graph with a large amount of data may be freely enlarged to get more details. Click Measurements button to display table with the values of all measured parameters, according to selected averaging time. In this scenario, the recording according to standard was selected, where averaging time is always equal to 10 minutes, therefore every 10 minutes the analyzer recorded voltage, THD and harmonics (frequency is always measured every 10 seconds). Each line
94

2 Operation of the analyzer
contains the data recorded in the subsequent 10-minute interval and each column contains the individual parameters (all 10-second frequency values may be viewed after selecting '10s' from Display data list) After pressing Events you may view all the recorded events. In this scenario, the following voltage values were recorded: swell, dip and interruption. Each row in the table corresponds to one detected event. When for a given event graphs are available (e.g. waveforms and RMS1/2 graphs), as in this scenario, the last column contains the icon of saved graphs. After clicking it, the user may display graphs related to a given event.
Step 15: Display the time plot for voltage and THD. To generate the graph, go to Measurement view (click Measurement button), select column headings for voltage L1, THD L1 (columns will be highlighted) and then click Plots and choose Time plot. A window will be displayed with a graph containing two timeplots: L1 voltage and THD U L1. The graph may be freely enlarged, using the three markers mark specific points on the graph and read the parameters of indicated points. The graph may be saved (in selected graphic format) by clicking Save icon on the top toolbar.
Step 16: Displaying graphs with harmonics. Two types of graphs may be displayed for harmonics. The first one is a graph of recorded harmonics in time. To display the graph, select the columns of selected harmonics (e.g. third and fifth order) and click PlotsTime plot. The second type of the graph is a bar graph of harmonics. It shows all the harmonics in 10-minute interval (in one line). To generate it, first select the desired cell from the time column and the select the column of any L1 voltage harmonic, click Plots and choose from Harmonics list. In the same manner, the user may also select the time interval by dragging time column cells. Then a graph is shown with average values of harmonics in the specified time period.
Step 17: Checking events. If the analyzer, during recording process, detects any event, it will be displayed in a table in Events view. The line describing the specific event displays time of the event (start and end), extreme value (e.g. minimum voltage during the dip), waveform and RMS1/2 graph when the event was voltage- or current-related. In this scenario, event graphs were activated automatically in settings (due to setting the configuration in accordance with a standard), therefore when the analyzer detects any event, the last column of the table (with Waveform header) should include a graph icon. Click it to display graphs (or press button Plots and select Waveform).
Step 18: Generate report on compliance with standard. To generate a report summarizing the compliance of the tested mains parameters with standard requirements, in view Measurements, click Reports and select Report according to standard. The displayed window will enable you to set parameters of the generated report (e.g. processing of "flagged" data, taking into account phaseto-phase voltage, etc.). Generate button will start data processing and preparing the report. The last step is to provide additional data (optional), which will be added to the report (e.g. report number, description of the measurement, the author's details, graphic logo). To see the report, click icon Preview. Button Save saves data in a format specified by the user (pdf, html, txt, csv).
95

PQM-707 user manual

3 Design and measurement methods

3.1 Voltage inputs

The voltage input block is shown in Fig. 67. The phase inputs L1, L2, L3 can be referred to the neutral input terminal (the measured voltages are then L1-N, L2-N, L3-N), or the protective earth terminal PE (the measured voltages are then L1-PE, L2-PE, L3-PE). The particular reference is selected based on the mains type; the PE reference is used in 3-phase 3-wire systems, while the others use neutral input reference. The analyzer has one voltage range, with voltage range ±1150V (no ADC saturation).

3.2 Current inputs

The analyzer has four independent current inputs with identical parameters. Current transformer (CT) probes with voltage output in a 1 V standard, or several types of flexible (Rogowski) probes. can be connected to each input.
A typical situation is using flexible probes with built-in electronic integrator. However, the PQM707 allows connecting the Rogowski coil alone to the input and a digital signal integration.

3.3 Digital integrator

The PQM-707 uses the solution with digital in-

tegration of signal coming directly from the

Rogowski coil. Such approach has allowed the

elimination of the analog integrator problems con-

nected with the necessity to ensure declared long-

term accuracy in difficult measuring environments.

The analog integrators must also include the sys-

tems protecting the inputs from saturation in case

DC voltage is present on the input.

A perfect integrator has an infinite amplification for DC signals which falls with the rate of

Fig. 67. Voltage input terminals

20 dB/decade of frequency. The phase shift is

fixed over the whole frequency range and equals -90°.

Theoretically infinite amplification for a DC signal, if present on the integrator input, causes the

input saturation near the power supply voltage and makes further operation impossible. In practi-

cally implemented systems, a solution is applied which limits the amplification for DC to a specified

value, and in addition periodically zeroes the output. There are also techniques of active cancella-

tion of DC voltage which involve its measurement and re-applying to the input, but with an opposite

sign, which effectively cancels such voltage. There is a term "leaky integrator" which describes an

integrator with finite DC gain. An analog leaky integrator is just an integrator featuring a capacitor

shunted with a high-value resistor. Such a system is then identical with a low-pass filter of a very

low pass frequency.

Digital integrator implementation ensures excellent long-term parameters the entire procedure

is performed by means of calculations, and aging of components, drifts, etc. have been eliminated.

However, just like in the analog version, also here we can find the saturation problem and without

a suitable counteraction the digital integration may become useless. It should be remembered that

both, input amplifiers and analog-to-digital converters, have a given finite and undesirable offset

which must be removed prior to integration. The PQM-707 analyzer firmware includes a digital filter

which is to remove totally the DC voltage component. The filtered signal is subjected to digital inte-

gration. The resultant phase response has excellent properties, and the phase shift for most critical

frequencies 50 and 60 Hz is minimal.

3 Design and measurement methods
Ensuring the least possible phase shift between the voltage and current components is very important for obtaining small power measurement errors. It can be proven that approximate power measurement error can be described with the following relationship1:
Power measurement error phase error (in radians) × tan() × 100 %
where tan() is the tangent of the angle between the fundamental voltage and current components. From the formula, it can be concluded that the measurement errors are increasing as the displacement power factor is decreasing; for example, at the phase error of only 0.1° and cos = 0.5, the error is 0.3%. Anyway, for the power measurements to be accurate, the phase coincidence of voltage and current circuits must be the highest possible.
3.4 Signal sampling
The signal is sampled simultaneously in all eight channels at the frequency synchronized with the frequency of power supply voltage in the reference channel. This frequency equals 10.24 kHz for the 50 Hz and 60 Hz mains systems.
Each period includes then about 205 samples for 50 Hz systems, and about 170 samples for 60 Hz systems. A 16-bit analog-to-digital converter has been used which ensures 64-fold oversampling.
3-decibel channels attenuation has been specified for frequency of about 12 kHz, and the amplitude error for the 2.4 kHz maximum usable frequency (i.e. the frequency of 40th harmonics in the 60 Hz system) is about 0.3 dB. The phase shift for this frequency is below 15°. Attenuation in the stop band is above 75 dB.
Please note that for correct measurements of phase shift between the voltage harmonics in relation to current harmonics and power of these harmonics, the important factor is not absolute phase shift in relation to the basic frequency, but the phase coincidence of voltage and current circuits. The highest phase difference error for f = 2.4 kHz is maximum 15°. Such error is decreasing with the decreasing frequency. Also an additional error caused by used probes are transducers must be considered when estimating the measurement errors for harmonics power measurements.
3.5 PLL synchronization
The sampling frequency synchronization has been implemented by hardware. After passing through the input circuits, the voltage signal is sent to a band-pass filter which is to reduce the harmonics level and pass only the voltage fundamental component. Then, the signal is sent to the phase locked loop circuits as a reference signal. The PLL system generates the frequency which is a multiple of the reference frequency necessary for clocking of the analog-to-digital converter.
The input voltage range for which the PLL system will work correctly is quite another matter. The 61000-4-7 standard does not give here any concrete indications or requirements. The PQM707 PLL circuit needs L1-N voltage above 15 V for proper operation.
3.6 Frequency measurement
The signal for measurement of 10-second frequency values is taken from the L1 voltage channel. It is the same signal which is used for synchronization of the PLL. The L1 signal is sent to the 2nd order band pass filter which passband has been set to 40...70 Hz. This filter is to reduce the level of harmonic components. Then, a square signal is formed from such filtered waveform. The signal periods number and their duration is counted during the 10-second measuring cycle. 10second time intervals are determined by the real time clock (every full multiple of 10-second time). The frequency is calculated as a ratio of counted periods to their duration.
1 "Current sensing for energy metering", William Koon, Analog Devices, Inc.
97

PQM-707 user manual

3.7 Event detection
The PQM-707 analyzer gives a lot of event detection options in the tested mains system. An event is the situation when the parameter value exceeds the user-defined threshold. The fact of event occurrence is recorded on the memory card as an entry which includes: · parameter type, · channel in which the event occurred, · times of event beginning and end, · user-defined threshold value, · parameter extreme value measure during the event, · parameter average value measure during the event.

Depending on the parameter type, you can set one, two or three thresholds which will be checked by the analyzer. The table below lists all parameters for which the events can be detected, including specification of threshold types.

Tab. 8. Event threshold types for individual parameters

Parameter

Interruption Dip

U RMS voltage

UDC DC voltage

I RMS current

IDC DC current
(1) only in DC and DC+M system types. (2) only by using C-5A probes.

Swell ·

Minimum ·

Maximum
·(1) · ·(1)(2)

Some parameters can take positive and negative values. Examples are DC voltage and current. As the event detection threshold can only be positive, in order to ensure correct detection for abovementioned parameters, the analyzer compares with the threshold their absolute values.

Example Event threshold for DC voltage has been set at 100 V. If the measured DC voltage goes below -100V, there will be detected an event of exceeding DC voltage value.

Two parameter types: RMS voltage and RMS current can generate events for which the user can also have the waveforms record.
The analyzer records the waveforms of active channels (voltage and current) at the event start and end. In both cases, six periods are recorded: two before the start (end) of the event and four after start (end) of the event. The waveforms are recorded in an 8-bit format with 10.24 kHz sampling frequency.
The event information is recorded at its end. In some cases it may happen that event is active when the recording is stopped (i.e. the voltage dip continues). Information about such event is also recorded, but with the following changes: · no event end time, · extreme value is only for the period until the stop of recording, · average value is not given, · only the beginning waveform is available for RMS voltage or current related events.
In order to eliminate repeated event detection when the parameter value oscillates around the threshold value, the analyzer has a functionality of user-defined event detection hysteresis. It is defined in percent in the following manner:
98

3 Design and measurement methods
· for RMS voltage events, it is the percent of the nominal voltage range (for example 2% of 230 V, that is 4.6 V),
· for RMS current events, it is the percent of the nominal current range (for example for C-4 probes and absence of transducers, the 2% hysteresis equals 0.02×1000 A = 20 A),
· for remaining parameters, the hysteresis is specified as a percent of maximum threshold (for example, if the maximum threshold for DC voltage has been set to 100V, the hysteresis will be 0.02×100V = 2V.

3.8 Methods of parameter's averaging

Method of averaging parameter

Parameter RMS Voltage DC voltage, DC current Frequency Crest Factor U, I Symmetrical components U, I Unbalance factor U, I RMS Current Active, Reactive, Apparent and Distortion Power Power Factor cos tan THD-F U, I
Harmonic amplitudes U, I

Averaging method RMS arithmetic average arithmetic average arithmetic average RMS calculated from average values of symmetrical components RMS arithmetic average
calculated from the averaged power values arithmetic average calculated from the averaged power values calculated as the ratio of the average RMS value of the higher harmonics to the average RMS value of the fundamental component (for THD-F), or the ratio of the average of RMS value of higher harmonics to the average value of RMS value (for THD-R) RMS

Note: RMS average value is calculated according to the formula:

The arithmetic average (AVG) is calculated according to the formula:

where: · Xi is subsequent parameter value to be averaged, · N is the number of values to be averaged.

PQM-707 user manual
4 Calculation formulas
4.1 Single-phase network

Name

Parameter Designation

Voltage (True RMS)

Voltage DC component Frequency

UADC F

Current (True RMS)

Current constant component

IADC

Active power

Budeanu reactive power

Reactive power of fundamental component

Apparent power

Apparent distortion power

Budeanu distortion power

Power Factor

Displacement power factor
100

cos DPF

Single-phase network

Unit V
V Hz A
A
W
var var VA VA var
-
-

Method of calculation

where Ui is a subsequent sample of voltage UA-N

M = 2048 for 50Hz and 60 Hz

where Ui is a subsequent sample of voltage UA-N

M = 2048 for 50Hz and 60 Hz

number of full voltage periods UA-N counted during 10-sec period (clock time) divided by the total

duration of full periods

where Ii is subsequent sample of current IA

M = 2048 for 50Hz and 60 Hz

where Ii is a subsequent sample of current IA

M = 2048 for 50Hz and 60 Hz

where Ui is a subsequent sample of voltage UA-N

Ii is a subsequent sample of current IA

M = 2048 for 50Hz and 60 Hz
40

= sin

=1
where Uh is h-th harmonic of voltage UA-N Ih jest h-th harmonic of current IA

h is h-th angle between harmonic Uh and Ih 1 = 11 sin 1
where U1 is fundamental component of voltage UA-N
I1 is fundamental component of current IA

1 is angle between fundamental components U1 and I1

= 2 - (11)2

= 2 - 2 - 2

If PF < 0, then the load is of a generator type

If PF > 0, then the load is of a receiver type

cos = = cos(1 - 1) where U1 is an absolute angle of the fundamental compo-
nent of voltage UA-N I1 is an absolute angle of the fundamental component of
current IA

Tangent

tan

Harmonic components of voltage and current
Total Harmonic Distortion for voltage, referred to the fundamental component
Total Harmonic Distortion for voltage, referred to RMS
Total Harmonic Distortion for current, referred to the fundamental component
Total Harmonic Distortion for current, referred to RMS

Uhx Ihx THDUF
THDUR
THDIF
THDIR

Voltage crest factor

CFU

Current crest factor

CFI

Short-term flicker

Pst

Long-term flicker

Plt

Active energy (consumed

EP+

and supplied)

EP-

4 Calculation formulas

where: Q = QB when Budeanu method was chosen,

Q = Q1 when IEEE 1459 method was chosen,

V A

method of harmonic subgroups according to IEC 61000-4-7
x (harmonic) = 1..50

40=2 2 1

100%

where Uh is h-th harmonic of voltage UA-N

U1 is fundamental component of voltage UA-N

40=2 2

100%

where Uh is h-th harmonic of voltage UA-N

40=2 2 1

100%

where Ih is h-th harmonic of current IA

I1 is fundamental component of current IA

40=2 2

100%

where Ih is h-th harmonic of current IA

||Where

the

| |

operator expresses

the

highest

absolute

value of voltage UA-N samples

i = 2048 for 50 Hz and 60 Hz

||Where

the

| |

operator expresses

the

highest

absolute

value of current IA samples

i = 2048 for 50 Hz and 60 Hz

calculated according to IEC 61000-4-15

= 3=1 3

where PSTi is subsequent i-th indicator of short-term flicker

+ = +()()

+() = {(0=)1(())>00

- = -()()

-()

{|(0=)1| ()()

< 0

where:

i is subsequent number of the 10/12-period measurement

window

P(i) represents active powerP calculated in i-th measuring

window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in hours)

101

PQM-707 user manual

Budeanu reactive energy (consumed and supplied)

EQB+ EQB-

varh

+ = +()()

+() = {(0=1)()() >0 0

- = -()()

where:

-()

{|(0=1)|()()

< 0

i is subsequent number of the 10/12-period measurement

window

QB(i) represents Budeanu active power QB calculated in i-th

measuring window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in hours)

Reactive energy of fundamental component
(consumed and supplied)

EQ1+ EQ1-

varh

1+ = 1+()()

1+() = {1(0=1)1(1()) >0 0

1- = 1-()()

where:

1-()

{|1(0=1)|1(1)()

< 0

i is subsequent number of the 10/12-period measurement

window

Q1(i) represents reactive power of fundamental component

Q1 calculated in i-th measuring window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in hours)

Apparent energy

= ()()

=1
where:

VAh

i is subsequent number of the 10/12-period measurement

window

S(i) represents apparent power S calculated in i-th measur-

ing window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in hours)

102

4 Calculation formulas

4.2 Split-phase network

Name

Split-phase network

(parameters not mentioned are calculated as for single-phase)

Parameter

Designation

Unit

Method of calculation

Total active power

Ptot

= +

Total Budeanu reactive power
Total reactive power of fundamental component
Total apparent power Total apparent distortion
power Total Budeanu distortion
power
Total Power Factor
Total displacement power factor
Total tangent

QBtot Q1tot Stot SNtot DBtot
PFtot costot DPFtot
tantot

Total active energy (consumed and supplied)

EP+tot EP-tot

Total Budeanu reactive energy
(consumed and supplied)

EQB+tot EQB-tot

var var VA VA var
-
Wh
varh

= + 1 = 1 + 1
= + = +

= +

cos

1 2

(cos

cos )

where: Qtot = QBtot, when Budeanu method was chosen,

Qtot = Q1tot, when IEEE 1459 method was chosen,

+ = +()()

+()

{0=(1)()()

> 0

- = -()()

where:

-()

{|0=(1)|()

() < 0

i is subsequent number of the 10/12-period measure-

ment window

Ptot(i) represents total active power Ptot calculated in i-th

measuring window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in

hours)

+ = +()()

+()

{0= (1)()

() > 0

- = -()()

where:

-()

{|0= (1)|

() < () 0

i is subsequent number of the 10/12-period measure-

ment window

QBtot(i) represents total reactive power QBtot calculated in

i-th measuring window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in

hours)

103

PQM-707 user manual

Total reactive energy of fundamental component (consumed and supplied)

EQ1+tot EQ1-tot

Total apparent energy

EStot

varh VAh

1+ = 1+()()

1+()

{10=+1()

1() > 1() 0

1- = 1-()()

1-()

{|10=-1()|

1() 1() 0

where:

i is subsequent number of the 10/12-period measure-

ment window

Q1tot(i) represents total reactive power Q1tot calculated in i-th measuring window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in

hours)

= ()()

=1
where:

i is subsequent number of the 10/12-period measure-

ment window

Stot(i) represents total apparent power Stot calculated in ith measuring window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in

hours)

4.3 3-phase 4-wire network

3-phase 4-wire network
(parameters not mentioned are calculated as for single-phase)

Name

Parameter Designation

Total active power

Ptot

Total Budeanu reactive power

QBtot

Total reactive power acc. to IEEE 1459

Q1+

Effective apparent power

Unit W var var
VA

Method of calculation

= + +

1+ = 31+1+ sin 1+
where:

U1+ is the voltage positive sequence component (of the fundamental component
I1+ his the current positive sequence component (of the fundamental component)
1+ is the angle between components U1+ and I1+ = 3 where:

3(2

2) + 2 18

Effective apparent distortion power

SeN

104

+ 3

= 2 + 12

Total Budeanu distortion power
Total Power Factor Total displacement
power factor
Total tangent

DBtot
PFtot costot DPFtot
tantot

Total active energy (consumed and supplied)
Total Budeanu reactive energy
(consumed and supplied)
Total reactive energy of fundamental component (consumed and supplied)

EP+tot EP-tot
EQB+tot EQB-tot
EQ1+tot EQ1-tot

Total apparent energy

EStot

RMS value of zero voltage sequence

RMS value of positive voltage sequence

4 Calculation formulas

where: 1 = 311

3(12

1 2

12) + 12 18

+ 3

var

= + +

cos

1 3

(cos

cos

cos )

where: Qtot = QBtot, when Budeanu method was chosen,

Qtot = Q1tot, when IEEE 1459 method was chosen,

formula same as in split-phase system

varh

formula same as in split-phase system

varh VAh
V V

formula same as in split-phase system

= ()()

=1
where:

i is subsequent number of the 10/12-period measure-

ment window

Se(i) represents the effective apparent power Se, calculated in i-th measuring window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in

hours)

1 3

1 )

0 = (0)

where UA1, UB1, UC1 are vectors of fundamental compo-

nents of phase voltages UA, UB, UC

Operator mag() indicates vector module

1 3

2 1 )

1 = (1)

where UA1, UB1, UC1 are vectors of fundamental compo-

nents of phase voltages UA, UB, UC

Operator mag() indicates vector module

1120°

1 2

3 2

1240°

1 2

3 2

105

PQM-707 user manual

RMS value of negative voltage sequence

Voltage unbalance factor for zero component

Voltage unbalance factor for negative sequence

Current zero sequence

RMS value of positive current sequence

RMS value of negative current sequence

Current unbalance factor for zero sequence

Current unbalance factor for negative sequence

1 3

2 = (2)

where UA1, UB1, UC1 are vectors of fundamental components of phase voltages UA, UB, UC

Operator mag() indicates vector module

1120°

1 2

3 2

% %

= 102==240°0121= 11-000012%%-

3 2

1 3

0 = (0) where IA1, IB1, IC1 are vectors of fundamental compo-

nents for phase currents IA, IB, IC

Operator mag() indicates vector module

1 3

2 1)

1 = (1) where IA1, IB1, IC1 are vectors of fundamental current

components IA, IB, IC

Operator mag() indicates vector module

1 3

2 = (2) where IA1, IB1, IC1 are vectors of fundamental compo-

nents for phase voltages IA, IB, IC

Operator mag() indicates vector module

% %

0 2

= =

0 12 1

100% 100%

4.4 3-phase 4-wire (no U L2) / 2 ½ - element network

3-phase 4-wire (no U L2) / 2 ½ - element network All parameters are calculated as in 3-phase 4-wire network exept UB voltage

Parameter

Name

Designation

Unit

UB phase voltage

Method of calculation = -( + )

106

4 Calculation formulas

4.5 3-phase 3-wire networks

3-phase 3-wire network

3-phase open delta network

2-element network

(Parameters: RMS voltage and current, DC components of voltage and current, THD, flicker are calculated as for 1-phase circuits;

instead of the phase voltages, phase-to-phase voltages are used. Symmetrical components and unbalance factors are calculated

as in 3-phase 4-wire systems.)

Parameter

Name

Designation

Unit

Method of calculation

Phase-to-phase voltage UCA

UCA

= -( + )

Current I2 (Aron measuring circuits)

2 = -(1 + 3)

Total active power

Ptot

(
=1

)
=1

where:

UiAC is a subsequent sample of voltage UA-C

UiBC is a subsequent sample of voltage UB-C

IiA is a subsequent sample of current IA

IiB is a subsequent sample of current IB

M = 2048 for 50Hz and 60Hz

= 3 where:

Total apparent power

2 9

Total reactive power (Budeanu and IEEE 1459)

QBtot

var

Total Budeanu distortion power

DBtot

var

Effective apparent distortion power

SeN

2 3

= = 2 - 2

= 0

= 2 + 12 where:
1 = 311

12 9

Total Power Factor
Active energy (consumed and supplied)

PFtot
EP+tot EP-tot

Total apparent energy

EStot

12 3

formula same as in split-phase system

= ()()

=1
where:

VAh

iis subsequent number of the 10/12-period measurement

window

Se(i) represents the total apparent power Se calculated in i-th

measuring window

T(i) represents duration of i-th measuring window (in hours)

107

PQM-707 user manual

5 Technical specification
· Technical specification is subject to change without prior notice. The latest revisions of technical documentation are available at www.sonel.com.
· Basic uncertainty is uncertainty of a measuring instrument in reference conditions given in Table 10. · Given uncertainty values refer to the PQM-707 analyzer without additional transducers and probes. · Abbreviations:
· m.v. measured value, · Unom nominal voltage, · Inom nominal current range (probe), · RMS root mean square value, · n harmonic order, · s.d. significant digits (or significant figures) in reference to resolution of measurement
result, the value is recorded with the given number of significant digits, e.g. resolution for 230 V with 4 s.d. will be 0.1 V (notation 230.0 V); resolution for 5 A with 4 s.d. will be 0.001 A (notation 5.000 A), · ph additional uncertainty caused by the error of phase measurement between the voltage and current harmonics.

5.1 Inputs
Voltage inputs Number of inputs
Maximum input voltage
Measurement category Peak input voltage (no ADC saturation)
Range of measured DC voltages Analog passband (-3dB) Transducers Impedance of measurement inputs
CMRR

5 (L1/A, L2/B, L3/C, N, PE - 4 measuring channels) not galvanically isolated between each other L1/A, L2/B, L3/C, N: 760 VRMS 40...70 Hz or DC referred to protective earth terminal (PE) CAT IV 600 V CAT III 760 V
±1150 V (L-N, L-PE)
±1150 V 12 kHz defined by user 13.8 M (L-L, L-N) 6.9 M (L-PE) >70 dB (50 Hz)

Current inputs Number of inputs Peak input voltage Nominal input voltage (CT probes) Peak input voltage (CT probes, no ADC saturation) Nominal input voltage (flexible clamps) Peak input voltage (flexible clamps; without ADC overflow) Maximum current probes input voltage referred to earth Analog passband (-3dB) Input impedance
Measurement range (without transducers)
Transformers CMRR

4 (L1, L2, L3, N) not isolated galvanically between each other 5 V referred to protective earth terminal (PE) 1 VRMS
±3.6 V
0.125 VRMS
±0.45 V
5 VRMS
12 kHz CT probes: 100 k Flexible probes: 12.4 k Flexible probes F-1(A)/F-2(A)/F-3(A): 1..3000 A (±10 kA peak, 50 Hz) Flexible probes F-2AHD/F-3AHD: 1..3000 A (±10 kA peak, 50 Hz) Flexible probes F-1A6/F-2A6/F-3A6: 1...6000 A (±20 kA peak, 50 Hz) Flexible probes F-1A1/F-2A1/F-3A1: 1...1500 A (±5 kA peak, 50 Hz) CT probes C-4(A): 1..1200 A CT probes C-5A: 1..1400 A CT probes C-6(A): 0.01..12 A CT probes C-7(A): 0..100 A defined by user 60 dB (50 Hz)

108

5 Technical specification

5.2 Sampling and real time clock

Sampling and real time clock A/D converter Sampling rate
Samples per period PLL synchronization Reference channel for PLL Real-time clock

16-bit 10.24 kHz for 50 Hz and 60 Hz Simultaneous sampling in all channels 204.8 for 50 Hz; 170.67 for 60 Hz 40..70Hz L1-N, L1-L2 (depending on mains type) 3.5 ppm max (approx. 9 sec./month, 0.3 sec./day ) in the temperature range of -10C...+50C

5.3 Measured parameters accuracy, resolution and ranges

5.3.1 Reference conditions

Tab. 9. Reference conditions.

Reference conditions Ambient temperature Relative humidity External supply voltage Input voltage Flicker Voltage unbalance
External continuous magnetic field DC component of voltage and current Waveforms Frequency

23C ±2C 40...60% 12V ±1% Unom ±1% PST < 0.1 0.1% for unbalance factor of negative sequence (applies only to 3-phase systems) 40 A/m DC 3 A/m AC for 50/60 Hz frequency none
sinusoidal 50 ±0.5 Hz lub 60 ±0.5 Hz

109

PQM-707 user manual
5.3.2 Measurement uncertainty within rated temperature range
The basic uncertainty given in technical data applies to reference conditions only (Tab. 9). Outside of this range an additional multiplier has to be used, as shown in Fig. 68. The multiplier (M) is 2.0 in the ambient temperature range 0C...+45C. Over +45C up to +55C it rises in linear manner up to 3.0. Below 0C down to -25C it rises in linear manner to 3.0.
For example: the basic uncertainty for RMS voltage measurement is ±0.5 % Unom. · At the -10C measurement uncertainty is ±2.4 × 0.5% Unom that is ±1.2% Unom (multiplier 2.4), · At the 0C measurement uncertainty is ±1% Unom (multiplier 2.0), · At the +45C measurement uncertainty is ±1% Unom (multiplier 2.0), · At the +50C measurement uncertainty is ±1.25% Unom (multiplier 2.5).

Fig. 68. Basic uncertainty multiplier M as a function of ambient temperature (does not apply to the reference conditions).

5.3.3 Voltage
Voltage URMS (AC+DC)
Crest Factor

Ranges and conditions
20% Unom URMS 120% Unom for Unom 100 V 1..10 (1..1.65 for 690 V voltage) for URMS 10% Unom

Resolution 4 s.d.
0.01

Basic uncertainty 0.5% Unom
5%

110

5.3.4 Current
Current IRMS (AC+DC)

5 Technical specification

Ranges and conditions
CT line: 0..1 V (±3.6 V max)

Resolution

Basic uncertainty

Input path without clamps

4 s.d.

0.2% Inom

flexible probes line:

0..125 mV (±450 mV

max)

Flexible probes F-1(A)/F-2(A)/F-3(A)

0..3000 A

4 s.d.

Additional uncertainty

(10 kA)

See the probes user manual

0..3000 A (±10 kA max)
0..6000 A (±20 kA max)
0..1500 A (±5 kA max)

Flexible probes F-2AHD/F-3AHD

4 s.d.

Additional uncertainty See the probes user manual

Flexible probes F-1A6/F-2A6/F-3A6

Additional uncertainty

4 s.d.

See the probes user manual

Flexible probes F-1A1/F-2A1/F-3A1

4 s.d.

Additional uncertainty See the probes user manual

0..1200 A 0..1400 A 0..12 A

CT probes C-4(A)

4 s.d.

Additional uncertainty

See the probes user manual

CT probes C-5A

4 s.d.

Additional uncertainty

See the probes user manual

CT probes C-6(A)

4 s.d.

Additional uncertainty

See the probes user manual

Crest Factor

0..100 A
1..10 (1..3.6 for Inom) for IRMS 1% Inom

CT probes C-7(A)

4 s.d.

Additional uncertainty

See the probes user manual

0.01

5.3.5 Frequency
Frequency f

Ranges and conditions
40..70 Hz 15% Unom URMS 120% Unom Unom 100 V

Resolution 0.01 Hz

Basic uncertainty 0.05 Hz

5.3.6 Harmonics

Harmonics Harmonic (n)

Ranges and conditions

Resolution

Basic uncertainty

DC, 1..50, grouping: harmonics sub-groups acc. to IEC 61000-4-7

111

PQM-707 user manual

URMS amplitude

0..200% Unom

4 s.d.

IRMS amplitude
Voltage THD-R (n = 2..50) Current THD-R (n = 2..50) Phase angle (voltage) Phase angle (current)

Depending probes used (see specifications for IRMS)
0.0...100.0% for URMS 1% Unom 0.0...100.0% for IRMS 1% Inom -180...+180 -180...+180

4 s.d.
0.1% 0.1% 0.1 0.1

0.15% Unom if m.v. <3% Unom 5% m.v. if m.v. 3% Unom (acc. to IEC 61000-4-7 Class II) 0.5% Inom if m.v. <10% Inom 5% of m.v. if m.v. 10% Inom (acc. to IEC 61000-4-7 Class II) 5%
5%
(n 1) (n 1)

5.3.7 Power and energy

Power and energy Active power Active energy
Reactive power Reactive energy
Apparent power Apparent energy

Conditions (for power and energy 80% Unom URMS < 120% Unom) 2% Inom IRMS < 5% Inom cos = 1
5% Inom IRMS Inom cos = 1
5% Inom IRMS < 10% Inom cos = 0.5
10% Inom IRMS Inom cos = 0.5
2% Inom IRMS < 5% Inom sin = 1
5% Inom IRMS < Inom sin = 1
5% Inom IRMS < 10% Inom sin = 0.5
10% Inom IRMS < Inom sin = 0.5
10% Inom IRMS < Inom sin = 0.25
2% Inom IRMS < 5% Inom 5% Inom IRMS Inom

Power factor (PF)
Displacement power factor (cos/ DPF) (1) See sec. 5.3.8.

0...1 50% Unom URMS < 150% Unom 10% Inom IRMS < Inom
0...1 50% Unom URMS < 150% Unom 10% Inom IRMS < Inom

Resolution 4 s.d.
4 s.d.
4 s.d. 0.01 0.01

Basic uncertainty (1)
2.52 + 2 % 2.02 + 2 % 2.52 + 2 % 2.02 + 2 % 4.02 + 2 % 3.02 + 2 % 4.02 + 2 % 3.02 + 2 % 4.02 + 2 % 2.5% 2.0%
0.03
0.03

112

5 Technical specification
5.3.8 Estimating the uncertainty of power and energy measurements
The total uncertainty of active and reactive power and energy measurements and the harmonics power is based on the following relationship (additional time measurement uncertainty is omitted in case of energy as much smaller than other uncertainty types):
, 2 + 2 + 2 where: P,Q uncertainty of active or reactive power measurement,
Uh total uncertainty of voltage harmonic amplitude measurement (analyzer, transducers), Ih total uncertainty of current amplitude measurement (analyzer, transducers, probes), ph additional uncertainty caused by the error of phase measurement between the voltage and current harmonics.
The ph uncertainty can be determined if we know the phase shift angle for a given frequency ranges. Tab. 10 presents the phase difference error between the voltage and current harmonics for the PQM-707 analyzer (without probes and transducers).
Tab. 10. Phase error in the PQM-707 analyzer depending on the frequency

Frequency range 0..200 Hz 200..500 Hz 500 Hz..1 kHz 1..2 kHz 2..3 kHz

Phase error

2.5

The phase error caused by used transducers and probes can be usually found in their technical documentation. Such being the case, we need to estimate the resultant phase error between the voltage and the current for a given frequency caused by all elements of the measuring circuit: current and voltage transducers, probes, and the analyzer. The phase uncertainty of the harmonics active power measurements can be calculated according to the following formula:
= 100 (1 - cos(+)) [%], cos 0
On the other hand, the phase uncertainty of the harmonics reactive power measurements can be calculated according to the following formula:
= 100 (1 - sin(-)) [%], sin 0
In both formulas, means the actual phase shift angle between the current and voltage components, and means the total phase error for a given frequency. The conclusion which can be drawn from these relationships is that power measurement uncertainty for the same phase error very clearly depends on the displacement power factor between current and voltage. It is shown in Fig. 69.

113

PQM-707 user manual

Example Calculation of measurement uncertainty of active power fundamental component. Conditions: = 60, URMS Unom , IRMS = 5% Inom.

Fundamental uncertainty equals ±2,52 + 2 %

For the 0..200Hz frequency range, the PQM-707 phase error is < 1. After substituting to the equation:

= 100 (1 - (+)) = 100 (1 - ((6601°°))) = 3,04%

then, the measurement uncertainty is: = ±2,52 + 3,042 = ±3,94%

Under the same conditions, but with the phase shift = 10, we will ob-

tain:

= 100 (1 - ((1101°°))) = 0,32%

and the measurement uncertainty is:

= ±2,52 + 0,322 = ±2,52%

The above calculations do not take into account additional errors caused by used probes and transducers.

Fig. 69. Additional uncertainty from phase error depending on phase shift angle. 114

5.3.9 Flicker

5 Technical specification

Flicker Pst (10 min), Plt (2 h)

Ranges and conditions 0.4 ... 10 for URMS 80% Unom

Resolution 0.01

Basic uncertainty 10% within the values presented in tables of IEC 61000-4-15 standard

5.3.10 Unbalance

Unbalance (voltage and current) Unbalance factor for positive, negative and zero sequence

Ranges and conditions
0.0% ... 10.0% for 80% Unom URMS < 150% Unom

Resolution 0.1%

Basic uncertainty
0.15% (absolute uncertainty)

5.4 Event detection voltage and current RMS

URMS voltage (dips, interruptions and
swells) URMS(1/2)
Detection thresholds
Duration Waveform record

IRMS(1/2)

IRMS current (min, max)

Detection thresholds

Duration Waveform record

Range

Resolution

Basic uncertainty

0.0%...120.0% Unom

4 s.d.

1% Unom

Set by the user in percentage or absolute values. Event detection based

on the measurement of URMS(1/2) (1-period RMS refreshed every ½ pe-

riod).

hh:mm:ss.ms

½ period

One period

Two periods before event + 4 periods after the event (total of 6 cycles)

204.8/170.67 (50 Hz/60 Hz) samples per period

Range 10% Inom IRMS < 100% Inom

Resolution 4 s.d.

Basic uncertainty 0.5% Inom

Set by the user in percentage or absolute values. Event detection based

on the measurement of IRMS(1/2) (1-period RMS refreshed every ½ period).

hh:mm:ss.ms

½ period

One period

Two periods before event + 4 periods after the event (total of 6 cycles)

204.8/170.67 (50 Hz/60 Hz) samples per period

5.4.1 Event detection hysteresis

Event detection hysteresis Hysteresis

Range 0..10%

Calculation method
For voltage: calculated as a percent of nominal voltage. For current: calculated as a percent of max. threshold.

115

PQM-707 user manual

5.5 Recording

Recording Averaging time (1)

1 s, 3 s, 10 s, 30 s, 1 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min.

Averaging min / max for URMS (2) Averaging min / max for IRMS (2)
Recording activation mode

based on URMS(1/2) based on IRMS(1/2) manual

starting at the first detected event

scheduled (one defined time period)

Measurement configurations

Ability to define an unlimited numer of measurement configurations stored

in analyzer's internal memory

Recording time

Depending on the configuration (e.g. mains type, averaging time, param-

eters selected, etc.)

Memory

User replaceable memory card: microSD HC 4 GB (up to 32 GB sup-

ported)

Memory model

Linear

Security

Analyzer lock to prevent unauthorized access via 4-digit PIN code

(1) Averaging times shorter than 10 seconds are in fact equal to a multiple of the mains period:

1 s = 50/60 cycles, 3 s = 150/180 cycles.

(2) URMS(1/2) and IRMS(1/2) are RMS values for one period, refreshed every half period..

Recorded parameters
RMS phase/phase-to-phase (depending on the type of system) voltage URMS RMS phase-to-phase voltage URMS (only 3-phase wye with N and split-phase systems) DC Voltage RMS current IRMS DC current (1) Frequency f Voltage crest factor CF U Current crest factor CF I Unbalance factors for negative and positive sequence, symmetrical components: negative, positive, zero (voltage) U0, U1, U2, u0, u2 Unbalance factors for negative and positive sequence, symmetrical components: negative, positive, zero (current) I0, I1, I2, i0, i2 Flicker factor Pst and Plt, Active power (consumed and supplied) P+, PReactive power (consumed and supplied) Q1+, Q1- / QB+, QBApparent power S Distortion power D / Apparent distortion power SN Power factor PF Displacement power factor cos/DPF Tan factor Active energy (consumed and supplied) EP+, EPReactive energy (consumed and supplied) EQ+, EQApparent energy ES Total harmonic distortion for Voltage THD-F Total harmonic distortion for current THD-F Voltage harmonic amplitudes Uh1...Uh50 Current harmonic amplitudes Ih1...Ih50 Harmonics active and rwactive power Ph1...Ph50, Qh1...Qh50 Total demand distortion TDD (1) Only with C-5A probes.
116

Average value ·
·
· · · · · · ·
·
· ·
· · · · ·
·
·
· · ·
·

Minimum value ·
· · · · · · ·
·
· ·
· · · · ·
·
·
· · ·

Maximum value
·

Instantaneous value

· · · · · · ·
·
· · ·
· · · · ·
· · · ·
·
· · ·

5.6 Power supply
External power supply Nominal voltage range Absolute maximum input voltage Overvoltage category Output voltage and current Output power Power adapter input ratings Input voltage range Input current

5 Technical specification
100-240 V AC, 50-60 Hz 90-264 V AC, 50-60 Hz II 300 V 12 V DC 2.5 A 30 W max.
DC 12 V ±10% 2.5 A max.

Rechargeable battery Type, nominal voltage, nominal capacity
Cycle life
Minimum operational time on battery (fully charged battery, rated temperature range, maximum LCD brightness) Typical operational time on battery (fully charged battery, temperature range 0-40°C, LCD brightness 50%) Charging time (battery fully discharged, source: external power supply, ambient temperature range 0...40°C) Charging time via USB port (battery fully discharged, analyzer switcher off, external power supply disconnected, ambient temperature range 0...40°C) Current consumption from battery in switched off mode (no external power supply) Current consumption from battery in sleep mode (no external power supply) Maximum time in sleep mode to fully discharge battery (fully charged battery, no external power supply)

Li-Ion 11.1 V 3.4 Ah 37.7 Wh 70% of nominal capacity after 500 charge/discharge cycles min. 4 h approx. 6 h max. 2 h
approx. 30 h
< 1 mA < 75 mA approx. 45 h

5.7 Supported mains types

Types of supported mains (directly and indirectly)

1-phase

1-phase with a neutral conductor (terminals: L1, N, PE)

2-phase (split-phase)

Split phase with a neutral conductor (terminals: L1, L2, N, PE)

3-phase 4-wire

3-phase with a neutral conductor (terminals: L1, L2, L3, N, PE)

3-phase 3-wire

3-phase Delta (terminals: L1, L2, L3, PE)

3-phase 3-wire Aron / 2-element 3-phase Delta with Aron current measurement (terminals: L1, L2, L3, PE)

3-phase 4-wire (no U L2) /

3-phase 4-wire (terminals L1, L3, N, PE), with U L2 voltage calculated

2 ½ element (no V L2/B)

3-phase open delta

3-phase Open Leg Delta (terminals: L1, L2, L3, PE)

Transducers: 3-phase 4-wire

3-phase 4-wire with voltage transducers (terminals: L1, L2, L3, N, PE)

Transducers: 3-phase 3-wire

3-phase Delta with voltage transducers (terminals: L1, L2, L3, PE)

Transducers: 3-phase 3-wire 3-phase Delta with voltage transducers and Aron current measurement

Aron (2PT's, 2-Elements)

(terminals: L1, L2, L3, PE)

One channel DC circuit with optional DC current measurement

(with C-5A probes) (terminals L1, N)

DC+M

Two channels DC circuit with optional DC current measurement

(with C-5A probes) (terminals L1, L2, N)

117

PQM-707 user manual

5.8 Supported current probes

Types of supported current probes

F-1(A)

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 120 cm, measuring range 3000 ARMS

F-2(A)

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 80 cm, measuring range 3000 ARMS

F-3(A)

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 45 cm, measuring range 3000 ARMS

F-2AHD

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 91,5 cm, measuring range 3000 ARMS

F-3AHD

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 45 cm, measuring range 3000 ARMS

F-1A6

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 120 cm, measuring range 6000 ARMS

F-2A6

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 80 cm, measuring range 6000 ARMS

F-3A6

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 45 cm, measuring range 6000 ARMS

F-1A1

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 120 cm, measuring range 1500 ARMS

F-2A1

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 80 cm, measuring range 1500 ARMS

F-3A1

Flexible probes (Rogowski coil), perimeter: 45 cm, measuring range 1500 ARMS

C-4(A)

CT, AC probes, measuring range 1200 ARMS

C-5A

CT, AC/DC probes with Hall sensor, measuring range 1400 ARMS

C-6(A)

CT, AC probes for low currents, measuring range 12 ARMS

C-7(A)

CT, AC probes, measuring range 1000 ARMS

5.9 Communication

Communication USB

Double insulated from measured mains (CAT IV 600 V) Compatible with USB 2.0

5.10 Environmental conditions and other technical data

Environmental conditions Operating temperature range: Storage temperature range Humidity Ingress protection (according to EN 60529) Operating altitude
Reference conditions Dimensions Weight Display Data memory

-10C...+50C -20C...+60C 10...90% no condensation IP 51
up to 2000 m (up to 4000 m with derated measurement category CAT II 760 V / CAT III 600 V / CAT IV 300 V) see Tab. 9 288 x 223 x 75 mm (with cover) ok. 1,75 kg (with cover) color LCD TFT with polytouch, 800x480 resolution, diagonal 7" Removable microSD memory card 4 GB (as standard) for measurement data, screenshots and reports; option of extending up to 32 GB. Internal memory (approx. 1GB) for configuration data.

118

5 Technical specification

5.11 Safety and electromagnetic compatibility

Safety and EMC Compliance with Measurement Category Insulation Electromagnetic compatibility Immunity to radio frequency interferences
Immunity to electrostatic discharge
Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields Immunity to a series of electrical fast transients/bursts Surge immunity Emission of radiated RF disturbances
Emissions of conducted interferences

IEC 61010-1 edition 3.0, IEC 61010-2-030 IV 600V / III 760 V, pollution class 2, according to IEC 61010-2-030 Double IEC 61326 IEC 61000-4-3 sinusoidal modulation 80% AM, 1 kHz 80...1000MHz, 10 V/m 1.4...2.0 GHz, 3 V/m 2.0 ... 2.7 GHz, 1 V/m
IEC 61000-4-2 Air discharge: 8 kV Contact discharge: 4 kV IEC 61000-4-6 sinusoidal modulation 80% AM, 1 kHz 0.15...80 MHz, 10V IEC 61000-4-4 Amplitude of 2 kV, 5 kHz IEC 61000-4-5 Amplitude 2 kV (L-L) IEC 61000-6-3 30...230 MHz, 40 dB(V/m) at 10m 230...1000 MHz, 47 dB(V/m) at 10m IEC 61000-6-3 Levels for a quasi-peak detector: 0.15 kHz...0.5 MHz: 66 dBV...56 dBV 0.5 MHz...5 MHz: 56 dBV 5 MHz...30 MHz: 60 dBV

EN 55022 Compliance statement: PQM-707 is a class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio interference in which case the user may be required to take adequate measures (e.g. increas-
ing the distance between affected products).

5.12 Standards
Standards Measurement Methods Measurement Accuracy Power Quality Flicker Harmonics Safety EMC Quality standard

IEC 61000-4-30 Class S IEC 61000-4-30 Class S EN 50160 IEC 61000-4-15 IEC 61000-4-7 IEC 61010-1, IEC 61010-2-030 IEC 61326 design, construction and manufacturing are ISO 9001 compliant

119

PQM-707 user manual
6 Rechargeable battery
6.1 Genral information
PQM-707 is equipped with a Li-Ion battery pack 11.1 V 3.4 Ah. The battery pack includes a circuit monitoring its charge status, which provides precise level of battery pack charge and a temperature sensor.
The charge level of the battery pack is indicated by icon on the top bar of the screen on the right side:
- charge level 80...100% - charge level 60...80% - charge level 40...60% - charge level 20...40% - charge level 0...20% If the device detects the absence of the battery pack or no communication with the pack, the following icon is displayed: - a problem with the battery pack (removed or lack of communication) Charging the battery pack is started automatically after connecting power supply adapter 12 V DC to the analyzer. It is also possible to charge it from the car cigarette lighter socket using a special cable provided with the analyzer. Charging is indicated by animated battery icon on the top bar and LED (see description in sec. 2.5). The temperature of the battery back and the ambient temperature influence the charging process. If the battery temperature is below 0°C or higher than 45°C, the charging process is stopped.
6.2 Replacing rechargeable batteries
The internal real time clock is supplied from the battery pack, therefore to avoid losing the clock settings, the battery pack replacement may be performed with connected power supply of 12 V DC. To replace the battery pack:
· disconnect the meter from the tested network, · connect the external power supply 12 V DC (to prevent reseting date and time settings) · Remove the four screws of the rechargeable batteries/batteries compartment (in the lower
part of the casing), see Fig. 70, · Remove the compartment, · insert a new battery pack into the meter, · Screw the four screws of the rechargeable batteries/batteries compartment.
120

7 Cleaning and maintenance Fig. 70. Replacing the battery pack
7 Cleaning and maintenance
Note Use only the maintenance methods specified by the manufacturer in this
manual.
The casing of the analyzer may be cleaned with a soft, damp cloth using all-purpose detergents. Do not use any solvents or cleaning agents which might scratch the casing (powders, pastes, etc.).
Cables should be cleaned with water and detergents, and then dried. The analyzer electronic system does not require maintenance.
8 Storage
In the case of storage of the device, the following recommendations must be observed: · Disconnect all the test leads from the meter. · Clean the meter and all its accessories thoroughly. · In order to prevent a total discharge of the accumulators in the case of a prolonged storage,
charge them from time to time.
9 Dismantling and disposal
Worn-out electric and electronic equipment should be gathered selectively, i.e. it must not be placed with waste of another kind.
Worn-out electronic equipment should be sent to a collection point in accordance with the law of waste electrical and electronic equipment.
Before the equipment is sent to a collection point, do not dismantle any elements. Observe local regulations concerning disposal of packages, waste batteries and accumulators.
121

PQM-707 user manual
10 Optional accessories
· The parameters apply to clamps currently on offer. For the parameters of all clamps in a given
series, please refer to the user manual of the respective accessory.
· The full list of accessories can be found on the manufacturer's website.

Rated current
Frequency Max. diameter of measured conductor Minimum accuracy Battery power Lead length Measurement category Ingress protection

C-4A WACEGC4AOKR
1200 A AC 30 Hz...10 kHz
52 mm
0.5% --
2.2 m IV 300 V

C-5A WACEGC5AOKR
1000 A AC 1400 A DC DC...5 kHz
39 mm

C-6A WACEGC6AOKR
12 A AC 40 Hz...10 kHz
20 mm

1.5%

2.2 m

-- 2.2 m

IV 300 V

IP40

C-7A WACEGC7AOKR
100 A AC 40 Hz...1 kHz
24 mm
0,5% -- 3 m
III 300 V

F-1A1 / F-1A / F-1A6 F-2A1 / F-2A / F-2A6 F-3A1 / F-3A / F-3A6

F-2AHD

F-3AHD

WACEGF1A1OKR WACEGF1AOKR WACEGF1A6OKR

WACEGF2A1OKR WACEGF2AOKR WACEGF2A6OKR

WACEGF3A1OKR WACEGF3AOKR WACEGF2AHDOKR WACEGF3AHDOKR WACEGF3A6OKR

Rated current

1500 / 3000 / 6000 A 1500 / 3000 / 6000 A 1500 / 3000 / 6000 A

3000 A AC

Frequency

40 Hz...10 kHz

10 Hz...20 kHz

Max. diameter of measured conductor

380 mm

250 mm

140 mm

290 mm

145 mm

Minimum accuracy

0.5%

Battery power

Lead length

2.5 m

Measurement category

IV 600 V

Ingress protection

IP67

IP65

122

11 Positions of the meter's cover
11 Positions of the meter's cover
The movable cover enables using the meter in various positions.

1 cover as the bottom of the meter, 2 cover used as a support, 3 cover in the position that enables convenient use of the meter suspended on the neck by means of hanging straps.
12 Manufacturer
The manufacturer of the device and provider of guarantee and post-guarantee service:
SONEL S.A. Wokulskiego 11 58-100 widnica
Poland tel. +48 74 884 10 53 (Customer Service)
e-mail: customerservice@sonel.com web page: www.sonel.com
Note Service repairs must be performed only by the manufacturer.

123

PQM-707 user manual

NOTES

124

References

Microsoft Word dla Microsoft 365