Kränzle K 2000 Series High-Pressure Cleaner Operating Manual

Introduction

Dear customer, we congratulate you on the purchase of your new high-pressure cleaner and thank you for your confidence in Kränzle products. Your choice is an absolute quality product, characterized by convenient and compact design, and high suitability for everyday use. Highest precision, dimensional accuracy, and a technology package of many details mark the difference in performance, safety, and durability.

This manual is a translation of the original manual. Read and conform safety instructions before use. Technical data will be found in the Spare Parts List. Please be aware that the spare parts list is part of the operating manual. Keep both leaflets for later use or any subsequent owners.

Models covered: K 2160 TS, K 2160 TST, K 2175 TS, K 2175 TST, K 2195 TS, K 2195 TST.

Visit www.kraenzle.com for more information.

Explanatory Symbols

Symbols Used in the Operating Manual

• ⚠️ Warning: Failure to observe this note may result in serious injuries!
• ℹ️ Note: Failure to adhere to instructions may cause excessive wear or total breakdown of the K 2000-series.
• ⚠️ Environmental Note: Failure to observe this note may entail environmental damage.

Symbols Affixed to the High-Pressure Cleaner

• [Horizontal Operation Required] The high-pressure cleaner must be operated in horizontal position. In case of improper use, the high-pressure jets can be very dangerous. Do not direct high-pressure jet at persons, animals, or active electrical equipment or the high-pressure cleaner itself.
• [Water Connection Restriction] The high-pressure cleaner may not be connected directly to the public drinking water supply network.
• [Burn Risk] Risk of burns due to hot surfaces!
• [Disposal Symbol] Products marked with this symbol may contain constituents posing a risk to health or the environment if incorrectly disposed of. These products must never be disposed of as household waste.

Symbols Affixed on the Packaging

• [Recycling Symbol] This symbol denotes recyclable packaging materials which must not be disposed of as household waste. Information on proper disposal will be gathered from the recycling directives issued by your local authority.

Safety Notes

Users should wear necessary protective clothing, including waterproof clothing, rubber boots, safety goggles, and ear protection headwear. It is prohibited to use the high-pressure cleaner in close vicinity to people lacking suitable protective clothing.

Use of high-pressure cleaners may generate aerosols. Inhaling aerosol particles may cause health damage. Employers must conduct hazard assessments and implement necessary protective measures, such as respiratory masks (Class FFP 2 or higher) for aqueous aerosols.

Always switch off the mains disconnect switch when the high-pressure cleaner is left unattended.

❌ Prohibited:

• Do not spray against matter containing asbestos or other hazardous substances.
• Never spray flammable liquids or liquids containing solvents such as paint thinners, petrol, or oil, due to explosion hazard.
• Maintain a minimum distance of 30 cm from objects being cleaned to prevent damage from the high-pressure jet (e.g., car tires).
• Prior to operation, check all components (high-pressure hose, power supply cables, safety trigger gun) for damage. Replace defective or damaged components.
• Only use high-pressure hoses, couplings, and fittings recommended by Kränzle.
• If using an extension cable, ensure it is suitable for outdoor use, kept dry, and situated above ground. A cable drum is recommended to keep the socket at least 60 mm above ground.

Safety Notes - This is Prohibited!

• Replacement of power supply cables is only permitted with original manufacturer cables and must be performed by a qualified electrician.
• Safety devices must never be deactivated or bypassed.
• The high-pressure cleaner must be used properly, adhering to local requirements and watching out for persons in the danger zone.
• If used in elevated positions where there is a risk of the unit falling, secure it against rolling away or tipping over.
• The high-pressure cleaner is not designed for use by persons with restricted physical, sensory, or mental abilities (including children).
• When using high-pressure water for cleaning, ensure a firm footing due to the recoil effect on the lance.
• Never allow children or untrained persons to use or play with the high-pressure cleaner. Children must be kept under supervision.
• ❌ Prohibited: Never direct the high-pressure jet at the high-pressure cleaner itself or within its spray mist reach.
• ❌ Prohibited: Never direct the high-pressure jet at power sockets or any other electrical installations. All live parts within the working area must be protected from water jet and spray mist.
• ❌ Prohibited: Never pull the high-pressure hose if it has formed kinks or "nooses", or pull it over sharp edges.
• Always pay attention to the underbody lance resting on the surface. Be aware of the torque from the recoil when using curved or angled spraying lances.
• Apply the safety catch on the safety trigger gun after each use to prevent unintentional spraying.
• ❌ Prohibited: Never direct the high-pressure jet at people or animals, or at yourself or other persons, not even to clean clothing or shoes.
• ❌ Prohibited: Only use a power supply cable in perfect working order. Do not damage or improperly repair the power cable (tearing, squeezing, running over, etc.).

Description of High-Pressure Cleaner

K 2000-Series Without Hose Drum

The K 2160 TS / K 2175 TS / K 2195 TS cleaner is a mobile high-pressure cleaner with an advanced arrangement system.

Key Components:

• 1. Ergonomically shaped handle
• 2. Pump head made of special brass
• 3. Cleaning agent injection hose
• 4. Large stainless steel pressure gauge
• 5. Start/Stop switch
• 6. Storage for safety trigger gun
• 7. Safety trigger gun
• 8. Lances in storage
• 9. On/Off switch with motor protection and control light
• 10. Integrated trolley for easy movement over steps and rough ground
• 11. Cable reel for the power supply cable
• 12. Infinitely variable pressure and quantity regulation

Included Accessories:

• 1. Kränzle high-pressure cleaner (K 2160 TS, K 2175 TS, K 2195 TS)
• 2. Safety trigger gun with plug coupling
• 3. Dirtkiller lance with stainless steel pipe and quick release coupling
• 4. Vario-Jet lance with stainless steel pipe and quick release coupling
• 5. Operating manual, Spare parts list
• 6. High-pressure hose

K 2000-Series With Hose Drum

The K 2160 TST / K 2175 TST / K 2195 TST cleaner is a mobile high-pressure cleaner with an advanced arrangement system.

Key Components:

• 1. Ergonomically shaped handle
• 2. Pump head made of special brass
• 3. Hose drum with 15 m steel weave high-pressure hose
• 4. Cleaning agent injection hose
• 5. Large stainless steel pressure gauge
• 6. Start/Stop switch
• 7. Storage for safety trigger gun
• 8. Safety trigger gun
• 9. Lances in storage
• 10. On/Off switch with motor protection and control light
• 11. Integrated trolley for easy movement over steps and rough ground
• 12. Cable reel for the power supply cable
• 13. Infinitely variable pressure and quantity regulation

Included Accessories:

• 1. Kränzle high-pressure cleaner (K 2160 TST, K 2175 TST, K 2195 TST)
• 2. Safety trigger gun with plug coupling
• 3. Dirtkiller lance with stainless steel pipe and quick release coupling
• 4. Vario-Jet lance with stainless steel pipe and quick release coupling
• 5. Operating manual, Spare parts list
• 6. Crank handle with fastening screw

General Rules

Intended Use

This high-pressure cleaner is to be used solely for high-pressure water jet cleaning applications without detergents or low-pressure cleaning work with detergents (e.g., with a foam injector or washing brush). Environmental, refuse disposal, and water protection regulations must be observed.

Inspections

The high-pressure cleaner must be inspected according to the “Guidelines for Liquid Spray Devices" at least once every 12 months by a qualified person to ensure continued safe operation. Inspection results must be recorded in writing. High-pressure cleaners used for commercial purposes must be checked by a qualified person at least every 12 months.

Accident Prevention

The high-pressure cleaner is designed to prevent accidents if used correctly. Users must be notified of the risk of injury from hot machine parts and the high-pressure jet. The “Guidelines for Liquid Spray Devices" must be complied with.

Oil Change

The first oil change should be carried out after approximately 50 operating hours, then every year or after 250 operating hours. If the oil turns grey or white, it must be changed. To change the oil, open the oil drain screw above a container and empty the cleaner. Catch the oil in a reservoir and dispose of it in an approved manner.

New oil: 0.35 l Kränzle High Performance Gear Oil (Ord. no.: 400932)

Oil Leakage

If oil leaks, contact your nearest after-sales service (dealer) immediately. Failure to observe this instruction may cause damage to the environment and/or transmission gearbox.

Condensed Water

In case of increased humidity or temperature fluctuations, condensed water may form. If the oil turns grey or white, it must be changed.

Functional Details

Please Note: Lack of Water

Lack of water can occur more often than expected. The more powerful the cleaner, the greater the danger of lack of water. Insufficient water can lead to cavitation inside the high-pressure pump, potentially destroying it. Check the available water quantity by filling a bucket with a liter scale for one minute. If the metered quantity is too small, use a different water connection. Lack of water leads to accelerated wear of the joints (no warranty). Never let the high-pressure pump run dry for more than 60 seconds.

Water Supply

Please pay attention to your waterworks company's regulations. In accordance with DIN EN 61770, the high-pressure cleaner may not be directly connected to the public drinking water supply lines. A brief connection is permissible according to DVGW if a non-return valve with tube ventilator is installed. Indirect connection via free emission (e.g., reservoir with float valve) is also permissible. Direct connection to a non-drinking water supply line is permissible.

Insufficient Quantity of Electricity

If too many devices are connected to the network simultaneously, voltage and current intensity may decline, preventing the motor from starting or causing it to blow. Insufficient power supply can also be due to a power supply cable that is too long or too thin. Long extension cables can lead to voltage drops, causing malfunctions or start-up difficulties. Check line fusing and have voltage and current intensity checked by an expert if uncertain.

Electrical Connection

The cleaner is supplied with a 5-meter power supply cable. The mains plug must be fitted to a standard grounded socket with a 30 mA residual current operated device. Connection must be carried out by a properly trained electrician, complying with IEC60364-1. The socket must be protected by a 16 A fuse. Extension cables must have an earthed lead, be properly connected, and have a minimum cross-section of 1.5 mm² (2.5 mm² for cables over 10 m). Plug connections must be spray-proof and not located on a wet floor. Always unwind the power supply cable completely when using a cable drum.

Water and Cleaning System

Water must be supplied under pressure or directly sucked from a pressureless container. The high-pressure pump forces water to the lance, where the nozzle forms the high-pressure jet. Environmental, refuse disposal, and water protection regulations must be observed.

Safety Jet Pipe with Safety Trigger Gun

The cleaner operates only when the safety trigger gun's trigger is actuated. Pulling the trigger opens the gun, transporting liquid to the nozzle and increasing spray pressure. Releasing the trigger closes the gun, preventing further spraying. The pressure gauge should show 0 bar. Pressure build-up when the gun is closed opens the pressure control valve/safety valve, switching off the motor. When the trigger is opened, the valve closes, the motor starts, and the pump resumes spraying at the selected pressure.

⚠️ Safety Device: The safety trigger gun is a safety device. Repairs should only be performed by qualified persons. Use only manufacturer-authorized replacement parts.

Pressure Control Valve/Safety Valve

This valve protects the cleaner from excess pressure and prevents selection of excess pressure for operation. The operating pressure and spray rate can be steplessly adjusted by turning the handle.

⚠️ Qualified Persons: Replacements, repairs, new adjustments, and sealing should only be performed by qualified persons.

Motor Protection Switch

The motor is protected against overload by a motor protection switch. In case of overload or blocking, the motor switches off automatically. If the motor repeatedly switches off, identify and remedy the cause of the failure.

⚠️ Qualified Persons: Replacements and inspection work should only be performed by qualified persons when the high-pressure cleaner is disconnected from the power supply (plug pulled out).

Totalstop System

The K 2000-series is equipped with a total stop system. After connecting water and the high-pressure hose, switch the cleaner to "ON" (red signal lights up). The motor starts via a pressure switch when the safety trigger gun is opened. When the gun is closed, the motor switches off immediately. The cleaner remains on standby until the main switch is switched "OFF".

Putting into Operation

⚠️ Safety Note: Prior to putting the high-pressure cleaner into operation, ensure all safety instructions are observed.

1. For cleaners with a hose drum, attach the enclosed hand crank prior to first operation. Set up the cleaner, plug the hand crank onto the hexagon, and secure it with the enclosed screw and washer.
2. Move the high-pressure cleaner to the job site. The K 2000-series features sturdy trolleys for easy movement over difficult terrain and stairs.
3. ⚠️ Horizontal Operation Required: The high-pressure cleaner must be operated in horizontal position!
4. ⚠️ Imperative: It is imperative that safety instructions be observed during use of the high-pressure cleaner.
5. ⚠️ Hazardous Area Warning: Neither set up nor operate the K 2000-series in rooms where there is a risk of fire or explosion, nor put it into puddles. Do not use the high-pressure cleaner under water. If operating in a hazardous area, applicable safety regulations must be observed.

Hose Connection

• For cleaners with a hose drum, the hose must be completely uncoiled. For cleaners without a hose drum, screw the included high-pressure hose tightly and pressure-tight to the pump outlet. Unwind the hose straight and without nooses. Non-marking high-pressure hoses are available as an accessory.
• Mount the grey rotating screw connection of the high-pressure hose onto the safety trigger gun's plug coupling. Screw together securely and pressure-tight.
• Pull back the retaining sleeve of the safety trigger gun, insert the lance into the plug coupling, and release the sleeve to ensure the lance is securely positioned. Grease the quick release nipple regularly with acid-free grease.
• ⚠️ High Risk of Injury! The plug coupling must not be actuated/handled during operation!
• Prior to insertion, check the plug coupling connection of the lance for cleanliness (sand, dirt) and clean with clear water if necessary. Impurities may damage the sealing in the plug coupling.
• When using high-pressure hose extensions, ensure the maximum length of 20 m is not exceeded.
• Accessories may only be connected to a Kränzle-approved trigger gun with a safety catch.

Water Inlet and Electrical Connection

• Check the water inlet filter for cleanliness before operation. Unscrew the plug-in coupling, remove the filter using needle-nose pliers, rinse with clear water, and clean other parts. A dirty sieve prevents water flow and pressure build-up. Check the water inlet sieve for damage; do not operate with a damaged filter.
• Connect the water hose to the water inlet (minimum requirements: 5 m hose length, ¼" cross-section, 10 bar). The cleaner can be connected to a water mains (1-10 bar pre-pressure) with cold or hot water (up to 60 °C). Direct suction from a container is also possible.
• ⚠️ Caution: Be careful when using hot water! When running with hot water (60 °C), metal parts of the cleaner can become hot. Do not touch metal parts without safety gloves.
• Each time, check the oil level at the oil dipstick before operation. Ensure the cleaner is in a horizontal position. The oil level must reach the upper edge of the "OK" marking.
• Connect to the electrical circuit (see technical data).
• ⚠️ Safety Note: Do not touch the mains plug or any live parts with wet or moist hands.
• Switch on the high-pressure cleaner with the safety trigger gun opened. To bleed the cleaner, pull and release the trigger several times. Then start the cleaning task.
• When using the filth killer lance, ensure the lance points downward when starting.
• Adjust operating pressure infinitely using the rotary handle. The maximum pressure is factory-set.
• The K 2000-series units are equipped with a support for the safety trigger gun and lance during breaks. Operate the high-pressure cleaner in a horizontal position.

Direct Suction

Direct Water Extraction

Due to its suction capacity (up to 2.5 m suction height, max. hose length 3 m), this high-pressure cleaner can suck in water for cleaning purposes from separate containers or ponds.

1. Mount the suction hose with suction filter (Ord. no.: 150383).
2. Put the filled suction hose into the water-filled container and start the cleaning job. ⚠️ Note: Use clean water only! Never suck in water containing chlorine! Do not suction air!

Prior to starting the first suction, the high-pressure pump and the suction hose must be filled with water!

Note: Depending on water quality, valves may become sticky after prolonged standstill, preventing suction from a container. In such cases, connect a hose with pressurized water to the pump inlet. Starting the cleaner will open the valves, allowing the machine to resume suction from the container. You can then continue your cleaning task as usual.

Applying Additives

Suction of Additives

For K 2000-series, a built-in injector allows suction of additives. Pushing the Vario-Jet lance forward adjusts the cleaner to low pressure, creating a vacuum in the injector. Additives are then sucked in via the connected suction hose with filter.

1. Place the chemicals filter into the container with additives.
2. To reach low pressure, push the Vario nozzle forward so the injector can suck in additives.
3. Pushing the Vario nozzle backward automatically stops chemical supply, and the cleaner switches to high-pressure mode. Let additives take effect, then spray off with high-pressure.

⚠️ Note: The additive must have a neutral pH value of 7-9. This machine is designed for cleaning agents supplied or specifically recommended by the manufacturer. Using other agents or chemicals may impair machine safety. Observe and comply with relevant regulations, e.g., directives governing protective equipment and waste-water regulations.

⚠️ Attention solvents! Never suck in liquids containing solvents like varnish solvents, petrol, oil, or similar liquids! Seals inside the high-pressure cleaner are not resistant against solvents! The spray mist of solvents is highly inflammable, explosive, and poisonous.

Taking Out of Operation

1. Switch off the high-pressure cleaner.
2. Cut off the water supply.
3. Open the safety trigger gun catch briefly until pressure is released.
4. Apply the safety catch on the trigger gun.
5. Remove the high-pressure hose and safety trigger gun.
6. Emptying the high-pressure pump: Hold the high-pressure hose and switch the motor on until water stops escaping at the outlet.
7. Pull the plug from the socket.
8. Clean the high-pressure hose and wind it up without loops.
9. Clean and wind up the power supply cable.
10. Clean the water inlet sieve.
11. Store high-pressure cleaners in frost-free rooms in winter.

Frost Protection

To protect the high-pressure cleaner against frost, empty it completely. Disconnect the cleaner from the water supply and switch it on. By opening the trigger gun, the high-pressure pump expels water. Do not allow the device to operate without water for more than one minute.

Due to their small base, the compact and mobile Kränzle high-pressure cleaners are easy to store.

Small Repairs - Do It Yourself

Problem: No water from nozzle, but cleaner is running. Pressure gauge shows full pressure.

Cause: Most likely the nozzle is blocked.

Description: The stainless steel pressure gauge shows full pressure, but only little or no water comes from the nozzle. (The pressure gauge contains glycerin to dampen pointer vibration).

Proceeding: Switch off the cleaner, pull the plug from the socket. Operate the safety trigger gun catch several times to decrease pressure. Remove the safety trigger gun and lance, then rinse the high-pressure hose. Check the water inlet filter for soiling. If the problem persists, use a wire (paper clip) to push through the nozzle opening. If unsuccessful, the nozzle must be replaced.

⚠️ Safety Note: Pull plug from socket prior to starting any repair work!

Problem: Irregular jet from nozzle. Pressure gauge shows low pressure.

Cause: Most likely the valves are soiled or sticky.

Description: The pressure gauge shows low pressure despite full pressure regulation. Water comes in squirts, and the high-pressure hose vibrates. (The pressure gauge contains glycerin to dampen pointer vibration).

Proceeding: Unscrew all 6 valves one by one (hexagonal brass screws). Take out the valve body and O-ring using needle-nose pliers. Check the O-ring for damage; replace if necessary. Clean the valves under running water with a wire (paper clip). Do not forget the O-ring during reassembly!

Problem: Cleaner keeps switching on and off after closing the safety trigger gun. Pressure gauge continuously displays full pressure.

Possible Cause No. 1: Leakage.

Description: After closing the trigger gun with the safety catch, the cleaner should shut down, and the pressure gauge should show "0" bar. If it does not shut down and the gauge shows full pressure, there might be a leakage at the pump, pressure switch, hose, or trigger gun.

Proceeding: Check connections from the cleaner to the hose, from the hose to the trigger gun, and between the lance and trigger gun for tightness. Switch off the cleaner, press the trigger gun catch to decrease pressure. Remove the hose, trigger gun, and lance, and check the O-rings. Replace damaged O-rings.

In case of a leakage, there is no guarantee for possible consequential damages.

Possible Cause No. 2: The non-return valve is defective.

Proceeding: Switch off the cleaner, pull the plug from the socket. Stop water supply. Operate the safety trigger gun catch several times to decrease pressure. Unscrew the pump outlet. Remove the check body and check the O-ring for soiling or damage. Also check the seal seat inside the pump housing. If sealing rings are defective, replace O-rings immediately.

There is no guarantee if the high-pressure pump is damaged by defective O-rings due to air induction or lack of water (cavitation).

Kränzle Accessories

Rotating Washing Brush

Stainless steel pipe 500 mm, Brush head Ø 180 mm, Nozzle size 3.2 mm, With anti-twist protection, With plug-in nipple. Ord. no.: 410506

Floor Washer Round Cleaner UFO*

* Not suited for K 2195 TS and for K 2195 TST. Ø 300 mm, Nozzle system 045, With wheels, With plug-in nipple. Ord. no.: 41881

Underbody Lance

Stainless steel pipe 1000 mm, Nozzle system 4007, With anti-twist protection, With plug-in nipple. Ord. no.: 410755

Foam Injector

1 litre, with container, Dosage in 5 levels, With plug-in nipple. Ord. no.: 135303

Splash Guard

L: 280 mm x W: 190 mm, For all washing lances. Ord. no.: 132600

Pipe Cleaning Hose with Nozzle

In different lengths: 10 m (Ord. no.: 12550), 15 m (Ord. no.: 125501), 20 m (Ord. no.: 125502), 25 m (Ord. no.: 125503), 30 m (Ord. no.: 125504). Nozzle system KN 055, With plug-in nipple.

Note: The high-pressure cleaner accessories are safety components! Any warranty will be void if parts not authorized by Kränzle are used. Please indicate the technical data of the high-pressure cleaner (device type) when placing your order.

EU Declaration of Conformity

Kränzle declares that the design of the high-pressure cleaners (K 2160 TS / TST, K 2175 TS / TST, K 2195 TS / TST) complies with relevant directives and amendments for high-pressure cleaners, including Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, EMC Directive 2014/30/EU, ROHS Directive 2011/65/EU, and Outdoor Directive 2000/14/EC.

Nominal flow: K 2160 TS / TST: 660 l/h; K 2175 TS / TST: 720 l/h; K 2195 TS / TST: 480 l/h.

Technical specifications available from: Fa. Josef Kränzle GmbH & Co. KG, Manfred Bauer, Rudolf-Diesel-Str. 20, 89257 Illertissen.

Noise pressure level, typical: K 2160 TS / TST: 90.4 dB(A); K 2175 TS / TST: 91.6 dB(A); K 2195 TS / TST: 90.4 dB(A).

Noise pressure level, guaranteed: K 2160 TS / TST: 92 dB(A); K 2175 TS / TST: 93 dB(A); K 2195 TS / TST: 92 dB(A).

Applied conformity assessment procedure: Annex V, Outdoor Directive 2000/14/EC.

Applied specifications and standards: EN 60335-1:2012/A13:2017, EN 60335-2-79:2012, EN 62233:2008, EN 55014-1:2006+A1:2009+A2:2011, EN 55014-2:2015, EN 61000-3-2:2014, EN 61000-3-3:2013.

Manufacturer: Josef Kränzle GmbH & Co. KG, Rudolf-Diesel-Straße 20, 89257 Illertissen (Germany).

Date: Illertissen, 2019-04-05. Signed: Ludwig Kränzle (Managing director).

Warranty

The warranty obligation of Josef Kränzle GmbH & Co. KG towards the dealer from whom you have purchased this Kränzle high-pressure cleaner applies to material faults only, such as material and manufacturing defects. Defects attributable to long and frequent use, typically arising due to age and intensity of use, are defined as normal wear and tear. Purchaser's rights to assert claims for such defects are ruled out. Parts subject to wear include the pressure gauge, nozzle, valves, sleeves, high-pressure hose, and spray equipment.

The product must be operated in conformity with this operating manual, which is deemed part of the warranty provisions. Changes to safety devices or maloperation (e.g., exceeding temperature/speed limits, undervoltage, insufficient water supply, failure to use for intended purpose) may result in product damage, which is not considered a material defect.

Using accessories or spares other than original Kränzle parts will void all warranty claims. Only original Kränzle replacement parts matching the relevant cleaner ensure safe and trouble-free operation.

Legal warranty claims are subject to the limitation periods of the respective countries. For other warranty claims, contact your local dealer with your purchase receipt or the nearest authorized service center. Information is also available at www.kraenzle.com.

Inspection Reports

High-pressure cleaners for industrial use must be checked by an expert every 12 months for Labour Safety Inspection (UVV) according to the Guidelines for Liquid Spray Equipment. This inspection sheet serves as proof of the retest and must be kept carefully.

The report includes fields for owner details, type, serial number, repair order number, scope of inspection (type plate, manual, protective covering, pressure line, gauge, float valve, spray device, hose, safety valve, power cable, protective conductor, switches, chemicals), inspection data (nozzle, operating pressure, switch-off pressure, resistance, insulation, leakage current, safety trigger gun lock), and inspection result (confirmation of labor safety or need for repair).

The next retest date must be recorded.

Notes

This section is intentionally left blank for user notes.