DEWALT Hammer-Capsule® Drive-In Capsule Adhesive
Technical Manual
General Information
Product Description
The Hammer-Capsule system is a self-contained, single-use, two-part glass capsule. It allows threaded anchor rod or reinforcing bars to be directly driven without the need for a chisel point or spinning action. This system is designed for installing 3/8" through 1" diameter threaded rod in solid concrete and masonry materials, and can also be used for reinforcing bars.
The capsule contains a mixture of hardener and quartz aggregate in the upper portion and an epoxy acrylate resin in the lower portion. Unlike traditional capsule anchors requiring chisel-pointed rods and special tools, the Hammer-Capsule is designed for use with straight-cut anchor rod.
General Applications and Uses
- Anchoring rebar (doweling) and threaded anchor rods in solid concrete and grouted concrete masonry.
- Steel erection, including anchoring of equipment and column base plates.
- Resistant to vibratory loads from machinery and moving vehicles.
- Barriers, fencing, and railing attachments.
Features and Benefits
- Fast, easy installation – no special adaptors required for setting.
- Excellent chemical resistance.
- Components are mixed during installation of rod or rebar.
- Pre-measured chemical component volumes – no waste and simplified placement.
- Ideal for small projects.
Approvals and Listings
- Various North American Departments of Transportation (DOT) – See www.DEWALT.com
- Independently tested to ASTM E1512 and AC58 Criteria, including creep resistance.
Guide Specifications
CSI Divisions: 03 16 00 - Concrete Anchors, 04 05 19.16 - Masonry Anchors and 05 05 19 - Post-Installed Concrete Anchors. Capsule adhesive anchoring system shall be Hammer-Capsule as supplied by DEWALT, Towson, MD.
Material Specifications
Physical Properties
Property | Value |
---|---|
Shelf Life | 2 Years |
Storage Conditions | Store dry at 40° to 90°F and out of direct sunlight. Condition capsules to 60°F minimum for best results. |
Installation Temperature | Condition capsules to 60°F minimum for best results. |
Color | Mixed adhesive mortar - amber |
Consistency (mixed, prior to curing) | Paste mortar |
Curing Times
Minimum Base Material Temperature | Curing Time |
---|---|
68°F (20°C) | 1 hour |
50°F (10°C) | 2 hours |
32°F (0°C) | 5 hours |
Note: Cure time should be doubled for wet concrete.
Installation Specifications
Hammer-Capsule
Dimension | Hammer-Capsule, Nominal Size | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3/8" | 1/2" | 5/8" | 3/4" | 7/8" | 1" | |
Capsule Diameter (in.) | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.67 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.95 |
Capsule Length (in.) | 3.50 | 4.30 | 5.00 | 5.50 | 6.89 | 8.25 |
Mortar Volume (in³) | 0.40 | 0.70 | 1.40 | 2.05 | 3.25 | 4.50 |
Mortar Volume (fl. oz.) | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.77 | 1.13 | 1.79 | 2.48 |
Note: The mortar volume listed is for the mixed material. The diameter and length may differ from other suppliers due to air content variations. Use installed mortar volume for comparison.
Threaded Rod in Normal-Weight Concrete
Dimension | Hammer-Capsule, Nominal Size | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3/8" | 1/2" | 5/8" | 3/4" | 7/8" | 1" | |
Anom = Nominal area of threaded rod (in²) | 0.111 | 0.196 | 0.307 | 0.442 | 0.601 | 0.785 |
Ase = Tensile stress area of rod (in²) | 0.078 | 0.142 | 0.226 | 0.335 | 0.462 | 0.606 |
dbit = Nominal bit diameter (in.) | 7/16 | 9/16 | 11/16 | 7/8 | 1 | 1-1/8 |
hv = Minimum Embedment Depth (in.) | 3-1/2 | 4-1/4 | 5 | 6 5/8 | 8-1/4 | 11-1/4 |
Tmax = Max. tightening torque range (ft.-lbs.) | 7.5-10 | 11-15 | 26-35 | 56-75 | 75-100 | 112-150 |
Mortar per inch (in³) | 0.094 | 0.133 | 0.184 | 0.326 | 0.390 | 0.478 |
Reinforcing Bar in Normal-Weight Concrete
Dimension | Reinforcing Bar Size | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. 3 | No. 4 | No. 5 | No. 6 | No. 7 | No. 8 | |
Anom = Nominal area of threaded rod (in²) | 0.110 | 0.200 | 0.310 | 0.440 | 0.600 | 0.790 |
dbit = Nominal bit diameter (in.) | 1/2 | 5/8 | 3/4 | 7/8 | 1 | 1-1/8 |
hv = Minimum Embedment Depth (in.) | 3-1/2 | 4-1/4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8-1/4 |
Mortar per inch (in³) | 0.111 | 0.142 | 0.176 | 0.220 | 0.252 | 0.537 |
Note: Adhesive mortar volumes for reinforcing bar are based on smooth bars. Actual mortar volume required will be less due to raised deformations on bars.
Diagram showing anchor dimensions: d = Diameter of anchor, dbit = Diameter of drill bit, dh = Diameter of fixture clearance hole, h = Base material thickness, hv = Minimum embedment depth (1.5hv or 3" whichever is greater), l = Overall length of anchor, Tmax = Maximum tightening torque.
Installation Guidelines
- Drill a hole using a carbide-tipped bit meeting ANSI B212.15 diameter requirements to the minimum depth specified.
- Clean the hole thoroughly with compressed air and a nylon brush. Blow out dust. Holes can be dry or damp but free of standing water or frost. Vacuuming alone is insufficient.
- Check the capsule for damage. Invert several times at 60°F or above to ensure the resin is liquid. Insert the capsule into the hole with the arrow pointing towards the bottom.
- Drive the threaded rod or reinforcing bar through the capsule until fully embedded. A 2-pound hammer and eye protection are recommended. A rotary hammer in hammering-only mode with appropriate drive adapters can also be used. Stop driving upon reaching the bottom of the hole.
- Allow the Hammer-Capsule to cure for the specified time before loading the anchor. Do not disturb or load the anchor once it begins to set.
Note: Overhead installations with glass capsules are sensitive and not recommended by DEWALT due to dependence on user skill. Additional equipment may be required. Use in adverse conditions requires proper training and supervision.
Steel Material
Material Properties for Threaded Rod and Reinforcing Bar
Anchor Type | Steel Description | Steel Specification (ASTM) | Rod Dia. or Rebar Size (inch or No.) | Minimum Yield Strength, fy (ksi) | Minimum Ultimate Strength, fu (ksi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Threaded Rod | Standard carbon rod | A307 Grade C or F1554, Grade 36 | 3/8 thru 4 | 36.0 | 58.0 |
High strength carbon rod | A193, Grade B7 | 3/8 thru 2-1/2 | 105.0 | 120.0 | |
Stainless Rod (Type 304/316 SS) | F593, Condition CW | 3/8 thru 5/8 | 65.0 | 100.0 | |
3/4 thru 1-1/2 | 45.0 | 85.0 | |||
Reinforcing Bar | Grade 40 Rebar | A 615, A 706, A 767 or A996 | All | 40.0 | 70.0 |
Grade 60 Rebar | All | 60.0 | 90.0 |
Allowable Steel Strength Capacities for Threaded Rod
Anchor Diameter d (in.) (mm) | Allowable Tension (lbs.) | Allowable Shear (lbs.) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASTM A36 Grade 36 | ASTM A193 Grade B7 | ASTM F593 304/316 SS | ASTM A36 Grade 36 | ASTM A193 Grade B7 | ASTM F593 304/316 SS | |
3/8 (9.5) | 2,115 (9.5) | 2,115 (9.5) | 4,375 (19.7) | 1,090 (4.9) | 1,090 (4.9) | 2,255 (10.1) |
1/2 (12.7) | 3,755 (16.9) | 3,755 (16.9) | 7,775 (35.0) | 1,940 (8.7) | 1,940 (8.7) | 4,055 (18.2) |
5/8 (15.9) | 5,870 (26.4) | 5,870 (26.4) | 12,150 (54.7) | 3,025 (13.6) | 3,025 (13.6) | 6,260 (28.2) |
3/4 (19.1) | 8,455 (38.0) | 8,455 (38.0) | 17,495 (78.7) | 4,355 (19.6) | 4,355 (19.6) | 9,010 (40.5) |
7/8 (22.2) | 11,510 (51.8) | 11,510 (51.8) | 23,810 (107.1) | 5,930 (26.7) | 5,930 (26.7) | 12,265 (55.2) |
1 (25.4) | 15,035 (67.7) | 15,035 (67.7) | 31,100 (140.0) | 7,745 (34.9) | 7,745 (34.9) | 16,020 (72.1) |
Note: Allowable steel strength capacities are based on AISC 335, Table J3.2.
Allowable Steel Strength Capacities for Reinforcing Bar
Bar Size | Allowable Tension (lbs.) | Allowable Shear (lbs.) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Grade 40 | Grade 60 | Grade 40 | Grade 60 | |
No. 3 (3/8") | 2,200 (9.9) | 2,640 (11.9) | 1,310 (5.9) | 1,680 (7.6) |
No. 4 (1/2") | 4,000 (18.0) | 4,800 (21.6) | 2,380 (10.7) | 3,060 (13.8) |
No. 5 (5/8") | 6,200 (27.9) | 7,440 (33.5) | 3,690 (16.6) | 4,740 (21.3) |
No. 6 (3/4") | 8,800 (39.6) | 10,560 (47.5) | 5,235 (23.6) | 6,730 (30.3) |
No. 7 (7/8") | 12,000 (54.0) | 14,400 (64.8) | 7,140 (32.1) | 9,180 (41.3) |
No. 8 (1") | 15,800 (71.1) | 18,960 (85.3) | 9,400 (42.3) | 12,085 (54.4) |
Note: Allowable design load is the lesser of allowable steel strength and allowable bond capacities. Allowable steel strength values for threaded rod are based on T = 0.33 * fu * Anom and V = 0.17 * fu * Anom. For reinforcing bar, T = fs * Abr and V = 0.17 * fu * Abr.
Performance Data
Ultimate Load Capacities for Threaded Rod Installed with Hammer-Capsule in Normal-Weight Concrete
Anchor Dia. d (in.) (mm) | Min. Embed. Depth hv (in.) (mm) | Capsules Required | 2,000 psi (13.8 MPa) | 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa) | 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa) | 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa) | 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | ||||
3/8 (9.5) | 3-1/2 (88.9) | One 3/8" | 4,920 (22.1) | 4,440 (20.0) | 5,880 (26.5) | 4,440 (20.0) | 6,120 (27.5) | 4,440 (20.0) | 6,320 (28.2) | 4,440 (20.0) | 6,320 (28.2) | 4,440 (20.0) | |
7 (177.8) | Two 3/8" | 9,840 (44.3) | 4,440 (20.0) | 11,760 (52.9) | 4,440 (20.0) | 12,240 (55.1) | 4,440 (20.0) | 12,640 (56.4) | 4,440 (20.0) | 12,640 (56.4) | 4,440 (20.0) | ||
1/2 (12.7) | 4-1/4 (108.0) | One 1/2" | 8,235 (37.1) | 10,720 (48.2) | 10,240 (45.7) | 10,720 (48.2) | 10,240 (45.7) | 10,720 (48.2) | 10,240 (45.7) | 10,720 (48.2) | 10,240 (45.7) | 10,720 (48.2) | |
8-1/2 (215.9) | Two 1/2" | 16,470 (74.1) | 10,720 (48.2) | 20,460 (91.3) | 10,720 (48.2) | 20,460 (91.3) | 10,720 (48.2) | 20,460 (91.3) | 10,720 (48.2) | 20,460 (91.3) | 10,720 (48.2) | ||
5/8 (15.9) | 5 (127.0) | One 5/8" | 10,160 (45.7) | 1 | 17,160 (77.2) | 13,080 (58.9) | 17,160 (77.2) | 15,060 (67.2) | 17,160 (77.2) | 15,060 (67.2) | 17,160 (77.2) | 15,060 (67.2) | 17,160 (77.2) |
10 (254.0) | Two 5/8" | 20,320 (91.4) | 17,160 (77.2) | 26,160 (117.7) | 17,160 (77.2) | 30,100 (134.4) | 17,160 (77.2) | 30,100 (134.4) | 17,160 (77.2) | 30,100 (134.4) | 17,160 (77.2) | ||
3/4 (19.1) | 6 (152.4) | One 3/4" | 13,080 (58.9) | 24,990 (112.5) | 17,125 (77.1) | 24,990 (112.5) | 17,990 (81.0) | 24,990 (112.5) | 19,190 (86.4) | 24,990 (112.5) | 20,390 (91.8) | 24,990 (112.5) | |
12 (304.8) | Two 3/4" | 26,160 (117.7) | 24,990 (112.5) | 34,250 (154.1) | 24,990 (112.5) | 35,980 (161.9) | 24,990 (112.5) | 38,380 (172.7) | 24,990 (112.5) | 40,780 (183.5) | 24,990 (112.5) | ||
7/8 (22.2) | 7 (177.8) | One 7/8" | 16,265 (73.2) | 35,600 (160.2) | 21,065 (94.8) | 35,600 (160.2) | 24,640 (110.9) | 35,600 (160.2) | 28,425 (127.9) | 35,600 (160.2) | 29,500 (132.9) | 35,600 (160.2) | |
14 (355.6) | Two 7/8" | 32,530 (146.4) | 35,600 (160.2) | 42,130 (189.6) | 35,600 (160.2) | 49,280 (221.8) | 35,600 (160.2) | 56,850 (255.8) | 35,600 (160.2) | 59,000 (263.4) | 35,600 (160.2) | ||
1 (25.4) | 8-1/4 (209.6) | One 1" | 28,720 (129.2) | 46,840 (210.8) | 32,265 (145.2) | 46,840 (210.8) | 32,495 (146.2) | 46,840 (210.8) | 35,205 (158.4) | 46,840 (210.8) | 37,920 (170.6) | 46,840 (210.8) | |
16-1/2 (419.1) | Two 1" | 57,440 (258.5) | 46,840 (210.8) | 64,530 (290.4) | 46,840 (210.8) | 64,990 (292.5) | 46,840 (210.8) | 70,410 (316.8) | 46,840 (210.8) | 75,840 (341.3) | 46,840 (210.8) |
Note: Ultimate load capacities should be reduced by a minimum safety factor of 4.0 or greater for allowable working load. Safety factors of 10.0 or higher may be necessary for life safety applications. Linear interpolation can be used for intermediate embedments and strengths.
Allowable Load Capacities for Threaded Rod Installed with Hammer-Capsule in Normal-Weight Concrete
Anchor Dia. d (in.) (mm) | Min. Embed. Depth hv (in.) (mm) | Capsules Required | 2,000 psi (13.8 MPa) | 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa) | 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa) | 5,000 psi (34.5 MPa) | 6,000 psi (41.4 MPa) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear (lbs.) (kN) | |||
3/8 (9.5) | 3-1/2 (88.9) | One 3/8" | 1,230 (5.5) | 1,110 (5.0) | 1,470 (6.6) | 1,110 (5.0) | 1,530 (6.9) | 1,110 (5.0) | 1,580 (7.1) | 1,110 (5.0) | 1,580 (7.1) | 1,110 (5.0) |
7 (177.8) | Two 3/8" | 2,460 (11.1) | 1,110 (5.0) | 2,940 (13.2) | 1,110 (5.0) | 3,060 (13.8) | 1,110 (5.0) | 3,160 (14.1) | 1,110 (5.0) | 3,160 (14.1) | 1,110 (5.0) | |
1/2 (12.7) | 4-1/4 (108.0) | One 1/2" | 2,060 (9.3) | 2,680 (12.1) | 2,560 (11.4) | 2,680 (12.1) | 2,560 (11.4) | 2,680 (12.1) | 2,560 (11.4) | 2,680 (12.1) | 2,560 (11.4) | 2,680 (12.1) |
8-1/2 (215.9) | Two 1/2" | 4,120 (18.5) | 2,680 (12.1) | 5,115 (22.8) | 2,680 (12.1) | 5,115 (22.8) | 2,680 (12.1) | 5,115 (22.8) | 2,680 (12.1) | 5,115 (22.8) | 2,680 (12.1) | |
5/8 (15.9) | 5 (127.0) | One 5/8" | 2,540 (11.4) | 4,290 (19.3) | 3,270 (14.7) | 4,290 (19.3) | 3,765 (16.8) | 4,290 (19.3) | 3,765 (16.8) | 4,290 (19.3) | 3,765 (16.8) | 4,290 (19.3) |
10 (254.0) | Two 5/8" | 5,080 (22.9) | 4,290 (19.3) | 6,540 (29.4) | 4,290 (19.3) | 7,525 (33.6) | 4,290 (19.3) | 7,525 (33.6) | 4,290 (19.3) | 7,525 (33.6) | 4,290 (19.3) | |
3/4 (19.1) | 6 (152.4) | One 3/4" | 3,270 (14.7) | 6,250 (28.1) | 4,280 (19.3) | 6,250 (28.1) | 4,500 (20.3) | 6,250 (28.1) | 4,800 (21.6) | 6,250 (28.1) | 5,100 (23.0) | 6,250 (28.1) |
12 (304.8) | Two 3/4" | 6,540 (29.4) | 6,250 (28.1) | 8,565 (38.5) | 6,250 (28.1) | 8,995 (40.5) | 6,250 (28.1) | 9,595 (43.2) | 6,250 (28.1) | 10,195 (45.9) | 6,250 (28.1) | |
7/8 (22.2) | 7 (177.8) | One 7/8" | 4,065 (18.3) | 8,900 (40.1) | 5,265 (23.7) | 8,900 (40.1) | 6,160 (27.7) | 8,900 (40.1) | 7,105 (32.0) | 8,900 (40.1) | 7,375 (32.9) | 8,900 (40.1) |
14 (355.6) | Two 7/8" | 8,135 (36.6) | 8,900 (40.1) | 10,535 (47.4) | 8,900 (40.1) | 12,320 (55.4) | 8,900 (40.1) | 14,215 (64.0) | 8,900 (40.1) | 14,750 (65.0) | 8,900 (40.1) | |
1 (25.4) | 8-1/4 (209.6) | One 1" | 7,180 (32.3) | 11,710 (52.7) | 8,065 (36.3) | 11,710 (52.7) | 8,125 (36.6) | 11,710 (52.7) | 8,800 (39.6) | 11,710 (52.7) | 9,480 (42.7) | 11,710 (52.7) |
16-1/2 (419.1) | Two 1" | 14,360 (64.6) | 11,710 (52.7) | 16,135 (72.6) | 11,710 (52.7) | 16,250 (73.1) | 11,710 (52.7) | 17,605 (79.2) | 11,710 (52.7) | 18,960 (85.3) | 11,710 (52.7) |
Note: Allowable bond capacities are calculated using a safety factor of 4.0. Safety factors of 10.0 or higher may be necessary for life safety applications. Linear interpolation can be used for intermediate embedments and strengths. Allowable design load is the lesser of bond or allowable steel strength.
Design Criteria (Allowable Stress Design)
Ultimate Load Capacities for Threaded Rod Installed with Hammer-Capsule in Grout-Filled Concrete Masonry
Anchor Diameter d (in.) (mm) | Minimum Drill Bit Diameter dbit (in.) (mm) | Minimum Embedment Depth hv (in.) (mm) | Minimum Block Width (in.) (mm) | Minimum Edge Distance (in.) (mm) | Minimum End Distance (in.) (mm) | Tension (lbs.) (kN) | Shear Towards the Edge (lbs.) (kN) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3/8 (9.5) | 7/16 (11.1) | 3-1/2 (88.9) | 2-1/4 (57.2) | 4 (101.6) | 6 (152.4) | 2,756 (12.4) | 1,622 (7.3) |
1/2 (12.7) | 9/16 (14.3) | 4-1/4 (108.0) | 2-3/4 (69.9) | 4 (101.6) | 6 (152.4) | 4,902 (22.0) | 2,086 (9.3) |
5/8 (15.9) | 11/16 (17.5) | 5 (127.0) | 2-3/4 (69.9) | 11-1/4 (285.8) | 8 (203.2) | 6,189 (27.7) | 1,877 (8.4) |
3/4 (19.1) | 7/8 (22.2) | 6-5/8 (168.3) | 2-3/4 (69.9) | 11-1/4 (285.8) | 8 (203.2) | 7,887 (35.3) | 2,005 (9.0) |
7/8 (22.2) | 1 (25.4) | 7 (177.8) | 3-3/4 (95.3) | 11-1/4 (285.8) | 8 (203.2) | 8,648 (38.8) | 3,379 (15.1) |
1 (25.4) | 1-1/8 (28.6) | 8-1/4 (209.6) | 3-3/4 (95.3) | 11-1/4 (285.8) | 8 (203.2) | 10,679 (47.9) | 3,139 (14.1) |
Note: Tabulated load capacities are for anchors installed in fully grouted masonry units conforming to ASTM C 90. Mortar must be Types N, S, or M. Allowable loads use a safety factor of 5.0. Safety factors of 10 or higher may be necessary for life safety applications. Minimum nominal width of masonry members is 8 inches, except for 3/8" and 1/2" anchors which may be used in 6-inch width members.
Combined Loading
For anchors loaded in both shear and tension, the combination of loads should be proportioned as follows:
Where: Nu = Applied Service Tension Load, Nn = Allowable Tension Load, Vu = Applied Service Shear Load, Vn = Allowable Shear Load.
In-Service Temperature
Allowable tension and shear load bond strength reduction based on in-service temperature for the Hammer-Capsule adhesive.
Degree Fahrenheit (°F) | Degree Celsius (°C) | Percent Allowable Load (%) |
---|---|---|
32 | 0 | 63 |
70 | 21 | 100 |
120 | 49 | 86 |
150 | 65 | 71 |
240 | 115 | 54 |
300 | 149 | 17 |
Load Adjustment Factors for Spacing and Edge Distances
Anchor Installed in Normal-Weight Concrete
Anchor Dimension | Critical Distance (Full Anchor Capacity) | Critical Load Factor | Minimum Distance (Reduced Capacity) | Minimum Load Factor | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spacing (s) | Edge Distance (c) | Tension and Shear (Fns, Fvs) | Tension (Fnc) | Shear (Fvc) | Spacing (smin) | Edge Distance (cmin) | Tension (Fnc) | Shear (Fvc) | |
Scr = 8d | Ccr = 8d | Fns = Fvs = 1.0 | Fnc = 1.0 | Fvc = 1.0 | Smin = 4d | Cmin = 4d | Fnc = 0.60 | Fvc = 0.50 | |
Tension | |||||||||
Shear |
Note: Factors are based on anchor diameter (d).
Ordering Information
Hammer-Capsule
Cat. No. | Description | Standard Box | Std. Carton |
---|---|---|---|
6702 | 3/8" Hammer-Capsule | 10 | 500 |
6703 | 1/2" Hammer-Capsule | 10 | 200 |
6704 | 5/8" Hammer-Capsule | 10 | 100 |
6705 | 3/4" Hammer-Capsule | 5 | 50 |
6706 | 7/8" Hammer-Capsule | 5 | 50 |
6707 | 1" Hammer-Capsule | 5 | 50 |
For availability of threaded rod, please contact DEWALT.
Notes on spacing and edge distances: Critical spacing (Scr) and edge distance (Ccr) are where 100% load capacity is achieved. Minimum spacing (Smin) and edge distance (Cmin) are where reduced load capacities are achieved.