MICROCHIP PIC64GX 64-Bit RISC-V Quad-Core Microprocessor Jagorar Mai Amfani

Tsarin Boot
1. Abubuwan Software Sun Shiga Cikin Booting
  Tsarin taya tsarin yana ƙunshe da abubuwan haɗin software masu zuwa:
  - Hart Software Services (HSS): Sifili-stage bootloader, tsarin saka idanu, da mai ba da sabis na lokacin aiki don aikace-aikace.
2. Gudun Boot
  Jerin tsarin tafiyar boot ɗin shine kamar haka:
  1. Fara Hart Software Services (HSS)
  2. Kisa na bootloader
  3. Fara aikace-aikace
Karnukan gadi
1. Saukewa: PIC64GX
  PIC64GX yana fasalta aikin sa ido don saka idanu akan tsarin aiki da jawo ayyuka idan akwai gazawar tsarin.
Yanayin Kulle
An tsara yanayin kullewa don abokan ciniki waɗanda ke buƙatar cikakken iko akan ayyukan tsarin bayan taya. Yana iyakance ayyukan E51 tsarin saka idanu.

FAQ

Tambaya: Menene manufar Hart Software Services (HSS)?
A: HSS tana aiki azaman sifili-stage bootloader, tsarin saka idanu, da mai ba da sabis na lokacin aiki don aikace-aikace yayin aikin taya.
Tambaya: Ta yaya aikin PIC64GX ke aiki?
A: PIC64GX mai sa ido yana sa ido kan tsarin aiki kuma yana iya ɗaukar matakan da aka ƙayyade idan akwai gazawar tsarin don tabbatar da amincin tsarin.

Gabatarwa

Wannan takarda ta bayyana yadda Microchip PIC64GX ke ɗaukar nauyin aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen kuma ya bayyana tsarin tsarin taya, wanda ke aiki iri ɗaya don SMP da AMP ayyukan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, yana rufe yadda sake yin aiki don SMP da AMP nauyin aiki, masu sa ido akan PIC64GX, da yanayin kullewa na musamman don tsarin inda abokan ciniki ke son cikakken iko don iyakance ayyukan tsarin E51 na saka idanu bayan boot ɗin tsarin.

Tsarin Boot

Bari mu yi la'akari da nau'ikan software daban-daban da ke cikin tsarin bootup, sannan kuma mu yi cikakken bayani kan jerin tsarin boot ɗin da kanta.

Abubuwan Software Sun Shiga Cikin Booting
Abubuwan da ke biyo baya suna shiga cikin tsarin taya tsarin:

Hoto 1.1. Abubuwan Bugawa

Hart Software Services (HSS)
Hart Software Services (HSS) sifili netage bootloader, mai kula da tsarin, da mai ba da sabis na lokacin aiki don aikace-aikace. HSS na goyan bayan saitin tsarin farko, horon DDR, da ƙaddamarwa/daidaita kayan aiki. Yawancin yana gudana akan E51s, tare da ƙaramin adadin aikin matakin na'ura da ke gudana akan kowane U54s. Yana yin takalma ɗaya ko fiye da mahallin ta hanyar loda aikace-aikacen "aikin biya" daga matsakaicin taya, kuma yana ba da Sabis na Runtime Services/Supervisor Execution Environment (SEE) don kernels na tsarin aiki. Yana goyan bayan kafaffen taya kuma muhimmin bangare ne wajen tabbatar da rarrabuwar kawuna/rabuwa don AMP mahallin.

Das U-Boot (U-Boot)
Das U-Boot (U-Boot) babban buɗaɗɗen tushe ne mai ɗaukar nauyin rubutun rubutu na duniya. Yana goyan bayan CLI mai sauƙi wanda zai iya dawo da hoton taya daga maɓuɓɓuka daban-daban (ciki har da katin SD da Cibiyar sadarwa). U-Boot yana ɗaukar Linux. Yana iya samar da yanayin UEFI idan an buƙata. An gama gamawa gabaɗaya kuma baya kan hanya da zarar Linux ta tashi - a wasu kalmomi, baya zama mazaunin bayan-boot.
Linux Kernel
Kwayar Linux ita ce mafi shaharar kwaya ta tsarin aiki a duniya. Haɗe tare da ƙasa mai amfani na aikace-aikace, yana samar da abin da aka fi sani da tsarin aiki na Linux. Tsarin Aiki na Linux yana ba da wadataccen APIs POSIX da mahalli masu haɓakawa, misaliample, harsuna da kayan aiki irin su Python, Perl, Tcl, Rust, C/C++, da Tcl; dakunan karatu irin su OpenSSL, OpenCV, OpenMP, OPC/UA, da BudewaAMP (RPmsg da RemoteProc).
Yocto da Buildroot sune maginin tsarin Linux, wato, ana iya amfani da su don samar da tsarin Linux na musamman. Yocto yana fitar da rarraba Linux tare da masu arziki
saitin aikace-aikace, kayan aiki, da ɗakunan karatu, da sarrafa fakiti na zaɓi. Buildroot yana fitar da mafi ƙarancin tushen tushe filetsarin kuma yana iya ƙaddamar da tsarin da baya buƙatar ajiya mai jujjuyawa amma yana gudana gaba ɗaya daga RAM (ta amfani da tallafin farko na Linux, don ex.ample).

Zafir
Zephyr ƙarami ne, tushen-bude-bude Tsarin Tsarin Aiki na Real-Time (RTOS). Yana bayar da tsarin ƙarancin lokaci-lokaci, tare da tashoshin sadarwa RPMSG-Lite zuwa Linux. Ya haɗa da kernel, dakunan karatu, direbobin na'ura, tarin yarjejeniya, filetsarin, hanyoyin sabunta firmware, da sauransu, kuma yana da kyau ga abokan cinikin da ke son ƙarin ƙwarewar ƙarfe-kamar PIC64GX.

Gudun Boot
PIC64GX ya haɗa da RISC-V coreplex tare da tsarin 64-bit E51 mai saka idanu hart da 4 64-bit U54 aikace-aikacen harts. A cikin kalmomin RISC-V, hart shine mahallin aiwatar da RISC-V wanda ya ƙunshi cikakken saitin rajista kuma yana aiwatar da lambar sa da kansa. Kuna iya tunanin shi azaman zaren kayan aiki ko CPU guda ɗaya. Ƙungiyar harts a cikin cibiya ɗaya galibi ana kiranta hadaddun. Wannan batu yana bayyana matakan farawa PIC64GX coreplex, gami da tsarin E51 mai lura da zuciya da aikace-aikacen U54 harts.

Ƙarfi a kan PIC64GX coreplex.
A kunna wuta, duk harts a cikin RISC-V coreplex ana sake su daga sake saiti ta Mai Kula da Tsaro.
Gudun lambar HSS daga ƙwaƙwalwar filasha eNVM akan guntu.
Da farko, kowace zuciya tana fara sarrafa lambar HSS daga ƙwaƙwalwar filasha eNVM akan guntu. Wannan lambar tana sa duk aikace-aikacen U54 harts su juya, jiran umarni, kuma yana barin E51 saka idanu hart fara lambar don farawa da kawo tsarin.

Rage lambar HSS daga eNVM zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar L2-Scratch.
Dangane da tsarin lokacin ginawa, HSS yawanci ya fi ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar filasha ta eNVM kanta kuma don haka abu na farko da lambar HSS ke gudana akan E51 shine rage kanta daga eNVM zuwa ƙwaƙwalwar L2-Scratch, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto. 1.2 da Hoto 1.3.
Hoto 1.2. HSS yana ragewa daga eNVM zuwa L2 Scratch
Hoto 1.3. Taswirar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar HSS Yayin Ragewa
Tsallake daga eNVM zuwa L2-Scratch cikin aiwatarwa kamar yadda aka nuna a adadi mai zuwa.
Hoto 1.4. HSS Yana Tsallaka Daga eNVM zuwa Code Yanzu a cikin L2Scratch Bayan Ragewa
Mai aiwatarwa ya ƙunshi sassa uku:
- Layin abstraction na hardware (HAL), lambar ƙaramin matakin, da direbobin ƙarfe maras tushe
- cokali mai yatsu na HSS na RISC-V OpenSBI (an canza kadan daga sama akan PIC64GX don AMP dalilai)
- Sabis na lokacin gudu na HSS (injunan jihohi suna gudana cikin babban madauki)
Fara kayan masarufi da tsarin bayanan da OpenSBI ke amfani dashi.
Sabis na HSS “Farawa” ne ke da alhakin wannan ƙaddamarwa.

Dauke hoton aikin aikace-aikacen (payload.bin) daga ma'ajin waje. Ana nuna wannan a cikin Hoto 1.5 da Hoto 1.6
Muhimmi: Idan akwai PIC64GX Kit ɗin Curiosity, wannan zai fito daga katin SD.
Hoto 1.5. Ana ɗaukar nauyin kaya.bin Hoton Aikin Aiki daga Ma'ajiyar Waje
Hoto 1.6. HSS Taswirar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙarƙwa ) Bayan Ƙimar payload.bin
Kwafi sassan daban-daban daga payload.bin zuwa wuraren lokacin aiwatar da su. Payload.bin hoto ne da aka tsara, wanda ke ƙarfafa hotunan aikace-aikace daban-daban don SMP ko AMP nauyin aiki. Ya haɗa da lambobi, bayanai, da tebur masu siffantawa waɗanda ke ba HSS damar sanya lambar da sassan bayanai yadda ya kamata, inda ake buƙata don gudanar da ayyukan aikace-aikacen daban-daban.
Hoto 1.7. payload.bin ana Kwafi zuwa Adireshin Wuta

Umarci U54 masu dacewa don tsalle zuwa adiresoshin fara aiwatar da su. Wannan bayanin adireshin farawa yana ƙunshe a cikin payload.bin.
Fara aikace-aikacen U54 harts da kowane sakan-sakotagda bootloaders. Don misaliample, U-Boot yana kawo Linux.

Sake yi

Mai alaƙa da manufar booting tsarin shine buƙatar sake kunnawa. Lokacin tunani game da nauyin aikin aikace-aikacen PIC64GX, sake kunnawa yana buƙatar yin la'akari da nau'ikan nau'ikan tsari (SMP) da kuma asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) al'amura:

A cikin yanayin tsarin SMP, sake kunnawa zai iya yin sanyi amintacciya sake yi gabaɗayan tsarin saboda babu ƙarin kayan aiki a cikin wani mahallin da za a yi la'akari.

A cikin yanayin an AMP tsarin, za a iya ƙyale nauyin aiki ya sake yin aikin kansa (kuma ba zai tsoma baki tare da kowane mahallin ba), ko kuma yana iya samun dama don samun damar yin cikakken tsarin sake kunnawa.

Sake yi kuma AMP
Don kunna SMP da AMP sake kunna yanayin, HSS tana goyan bayan ra'ayoyin gata mai dumi da sanyi, waɗanda za'a iya sanya su zuwa mahallin. Halin da ke da gata na sake yi mai dumi yana iya sake yin aiki da kansa kawai, kuma mahallin da ke da gata mai sanyi na iya yin cikakken tsarin sake yi. Don misaliampDon, yi la'akari da saitin abubuwan wakilci masu zuwa.

Matsayin mahallin guda ɗaya na aikin SMP, wanda aka ba da izinin buƙatar sake sake yin cikakken tsarin
A cikin wannan yanayin, ana ba da izinin mahallin gata mai sanyi.
A yanayi biyu AMP nauyin aiki, inda aka ba da izinin mahallin A don neman cikakken tsarin sake yi (yana shafar duk mahallin), kuma An ba da damar Yanayin B ya sake yin kansa kawai.
A cikin wannan yanayin, mahallin A yana ba da izinin sake yi sanyi gata, kuma mahallin B yana ba da izinin sake yin gata mai dumi.
A yanayi biyu AMP nauyin aiki, inda mahallin A da B kawai aka ba su damar sake yi da kansu (kuma ba su shafi sauran mahallin ba)
A cikin wannan yanayin, duka mahallin biyu ana ba su izinin sake yin gata mai dumi kawai.
A yanayi biyu AMP nauyin aiki, inda mahallin A da B duk an yarda su nemi cikakken tsarin sake yi
A cikin wannan yanayin, ana ba da izinin sake yin gata mai sanyi.
Bugu da ƙari, yana yiwuwa ga HSS a lokacin ginawa koyaushe ta ba da izinin sake yin sanyi koyaushe, kuma kada ta taɓa barin gata ta sake yi sanyi.

Abubuwan da suka dace HSS Kconfig Zaɓuɓɓuka
Kconfig shine tsarin daidaitawar software. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi don zaɓar zaɓuɓɓukan lokacin ginawa kuma don kunna ko kashe fasali. Ya samo asali daga Linux kernel amma yanzu an sami amfani da shi a wasu ayyukan da suka wuce kwaya ta Linux, gami da U-Boot, Zephyr, da PIC64GX HSS.

HSS ya ƙunshi zaɓuɓɓukan Kconfig guda biyu waɗanda ke sarrafa aikin sake yi daga hangen HSS:

CONFIG_ALLOW_SANYI SAKE BOOT
Idan an kunna wannan, yana ba da damar mahallin duniya don fitar da ecall mai sanyi. Idan an kashe, sake kunnawa dumi kawai za a ba da izinin. Baya ga ba da damar wannan zaɓi, dole ne a ba da izini don sake yi sanyi zuwa mahallin ta hanyar janareta mai ɗaukar nauyi YAML. file ko zaɓin Kconfig mai zuwa.
CONFIG_ALLOW_SANYI_SANYI_YAUYA
- Idan an kunna wannan fasalin a duk duniya yana ba da damar duk mahallin don fitar da sanyi mai sanyi ECAA, ba tare da la'akari da haƙƙin tutar payload.bin ba.
- Bugu da ƙari, payload.bin da kansa zai iya ƙunsar tuta na kowane yanayi, yana nuna cewa wani mahallin yana da damar yin sake kunnawa sanyi:
  - Don ba da damar mahallin ya sake sake yin wani mahallin, za mu iya ƙara zaɓin izinin sake yi: dumi a cikin bayanin YAML file da ake amfani da shi don ƙirƙirar kaya.bin
  - Don ba da damar sake kunna yanayin sanyi gabaɗayan tsarin, zamu iya ƙara zaɓin izinin sake yi: sanyi. Ta hanyar tsohuwa, ba tare da ƙayyadadden sake kunnawa ba, mahallin kawai ana ba da izinin sake yin ta da kansa ba tare da la'akari da saitin wannan tuta ba, idan CONFIG_ALLOW_COLDREBOOT ba a kunna shi a cikin HSS ba, HSS za ta sake yin duk buƙatun sake yi sanyi don sake kunnawa (kowanne yanayi). .

Sake yi dalla-dalla
Wannan sashe yana bayyana yadda sake kunnawa ke aiki daki-daki - farawa da OpenSBI Layer (mafi ƙarancin yanayin M-mode) sannan kuma tattauna yadda wannan aikin Layer na OpenSBI ke haifar da shi daga aikace-aikacen RTOS ko OS mai wadata kamar Linux.

Buɗe SBI Sake yi ecall

Ƙididdigar RISC-V Supervisor Binary Interface (SBI) tana bayyana daidaitaccen Layer abstraction na kayan aiki don ƙaddamar da dandamali da sabis na lokacin aiki na firmware. Babban maƙasudin SBI shine don ba da damar ɗauka da dacewa a cikin aiwatar da RISC-V daban-daban.
OpenSBI (Open Source Supervisor Binary Interface) shiri ne mai buɗe ido wanda ke ba da aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun bayanai na SBI. OpenSBI kuma tana ba da sabis na lokacin aiki, gami da sarrafa katsewa, sarrafa mai ƙidayar lokaci, da na'ura mai kwakwalwa I/O, waɗanda manyan matakan software za su iya amfani da su.
An haɗa OpenSBI azaman ɓangare na HSS kuma yana gudana a matakin Yanayin Na'ura. Lokacin da tsarin aiki ko aikace-aikacen ya haifar da tarko, za a wuce shi zuwa OpenSBI don sarrafa shi. OpenSBI yana fallasa wani nau'in tsarin kiran tsarin aiki zuwa saman manyan yadudduka na software ta hanyar takamaiman hanyar tarko da ake kira ecall.

Sake saitin tsarin (EID 0x53525354) yana ba da cikakken aikin kira na tsarin wanda ke ba da damar babbar manhaja don buƙatar sake yi ko rufe matakin-tsari. Da zarar U54 ya kira wannan ecall, software na HSS yana kama shi da ke gudana a Yanayin Injin akan wannan U54, kuma ana aika buƙatar sake yi daidai ga E51 don sake kunnawa ko dai mahallin ko gabaɗayan tsarin, ya danganta da haƙƙoƙin mahallin.

Don ƙarin bayani, duba RISC-V Mai Kula da Ƙididdigar Matsala ta Binary musamman Tsawaita Sake saitin Tsarin (EID #0x53525354 “SRST”).

Linux Reboot

A matsayin takamaiman exampsaboda wannan, a cikin Linux, ana amfani da umarnin rufewa don dakatarwa ko sake kunna tsarin. Umurnin yana da laƙabi da yawa, wato dakatarwa, kashe wuta, da sake yi. Waɗannan laƙabi sun ƙididdige ko za a dakatar da na'ura a lokacin rufewa, don kashe na'urar a lokacin rufewa, ko sake kunna na'urar a lokacin rufewa.

Waɗannan umarnin sararin mai amfani suna ba da tsarin sake yin kira zuwa Linux, wanda kernel ya makale kuma yana aiki tare da ecall na SBI.
Akwai matakan sake yi daban-daban - REBOOT_WARM, REBOOT_COLD, REBOOT_HARD - waɗannan ana iya wuce su azaman muhawarar layin umarni zuwa kernel (ga misali.ample, sake yi = w[hannu] don REBOOT_WARM). Don ƙarin bayani kan lambar tushe na kernel Linux, duba Takaddun bayanai/jagorar gudanarwa/kernel-paramters.txt.
Madadin haka, idan /sys/kernel/sake kunnawa, ana iya karanta masu aiki da ke ƙasa don samun tsarin sake kunnawa na yanzu, kuma a rubuta su don canza shi. Don ƙarin bayani kan lambar tushe na kernel Linux, duba Takaddun bayanai/ABI/gwaji/sysfs-kernel-sake yi.

Karnukan gadi

Ƙarin ra'ayi da ke da alaƙa da booting tsarin da sake kunna tsarin shine na dawo da tsarin a kan korar mai ƙidayar lokaci. Ana amfani da masu ƙidayar agogon a ko'ina a cikin tsarin da aka haɗa don murmurewa ta atomatik daga kurakuran kayan aikin wucin gadi, da kuma hana ɓoyayyen software ko ɓarna daga ɓarna tsarin aiki.
PIC64GX ya haɗa da tallafin kayan aikin sa ido don saka idanu kan harts ɗaya lokacin da tsarin ke gudana. Masu sa ido suna tabbatar da cewa za a iya sake kunna harts idan ba su amsa ba saboda kurakuran software da ba a iya gano su ba.
PIC64GX ya haɗa da misalai guda biyar na kayan aikin sa ido na lokaci-lokaci da aka yi amfani da su don gano makullin tsarin - ɗaya ga kowane daga cikin harts. Don sauƙaƙa gauraye Asymmetric Multi-Processing (AMP) yawan aiki, HSS na goyan bayan sa ido da mayar da martani ga harbin masu sa ido.

Saukewa: PIC64GX

HSS ne ke da alhakin yin booting harts aikace-aikace a ƙarfin aiki, da kuma sake yin booting su (daidai ko ɗaya) a kowace s.tage, ya kamata a buƙata ko ake so. Sakamakon wannan, HSS ne ke sarrafa martani ga abubuwan da suka faru na masu sa ido akan PIC64GX.
Ana aiwatar da mai saka idanu na 'virtual watchdog' azaman sabis na injin na jihar HSS, kuma alhakinsa shine kula da matsayin kowane ɗayan U54 na sa ido na kayan aikin sa ido. Lokacin da ɗayan waɗannan masu sa ido na U54 yayi balaguro, HSS ta gano wannan kuma zata sake yin U54 kamar yadda ya dace. Idan U54 wani yanki ne na mahallin SMP, ana la'akari da mahallin gabaɗaya don sake yi, saboda mahallin yana da gata mai ɗorewa. Za a sake kunna dukkan tsarin idan mahallin yana da gata mai sanyi.

Zaɓuɓɓukan Kconfig masu dacewa

An haɗa tallafin Watchdog ta tsohuwa a cikin ginin HSS da aka saki. Idan kuna son gina HSS na al'ada, wannan sashin zai bayyana tsarin daidaitawa don tabbatar da cewa an kunna tallafin Watchdog.

An saita HSS ta amfani da tsarin daidaitawar Kconfig. A toplevel .config file ana buƙata don zaɓar ayyukan da ake haɗawa a ciki ko daga ginin HSS.
Da farko, babban matakin CONFIG_SERVICE_WDOG zaɓi yana buƙatar kunna ("Tallafin Kallon Kayayyakin Gaggawa" ta hanyar daidaitawa).

Wannan sai ya fallasa ƙananan zaɓuka masu zuwa waɗanda suka dogara da tallafin Watchdog:

CONFIG_SERVICE_WD OG_DEBUG
Yana ba da damar goyan baya don saƙon bayanai/gyara daga sabis ɗin sa ido na kama-da-wane.
CONFIG_SERVICE_WD OG_DEBUG_TIMEOUT_SECS
Yana ƙayyade lokaci (a cikin daƙiƙa) waɗanda HSS za su fitar da saƙon gyara kuskuren Watchdog.
CONFIG_SERVICE_WD OG_ENABLE_E51
Yana ba da damar mai sa ido don E51 mai lura da zuciya ban da U54s, yana kare aikin HSS kanta.

Lokacin da aka kunna mai sa ido na E51, HSS za ta rubuta wa Watchdog lokaci-lokaci don sabunta shi kuma ta hana shi harbi. Idan, saboda wasu dalilai, zuciyar E51 ta kulle ko ta fashe kuma an kunna mai kula da E51, wannan koyaushe zai sake saita tsarin gaba ɗaya.

Aikin Watchdog
Kayan aikin sa ido yana aiwatar da ƙididdiga. Ana iya ƙirƙira tagar annashuwa da aka haramta ta hanyar daidaita madaidaicin ƙima wanda aka yarda da Refresh (MVRP).

Lokacin da ƙimar halin yanzu na mai ƙididdigewa ya fi ƙimar MVRP, an hana sanya idanu. Ƙoƙarin sabunta mai ƙididdige lokaci a cikin tagar da aka haramta zai tabbatar da katsewar lokaci.

Wartsakar da mai sa ido tsakanin ƙimar MVRP da Ƙimar Ƙarfafawa (TRIG) zai yi nasarar wartsake mashin ɗin kuma ya hana mai sa ido yin harbi.
Da zarar mai ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙidaya a ƙasa da ƙimar TRIG, mai sa ido zai yi wuta.

Injin Jihar Watchdog

Na'ura mai kula da jihar yana da sauƙi sosai - farawa ta hanyar saita mai sa ido don E51, idan an kunna shi, sannan motsawa ta cikin yanayin rashin aiki zuwa saka idanu. Kowane lokaci a kusa da superloop, ana kiran wannan yanayin sa ido, wanda ke bincika matsayin kowane masu sa ido na U54.

Na’urar tsaro ta jihar tana yin mu’amala da na’uran boot don sake kunna hart (da duk wani hart da ke cikin boot set dinsa), idan ta gano cewa hart din bai yi nasarar farfado da mai kula da shi cikin lokaci ba.

Yanayin Kulle

A al'ada (musamman tare da AMP aikace-aikace), ana sa ran cewa HSS za ta zauna a cikin M-mode, akan U54, don ba da damar sake yi kowane yanayi (watau sake kunna mahallin ɗaya kawai, ba tare da sake yin cikakken guntu ba), kuma don ba da damar HSS don saka idanu kan lafiya ( ECCs, Kulle Matsayin Bits, Kurakuran Bus, Kuskuren SBI, Cin zarafin PMP, da sauransu).

Don samar da damar sake yin aiki akan per-AMP tushen mahallin (ba tare da buƙatar tsarin gaba ɗaya don sake yi ba), E51 kullum yana da damar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ga sararin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar tsarin. Koyaya, ana iya samun yanayi inda wannan ba kyawawa bane, kuma abokin ciniki na iya gwammace ya takura abin da E51 HSS firmware ke yi da zarar tsarin ya tashi cikin nasara. A wannan yanayin, yana yiwuwa a saka HSS cikin yanayin kullewa da zarar an kunna U54 Application Harts.

Ana iya kunna wannan ta amfani da zaɓi na HSS Kconfig CONFIG_SERVICE_LOCKDOWN.
Sabis ɗin na kulle an yi niyya ne don ba da izinin ƙuntata ayyukan HSS bayan ya ɗaga aikace-aikacen U54 Harts.

Hoto 4.2. Yanayin Kulle HSS

Da zarar yanayin Lockdown ya fara, yana hana duk sauran injunan sabis na HSS aiki. Yana kiran ayyuka guda biyu marasa ƙarfi:

e51_pmp_lockdown(), da
e51_kulle()

An yi nufin soke waɗannan ayyuka ta takamaiman lambar allo. Na farko shine aikin faɗakarwa mai daidaitawa don ba da damar BSP don tsara kulle E51 daga kayan aikin da aka biya a wannan lokacin. Tsarin aiwatar da tsoho mai rauni mara ƙarfi na wannan aikin ba komai bane. Na biyu shine aikin da ake gudanarwa daga wannan batu gaba. Tsohuwar aiwatar da tsohowar da aka daure mai rauni tana hidimar mai sa ido a wannan lokacin a cikin E51, kuma za ta sake yin aiki idan mai sa ido na U54 ya yi wuta. Don ƙarin bayani, duba lambar tushe na HSS a cikin ayyuka/lockdown/lockdown_service.c file.

Karin bayani

HSS payload.bin Format

Wannan sashe yana bayyana abin da ake biya.bin file Tsarin da hoton da HSS ke amfani da shi don taya PIC64GX SMP da AMP aikace-aikace.
The payload.bin wani tsari ne na binary (Hoto A.10) wanda ya ƙunshi kai, tebur na bayanai daban-daban, da ƙugiya daban-daban waɗanda ke ƙunshe da sassan code da bayanan kowane ɓangare na aikin aikace-aikacen. Ana iya la'akari da gungu a matsayin shingen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai kama da sabani.

Hoto A.10. biya.bin Format

Bangaren taken (wanda aka nuna a hoto A.11) ya ƙunshi darajar sihiri da ake amfani da ita don gano abin da ake biya.
Lambobin aikace-aikacen U54. Ya bayyana yadda ake taya kowane mutum U54 hart, da kuma saitin hotunan bootable gabaɗaya. A cikin bayanan kula da gida, yana da nuni zuwa teburi daban-daban na masu siffantawa don ba da damar girman taken girma.

Hoto A.11. biya.bin Header

An yi la'akari da lambobi da ƙididdiga akai-akai don karantawa-kawai kuma ana adana su a cikin sashin karantawa kawai, wanda masu siffanta taken ke nunawa.
Matsalolin bayanan da ba sifili ba ne bayanan rubuta-rubutu amma ana kwafi ƙimar farawar su daga gunkin karantawa kawai a farawa. Ana kuma adana waɗannan a cikin sashin karantawa kawai.

Sashen bayanan da ake biya kawai ana siffanta shi ta tebur na lamba da masu siffanta chunk na bayanai. Kowane mai siffantawa chunk a cikin wannan tebur ya ƙunshi 'hart owner' (babban hart a cikin mahallin da aka yi niyya.
a), kashe kaya (kayyade a cikin payload.bin), da adireshin aiwatarwa (adireshin makoma a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar PIC64GX), tare da girma da lissafin kuɗi. Ana nuna wannan a cikin Hoto A.12.

Hoto A.12. Mawallafin Chunk na Karatu-Kawai da Bayanan Cunk na Biyan Kuɗi

Baya ga gungu-gungu da aka ambata, akwai kuma gungu-gungu na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya daidai da masu canjin bayanai waɗanda aka fara zuwa sifili. Ba a adana waɗannan azaman bayanai a cikin payload.bin, amma a maimakon haka saiti ne na musamman na sifili da aka fara siffanta chunk, waɗanda ke ƙayyadaddun adireshi da tsawon RAM don saita zuwa sifili yayin farawa. Ana nuna wannan a cikin Hoto A.13.

Hoto A.13. ZI Cunks

hss-payload-generator
HSS Payload Generator kayan aikin yana ƙirƙira siffar hoto mai ɗaukar nauyi don sifilin Sabis na Software na Harttage bootloader akan PIC64GX, an ba da tsari file da kuma saitin ELF files da/ko binaries. Tsarin tsari file Ana amfani da taswirar ELF binaries ko binary blobs zuwa kowane aikace-aikacen harts (U54s).

Hoto B.14. hss-payload-generator Flow

Kayan aiki yana yin bincike na tsabta na asali akan tsarin daidaitawa file kanta kuma akan hotunan ELF. Hotunan ELF dole ne su zama RISC-V masu aiwatarwa.

Exampda Run

Don gudanar da hss-payload-generator kayan aiki tare da sampda sanyi file da ELF files:
$ ./hss-payload-generator -c test/config.yaml fitarwa.bin
Don buga bincike game da hoton da ya gabata, yi amfani da:
$ ./hss-payload-generator -d fitarwa.bin

Don ba da damar tabbatar da ingantaccen taya (ta hanyar sa hannun hoto), yi amfani da -p don tantance wurin maɓalli mai zaman kansa na X.509 don Elliptic Curve P-384 (SECP384r1):
$ ./hss-payload-generator -c test/config.yaml payload.bin -p /path/to/private.pem

Don ƙarin bayani, duba Takaddun Tabbataccen Takaddun Takaddun Takaddun Takaddun Takaddun Shaida.

Saita File Example

Na farko, za mu iya saita suna don hoton mu da zaɓin, in ba haka ba, za a ƙirƙiri ɗaya da ƙarfi:
saitin sunan: 'PIC64-HSS :: TestImage'
Bayan haka, za mu ayyana adiresoshin wurin shigarwa ga kowace zuciya, kamar haka:
hart-entry-points: {u54_1: ‘0x80200000’, u54_2: ‘0x80200000’, u54_3: ‘0xB0000000′, u54_4:’0x80200000’}

Hotunan tushen ELF na iya ƙayyade wurin shigarwa, amma muna so mu iya tallafawa wuraren shigarwa na biyu don harts idan an buƙata, don ex.ampto, idan harts da yawa an yi niyya don taya hoto ɗaya, ƙila suna da wuraren shigarwa guda ɗaya. Don tallafawa wannan, mun ƙididdige ainihin adiresoshin wurin shigarwa a cikin tsarin file kanta.

Yanzu za mu iya ayyana wasu abubuwan biya (source ELF files, ko binary blobs) waɗanda za a sanya su a wasu yankuna a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. An ayyana sashin biyan kuɗi tare da maƙallan maɓalli na maɓalli, sannan kuma adadin masu siffanta nauyin kuɗin mutum ɗaya. Kowane kaya yana da suna (hanyar zuwa ta file), mai-hart, da kuma na zaɓi 1 zuwa 3 na sakandare.

Bugu da ƙari, abin biya yana da yanayin gata wanda a ciki zai fara aiwatarwa. Ingantattun hanyoyin gata sune PRV_M, PRV_S da PRV_U, inda aka bayyana waɗannan a matsayin:

Yanayin inji PRV_M
PRV_S Yanayin Kulawa
PRV_U Yanayin mai amfani

A cikin wadannan exampda:

test/zephyr.elf ana ɗauka shine aikace-aikacen Zephyr wanda ke gudana a cikin U54_3, kuma yana tsammanin farawa a cikin yanayin gata na PRV_M.
test/u-boot-dtb.bin shine aikace-aikacen bootloader na Das U-Boot, kuma yana aiki akan U54_1, U54_2 da U54_4. Yana tsammanin farawa a cikin yanayin gata na PRV_S.

Muhimmi:
Fitowar U-Boot yana haifar da ELF file, amma yawanci baya ƙaddamar da tsawo na .self. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da binary ɗin da CONFIG_OF_SEPARATE ya ƙirƙira, wanda ke ɗaure ɓangarorin bishiyar na'ura zuwa binary U-Boot.

Ga tsohonample Payloads sanyi file:

gwada/zephyr.elf:
{exec-addr: '0xB0000000', mai-hart: u54_3, sirri-yanayin: prv_m, tsallake-opensbi: gaskiya}
test/u-boot-dtb.bin:
{exec-addr: '0x80200000', mai-hart: u54_1, sakandare-hart: u54_2, sakandare-hart: u54_4, sirri-mode: prv_s}

Muhimmi:
Harka kawai yana da mahimmanci ga file Sunayen hanya, ba kalmomi ba. Don haka, alal misali, u54_1 ana ɗaukarsa iri ɗaya da U54_1, kuma exec-addr ana ɗaukarsa iri ɗaya da EXEC-ADDR. Idan an.elf ko .bin tsawo yana nan, yana buƙatar saka shi cikin daidaitawa file.

Don aikace-aikacen ƙarfe maras tushe wanda baya son damuwa da OpenSBI, zaɓin tsallake-buɗe, idan gaskiya ne, zai sa a yi amfani da nauyin da aka biya akan wannan zuciyar ta amfani da mret mai sauƙi.
fiye da kiran OpenSBI sbi_init(). Wannan yana nufin zuciya za ta fara gudanar da ƙaƙƙarfan lambar ƙarfe ba tare da la'akari da kowane la'akari da OpenSBI HSM ba. Lura cewa wannan kuma yana nufin zuciya ba za ta iya amfani da ita ba
kira don kiran ayyukan OpenSBI. Zaɓin tsallake-tsalle na zaɓi ne kuma ya saba wa ƙarya.

Don ba da damar sake yi mai dumin mahallin wani mahallin, za mu iya ƙara zaɓin ƙyale sake yi: dumi. Don ba da damar sake kunna yanayin sanyi gabaɗayan tsarin, zamu iya ƙara zaɓin izinin sake yi: sanyi. Ta hanyar tsoho, ba tare da ƙayyade izinin sake yi ba, ana ba da izinin mahallin don dumama sake yi da kansa.
Hakanan yana yiwuwa a haɗa bayanan da aka haɗa tare da kowane nauyin kaya, misaliample, DeviceTree Blob (DTB) file, ta hanyar ƙayyadaddun bayanan haɗin gwiwa filesuna kamar haka:
test/u-boot.bin: {exe-addr: '0x80200000', mai-hart: u54_1, secondary-hart: u54_2, secondary-hart: u54_3, secondary-hart: u54_4, sirdi-mode: prv_s, ancilliary-data : gwaji/pic64gx.dtb }
Wannan ƙarin bayanan za a haɗa su a cikin abin da aka biya (wanda aka sanya shi kai tsaye bayan babban file a cikin executable
sarari), kuma za a wuce adireshinsa zuwa OpenSBI a cikin filin next_arg1 (an wuce cikin rajistar $a1 zuwa hoton a lokacin taya).

Don hana HSS daga tayar da mahallin ta atomatik (misali, idan a maimakon haka muna son ba da ikon sarrafa wannan zuwa mahallin ta amfani da remoteProc), yi amfani da tutar tsallake-tsallake-autoboot:
test/zephyr.elf: {exec-addr: '0xB0000000', mai-hart: u54_3, sirri-yanayin: prv_m, tsallake-opensbi: gaskiya, skip-autoboot: gaskiya}
A ƙarshe, za mu iya ba da zaɓin soke sunayen masu ɗaukar nauyin ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗaikun, ta yin amfani da zaɓin suna. Don misaliampda:
test/u-boot.bin: {exe-addr: '0x80200000', mai-hart: u54_1, secondary-hart: u54_2, secondary-hart: u54_3, secondary-hart: u54_4, sirdi-mode: prv_s, ancilliary-data : gwaji/pic64gx.dtb, suna mai ɗaukar nauyi: 'u-boot'}

Lura cewa Yocto da Buildroot Linux magina za su gina, saita, da gudanar da hss-payload-
janareta kamar yadda ake buƙata don samar da hotunan aikace-aikacen. Bugu da ƙari, pic64gx-curiosity-kit-amp Makasudin injin a Yocto zai samar da hoton aikace-aikacen ta amfani da hss-payload-generator kayan aiki wanda ke nunawa AMP, tare da Linux yana gudana akan 3 harts kuma Zephyr yana gudana akan 1 hart.

Tarihin Bita
Tarihin bita ya bayyana canje-canjen da aka aiwatar a cikin takaddar. Canje-canjen an jera su ta bita, farawa da mafi kyawun ɗaba'ar.

Bita	Kwanan wata	Bayani
A	07/2024	Bita na farko

Bayanin Microchip

Microchip Website
Microchip yana ba da tallafin kan layi ta hanyar mu websaiti a www.microchip.com/. Wannan webana amfani da site don yin files da bayanai cikin sauƙin samuwa ga abokan ciniki. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ake samu sun haɗa da:

Tallafin samfur - Bayanan bayanai da errata, bayanin kula da aikace-aikacen sampshirye-shirye, albarkatun ƙira, jagororin mai amfani da takaddun tallafi na hardware, sabbin fitattun software da software da aka adana

Babban Tallafin Fasaha - Tambayoyi akai-akai (FAQs), buƙatun tallafin fasaha, ƙungiyoyin tattaunawa akan layi, jerin membobin shirin abokan hulɗa na Microchip
Kasuwancin Microchip - Mai zaɓin samfuri da jagororin oda, sabbin sabbin 'yan jaridu na Microchip, jerin tarukan karawa juna sani da abubuwan da suka faru, jerin ofisoshin tallace-tallace na Microchip, masu rarrabawa, da wakilan masana'anta

Sabis ɗin Sanarwa Canjin samfur

Sabis ɗin sanarwar canjin samfur na Microchip yana taimakawa abokan ciniki su kasance a halin yanzu akan samfuran Microchip. Masu biyan kuɗi za su karɓi sanarwar imel a duk lokacin da aka sami canje-canje, sabuntawa, bita ko ƙirƙira masu alaƙa da ƙayyadadden dangin samfur ko kayan aikin haɓaka na ban sha'awa.

Don yin rajista, je zuwa www.microchip.com/pcn kuma bi umarnin rajista.

Tallafin Abokin Ciniki
Masu amfani da samfuran Microchip na iya samun taimako ta hanyoyi da yawa:

Mai Rarraba ko Wakili
Ofishin Talla na Gida
Injiniyan Magance Ciki (ESE)
Goyon bayan sana'a

Abokan ciniki yakamata su tuntuɓi mai rarraba su, wakilin su, ko ESE don tallafi. Hakanan akwai ofisoshin tallace-tallace na gida don taimakawa abokan ciniki. An haɗa lissafin ofisoshin tallace-tallace da wurare a cikin wannan takaddar.
Ana samun tallafin fasaha ta hanyar websaiti a: www.microchip.com/support.

Siffar Kariyar Lambar Na'urorin Microchip
Kula da cikakkun bayanai masu zuwa na fasalin kariyar lambar akan samfuran Microchip:

Samfuran Microchip sun haɗu da ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ke ƙunshe a cikin takamaiman takaddar bayanan Microchip ɗin su.
Microchip ya yi imanin cewa dangin samfuran sa suna da tsaro lokacin da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar da aka yi niyya, cikin ƙayyadaddun aiki, da kuma ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun.

Ƙimar Microchip kuma tana kare haƙƙin mallaka na fasaha da ƙarfi. Ƙoƙarin keta fasalin kariyar lambar samfuran Microchip an haramta shi sosai kuma yana iya keta Dokar Haƙƙin mallaka ta Millennium Digital.
Babu Microchip ko duk wani masana'anta na semiconductor ba zai iya tabbatar da amincin lambar sa ba. Kariyar lambar ba yana nufin muna ba da garantin cewa samfurin “ba zai karye ba”. Kariyar lambar tana ci gaba da haɓakawa. Microchip ya himmatu don ci gaba da haɓaka fasalin kariyar lambar samfuranmu.

Sanarwa na Shari'a
Ana iya amfani da wannan ɗaba'ar da bayanin nan tare da samfuran Microchip kawai, gami da ƙira, gwadawa, da haɗa samfuran Microchip tare da aikace-aikacenku. Amfani da wannan bayanin ta kowace hanya ya saba wa waɗannan sharuɗɗan. Bayani game da aikace-aikacen na'ura an bayar da shi ne kawai don jin daɗin ku kuma ana iya maye gurbinsu da sabuntawa. Alhakin ku ne don tabbatar da cewa aikace-aikacenku ya dace da ƙayyadaddun bayananku. Tuntuɓi ofishin tallace-tallace na Microchip na gida don ƙarin tallafi ko, sami ƙarin tallafi a www.microchip.com/en-us/support/design-help/client-support-services.

WANNAN BAYANI AN BAYAR DA MICROCHIP "KAMAR YADDA". MICROCHIP BA YA YI WAKILI KO GARANTIN KOWANE IRIN BAYANI KO BAYANI, RUBUTU KO BAKI, DOKA KO SAURAN BA, GAME DA BAYANIN GAME DA BAYANI AMMA BAI IYA IYAKA GA WANI GARGADI BA, DA KYAUTATA DON MUSAMMAN MANUFAR, KO GARANTIN DA KE DANGANTA DA SHARADINSA, INGANCI, KO AIKINSA.

BABU ABUBUWAN DA MICROCHIP ZA SU IYA DOKA GA DUK WANI BAYANI, NA MUSAMMAN, HUKUNCI, MUTUM, KO SAKAMAKON RASHI, LALATA, KUDI, KO KUDI NA KOWANE IRIN ABINDA YAKE DANGANTA GA BAYANIN KO HANYAR AMFANINSA, THE YIWU KO LALACEWAR ANA GABA. ZUWA CIKAKKIYAR DOKA, JAMA'AR MICROCHIP KAN DUK DA'AWA A KOWANE HANYA DAKE DANGANTA DA BAYANI KO AMFANINSA BA ZAI WUCE LAMBA NA KUDI, IDAN WANI, CEWA KA BIYA GASKIYA GA ARZIKI.

Amfani da na'urorin Microchip a cikin tallafin rayuwa da/ko aikace-aikacen aminci gabaɗaya yana cikin haɗarin mai siye, kuma mai siye ya yarda ya kare, ramuwa, da riƙe Microchip mara lahani daga duk diyya, da'awar, kwat da wando, ko kashe kuɗi sakamakon irin wannan amfani. Ba a isar da lasisi, a fakaice ko akasin haka, ƙarƙashin kowane haƙƙin mallaka na Microchip sai dai in an faɗi haka.

Alamomin kasuwanci
Sunan Microchip da tambari, tambarin Microchip, Adaptec, AVR, tambarin AVR, AVR Freaks, BestTime, BitCloud, CryptoMemory, CryptoRF, dsPIC, flexPWR, HELDO, IGLOO, JukeBlox, KeeLoq, Kleer, LANCheck, LinkMD, maXStylus MediaLB, megaAVR, Microsemi, tambarin Microsemi, MAFI YAWAN tambari, MPLAB, OptoLyzer, PIC, picoPower, PICSTART, tambarin PIC32, PolarFire, Prochip Designer, QTouch, SAM-BA, Sengenuity, SpyNIC, SST, SST Logo, SuperFlash, Symmetric , SyncServer, Tachyon, TimeSource, tinyAVR, UNI/O, Vectron, da XMEGA alamun kasuwanci ne masu rijista na Microchip Technology Incorporated a cikin Amurka da sauran ƙasashe.

AgileSwitch, ClockWorks, Kamfanin Haɗin Gudanar da Haɓakawa, EtherSynch, Flashtec, Sarrafa Saurin Saurin, HyperLight Load, Libero, benci na mota, mTouch, Powermite 3, Daidaitaccen Edge, ProASIC, ProASIC Plus, Tambarin ProASIC Plus, Shuru-Wire, SmartFusion, SyncWorld , TimeCesium, TimeHub, TimePictra, TimeProvider, da ZL alamun kasuwanci ne masu rijista na Microchip Technology Incorporated a cikin Amurka

Maɓallin Maɓalli na kusa, AKS, Analog-for-da-Digital Age, Kowane Capacitor, AnyIn, AnyOut, Ƙarfafa Canjawa, BlueSky, BodyCom, Clockstudio, CodeGuard, CryptoAuthentication, CryptoAutomotive, CryptoCompanion, CryptoController, dsPICDEM, dsPImicnatching Average, Matsakaicin Aiki. , DAM, ECAN, Espresso T1S, EtherGREEN, EyeOpen, GridTime, IdealBridge,
IGAT, Serial Programming In-Circuit, ICSP, INICnet, Daidaitawar Hankali, IntelliMOS, Haɗin Inter-Chip, JitterBlocker, Knob-on-Nuni, MarginLink, maxCrypto, maxView, memBrain, Mindi, MiWi, MPASM, MPF, Tambarin Tambarin MPLAB, MPLIB, MPLINK, mSiC, MultiTRAK, NetDetach, Ƙwararren Code Generation, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PICkit, PICtail, MOS IV, Power MOS 7, PowerSmart, PureSilicon , QMatrix, REAL ICE, Ripple Blocker, RTAX, RTG4, SAM-ICE, Serial Quad I/O, taswira mai sauƙi, SimpliPHY, SmartBuffer, SmartHLS, SMART-IS, storClad, SQI, SuperSwitcher, SuperSwitcher II, Switchtec, SynchroPHY, Total Juriya, Amintaccen Lokaci, TSHARC, Turing, USBCheck, VariSense, VectorBlox, VeriPHY, ViewSpan, WiperLock, XpressConnect, da ZENA alamun kasuwanci ne na Microchip Technology Incorporated a cikin Amurka da sauran ƙasashe.

SQTP alamar sabis ce ta Microchip Technology Incorporated a cikin Amurka
Alamar Adaptec, Mitar Buƙatu, Fasahar Adana Silicon, da Symmcom alamun kasuwanci ne masu rijista na Microchip Technology Inc. a wasu ƙasashe.
GestIC alamar kasuwanci ce mai rijista ta Microchip Technology Germany II GmbH & Co. KG, reshen Microchip Technology Inc., a wasu ƙasashe.

ISBN: 978-1-6683-4890-1

Tsarin Gudanar da inganci
Don bayani game da Tsarin Gudanar da Ingancin Microchip, da fatan za a ziyarci www.microchip.com/quality.

Kasuwanci da Sabis na Duniya

AMURKA

ASIA/PACIFIC

TURAI

Kamfanin Ofishin

2355 West Chandler Blvd. Chandler, AZ 85224-6199

Tel: 480-792-7200

Fax: 480-792-7277

Goyon bayan sana'a: www.microchip.com/support

Web Adireshi: www.microchip.com

Atlanta

Dulut, GA

Tel: 678-957-9614

Fax: 678-957-1455

Austin, TX

Tel: 512-257-3370

Boston

Westborough, MA Tel: 774-760-0087

Fax: 774-760-0088

Chicago

Itace, IL

Tel: 630-285-0071

Fax: 630-285-0075

Dallas

Addison, TX

Tel: 972-818-7423

Fax: 972-818-2924

Detroit

Novi, MI

Tel: 248-848-4000

Houston, TX

Tel: 281-894-5983

Indianapolis

Noblesville, IN Tel: 317-773-8323

Fax: 317-773-5453

Tel: 317-536-2380

Los Angeles

Ofishin Jakadancin Viejo, CA Tel: 949-462-9523

Fax: 949-462-9608

Tel: 951-273-7800

Raleigh, NC

Tel: 919-844-7510

New York, NY

Tel: 631-435-6000

San Jose, CA

Tel: 408-735-9110

Tel: 408-436-4270

Kanada - Toronto

Tel: 905-695-1980

Fax: 905-695-2078

Ostiraliya - Sydney

Lambar waya: 61-2-9868-6733

China - Beijing

Lambar waya: 86-10-8569-7000

China - Chengdu

Lambar waya: 86-28-8665-5511

China - Chongqing

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China - Dongguan

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China - Guangzhou

Lambar waya: 86-20-8755-8029

China - Hangzhou

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China - Qingdao

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Lambar waya: 86-21-3326-8000

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Lambar waya: 86-24-2334-2829

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Lambar waya: 86-755-8864-2200

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Indiya - Bangalore

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Indiya - New Delhi

Lambar waya: 91-11-4160-8631

Indiya - Pune

Lambar waya: 91-20-4121-0141

Japan - Osaka

Lambar waya: 81-6-6152-7160

Japan - Tokyo

Lambar waya: 81-3-6880-3770

Koriya - Daegu

Lambar waya: 82-53-744-4301

Koriya - Seoul

Lambar waya: 82-2-554-7200

Malaysia - Kuala Lumpur

Lambar waya: 60-3-7651-7906

Malaysia - Penang

Lambar waya: 60-4-227-8870

Philippines - Manila

Lambar waya: 63-2-634-9065

Singapore

Lambar waya: 65-6334-8870

Taiwan - Hsin Chu

Lambar waya: 886-3-577-8366

Taiwan - Kaohsiung

Lambar waya: 886-7-213-7830

Taiwan - Taipei

Lambar waya: 886-2-2508-8600

Tailandia – Bangkok

Lambar waya: 66-2-694-1351

Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh

Lambar waya: 84-28-5448-2100

Austria - Wallahi

Lambar waya: 43-7242-2244-39

Saukewa: 43-7242-2244-393

Denmark - Copenhagen

Lambar waya: 45-4485-5910

Fax: 45-4485-2829

Finland - Espoo

Lambar waya: 358-9-4520-820

Faransa - Paris

Tel: 33-1-69-53-63-20

Fax: 33-1-69-30-90-79

Jamus - yin garshi

Lambar waya: 49-8931-9700

Jamus - Haan

Lambar waya: 49-2129-3766400

Jamus - Heilbronn

Lambar waya: 49-7131-72400

Jamus - Karlsruhe

Lambar waya: 49-721-625370

Jamus - Munich

Tel: 49-89-627-144-0

Fax: 49-89-627-144-44

Jamus - Rosenheim

Lambar waya: 49-8031-354-560

Isra'ila - Hod Hasharon

Lambar waya: 972-9-775-5100

Italiya - Milan

Lambar waya: 39-0331-742611

Fax: 39-0331-466781

Italiya - Padova

Lambar waya: 39-049-7625286

Netherlands - Drunen

Lambar waya: 31-416-690399

Fax: 31-416-690340

Norway - Trondheim

Lambar waya: 47-72884388

Poland – Warsaw

Lambar waya: 48-22-3325737

Romania - Bucharest

Tel: 40-21-407-87-50

Spain - Madrid

Tel: 34-91-708-08-90

Fax: 34-91-708-08-91

Sweden - Gothenburg

Tel: 46-31-704-60-40

Sweden - Stockholm

Lambar waya: 46-8-5090-4654

UK - Wokingham

Lambar waya: 44-118-921-5800

Saukewa: 44-118-921-5820

Takardu / Albarkatu

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