Chinangwa chegwaro iri: tsanangura iyo 1.1 vhezheni yeChia yekubvumirana algorithm

Vateereri vakananga: vateereri vehunyanzvi vanoziva nezve blockchain asi kwete neZviratidzo zveSpace (PoS), Zviratidzo zveNguva / Verifiable Kunonoka Mabasa (VDF) uye Chia.

Kana iwe uri mutsva kuBitcoin / blockchain, verenga bhuku iri rekutanga: Bitcoin uye Chia Network Kubvumirana KunotsanangurwawwCryptocurrency Technologies.

Ndapota bvunza mibvunzo pane keybase kuti tikwanise kunatsiridza iyi doc!

Kukurudzira

The Chia Consensus algorithm ine chinangwa chekugadzira imwe nharaunda inoshamwaridzika, yakachengeteka, uye yakasarudzika nzira kune humbowo hwebasa uye humbowo hwebato.

Uchapupu hwebasa (PoW) cryptocurrencies inopisa yakawanda magetsi. Zvakare, ivo vanowanzo kuve vepakati nekuda kwekusunganidzwa kwekugadzirwa kwehardware uye muridzi uye kusungwa kwezvakachipa simba, zvichiita kuti PoW isasvikike kune vashandisiwo zvavo uye inokanganisa kurwisa kwakasiyana siyana.

Humbowo hwehovha hune nzira dzakawanda, imwe neimwe iine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira. Humwe utera hwakajairika ndewekuti: kudzora kwakadzika kwemari nekuchinjana; kusangana kwevatumwa; kuvimba pane yekutarisa uye kuzviisa pasi (chinodiwa kuve online nguva nenguva); kusvikika kune vashandisi venguva dzose; kucheka njodzi; wachi yekufananidza fungidziro, networking fungidziro, uye dzimwe fungidziro dzekuchengetedza.

Nhanganyaya

Decentralized consensus algorithms inoda Sybil kuramba ine sosi iri cryptographically inogoneka uye kushomeka (kwete isingaperi). Mune yapfuura blockchain masisitimu izvo zviwanikwa zvishoma zvave kuita komputa simba uye danda. Humbowo hwenzvimbo ndiyo imwe nzira inouya pedyo zvakanyanya neiyo Bitcoin yekutanga ye "one cpu vhoti imwe" nekushandisa kuchengetedza sechinhu chinoshomeka. For example, mumwe munhu anochengeta 500GiB ane "mavhoti" mashanu, mumwe munhu anochengeta 5GiB ane 100 "vhoti", Uko vhotie inoreva mukana wekuhwina nekusimbisa block, kwete vhoti chaiyo paketani. Uchishandisa chete ssimba rekuchengetedza zvakadaro, harisi rakachengeteka. Mumwe nemumwe chidimbu chepuzzle chemufananidzo inoshandiswa kuchengetedza ino system: kureva chokwadi chechokwadi chekunonoka, chinova cryptographic humbowo hwekuti nguva chaiyo yapfuura. Maitiro akanaka anogona kugadzirwa nekubatanidza humbowo hwenzvimbo nenguva. Mune ino sisitimu, vashandisi vanochengeta zvisina kujairika–kutarisa data pane avo madhiraivha akaomarara kwenguva uye mukana wavo wekuhwina Chia unoenderana nenzvimbo yavo yavakapihwa. Zvakare, yakadaro sisitimu inoyera kumabhiriyoni evatori vechikamu nenzira yakafanana kune humbowo hwelotari yebasa. Hapana mari, yakakosha Hardware, kunyoreswa, kana mvumo inodikanwa kujoina, chete hard drive. Uye iyo sisitimu yakajeka uye yakajeka - chero munhu anogona kunyatsoita uye nenzira kwayo kuona kuti ndeipi cheni iri canonical imwe.

Zviratidzo zvedenga

Chiratidzo che space space protocol mune imwe umo:

1. Verifier inogona kutumira kunetsa kune Prover, uye
2. iyo Prover inogona kuratidza kune inosimbisa kuti iyo Prover iri kuchengetedza yakatarwa huwandu hwenzvimbo yekuchengetera panguva chaiyo iyoyo.

Icho chiratidzo che space space chine zvinhu zvitatu: kuronga, kuratidza / kurima, uye kuongorora. Details pano.

Mufananidzo 1: Kutanga, prover "inoronga" kana kugovera chikamu che diski nzvimbo (1). Ipapo prover "mapurazi" nekupindura kumatambudziko aine humbowo hwenzvimbo (2,3,4). Iyo yechokwadi inotarisa kuti humbowo hunoshanda kune iro dambudziko.

Kuronga ndiyo nzira iyo tsumo yatinoti murimi inotangisa nzvimbo yakati kuti. Murimi anogona kuve chero munhu ane angangoita zana GiB anowanikwa kuchengetera palaptop yavo, kana bhizinesi rakagadzirirwa kugovera huwandu hukuru hwenzvimbo yekuchengetera isina kushandiswa. Hapana muganhu wepamusoro. Kuronga kunotora kurongeka kwemaawa kana mazuva, uye kunoitwa kamwe chete. Iyo yekutanga nzvimbo inogarwa ne file inonzi rangano. Saizi yepuratifomu inotemerwa neak parameter, uko nzvimbo = 780 * k * pow(2,k – 10), ine shoma k ye32 (101.4 GiB). Sezvo zvaChia 1.0, k32 zano rinogona kugadzirwa zvakapoteredzwa nhanhatu maawa nemuchina wekutsanya wezvinhu, uye 24 maawa aine muchina unononoka uchishandisa imwechete CPU musimboti uye mashoma GB ekurangarira. Iko kune mikana yekukurumidzira kwakakura. Iyo PosSpace kuvakwa kunoenderana neBeyond Hellman [8 Dhawunirodha], asi yakavakirwa katanhatu uye iine mamwe maheuristics kuti iite inoshanda.

Mhedzisiro izano file izvo zvinogona kuva, zve exampuye, 100 GiB. Iyo file ine matafura manomwe ane data-inotaridzika. Tafura yega yega ine 2^k zvinyorwa. Imwe neimwe yekupinda mutafura i ine zvinongedzo zviviri kutafura i-1 (tafura yapfuura). Chekupedzisira, tafura yega yega 1 yekupinda ine vaviri manhamba pakati 0 uye 2 ^ k, inonzi "x-tsika." Humbowo hwenzvimbo muunganidzwa wema 64 x-values ​​ane hukama hwakati hwemasvomhu.

Mumufananidzo uri pamusoro, kana iyo Prover yave nayo kutanga zana GiB, ivo vakagadzirira kugamuchira chinetso uye kugadzira chiratidzo. Imwe inokwezva chivakwa chechirongwa ichi ndechekuti haisi-yekudyidzana: hapana kunyoresa kana kubatana kwepamhepo kunodiwa kugadzira zano. Hapana chinorova blockchain kusvikira mubairo wakundwa, wakafanana nePoW.

Kurima ndiyo nzira iyo murimi anogamuchira akateedzana nematambudziko kuratidza kuti nenzira yechokwadi vakaisa parutivi chitsama chakachengetwa. Mukupindura kudenho yega yega murimi anoongorora nzvimbo dzavo, anogadzira humbowo uye anotumira chero kukunda uchapupu kunetiweki kuti isimbiswe.

Imwe neimwe iteration yeiyi nzira ndeyekutarisa tafura. A tarisa mudenga zvinotora 256 kudenha sediki sekuisa uye kuburitsa humbowo. Murimi anopindura kunetso na kuverenga zviviri zvetsika mu tafura 7. Izvi zvinonongedzera kuzvinyorwa zviviri zviri patafura 6, nezvimwe. Pakupedzisira, murimi anotora muti wese we x-values. Izvi zvinoda kuti kuverengerwe tafura yechinomwe, mbiri yetafura 7, ina yetafura 6, nezvimwe. Iyo nzira yese yaizotora ma5ms, ichifungidzira inononoka HDD ine 640ms yekutsvaga nguva. Huwandu hwemashoko akaverengwa hudiki uye hwakazvimiririra nehukuru hwerongwa.

Sezvo humbowo hwakawanda hunogadzirwa neiyi nzira husina kukwana zvakakwana (sezvakakurukurwa gare gare) kuendeswa kunetiweki kuti isimbiswe, tinogona kukwidzirisa maitiro aya kutarisa chete bazi rimwe remuti, izvo zvinoguma nemaviri x-kukosha, zvinoenderana nedambudziko. Isu tinobva taisa hash ma x-values ​​anogadzirwa nenzira iyi kuita tambo mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu kuti tione kana humbowo hwakanaka. Kumhanyisa aya x-kukosha kunotipa tambo yemhando yepamusoro, iyo 256 bit yakasarudzika kukosha. Izvi zvinosanganiswa nekuoma uye kukura kwechirongwa kuburitsa zvinodiwa_iterations. Kana zvichidiwa_iterations iri pasi peimwe nhamba (tinogona kupinda mu blockchain), tobva tatarisa PoSpace yese. Kutarisa kumusoro kune rimwe bazi kunongoda kutenderedza 7 diski inotsvaga uye kuverenga kana nezve 70ms pane inononoka hard drive.

Mufananidzo 2: Mamiriro ezvinhu file. Iwo makumi matanhatu neshanu x- kukosha anomiririra humbowo, iwo maviri girini x- kukosha anomiririra iwo mhando. 

Kumwe kuwedzera kugona ndiko kukonesa imwe chikamu (ye example 511/512) zvirongwa kubva mukukodzera kune rimwe dambudziko. Izvi zvinonzi iyo ronga firita. For example, ichida kuti iyo hash yekupokana uye iyo plot_id inotanga na 9 zero. Izvi zvinokuvadza munhu wese zvakaenzana (kunze kwekutsiva vanorwisa), uye saka zvine mutsindo. Izvi zvinoita kuti kurima kungoda chero zviwanikwa, uye mashoma disk anoverengwa maminetsi mashoma.  Vashandisi veChia vakabudirira kurima akawanda PiB ekuchengetedza pane imwe Raspberry Pi. Tinofungidzira kuti varimi vanogara vachishandisa maHDD sezvo ari akadhura uye hapana chikonzero chekushandisa maSDD nekuti kumhanya kwacho hakuna basa pakurima. SSDs / RAM inogona kushandiswa kukurumidza kuronga, zvisinei.

Kiyi yechirongwa ikiyi yakavanzika inochengetwa muchirongwa file. Iyo id yekuronga inogadzirwa nehashing kiyi yeruzhinji uye iyo puru kiyi yeruzhinji. Kugadzira block ine humbowo hwenzvimbo inoda kusaina neese kiyi yemaitiro nekiyi yedziva. Naizvozvo dziva harigone kuchinjwa mushure mekugadzira zano. Mukuita, kiyi yekurongera ndeye 2/2 BLS yakaunganidzwa kiyi yeruzhinji pakati pekiyi yemuno yakachengetwa muchirevo uye kiyi yakachengetwa nesoftware yemurimi. Kune chengetedzo uye hunyanzvi murimi anogona kumhanyisa server yepakati achishandisa kiyi uye siginecha scheme. Seva inogona kunge yakabatana nemichina yakawanda yekukohwa iyo inochengetedza nzvimbo. Kurima kunoda kiyi yemurimi nekiyi yemuno, asi haidi kiyi yedziva, sezvo siginecha yedziva inogona kuchengetwa uye kushandiswazve kune akawanda mabhuroko.

Verifying: Mushure mekunge murimi abudirira kugadzira humbowo hwenzvimbo, humbowo hunogona kusimbiswa nekuita mashoma uye nekuenzanisa pakati pe x-kukosha mune humbowo. Rangarira kuti humbowo irondedzero yemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu x kukosha, uko imwe neimwe x-kukosha kuri k bits refu. Kune k64 iyi makumi maviri nemashanu mabheti, uye nekudaro iri compact. Kuongorora kuri kukurumidza kwazvo, asi hakusi kukurumidza zvakakwana kuti kuve nekusimbiswa pakasimba pa ethereum (chimwe chinhu chinga gonesa kusatendeka kusavimbika pakati pemaketani), nekuti inoda blake3 uye chacha8 mashandiro.

Zviratidzo zvenguva

Humbowo hwenguva kana a Vchadzimira Delay Function, chiratidzo chekuti basa rakateedzana rakaitwa imwe nhamba yenguva.

Verifiable: izvi zvinoreva kuti mushure mekuita komputa (zvinotora nguva), iyo prover inogona kugadzira humbowo hudiki kwazvo munguva pfupi, uye iyo yechokwadi inogona kusimbisa ichi chiratidzo pasina kuita kuitazve kuverenga kwese.

Kunonoka: izvi zvinoreva kuti prover akanyatso shandisa nguva chaiyo (kunyangwe isu tisingazive chaizvo yakawanda sei) kuenzanisa basa racho.

Function: izvi zvinoreva kuti inogadzirisa: computing VDF pane yekuisa x inogara ichiburitsa zvakafanana mhedzisiro y.

Izwi rakakosha pano nderekuti "rakateerana", senge hashing nhamba kakawanda: hash (hash (hash (a))), nezvimwewo Izvi zvinoreva kuti prover haigone kungotenga mimwe michina kuti iende nekukurumidza, kusiyana neBitcoin / humbowo hwebasa. Naizvozvo isu tinogona kufunga kuti komputa yeVDF inoda chaiyo (madziro-wachi) nguva. Iyo yekuvaka yatinoshandisa inodzokororwa squaring. Iyo prover inofanira kukwerera chinetso x T nguva. Izvi zvinoda nguva ϴ (T). Iyo prover zvakare inofanira kugadzira humbowo hwekuti izvi zvakaitwa nemazvo.

Mufananidzo 3: Verifier (blockchain) inotumira dambudziko kune prover (timelord) uye prover compute kuburitsa uye proof. 

Kunyangwe izvi zvinotevera zvisina kukosha kuti unzwisise algorithm yekubvumirana, sarudzo yeiyo VDF yekushandisa yakakosha, nekuti kana akarwisa akabudirira kuwana muchina unokurumidza, kumwe kurwiswa kunogoneka.

Iyo VDF inoshandiswa naChia inodzokororwa squaring muboka rekirasi rehurongwa husingazivikanwe. Pane nzira mbiri huru dzekugadzira boka hombe iro riine hurongwa husingazivikanwe. Chekutanga kushandisa RSA modulus, uye shandisa manhamba modhi N seboka. Iwo marongero eboka haazivikanwe kana iwe uchikwanisa kuburitsa modulus yako nemapato mazhinji ari kutora chikamu uchishandisa an MPC mhemberero. Maitiro ari nyore kushandisa mapoka emakirasi ane hombe kusarura, ari mapoka ehurongwa husingazivikanwe. Izvi hazvidi chero yakaoma kana yakavimbika setup, saka isu takasarudza iyi sarudzo yeChia. Kugadzira rimwe remapoka aya, imwe inongoda hombe yakasarudzika prime nhamba. Chinokanganisa ndechekuti kodhi yeboka reboka haina kuyedzwa zvishoma muhupenyu chaihwo, uye optimizations haina kunyatso kuzivikanwa kupfuura mumapoka eRSA. Isu tinoshandisa chinhu chimwe chete chekutanga che squaring (a = 2, b = 1 classgroup element), uye pachinzvimbo shandisa chinetso kuburitsa nhamba nyowani yepamberi yeVFF yega yega, iyo inoshandiswa sekusarura. Iyo yekusarura ine saizi yemakumi gumi nemaviri bits, zvinoreva kuti hukuru hwehumboo hwakatenderedza gumi nemakumi mairi. Isu tinoshandisa iyo Wesolowski chirongwa [Download] kupatsanurwa kuita n (1 <= n <= 64) zvikamu zvekuti kugadzira humbowo hunokurumidza. Sezvo humbowo hwes-wesolowski hungave hukuru, tinozvitsiva ne-1-wesolowski proofs painongowanikwa, sezvo aya ari madiki, asi inoda nguva yakawanda yekugadzira. Iwo maumbowo pachawo haana kuzvipira pacheni, saka anogona kutsiva.

Infusion

Sekudzokorora, maVDF anotora zvekuisa, zvinodaidzwa kuti dambudziko, uye vanogadzira zvinobuda pamwe neuchapupu hunoratidza kuti basa rakaongororwa nemazvo.

Kuiswa kweiyo kukosha muVDF zvinoreva kuti kukosha ikoko kwakasanganiswa nekubuda kweVDF, kuti ibudise kukosha kutsva, uko kunoshandiswa seyekuisa / kupokana kweiyo inotevera VDF. Naizvozvo, isu tiri kusungira maVDF asi tichizvipira kunew value (block) pakati. Izvi zvinoshandiswa kuitira kuti tive nekufambira mberi kwemabhuroko, kuchinjanisa humbowo hwenzvimbo nezviratidzo zvenguva.

Consensus Algorithm

BLS Signature

Chero pese panosainwa masiginecha mugwaro iri, zvinofungidzirwa kuti siginicha yeBLS inoshandiswa, ichitevera kududzirwa kweIETF nechirongwa cheAugmented. Makiyi epachivande anoita aya masiginecha edhijitari anodzorwa nekuchengetwa nevarimi, uye kiyi yakasarudzika yakasarudzika inoshandiswa pachirongwa chega chega.

Mabasa eNode

Varimi

Varimi maNode anotora chikamu muchibvumirano chealgorithm nekuchengeta nzvimbo nekutarisa iwo humbowo hwenzvimbo. Ivo vanotaurirana neFull Node (kazhinji pamushini mumwe chete.) Varimi vanotaurirana nemumwe chete kana vanopfuura Vakohwi rinova basa rinogara pamushini panochengeterwa nzvimbo uye rinotarisa kumusoro humbowo hwenzvimbo pachinzvimbo cheMurimi maitiro.

Timelord

Timelords inzvimbo dzinotora chikamu muchibvumirano algorithm nekugadzira humbowo hwenguva uye kupinza mabhureki mumaVDF avo.

Yakazara Node

Nzvimbo dzakazara dzinogona kunge dziri nguva dzevaridzi kana varimi, kana ivo vanogona kungoita mabasa enzvimbo izere. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutepfenyura humbowo hwenzvimbo uye nguva, kugadzira mabhuroko, kuchengetedza mempool yezvinhu zvakamirira kutengeserana, kuchengetedza nhoroondo blockchain, uye kuisa mabhureki kune mamwe maodhi akazara pamwe nezvikwama (vatengi vechiedza).

Matambudziko

Iyo Chia yekubvumirana algorithm inovimba nekumhanyisa maVDFs kwenguva yenguva inonzi sub-slots, ayo anogadziriswa nguva nenguva kuti awedzere kusvika pamaminitsi gumi. Nguva nenguva zvinonetsa zvinoburitswa, izvo zvinotanga rudzi rwekotari diki apo varimi vanoongorora nzvimbo dzavo kuti vawane humbowo hwenzvimbo. Kana varimi vakawana humbowo hwenzvimbo inokodzera, vanoitepfenyura kunetiweki. Iko kunetseka kunoshanduka kunongedza makumi matatu nemaviri ekukunda humbowo hwese network mune yega sub-slot. Aya maumbowo anopinzwa muVDF panguva dzakasiyana mukati meiyo sub-slot. Varimi vanoteedzera cheni inorema, inova cheni ine kunetseka kwakanyanya kuwedzera pairi (kazhinji ketani ine mabhuroko mazhinji).

Mufananidzo 4: Matatu madiki-slots. Iyo x axis inomiririra nguva. Mitsetse ine madota inomiririra kuuraya kweVDF, kufambira mberi munguva kubva kuruboshwe kurudyi. Miseve inomiririra hash kutsamira (chinhu chinonongedza kune chimwe chinhu chinosanganisira iyo hash yechinhu chechipiri). 

Mumufananidzo 4, tinogona kuona matatu ekunetsa mapoinzi, c1, c2, uye c3. Pamapoinzi c1, c2, uye c3 matelords anogadzira matambudziko (256 bit hashes) ayo anopihwa seyakaiswa kuVDF. Timelords anotora aya hashes, otanga computing VDF padambudziko iri, kune yakatarwa nhamba yekudzokorora. Mune ino example, imwe neimwe slot ndeye 100,000,000 iterations. Kana iyo VDF yapera, muridzi wenguva anoburitsa dambudziko nyowani uye humbowo hweVDF. Kuiswa kwekupedzisira-kwe-slot ruzivo kunoitika pakupera kwega kwega-slot.

Sub-slot: chidimbu cheiyo nhamba yakatarwa yeVDF iterations, zvinoenderana nebasa rekugadzirisa chinetso, ichigara ichichinjika kune yakatarwa yakatarwa nguva yenguva (kureva gumi mins).

Sub-slot kudzokorora: chinogara chichigadziriswa nguva nenguva chinotarisa kuti mangani maVDF iterations imwe neimwe sub-slot inofanirwa kuve nayo.

Dambudziko: sha256 goho tambo iro rinoshandiswa seuchapupu hwemuchadenga zvinonetsa kune varimi zvivakwa, pamwe neyakaoma cheni VDF. Izvi zvinonziwo se dambudziko hashi.

Sezvauri kuona muMufananidzo 4, pane matatu maVDF ari kuitwa panguva imwe chete, imwe neimwe inoshanda zvakasiyana chinangwa. Ivo vanotsanangurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera.

Signage mapoinzi uye infusion mapoinzi

Yese sub-slot mudambudziko uye mubairo maketani akapatsanurwa kuita makumi matanhatu neshanu, madiki, maVDF, uye pakati peimwe yeaya madiki maVDF poindi inonzi a chiratidzo. Timelords inodhinda iyo VDF kuburitsa uye humbowo pavanosvika yega yega signage poindi. Ziva kuti zvese zviri zviviri cheni yekunetsa uye ngetani dzemubairo dzine mapoinzi echiratidzo (asi kwete iyo yakakwenenzverwa chinetso cheni). Huwandu hwekudzokororwa pakati penongedzo yega yega chiratidzo sp nguva yekudzokorora, iyo yakaenzana ne sub slot iterations / 64.

 

Dambudziko pakutanga kweiyo sub-slot zvakare iri chiratidzo chiratidzo. Sezvo yega yega makumi masere nematanhatu emasaini anosvika, anotepfenyurwa kuburikidza netiweki nematelords nemanodhi Varimi vanogashira aya masignage uye vanoverengera firita firita zvichienderana nenzvimbo yemasaini, yavo id id, uye iyo yepasi-slot dambudziko. Kana iyo firita firita matangi anotanga ne64 zero, iro zano rinopfuura sefa yeiyo signage point, uye inogona kuenderera. Izvi hazvikodzere kutenderedza 511/512 yezvese zano files mune network, kune iyo signage point.

The humbowo hwekupokana kwenzvimbo kunoverengerwa seye hashi yeploti firita matomu:

Vachishandisa dambudziko iri, varimi vanotora tambo dzehunhu pachinhu chimwe nechimwe chakaita kuti ipfuure firita kubva padhisiki. Rangarira kuti maitiro aya angangoita chiriporipocho, uye kuti chikwangwani chinoratidza hashi yakatorwa kubva muchikamu cheuchapupu hwenzvimbo (asi humbowo hwese hwenzvimbo hahuwanikwezve).

Murimi anoverenga iyo zvaida kudzokororwa kune yega humbowo hwenzvimbo. Kana iyo inodiwa iterations <sp interval iterations, humbowo hwenzvimbo hwakakodzera kuiswa mublockchain, saka murimi anotora humbowo hwese hwenzvimbo kubva padhisiki (iyo inotora nguva yakareba kupfuura kungotora mhando yacho), inogadzira isina kuvharwa sub block, uye inoitepfenyura kunetiweki. Ziva kuti huwandu hwakawanda hweanodiwa iterations ichave yakanyanya kukwirira, nekuti paavhareji makumi matatu nemasere anokodzera kune rese network kune yega sub slot. Aya maitiro akasarudzika saka zvinogoneka kuti huwandu hukuru hwehumbowo hukwanise, asi zvisingaite. Iyo signage poindi iterations ndiyo nhamba yekudzokororwa kubva pakutanga kweiyo sub-slot kune iyo chiratidzo chiratidzo.

The infusion iterations ndiyo nhamba yekudzokororwa kubva pakutanga kweiyo sub slot iyo block ine mhando yepamusoro inogona kuiswa mune blockchain. Izvi zvinoverengerwa se:

Naizvozvo, iyo infusion iterations ichave iri pakati pe3 ne4 masignage mapoinzi pashure nzvimbo yemasaini. Varimi vanofanirwa kuendesa humbowo hwavo nemabhuru pamberi penzvimbo yacho. Iyo modulus iripo yekubvumira kufashukira mune inotevera sub-slot, kana iyo signage poindi iri padhuze nekuguma kweiyo sub-slot. Izvi zvinowedzerwa pane gare gare.

Panzvimbo yekumukisa, bhuroka remurimi rinosanganisirwa neiyo infusion poindi VDF kuburitsa kugadzira nyowani nyowani yeiyo VDF kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda, kureva kuti isu tinopa murimi block muVDF. Iyo block inoshanda chete zvizere mushure meiyo infusion iterations yasvika, uye iyo VDF chiratidzo chakabatanidzwa kune block.

Kuti b1 bhloka rive rinoshanda / rapera, humbowo hweVDF hunofanira kuve hunosanganisirwa: imwe kubva kuR1 kusvika kunzvimbo yekunyoresa uye imwe kubva paR1 kusvika paB1. (chaizvo zvakanyanyisa sezvo paine matatu emaketani eVDF, akatsanangurwa gare gare). Mumufananidzo 5, murimi anogadzira panguva yemasaini, (ngatitumidzei B1 '). Zvisinei, B1 'haisati yapera, nekuti inoda iyo yekumisikidza poindi VDF. Kana iyo infusion iterations VDF yaburitswa, inowedzerwa kune B1 'kuti iite iro rakapedzwa block paB1.

Mufananidzo 5: varidzi venguva gadzira humbowo kune ese ari maviri masignage poindi uye iyo infusion poindi. Asi ivo chete kusimbisa (chinja iyo VDF kirasi) yeiyo yekupedzisira. Yakaenzana inomiririra infusions, panotangwa VDF nyowani. Sp_iterval_iterrs = 3.125M. Gadziridza TO 64 SP

Ngatifungei wekareample mumufananidzo 5. Iyo sub-slot iterations i200M, uye sp interval iterations i3.125M. Toti murimi ane 1000 maplots.

Kune yega yega makumi matanhatu nematanhatu emasaini, sezvavanoburitswa kunetiweki masekondi ese mapfumbamwe, kana maitikiro ese e64M, murimi anoverenga firita yechirongwa uye oona huwandu hwenzvimbo dzinopfuura. Pane imwe neimwe yendima inopfuudza sefa yechiratidzo chega chega, murimi anoverengera kudzokororwa kunodiwa. Mune ino exampuye, murimi anongowana anodiwa_iterations <3.125M imwe nguva mune yese sub-slot (ngatiti i2.2879M). Mumufananidzo 5, iyi iri panhamba yegumi nemana yemasaini. Iyo infusion iterations inoverengerwa se:

Mushure mekuona kuti vakunda (pagumi nepfumbamwe yekumisikidzwa), murimi anotora humbowo hwese hwenzvimbo, anoita bhuroko, achisarudzika kusanganisira kutengeserana, uye anotepfenyura izvi kunetiweki. Ivo vane mashoma masekonzi (kusvika kune iyo infusion iterations), kuti vasvike kumatelords, ndiani anozopa block, achigadzira iyo infusion poindi VDFs. Neaya maVDF, block inogona kupedzwa uye kuwedzerwa kune blockchain.

Sp nguva yekudzokorora: Inotsanangurwa sepasi (sub-slot iterations / 64).

Zviratidzo zvezviratidzo: 64 mapoinzi epakati mukati menguva mukati meiyo sub-slot mune iyo dambudziko uye mubairo maketani, ayo maVDF anosunungurwa nguva nenguva. Panzvimbo yega yega yemasaini, kuburitsa kweVDF kunoitwa uye kutepfenyurwa kuburikidza netiweki. Yekutanga signage poindi mu-sub-slot ndiko kunetsekana kwacho. Chigadziko chega chega chine poindi yemasaini yakadai yekuti humbowo hwenzvimbo mubhokisi hunofanirwa kuve hunokodzera poindi yemasaini.

Inodikanwa iterationsNhamba yakanyorwa ichishandisa tambo yemhando yepamusoro, inoshandiswa kusarudza humbowo hwenzvimbo iyo inokodzera kugadzira mabhuroko. Huzhinji huzhinji hwehumbowo hwenzvimbo hunenge hwada kudzokororwa uko kwakanyanya, uye nekudaro hakukodzere kuiswa muketani. Iyi nhamba inoshandiswa kuenzanisa iyo infusion poindi.

Infusion poindi: iyo poindi munguva pa infusion iterations kubva kunzvimbo yekunetsa, kune humbowo hwenzvimbo nedambudziko rakati uye infusion iterations. Panguva ino, block yemurimi inopinzwa muketani yemubairo VDF. Iyo yekumisikidzwa poindi ye block inogara iri pakati pe3 ne4 masignage points mushure mechiratidzo chiratidzo cheiyo block Yakaverengerwa sekusaina poindi iterations + 3 * sp yekupindirana iterations + yaida iterations.

Kunonoka pakati penzvimbo yemasaini nenzvimbo yekumisikidza kune mabhenefiti mazhinji, kusanganisira kudzivirira kubva kunherera nekurima kwekuzvida, maforogo akaderera, uye hapana VDF inomira. Kunonoka uku kwemasekondi makumi matatu kwakapihwa kuitira kuti varimi vawane nguva yakakwana yekusaina vasinganonoke slot VDF. Varimi vane tsika dzakanaka vanosaina poindi imwe chete yemasaini nehumwe humbowo hwenzvimbo, zvichireva kuti varwisi havagone kudzora ngetani.

Multiple mabhuroko

Mufananidzo 7: akawanda mabhuroko. Sp1 = zviratidzo zvemasaini 1

Sezvauri kuona mumufananidzo 7, akawanda mabhureki anogona kupinzwa mune imwechete sub-slot. Chia's system inonongedza makumi matatu nematanhatu pamabhuru-mashoma, uye izvi zvinogadziriswa kuburikidza neyakaoma basa algorithm. VDFs anoenda kubva kune yakapfuura infusion point kuenda kune yazvino signage point uye kubva kune yapfuura infusion point kuenda kune yazvino infusion point. Ziva kuti humbowo hweVDF hunodiwa kune yega yega block hunogona kupindirana. For example, B2 ine humbowo hweVDF kubva B1 ku sp2, uye kubva B1 ku B2. B3 rine humbowo kubva B1 ku sp3,uye kubva B2 ku B3. B2 hazvitsamiri zvachose pa B3,asi B3 zvinoenderana ne B2, sezvo iyo VDF ichibva B2's infusion poindi. Zvekare, zvidhinha zvinogadzirwa panzvimbo dzemasaini, asi ivo vari kushaya infusion poindi VDF; kana iyi VDF yawedzerwa, bhokisi racho rapera, uye rinova chikamu che blockchain. Iko hakuna masiginecha pane iyo infusion poindi; izvo chete zvinhu zvinowedzerwa panzvimbo yekumisikidzwa maVDF.

Maketani matatu eVDF

Dai isu tikangoshandisa imwe chete VDF (yeketani yemubairo), kuiswa kana kubviswa kwemabhuroko kwaizobvumira kudzora kwedambudziko kune inotevera slot. Izvi zvinoreva kuti anorwisa anogona kuyedza mizhinji mizhinji yakasanganiswa uye osarudza dambudziko rinovafananidza zvakanyanya. Aya marudzi ekurwiswa anonzi kukuya kurwisa, uye ndiwo mamwe ematambudziko makuru ekuchinja kubva kuChiratidzo cheBasa kuenda kuChiratidzo cheSpace kana PoStake. Zvimwe zvakadzama zvinopihwa mu "Kurwisa uye kupikisa" chikamu.

Kudzikamisa izvi, zvinetswa zvinozovakirwa chete pane yekutanga block inoiswa mune slot.

Mufananidzo 8: matatu emaketani eVDF. Anorwisa anogona kushandisa mhedzisiro yemaketani mhedzisiro asi izvi hazvina zvazvinoita pane c2, uye nekudaro hazvina zvazvinoita paPoSpace rotari. cc = chinetso cheni, rc = mubairo cheni, sp = signage poindi. B = bhuroka.

Pane zvakawanda zviri kuitika mumufananidzo uyu. Chekutanga pane zvese, sezvauri kuona, pane mana mabhuroko: B1, B2, B3, B4, aya mabhuroko akagadzirwa nevarimi, ayo ane data rese ravanongedzera. Isu tinofungidzira kuti anodarika mashanu mabhuroko akagadzirwa mune iyo sub-slot, asi isu hatidhonze ese nekuda kwekukanganiswa kwenzvimbo.

Zvakare, zvese zviri zviviri cheni yekunetsa uye cheni yemubairo inogadzira makumi matanhatu emasaini mapoinzi. Mabhokisi anofanirwa kusanganisira chiratidzo cheVDFs emaketani ese ari maviri. Mabhokisi anofanirwa zvakare kusanganisira iyo infusion poindi VDFs emaketani ese matatu.

Sezvauri kuona, ketani yekumanikidza inoitisa iyo VDF kubva pakutanga kweiyo sub-slot kusvika kumagumo isina chinhu chakapinzwa mariri (madenderedzwa ari eVDF humbowo asi haavhiringidze iyo VDF). Iyo tambo yemubairo inokanganisa zvese block izvo zvinosanganisirwa. Cheni iri pakati inonzi the yakapa dambudziko cheni, uye inotanga kune yekutanga yakavharirwa block kune yega dambudziko, uye inoenderera kusvika kupera kweslot.

A slot ndiyo rondedzero ye-sub-slots ine angangoita gumi nematanhatu mubairo-cheni zvidhinha zvichienderana nedambudziko rekutanga sub-slot, kana gare gare sub-slots. For example, isu tinogona kungova nemabhuru gumi mune sub-slot, uyezve 10 uyezve 3, zvinoreva kuti iwo matatu matatu-masiketi anoita imwe slot. Kazhinji imwe neimwe sub-slot zvakare iri slot, nekuti akawanda anopfuura gumi nematanhatu emablocks anowanikwa paavhareji. Iyo deficit ndiyo nhamba yemabhuroko ichiri kudikanwa kupedzisa slot: izvi zvinotsanangurwa gare gare mune rumwe ruzivo.

Pakupera kweslot, ketani yekumanikidza inosanganisirwa neketani yechinetso yakamisikidzwa kugadzira chinetso chitsva c2, icho chinoshandiswa kutanga cheni yekunetsa kune inotevera sub-slot.

Iyo chete block inobata chinetso cheni ndiyo yekutanga block, iri pano B1, uye chete chikamu chakatemerwa che B1, cc B1, izvo zvinongotarisana nedambudziko redata dhata. Anorwisa anoda kukuya haakwanise kuchinja chinetso nekunyima B2, B3, kana chero chimwe chinzvimbo kunze kwekutanga.

Kufunga kuti anorwisa ane blocker inokurumidza (B1), Ivo vane sarudzo nhatu: kurega, kunonoka, kana kuisunungura. Kuti vazive kana iro dambudziko idzva richavabatsira, ivo vanofanirwa kuitisa iyo VDF nzira yese kusvika c2. Panguva iyoyo, mukana wavo wekupinzwa muketani yemubairo waenda, nekuti varimi vakatendeka vanosaina chete bhuroko paumbowo hwenzvimbo. Kubata B1 haina kupa bhenefiti yakawanda kune anorwisa, nekuti ivo vanofanirwa kuiburitsa pamberi sp2 kuitira kuti varimi vawane pani yavo. Varimi vachasarudza cheni inorema, inova ndiyo ine vakawanda (inorema) mabheji emaketani emubairo.

Sei tichizvipira kune chero zvibhuroko zvachose muketani yekupikisa? Zvakanaka, kana tikasadaro, munhu anorwisa anogona kutarisa kumberi neVDF inokurumidza, sezvo vaisazoda rubatsiro rwevatori vechikamu vakatendeseka kuitira kuti vakwanise kuverengera cheni yekunetsa mune ramangwana. Iyo ketani yekupikisa yaizove yakanyatso deterministic. Izvi zvaizogonesa imwe advantage nekudzokorora. Pamusoro pezvo, cheni yekushinha inogona kushandiswa kuratidza fungidziro uremu hwecheni yemubairo kune vatengi vechiedza, pasina kugovera mabhureki emaketani emubairo (sezvo cheni yechinetso ichienderana ne "yakanakisa" block mune slot, unogona kuverenga huwandu hwemubairo. chain blocks).

Dambudziko cheni: Iyo ketani yeVDF inoenderana nedambudziko rega rega kune yega-slots, iyo isinganetsi chero chinhu pakati peimwe neimwe sub-slot.. Iwo matambudziko anoshandiswa zvakare kune humbowo hwenzvimbo. Iwo mamaki ekukosha muketani ino anoshandiswa kune iyo SP firita.

Reward cheni: Iyo cheni yeVDF ine infusions yemabhuru ese. Iyi cheni inodhonza muketani yekunetsa uye nesarudzo yakadzvanywa chinetso cheni kumagumo kwega yega sub-slot.

Akapinza dambudziko cheni: Cheni yeVDF iyo inotanga pekutanga block yakaiswa mune slot (iyo isina kubva padanho repamberi rechinetso, iyi inonzi chinetso block) uye inopera kumagumo eiyo slot.

slot: iyo rondedzero yemasub-slots ayo ane angangoita gumi nematanhatu emubairo-cheni mabhuroko anoenderana nedambudziko rekutanga sub-slot, kana gare gare sub-slots Pakupera kweslot, iyo yakakwenenzverwa chinetso cheni inomira, cheni yedenho inodhonza mumhedzisiro yekiniki yekumanikidza, uye kushomeka kunoiswazve kusvika gumi nematanhatu.

Bvisa: dhibhokisi muunganidzwa wedhata wakapinzwa muketani yemubairo iyo iine: humbowo hwenzvimbo yechinetso hashi ine kushomeka kushoma pane iyo slot iterations, sp uye ip VDFs emaketani ese ari maviri, sarudzo ip VDF yeakakonzera chinetso cheni, uye a mibayiro kero. Mimwe mabhureki zvakare ari ekutengeserana mabhuroko. Kune huwandu hunokwana zana nemakumi masere nemana emabhureki pane slot.

Transaction Block: Bhokisi rinokodzera kugadzira kutengeserana, pamwe nerunyorwa rwakabatana rwekutengeserana.

Dambudziko rekuvhara: Yekutanga block ichaiswa mune yega yega slot, iyo isina kubva pane yapfuura slot dambudziko. Dambudziko rekuvharira rinogara riine kushomeka kwegumi neshanu, uye rinogara richitanga rakapinza cheni yechinetso.

Peak: Iyo yepamusoro ye blockchain sekuonekwa node ndiyo block ine kurema kukuru. Kurema ndiko kuwanda kwekuoma kwebhokisi uye ese madzitateguru, ayo akafanana nekukwirira, asi cheni ipfupi inogona kuve nehuremu huremu, nekuda kwekugadzirisa kunetsa.

Kuti bhokisi rionekwe seyakafanira, rinofanirwa kupa maVDF emaketani echinetso uye cheni yemubairo, uye sarudzo kune yakasunganidzwa cheni yechinetso kana iripo. Kumanikidza ese maVDF kuverengerwa zvinoreva kuti ese matatu emaketani anovimbiswa kuenda kumberi pamwero wakaenzana.

Kufashukira mabhuroko

Kuti murimi agadzire block, yavo inodiwa_zvinyorwa zvinofanirwa kunge zviri pasi pe3.125M, kana iyo sub-slot iterations / 64, sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti infusion iterations inogona kuve yakakura kupfuura iyo sub-slot iterations, uye nekudaro infusion inofanirwa kuitika mune inotevera sub-slot.

Kufashukira block: block ine infusion poindi iri mune yakasarudzika-slot pane yayo signage poindi.

Yazvino-slot dambudzikoNekuremekedza imwe block B, B yazvino-slot matambudziko anosanganisira matambudziko ese anotanga padambudziko rekutanga mune slot, uye kupera kumagumo kweslot (isingabatanidzi). Izvi zvinokodzera nekuti dzimwe nguva slot inofamba yakawanda sub-slots, uye nekudaro matambudziko akawanda.

Mufananidzo 9: B4 mumufananidzo uyu ibwe rekufashukira, nekuti infusion iri mune inotevera slot. B4 haina kubva pane yazvino-slot dambudziko, uye nekudaro haina kudzikisira kushomeka kana kuita chinetso block. TODO: madhayagiramu anofanira kunge ari gumi nematanhatu kwete mashanu.

Kufashukira kwemabhuroko hakugone kuvapo mune yekutanga sub-slot yeiyo epoch (kubvira iyo sub-slot iterations ichichinja).

Zvakare, mabhuruku ekupfachukira haachinje chinoshomeka kunze kwekunge zvave zvinoenderana nedambudziko riripo, nekuti mafashama emabhuruku ndiwo mhinduro kune dambudziko repashure-rekupaza. Kufashukira kwemabhureki hakusi kudenha mabhureki kunze kwekunge akavakirwa padambudziko razvino-rekupaza Ziva kuti hazviwanzo kuita mabhureki ekufashukira kudzikisira kushomeka, nekuti kushomeka kunenge kuchingodzikira kusvika pa zero, uye slot nyowani ichatangwa pane yega yega-slot.

Minimum block chinodiwa

Chishoma chegumi neshanu dzazvino-slot chinetso chinodzivirira chinofanirwa kuiswa muketani yemubairo kuitira kuti slot ipedzwe.

Dhefisiti inhamba iri pakati pe0 ne16 iyo iriko pakutanga kwechikamu-chidimbu. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa sehuwandu hwemaketani emubairo anovhara atinoda kupomhodza kuti tipedze slot. Inogadziriswazve kusvika gumi nematanhatu pese patinotanga slot (saka panofanirwa kunge paine angangoita gumi nematanhatu mabhureki padambudziko rekusungwa). Kukanganisa kunodzikira kune yega yega mubairo kuketwa infusion iyo inoenderana neyazvino-slot dambudziko.

Iyo block ine dhefisiti 15 idenho block.

Iyo yakajairwa kesi ndipo panotangira kushomeka pa16, uye inodzika kusvika zero mukati meiyo sub-slot, uye ndokudzokera kumashure kusvika gumi nematanhatu patinopedzisa slot uye kutanga imwe nyowani. Muchiitiko chekuti isu tisingakwanise kuidzikisa kusvika ku16 mukati memugumo wesiketi, cheni yekumanikidza uye yakapa kudenha cheni (kana iripo) kuenderera, uye kushomeka hakuiti zvekare ku0 Mabhuroko (anosanganisira mafashama emabhuroko izvozvi) , ramba uchitora kubva pane chakakanganiswa kusvika tasvika pa16. Patinopedza sub-slot ine zero dhefisiti, iyo yakadenha dambudziko cheni inosanganisirwa muketani yechinetso, uye kushomeka kunoiswazve kusvika gumi nematanhatu.

Ichi chinodikanwa chinowedzerwa kudzivirira kurwisa kwenguva refu, uye chinotsanangurwa zvakadzama muchikamu cheCountermeasure pazasi. Ruzhinji rwemasasi-slots richava ne = = 5 mabhuroko, saka hazvitapure zvakajairika mashandiro zvakanyanya.

Mufananidzo 10: c2 ndiko kupera kweiyo sub-slot asi kwete kupera kweiyo slot. c2 HAINongedze ic2, nekuti slot haina kugumira pane ino sub-slot. Dhefisiti ndeye 2 pachinzvimbo chekusetazve kusvika pa5, uye yakadzvanywa chinetso cheni inoenderera.

Kurema

The uremu yeiyo block ndeye huwandu hwekuoma kweichi block, pamwe neese apfuura mabhuroko ndiwo madzitateguru echibhuroko ichi. Node dzakatendeseka dzizere dzinofanirwa kusarudza pamusoro peiyo blockchain zvekuti peak ndiyo bhuroko rine huremu hunorema hwavanoziva. Ichi chinhu chakakosha chinodiwa, uye zvakafanana neBitcoin inorema chetani mutemo. Nekuda kwemutemo uyu, anorwisa ane isingasviki 50% yenzvimbo uye isina VDF advantage vanozove nedambudziko rekuwana yakawanda kupfuura yavo chaiyo mugove, nekuti ivo vanofanirwa kuwana rombo rakanaka uye kugadzira mamwe mabhadharo emaketani emabhuroko kupfuura akatendeseka cheni. Zvakare, varimi vanongorima chete pamatambudziko anoenderana necheni inorema.

Ose maviri kumhanya kweVDF uye huwandu hwenzvimbo hwakakosha kuyerwa, uye shanduko mune idzi dzinogona kukonzeresa kunetseka kugadzirisa. Kana huwandu hwenzvimbo hukawedzera, anodarika makumi matatu nematanhatu mabheji pachigadzirwa achagadzirwa, saka kunetseka kunofanira kuwedzerwa. Kana iyo network VDF inomhanyisa ichiwedzera, anopfuura makumi matatu nematatu mabhuroko anogadzirwa maminetsi gumi, uye nekudaro kuoma (uye iyo sub-slot iterations) inofanirwa kuwedzerwa.  

Murimi anokwanisa chete kuwana VDF inokurumidza, zvisinei, haagone kuwana mibairo yakawanda kupfuura murimi ane yakamhanyisa mhanyisa VDF. Kana anorwisa akaedza kuita nherera chimwe chezvidhinha paketani, kuva neVDF inokurumidza hakubatsire, nekuti ketani yemurwisi inenge isina zvidhinha (uye nekudaro huremu hwakaderera). Varimi vanofanira kusaina block yavari kuvaka pamusoro payo, uye ivo vanozongovaka pamusoro penzvimbo yekuremerwa.

Iyo VDF inomhanya inotanga kutamba kana iye anorwisa achida kutanga 51% kurwisa, zvakadaro. Mune ino kesi, murimi ari kurwisa anogona kushandisa iyo VDF kugadzira cheni yekuchinjanisa zvachose isina mabhureki akatendeseka, obva awana cheni yakatendeseka.

Foliage

Mune madhayagamu ari pamusoro, hapana nzvimbo yekuti varimi vataure mibairo yavo, nekuti mabhuroko ese akajeka. Varimi havana chekutaura pakuvaka kwavo bhuroka, nekuti ivo vanofanirwa kushandisa humbowo chaihwo hwenzvimbo, maVDF, nemasaini zvinotsanangurwa. Kuti tibatanidze mibairo yekurima, pamwe nekushambadzira muhurongwa, tinofanirwa kuunza chimwe chikamu chemabhuroko anonzi mashizha. Kusvika ikozvino tanga tichikurukura nezve "trunk" chinhu.

Hunde: Icho chikamu chemablocks uye blockchain iyo inosanganisira maVDF, humbowo hwenzvimbo, masiginecha ePoS, zvinetswa, uye matombo akapfuura, uye akazara zvachose. Hunde yacho haimborevi kukamba yemashizha.

Mashizha: Icho chikamu chemablocks uye blockchain iyo inosanganisira kududzirwa kwokuti kupi mibairo inofanira kuenda, ndeapi mashandisirwo anofanirwa kuverengerwa, uye chii chakapfuura mashizha emabhokisi ari. Izvi zviri kumurimi kuti asarudze uye zvinokuya, saka hazvigone kushandiswa seyokupinza kumatambudziko.

Reorg: A reorg (kana kurongazve) ndipo apo node view yeiyo yepamusoro shanduko, yakadai seyekare view ine block isina kubatanidzwa mune itsva view (imwe block inodzoserwa kumashure). Zvose trunk uye mashizha reorgs zvinogoneka, asi zvinofanirwa kuve zvisingawanzo mukuita.

Mumufananidzo 11 pazasi tinogona kuona kuti mashizha akawedzerwa kumabhuroko kuti agadzire imwe cheni. Aya mashizha anosanganisira hashi yemashizha apfuura, mubayiro wekuvhara hash, uye siginecha. Aya mavara emashizha akaparadzaniswa neketani, uye kwete canonical. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, varimi vanogona kugadzira reorgia yemashizha apo mashizha anotsiviwa, asi iyo chaiyo trunk imwechete (humbowo hwenzvimbo nenguva) inoshandiswa. Kudzivirira izvi, varimi vakatendeseka vanongogadzira imwe chete mashizha emubhokisi. Kana mangoti mumwe murimi akatendeseka akawedzera bhanhire remashizha, mashizha acho anobva asagona kudzoka kupfuura iko kukwirira neiyo PoSpace, nekuti murimi iyeye haazosaini zvakare neiyo PoSpace.

Uyezve, anovharira senge B3 izvo zvinouya zvakafanana neimwe mashizha emiti (B2) havafanirwe kusaina yapfuura mashizha emadziro, nekuti ivo havana hazvo nguva yakakwana yekuiona. Nekutaura "kuuya zvakafanana", isu tinoreva kuti yechipiri block's signage poindi inoitika pamberi pekutanga block infusion point. Miseve tsvuku mumufananidzo inoratidzira poindi yemashizha iyo yakasainwa nekiyi yechirongwa cheumbowo hwenzvimbo mubhokisi iro. Iyo miseve yegrey inomiririra hash pointer iyo isina kusainwa nekiyi yeploti (saka grey museve mukati B3 inogona kutsiviwa kana B2 kuchinja kana kubatwa). Izvi zvinodzivirira kurwiswa uko B2 inogadzirisa yavo block nemauto B3 kugadzirisa.

Mabhokisi ane zvinongedzo zvitsvuku anokodzerawo kugadzira zviitiko, uye nekudaro anonzi mabhizimusi ekutengesa. Bhokisi ibhendi rekutengesa kana uye chete kana ndiro rekutanga block ine signage poindi inoitika mushure mekunyorwa kweiyo yekutanga transaction block. sp3 anouya pamberi B2, (bhokisi rekutengesa, uye yekutanga block ye B3), saizvozvo B3 haigone kuve blockchain yekutengesa. Miseve tsvuku inopa chengetedzo nekuviga mashizha emashizha, asi miseve pfumbu haina. Chinangwa chemiseve pfumbu ndechekuchengetedza runyorwa rwakabatana mumashizha, uye kudzikisa kuomarara mukuitwa. Nekudaro, anovhara negrey Miseve inonongedzera kwavari inovigwa mune inotevera-inotevera block.

Mufananidzo 11: Mashizha anovhara uye anovhara. Mabhokisi ane zviitiko uye ane matsvuku anonongedzera (anonongedzera ekupedzisira block). Ziva kuti kutanga kweiyo sub-slot zvakare chiratidzo chiratidzo.

Iyo block hashi ihi hashi yemashizha ese uye trunk block. Reorgs anoshanda pane block hashes. Kunyangwe isu tikaona ketani iine humbowo hwakaenzana hwenzvimbo nenguva, sekureba sekunge mashizha akasiyana, mabhuroko akasiyana. Ziva kuti vese varimi (B2 uye B3) vanogona kuve nemukana wekugadzira iyo block, saka ivo vese vanofanirwa kupa iyo yakasainwa pointer nekutengeserana. Nekudaro, chero bhuroka rekutengesa rinogona kuverengerwa seyakajairika block zvakare, uye kubvira B2 uye B3 akafanana, mumwe chete wavo anogona kuita bhindauko rekutengesa.

Nepo mabhuroko ese achiri kusarudza mapikicha epasipo ekuti mibairo yavo inoenda, izvo zvekutengesa hazvibatanidzwe mu blockchain kusvikira inotevera transaction block.

Kune chia mainnet, pachave nemablock makumi matatu nematanhatu masekondi mazana matanhatu, pavhareji block nguva yemasekondi 32. Kuchave nemapoinzi makumi matanhatu nemasere emasaini, saka iyo nguva yepakati pakati pezvidhinha ndeye 600 * 18.75/64 = 3 masekondi. Izvi zvinoisa avhareji transaction block nguva kumasekondi 600.

Epochs & kuoma kugadzirisa

Sub-nguva: Sub-epoch N inotanga kana sub-epoch  ends (kunze kwe0th sub-epoch), uye inopera panoperera slot yekutanga apo  mabhuroko akave akaverengerwa kubvira genesis. 

Nguva: Epoch N inotanga panopera Epoch N-1 (kunze kwe0th Epoch), uye inopera panoperera slot yekutanga apo  mabhuroko akave akaverengerwa kubvira genesis.

Dambudziko: Iyo inogara ichiyera huwandu hwenongedzo yeiyo yakapihwa humbowo hwenzvimbo. Iterations inoverengwa sekutambudzika / mhando.

Yese 4608 inovhara, chinjo yekugadzirisa inorovera mukati. Izvi zvinoshandura ma parameter maviri: Iyo slot_iterations paramende, uye iyo yakaoma paramende.

Iyo sub_slot_iterations paramende inogadziriswazve saka mazana matatu echipiri slot inoda padhuze ne slot_iterations kuwanda kwakawanda. Kugadzirisazve kunoitwa uchishandisa zviyero kubva panguva yekupedzisira kuti ifungidzire iterations pasekondi ration, concretely.

Kune Epoch rega Epoch * inongedzera iyo nguva yakachinjika zvishoma apo Epoch * inotanga nebhokisi rekupedzisira rakaiswa pamberi peNguva isati yatanga, uye rinopera nebhokisi rekupedzisira rakaiswa muNguva. Maitiro t1, i1 uye w1 anoratidza nguvaamp, kudzokororwa kubva pakuita magene, uye huremu kubva pakuita magene pakutanga kwe epoch*, (t2,i2,w2) ndiwo makoshero ari kumagumo epoch*.

Ndokunge, iyo delta mune yakazara iterations kubva pakutanga kusvika kumagumo epoch, yakakamurwa neiyo delta munguvaamps, i2, ndiyo yakazara iterations yenzvimbo yekupinza yevhavha yekupedzisira mu epoch. i1 ndiyo yakazara iterations yeiyo infusion point yeyekupedzisira block mune yapfuura epoch. Sub-slot iterations ndiyo nhamba yese yekudzokororwa pa sub-slot.

Ziva kuti isu hatitore iterations uye nguva chaizvo pakupera kweEpoch, asi panguva yekupedzisira infusion poindi yechivharira muEpoch, chikonzero chiri chekungori chekuti isu tine chete nguvaamps inowanikwa kana mabhuroko apinzwa.

   

Izvi zvinogona kugadzirwazve kushandisa imwechete pasi pekupatsanura:

Iyo sub-slot iterations inogadziriswa senge kuti yega yega slot inogara kutenderera mazana matanhatu masekondi. Dambudziko rakagadziriswa zvekuti dambudziko rese rinowana makumi matatu nematatu paavhareji nemaiteration mashoma pane iyo slot_iterations. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti iyo VDF inodzokororwa pane imwe slot haisi yezvinhu kune huremu. Ndokunge, dai paive nemaviri akafanana nyika iyo VDF aimhanya yakaenzana uye nzvimbo yakaenzana, asi iyo sub-slot iterations paramende yaive yakapetwa ka600 mune imwe nyika, saka blockchain ine yakakwira sub-slot iterations yaizowana zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kaviri inosanganisirwa pachigadziko, asi slot imwe neimwe yaizotora zvakapetwa kaviri, saka huremu pasekondi yakawedzerwa kuketani yakafanana mune zvese zviitiko. Imwe nzira yekutarisisa ndeyekuti kuwedzera sub-slot iterations inowedzera huwandu hwemablock pane slot, asi zvakare inoita kuti slots igare kwenguva yakareba, uye nekudaro haina huremu pahuremu / wechipiri.

Sub-Epochs

Sezvakatsanangurwa pakutanga, cheni yedenha yakaparadzana zvachose uye haireve chero chinhu chiri muketani yemubairo. Kana ngetani idzi dzikaramba dzakaparadzana nekusingaperi, anorwisa ane VDF inokurumidza anozokwanisa kutarisa mune ramangwana riri kure nekufanotaura matambudziko. Anorwisa anogona kugadzira block imwechete pasiketi, iine nzvimbo shoma, nekudaro ichigadzira yakazara cheni cheni. Izvi zvaizovabvumidza kuti vagadzire nzvimbo uye ipapo ipapo vagadzire humbowo hwenzvimbo yezvikamu izvi izvo zvinokunda mune ramangwana, uyezve vodzima iwo marongero (kureba kurebesa kurwisa). Nenzira iyi, vanogona kuzadza cheni yavo yemubairo uye kuwedzera huremu hwavo.

 

Mhinduro yeizvi ndeyekuita nguva nenguva (mabhureki ese makumi matatu nemakumi matatu nesere, inova avhareji yemaawa maviri) yekumisikidza mubairo wemaketani kumagumo esiketi muketani yechinetso. Izvi zvinoreva kuti anorwisa anogona kungoita kurwisa kwekutsiva kwemaawa mashoma mune ramangwana. Kuzvirongera pachayo kunotora maawa mashoma, asi kunyangwe kana akarwisa akagona kutsiva ipapo ipapo, mutengo wekurwadzazve unodarika izvo zvakanakira. Isu hatipomhe kwete yazvino mubairo cheni kuburitsa, asi mubairo cheni kuburitsa kwekuguma kweakadarika sub-epoch (384 maawa apfuura).

Mutengo wekugadzira zano unosanganisira magetsi ekuverenga ese matafura, iyo RAM inodiwa uchigadzira ichi chivakwa, uye nemitengo yezvivakwa zvakagadziriswa (nzvimbo, simba, kutonhora, nezvimwewo). Tichifunga mamiriro akaipisisa eiyo inokurumidza VDF, uye nekukurumidza kuronga kweASIC - mabhenefiti angave akaenzana nezvakanaka zvekuchengetedza chirongwa ichocho paHDD kwemaawa mashoma. Zviripachena kuti kurwiswa uku hakuna basa, uye kuti kuchengetedza nzvimbo kwakachipa kwazvo (ongororo pazasi).

Zviri pamusoro zvinotsanangura kuti sei sub-epoch interval ichifanira kuchengetwa yakaderera. Asi nei isu tisingakwanise kuwedzera kuidzikisa kudzika kupfuura maawa maviri kuti tiwedzere kusagadzikana kurwisa kurwisa? Icho chikonzero ndechekuti pese pacho kana isiri-yekanoni dhata ikapinzwa muketani yedenha, mukana wekukuya unoitika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti anorwisa anogona kusarudza kuisa kana kusabvisa mabhuroko kuti ashandise chinetso chichava maawa maviri mune ramangwana. Kana iyi nguva ipfupi, vanogona kuwana diki nzvimbo advantage nekuita izvi kakawanda.

Chinangwa chechipiri chema sub-epochs kuita sekutarisa munzvimbo inobhururuka-senge protocol yakatsanangurwa pazasi, kuwedzera kushanda kwevatengi vechiedza.

Chiedza chevatengi kuongorora

Chiedza chemutengi rutsigiro ndechimwe chibatsiro cheuchapupu hwenzvimbo kana uchienzaniswa nehuchapupu hwedanda, nekuti humbowo hwese hunogona kuverengerwa zvine mutsindo, uye zvinoda kudzora sosi chaiyo pane imwe nguva nenguva.

Kune vatengi vakareruka vanoda kuwiriranisa nekukurumidza kune cheni (yeexample mobile wallets), iyo yakazara node inogona kugadzira kadiki kadiki humbowo hunogona kugonesa mwenje mutengi kuti huremu hwecheni hwave padyo nekumwe kukosha. Izvi zvinonzi a humbowo hwekurema. Naively, mwenje mutengi anogona kurodha yega yega block uye zvese hunodiwa humbowo uye wozviongorora, asi nenhamba yakakura kudaro yemabhuroko, izvi zvinoda yakawanda bandwidth uye CPU.

Imwe nzira inoshanda zvakanyanya inovimba neprotocol yakafanana neFlyclient[4]. Iyo node (prover) inotumira ese sub epoch pfupiso kubva paforogo point, iyo inosanganisira kuomerwa kuseta, kune mwenje mutengi. Kune imwechete chete makumi matatu nemasere emabhureki, saka izvi zvinongogona kusvika mashoma MB yedata. Iyo node zvakare inogadzirisa sampzvishoma akati wandei-epochs zvichienderana nedambudziko rekupedzisira block. Sub-epochs vane mukana wekusarudzwa zvakaenzana neyakaomarara panguva yeiyo sub-epoch. Kune iyo sub-epoch yakasarudzwa, mutengi wechiedza anodhawunirodha imwe yezvivharo zvinonetsa (zvinoda kusvika 1/32 yemabhuroko ese), uye anoverengera avhareji infusion iterations yezvese zvinonetsa mabhuroko mune iyo sub-epoch. Zvichienderana neino nguva, mutengi wemwenje anogona kuburitsa kuti mangani mabhuraki echeni yemubairo. Zvekareample, kana zvivharo zvinonetsa zvese zvikaitika nekudzokororwa kudiki kwazvo (padhuze nekwakatangira slot), panogona kunge paine mabhuroko akawanda mune iyo slot. Sezvineiwo, kana iterations iri padyo nepakati peiyo slot, panogona kunge paine bhuroka rimwe chete pane slot. Izvi zvinobvumira mutengi wechiedza kungotora chete 1/32 yemablock mune yega yega slot, asi zvakadaro uwane fungidziro yakanaka yehuremu hwese.

Uyezve, mashoma ekupedzisira-epochs anofanirwa kutorwa pasi zvizere kune muchengeti wechiedza. Izvi zvinowedzera zvishoma dhata, asi zvinodzivirira varwisi kubva mukugadzira maforogo madiki kumagumo kweketani. Musiyano mukuru pakati peiyo protocol uye flyclient ndeyekuti mabhureki haana kuzvipira kushandisa merkle gomo renzvimbo, asi pachinzvimbo mwenje mutengi anotora pasi rese runyorwa rwe-sub-epoch hashes kubva kugenesis, ichivimbisa kuti dzakabvunzwa sub-epochs dzakabatanidzwa muketani . Mumwe mutsauko ndewekuti zvikamu zvese zvinotorwa pasi, zvinopesana nemabhuroko ega.

Dzimwe ongororo dzinofanirwa kuitwa pane mangani ma-epochs anofanirwa kutorwa pasi uye kuti ndeyipi miganho iri kune izvo zvinoratidza humbowo hwehuremu.

Pooling

Kudonhedza muChia kwakagadzirirwa kuve ari maviri ari nyore, uye kuwedzeredzwa kupfuura kudzika muBitcoin / ethereum. MuChia, kiyi yeruzhinji yakavharirwa muzvikamu, kudzivirira murimi kubva mukuba mibairo kubva mudziva nekutora mudziva rinopfuura rimwe. Murimi anotora kero yedziva, pamwe chete nemasaini avo. Murimi nguva nenguva anotumira zvidimbu zvehumbowo hwenzvimbo ine isingasviki T kudzidziswa, uko T inosarudzwa nedziva.

Kana murimi akunda bhuroka, vanoisa murimi siginecha uye siginecha yedziva. Mari dzekutenga, pamwe ne ⅛ yemubhadharo wemabhokisi inoenda kumurimi, nepo ⅞ yemubhadharo wemabhuroko uchienda kudziva. Chikonzero chekupa chikamu chemubairo kumurimi ndechekudzikisira kurwisa uko rimwe dziva rinorwisa rimwe ne "kuvavakira" ivo, asi kwete kunyatso kuendesa humbowo hunokunda. Uku kurwisa kunogona kuita kuti rimwe dziva ribude mubhizinesi.

Izvi zviri nyore nekuti dziva haridi kuita chero chinhu kunze kwekutumira siginecha yavo kamwe chete pa websaiti, kuunganidza zvikamu, uye nguva nenguva uchibhadhara. Iyo inowedzera decentralized nekuti zvidhinha zvinogadzirwa nevarimi, saka makuru epakati madziva ane diki kutonga pamusoro pemambure uye anowedzera kuramba kutengeserana censorship.

Yechipiri yakaoma kunzwisisa pooling inobvumidza iwe kudoma singleton smart contract yekuchengetera kero yedziva. Iwo marongero anozo sanganisira iyo hazhi hashi yechibvumirano chakangwara, ichibvumira varimi kuchinjisa madziva chero nguva, nekunonoka. Iko kukanganisa kwedanho rekushambadzira nderekuti pa-ketani kutengeserana kunodiwa kuti utange kurima, uye nekudaro haina kunyatso kuva nani pane yekutanga yekuunganidza protocol.

Timelord algorithm

Nguva yenguva inoteedzera iyo yazvino yepamusoro iyo inosanganisira yakaisirwa block pane imwe nhanho, uye masignage mapoinzi kubva pakakwirira kuenda kumberi. Nguva yenguva inogona kugamuchira mabhuroko matsva ekumisikidza, matsva matsva (mabhuroko ayo akatomisikidzwa), kana mapoinzi matsva emasaini.

Mutongi wenguva anofunga sei kuti ndeapi matambudziko ekugadzira humbowo hwenguva, kupihwa huwandu hwakaganhurika hwema processor? Nepo maICIC angangokura mune ramangwana, panguva ino iyo inomhanyisa kirasi yeboka VDF kuitisa iri pazvese chinangwa Hardware sezvo zvinoita sekunge boka reboka VDF iri FPGA yakaoma. Zvakare, kunyangwe mushure mekuvandudzwa kweASICs, zvakakosha kuti chero mushandisi ane CPU anogona kuve nguva, yekupa zvinokanganisika mune izvo zvekuti ASIC timelords dzinodzikira, kana kuita zvakaipa, nezvimwe.

Kazhinji, varidzi venguva vanoshanda paketani inorema. Ivo vanogadzira humbowo hwenguva pazviratidzo zvemasaini, uye vanotepfenyura izvi kunetiweki pavanosvika pavari. Ivo zvakare vanoisa mabhureki kazhinji sezvavanogona. Kana iyo nguva yenguva inogamuchira yakavharirwa block iyo ine huremu hukuru kupfuura iyo yazvino yepamusoro, vanochinjira kwairi nekukasira.

Vatariri venguva mhanyisawo matatu emaketani eVDF muparutivi. Naizvozvo zvirinani zvitatu zvinokurumidza CPU cores zvakakosha kufambisa iyo blockchain pamutero unoshanda. Yakawedzera CPU cores ichave inodikanwa kuti ugadzire humbowo pamutengo unoshanda, asi havafanirwe kunge vachikurumidza.

Kana varidzi wenguva vakagamuchira chinetso chine huremu hushoma pane yavo yazvino yepamusoro, ivo vanozvisiya.

Kana iyo nguva yenguva ichigamuchira poindi yekunetsa gare gare muketani yazvino, chinhu chakachengeteka kuita kuichirega. Icho chikonzero ndechekuti nekuchinjira kune imwe poindi kumberi mune ramangwana, varidzi venguva vanogona kunge vachisvetuka infusal mabhuroko, uye nekudaro inherera mabhinya akakodzera.

Kana muridzi wenguva akagamuchira chinzvimbo chekupfuudzwa chakanonoka (isu tasvika kare kunzvimbo yekumanikidzira iyo block yacho yaifanira kuve yakamisikidzwa), isu tinofuratira izvi, nekuti kuchinjira kwairi kwaizobvumidza varwisi kudzivirira mabhuroko [TODO wedzera]. Naizvozvo iko kushanda kukuru kweyenguva kunosanganisira kuchengetedza cache yemabhureki emangwana ekumisikidza, kutepfenyura mapoinzi echinetso kana asvika, uye kupomhodza mabhuroko kana tasvika pamatanho avo.

Kana muridzi wenguva akagamuchira chinetso chine huremu hwakaenzana sepakakwirira pari zvino, ivo vanosarudza chisina kupedzwa chavakaona pakutanga (ndiko kuti, chivharo chisina kuiswa izvozvi), zvinopesana nekusarudza yakavharirwa block (peak) yavakaona. chekutanga. Izvi zvakare disincentivize kubatisisa kwemabhuroko.

Kunetswa kurwisa uye kupikisa

51% (46%) kurwisa:

Kurwiswa kwe51% kunosanganisira kugadzira imwe ketani iyo inozosvika pahuremu hwepamusoro kupfuura cheni yakatendeseka, uye inomanikidza vashandisi kuti vadzoke zvakare. Iyo yekirasi refu renge kurwisa iyo iripo zvakare muhumbowo hwebasa masisitimu ndeye 51% kurwisa. Mukurwiswa kwe51%, anorwisa ane 51% yetiweki nzvimbo anogadzira imwe ketani uye pakupedzisira anobata. Pane misiyano miviri mikuru pakati peChia consensus uye Humbowo hwebasa: yekutanga ndeyekuti anorwisa anogona kuwedzera uye kurima pamaketani mazhinji panguva imwe chete. Chechipiri ndechekuti kana anorwisa aine VDF inokurumidza, vanogona kuwana imwe nzvimbo advantage/kuwedzera.

Kuwedzera maketani mazhinji

Kana murwisi achigadzira yavo yega cheni, vanogona kusarudza kuti ndeipi block inopindirwa muketani yedambudziko, uye saka vanogona kuyedza infusions dzakawanda dzakasiyana zvekuti vanowana yakanakisa cheni. Nekuda kwevhareji yemabhureki makumi matatu nemaviri nedambudziko rakafanana, anorwisa anogona kungoedza makumi matatu nemasere akasiyana (izvo zvinodzivirira kuisa muketani yechinetso), uye exponentially branching yekuyedza yega yeiyi yaizopa kukurudzira kudiki munzvimbo yeanorwisa (Vane 5 PiB vanogona kunyepedzera kunge vane 6 kana 7, nezvimwewo). Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mamwe macheni ari kuyedzwa akaderera uye kashoma kuti apfuure iyo refu kwazvo. Izvi zvakaongororwa mu [1].

Iyo chaiyo huwandu hwenzvimbo inodiwa kuti iite kurwisa uku (kuti anorwisa kuti awane ketani inorema kupfuura mamwe ese network akabatanidzwa) i46.3%, nekuda kwekugona kweanorwisa "kuyedza" mabatanidzwa akasiyana emablock.ampkuregera kana kusasiira yekutanga block. Kana pakanga paine humbowo hutsva hwekupokana kwenzvimbo kune yega yega blocker, anorwisa anogona kuwedzera nzvimbo yavo nechinhu che e = 2.718, panongoda 27% chete kuti itore network. Kuisa iyo nhamba yemablocks kusvika ku32, inowedzera nzvimbo yekurwisa inoda kusvika 46%.

Icho chikonzero chekusawedzera ichi kupfuura makumi matatu neshanu ndeichi chinotevera: kana isu tikawedzera huwandu hwemabhuroko pamaminetsi gumi kuita chimwe chinhu senge mazana maviri, ipapo kugona kwemumwe munhu ane VDF inokurumidza zvishoma kunherera vamwe kunowedzera. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti iyo nguva iri pakati pemabhuroko yaizowana ishoma kwazvo. Nemabhuroko makumi matatu nemaviri, iyo nguva iri pakati pemabhuroketi ingangoita 32-10 masekondi, uye inokurumidza zvikuru VDF inodiwa nherera.

Uyezve, bepa reStanford [Tse ​​et. al, 1] inoratidza kuti kuwedzera huwandu hwemabhuroko padambudziko kunowedzera chengetedzo pamhepo inononoka, saka kuwedzera iyi nhamba zvishoma hakupe rubatsiro rwakanyanya.

Dai uyo akarwisa aigona kushandisa chinetso, vanogona kuchichinja kuitira kuti vawane mashoma emubairo mabhureki pane imwe slot. Ipapo vanogona kusanganisa kana kusabvisa rimwe nerimwe bhuroka, uye nekuwedzera nekuwedzera macheni ese panguva imwe chete, uye ivo vanokwanisa kuwedzera nzvimbo yavo nechinhu chidiki [1]. Hazvisi pachena kana kurwisa uku kunowana zvakanyanya, nekuti anorwisa anofanira kuchinja kuoma, uko kunoda kupa chirema. Nekudaro, kudzivirira kurwiswa uku, pane chinodikanwa chekuti angangoita gumi nematanhatu emaketani emubairo anovharirwa anofanirwa kugadzirwa kuitira chinetso chinofanira kuverengerwa. Izvi zvinounza inodiwa nzvimbo yekurwisa munzvimbo yakaipisisa kubva 16% kusvika 27%.

Kurumidza VDF uye 46% yenzvimbo

Kurwisa kwe46% kunowedzera kana munhu anorwisa VDF achikurumidza. Ngatifungei kuti anorwisa VDF iri 2x nekukurumidza. Ipapo cheni yavo inozokwanisa kugadzira zvinetswa uye mabhuroko pa2x chiyero cheyese network, zvinoreva kuti vanogona kugadzira ketani "inorema" ine yakaenzana nzvimbo.

Izvi zvaida nzvimbo inodonha kubva ku46% kusvika ingangoita 30% yenzvimbo yakazara yemambure. 0.46 / 0.54 = 2x / (1-x). x = 0.30. Kana iye anorwisa asina kuwana iyo inokurumidza VDF, ivo havazokwanise kuwana advan yenzvimbotage.

Chia nzvimbo / yepasi rose hard drive nzvimbo

Pane kunetsekana kuti kana iyo Chia sisitimu isina chakakosha nzvimbo ichienzaniswa nenzvimbo yemahara yevanogadzira dhiraivha kana makambani makuru ayo anozotambura ne51% yekurwiswa. Naizvozvo iyo yakawanda nzvimbo inotorwa neChia system, iyo inochengetedzeka network iri. Chiitiko chinogoneka ndechekuti nzvimbo yakawanda inouya, ichiita kuti mibairo paTB ive shoma, uye haina kukosha zvakakwana kururamisa kutenga madhiraivha kana kudzima data rebhizinesi. Zvakare, kugadzira rangano kunoda yakatarwa huwandu hwepamberi nguva nemari (kubva pakuverengera zvazvino mubeta17, ingangoita 1kWh ye k32, kana masendi gumi, inova $ 10 patabhera imwe).

100% kurwisa

Kana kunetsekana kugadzirisa kwakakonzerwa yega yega X VDF slots, zvichipesana neese maX block, izvi zvinobvumidza kurwisa kwe100%, uko varimi vese vanobatana kuramba vachiderera kana kuwedzera kuoma. Mukushanda kwakajairika, pane makumi matatu nematatu maseketi pachigadziko. Pasi pe 32% kurwisa, kunetsekana kunoshandiswa zvekuti kunetseka kunodzika nekaviri, saka kune makumi matanhatu nematanhatu pachigadziko, uye ndokukwira ne100, saka kune gumi nematanhatu mabheji pachigadziko, kuchinjika zvachose. Izvi zvinobvumidza varimi kuti vawane paavhareji 2 + 64/4 = 16 block block pamubhadharo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chekugadzirisa kunetsekana zvichienderana nenhamba yemablock.

Ipfupi renji kutsiva kurwisa

Kuronga kazhinji kunotora maawa akati wandei (maawa masere e k8 mu beta 32 ine musimboti mumwe), asi zvinowirirana, saka varwisi vanogona kutsvaga nzira dzekugadzira nzvimbo mushure mekunge dambudziko raburitswa, vobva vadzima zano, zvichikwanisa kugona purazi usingachengete nzvimbo ichienderera mberi. Izvi zvinogona kuda chinodhura chakasarudzika Hardware nekukurumidza kurangarira, nekuti zano rinofanira kugadzirwa munguva yekumukirwa (isingasvike masekondi makumi matatu).

Kana isu tichifungidzira mamiriro akaipisisa emurimi achikwanisa kugadzira zano ipapo ipapo, mubvunzo unova, ndeupi mutengo uye chii chiri betsero yekurwisa? Mutengo iwoyo magetsi, ndangariro, Hardware uye mutengo wezvivakwa wekugadzira iyo zano. Mutengo wekugadzira 1TB parizvino uri pahurongwa hwe $ 1 mumagetsi emagetsi. Iyo bhenefiti ichave iyo yakafanana bhenefiti sekuchengeta iyo zano kwemaminetsi makumi masere (iyo signage poindi nguva iyo iyo zano firita inogara iripo). Izvi zvinodaro nekuti anorwisa anogona kusarudza zano rinopfuura iro firita rerangano. Tichifunga kuti $ 5 pagore kukosha patabyte, kukosha kweiyo 1TB zano kwemaminitsi makumi masere i $ 80. Naizvozvo neazvino kuronga software uye Hardware, zvakachipa kwazvo kuchengetedza zvivakwa zvinopesana nekuzvidzorera.

Iyo plot firita inogara iripo inobatsira kudzikisa huwandu hwema disk lookups varimi vanofanira kuita. Iine firita firita yemakumi mashanu neshanu, Panzvimbo pe512 dhisiki inoverengwa pachikamu masekondi mapfumbamwe, varimi vanongoda kuita kuverenga kanomwe kwemaminitsi makumi masere. Iyo firita firita inogara inopa kuwanda kwekutsiva bhenefiti kune anorwisa, saka haifanire kuiswa yakanyanya kukwirira. Iine firita firita inogara iripo ye7, 9/7 zvirongwa zvinoshanda kune rese dambudziko. Iye anorwisa anogona kungogadzira zvirongwa zvinopfuura iyo firita, nekudaro hazvidi kugadzira imwe 80 / 512ths. Kuiseta iyo ku1 inopa 512x kuwanda, nezvimwe.

Inokurumidza VDF (asi kwete 51% kurwisa)

Iine inokurumidza VDF muhurongwa, anorwisa anogona kunyatsoita 51% kurwisa: kureva kuwedzera nzvimbo yavo, kana uchirima muketani yakazvimirira. Kana anorwisa akasasvika pa51% yenzvimbo (iiyo VDF ichisimudzira uye ichiwedzera maketani mazhinji seari pamusoro), kukosha kweiyo inokurumidza VDF kunodzikira zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kuisirwa uye kusabvumirwa kwemabhuroko hakunei nekukurumidza kwaungaite iyo VDF, asi pachinzvimbo zvinoenderana nekuti iri pasi peiyo sub-slot iterations. Zvakare, anorwisa anoda nzvimbo yemamwe mambure kuti afambire mberi, uye nekudaro anofanirwa kuburitsa matambudziko kunetiweki.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko apo mabhuroko anosvika padhuze nepadhuze, kuve nekukurumidza VDF kunogona kubvumidza anorwisa kuita nherera mamwe mabhuroko, kunyange izvi zvisingawedzere mibairo munguva pfupi, uye zvine njodzi yekukanganisa network munguva refu. TODO: wedzera: bram

Kurima Udyire

Kuzviriritira kwekudyira kurwisa uko anorwisa anorima muchivande, uye anongoburitsa ivo kana vari panjodzi yekupfuurwa neketani yakatendeseka. MuNakamoto PoW izvi zvinopa zvakakosha, nekuti panguva ipi neipi iyo mugodhi ari kumberi kwenzvimbo dzese dzemambure, rese network iri kutambisa hashpower yavo pacheni isingazokunde. Mukubvumirana kweChia izvi zvakasiyana, nekuda kwekunonoka kwechipiri kusvika pamakumi matatu kusvika makumi mana uye chokwadi chekuti nherera dzevamwe varombo hachiwedzere mibayiro. (??)TODO: wedzera: bram

Murimi chioko muhomwe kurwisa

Kurwisa kunonakidza kunoongororwa ne [10] ndiko kurwisa chiokomuhomwe kunotora mukanatage yekufungidzira kwe "vatungamiri" vakasarudzwa mune imwe neimwe slot. Vanyori vanoongorora humbowo hwecheni, uye vanopokana kuti kana vatori vechikamu vakaziva kuti vachahwina pachine nguva, pane mukana wekurwiswa kwechiokomuhomwe. Kana vatori vechikamu vakaziva pachine nguva kuti ndezvipi zvirongwa zvaizokunda, mushandisi wega wega anogona kuzivisa munhu anorwisa kuti ari kuda kutora chikamu mukurwiswa, uye kana vasvika pane imwe chikumbaridzo, vanogona kurongedza zvachose cheni (kana nherera avo vasingatore chikamu, ongorora. kutengeserana, nezvimwewo). Kurwiswa uku HAZVIDI yakawanda yenzvimbo mune network kuti itore chikamu; vahwina chete munguva pfupi iyoyo. Uyezve, hazvioneki, sezvo anorwisa anogona kuita cheni yakajairika.

Iri dambudziko haripo mune ino kudzokorora kweChia yekubvumirana algorithm. Dambudziko iri rinogadziriswa nekudzikisa kufungidzira: murimi wega wega haazive zvechokwadi kana humbowo hwenzvimbo hwakakodzera zvakakwana kusvika pakanyorwa. Naizvozvo anorwisa anofanirwa kupa chihombe yakawanda yenzvimbo kuti abvise kurwisa uku.

Murimi chiokomuvara mashizha reorg kurwisa

Sezvo mabheji akasainwa nePoSpace makiyi, murimi anokwanisa kusaina mabhuroko akawanda neiyo PoSpace, pakureba kumwe chete. Kurwiswa uku kunoda kuti bato rine hutsinye ripe chiokomuhomwe kuvarimi nemari yakati kuti vape siginecha yeimwe tambo. Kana iye ari kurwisa achigona kugutsa mumwe nemumwe murimi muN mabhuroko kuti asaine, vanogona kudzoreredza kana kudzoreredza chero kutengeserana mune iwo maN block. Zvichida humbowo hwekunyepedzera hunogona kushandiswa, asi idzi hadzina kusarudzwa sezvo dzichigonesa kumwe kurwiswa uye kuomesa maitiro.

Pane kudaro, mhinduro ndeye kungomirira kwenguva yakareba. Mushure memakumi matatu nematanhatu (ingangoita maminetsi gumi), fungidziro yekuti murimi mumwe arikuteedzera chirevo uye kusaisaina kaviri zvine musoro. Kana 32% isiri-yekubatana (fungidziro ye10% yekurwisa kushinga), mukana wekudzoserwa mushure memakumi matatu nematatu maburi. Uyezve, kurwisa uku kunoonekwa saka hazvisi nyore kuti ubve.

Mushandisi wega wega anogona kusarudza yavo yega chikumbaridzo chavanogamuchira kutengeserana / block sekupedzisira. Zvekareample, mune zviitiko apo iyo yakazara network nzvimbo inodonha kamwe kamwe, vashandisi vanogona kuve vakangwarira uye vasingafungi nezve kutengeserana kwekupedzisira, kana paine imwe iripo forogo, nekuda kwekuparadzaniswa kwenetiweki, kune ex.ample.

Kuchengeta nherera kunovharira mari yekutenga

Chiitiko bkukiya kwakasiyana neasina-kutengeserana mabhuroko, nekuti iwo ane mari yekutengesa. Izvi zvinogona kupfuura kuvharira mibairo. Panguva yekunyora (Mbudzi 2020), mune yepamusoro defi hype tiri kuona 2 eth block mibairo ne 8 eth ada pabhokisi. MuChia izvi zvichave zvakanyanyisa, nekuti haizi bhuroko rega rine zviitiko. Izvi zvinotungamira kurwisa uko wechipiri murimi anorega nzvimbo yekutanga mukuedza kuhwina yekutengesa block. Kana iyo yechipiri block yakauya isingasviki 2 masekondi mushure me1, ivo havana kudoma iyo yapfuura block, uye nekudaro nzvimbo yechipiri haigone nherera yekutanga. Nzvimbo yechitatu inogona kuve nherera zvese, asi hapana aitevera cheni iyi sezvo ipfupi.

Nekudaro, kana pasina mabhureki mukati memasekondi makumi matatu eiyo yekutanga block, wechipiri anogona kuita nherera wekutanga, asi ivo vanofanirwa kugonesa chinotevera chinzvimbo kuti varime pane imwe chain chain. Kurwiswa kuri nyore kungave kana iye akarwisa achidzora zvese zvechipiri nerechitatu, mune izvi vangangorega chekutanga voreba. Kurwiswa kunherera uku hakubvumiri murwi kuti abire mibairo, asi panzvimbo pezvo varege murwisi adzikise kunetseka. Sezvo ivo vari chaizvo mamiriro uye vachida yakawanda nzvimbo, kuyedza iyi kurwisa kunogona kukuvadza network zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo inogona kuwana kune anorwisa.

Nherera Rate

Mukubvumirana kweChia, mabhii maviri anokwikwidza akatenderedza nguva imwe chete anogona kuverengerwa mu blockchain yakafanana, vasingazive nezve mumwe nemumwe. (Kunyangwe pane imwe chete inogona kuva block). Sezvo zvese zvekutengesa zvivakwa zvakare ari mabhureki, iwo ese ari maviri akaisirwa muketani, zvichikonzera muketani ine huremu hwepamusoro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mwero wenherera muChia ichave iri zero chaiyo, ichifunga yakaderera network latency. Kana network latency ichidarika kunonoka kunonoka (30-40 masekondi), saka nherera yechivharira inenge yakavimbiswa, saka iri rinowedzera danho-basa. Izvi zvinopesana neNakamoto-PoW mune iyo nherera mwero wakakwira kana paine kunonoka kwenetiweki, uye inoderera mushe sezvo network mamiriro achivandudza, asi haatombosvika zero.

Analysis

Safety

Kuchengeteka kwakafanana nemamwe maNakamoto ekubvumirana algorithms senge Bitcoin. Iko hakuna kuvimbiswa kwekupedzisira, asi zvakanyanya kusimbiswa kwekutengeserana, ndiko kwakachengeteka. Kutengeserana kunoda imwe nhamba yekusimbisa kuti anogamuchira afunge kuti haigone kurongwazve, pasi pe <46% (* vdf advantage) kufungidzira kufungidzira. Sezvo varimi vachigona kusaina mabhuroki akawanda pahurefu hwakafanana, zvimwe zvisimbiso zvinofanirwa kushandiswa muChia kupfuura muBitcoin. Nekudaro nechiyero chemakumi matatu nematanhatu paminiti gumi, zvisimbiso zvitanhatu muBitcoin zvakaenzana ne32 muChia, zvinova zvinopfuura zvakakwana kuti zvionekwe zvakachengeteka. Chero bedzi mumwe wevaya varimi 10 ari kuzvibata zvakanaka (kwete kusaina kaviri), iko kutengeserana hakuzodzosere.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti hapana chinodiwa che54% yekutendeseka nzvimbo yekurima, asi 54% isingabatanidze. Kubatsirwa kutsvaga varimi kunowana zvishoma zvishoma nekutsauka kubva kubumbiro.

Iko kune kwakawedzera kufungidzira kwekuti imwe chete yekukurumidza nguva inofanira kusunganidzwa kune isiri-yekudyara chikamu chenetiweki, uye kuti iyo yekurwisa nguva haina kukurumidza zvakanyanya.

Upenyu

Hupenyu hweChia kubvumirana system ndeimwe yemasimba ayo makuru. SaBitcoin, iyo Chia system inoenderera mberi ichifambira mberi kunyangwe hazvo nzvimbo yakawanda ikaenda kunze kwenyika. Kusiyana ne bitcoin asi, iyo sisitimu hainonoke zvakanyanya kana izvi zvikaitika, nekuti kwete ese mabhureki ari ekutengeserana mabhuroko. Naizvozvo transaction throughput haina kudonha nekuwandisa kana vazhinji vatori vechikamu vakaenda kunze kwenyika. Icharamba ichienderera kunyangwe murimi mumwe chete ari online, kunyangwe paine nzvimbo zhinji dzisina chinhu, nekuti blockchain yekutengesa inogona kugadzirwa chete kana iri pazasi peiyo sub-slot iterations chikumbaridzo.

Ehezve, mune chiitiko chenguva yakareba network kupatsanura mhedzisiro ndeyekuti ketani imwe inofanirwa kusarudzwa, saka panogona kuve nemazita makuru zvakare mune ino kesi. Zvakadaro, iyo network inosarudza cheni inorema, yakafanana nePoW.

Kuenzanisa neBFT kubvumirana algorithms

Uchapupu hwenzvimbo hunogona zvakare kushandiswa seSybil-inodzivirira mashandiro kuitira kubatisisa Byzantine kubvumirana (k-chibvumirano) system. Filecoin, uye humbowo hwakawanda hwemasiteki masisitimu anoshandisa zvikamu zvekubvumirana kweByzantine.

Zvakanakira nezvakaipa zvekushandisa Chia Nakamoto Consensus vs Chibvumirano cheByzantine, icho chinosiyana kubva paalgorithm kusvika algorithm:

• + Zvakareruka
• + Hapana kunyoreswa kunodiwa
• + Hapana scalability chinodiwa (zviyero kumamiriyoni evarimi)
• + Kuwedzera kwekudzivirira kusagadzikana. Chero bedzi chidimbu chidiki chenzvimbo yekurima chisingavheneke, pakupedzisira iwe unogona kupinda mu blockchain.
• + Hapana hupenyu hunodiwa, zvingangoita zvishoma network fungidziro
• + Chizere chinangwa (Iyo node inogona kuenzanisa cheni 1 uye cheni 2, uye nekukurumidza ziva kuti ndeipi inorema). Hapana kudiwa kwekutarisa pamwe ne - kubvumirana.
• + Zvirinani mwenje mutengi rutsigiro [11]
• – Hapana chekupedzisira, kungoita fungidziro.
• – Unoda kumirira kwenguva yakareba kuti usimbise zvekutengesa (zvine chekuita nekusaperera).
• – Zvishoma zvinoenderana block nguva uye transaction kubudikidza

Kuenzanisa neNakamoto PoW

• + Zvishandiso zvakasiyana. PoSpace inodzivirira ASIC uye saka chero munhu anogona kutora chikamu mukurima. Ndinovimba kuve kwakadzikiswa.
• + Nyore sanganisa kurima. Mamwe ma cryptocurrencies anogona kushandisa iwo mafomati akafanana, uye munhu wese anogona kugovana nzvimbo. Pamwe iyo yepamusoro ichave yega yakachengeteka, nekuti varimi vanogona kurwisa zvidiki.
• + Simba rishoma rinoshandiswa, sezvo mashoma masosi anomhanya maVDF, uye aya haana kuenzaniswa. Yakaderera kwazvo marginal mutengo kune wangu.
• + Zvimwe zvinowirirana zvekutengesa block nguva (imwe pa ~ 1 min).
• + Zvishoma zvinokanganisa kurwisa kwekuchera kuchera
• + Mitengo yenherera diki nemaforogo, nekuti mabhuroko anogona kuiswa mune yakafanana.
• + Zvichiri kufambira mberi pachiyero chimwe chete kana nzvimbo ichiderera, nekuti chete 1/16 mabhureki anosanganisira kutengeserana. PoW nakamoto chibvumirano chinodzora.
• – Kudzoreredza kwevamwe vanogona kurwisa (makambani makuru). Hardware ndicho chinangwa chakazara, uye nekudaro varwisi vanogona kuchinjika pakati pekurima, kurwisa, uye kushandisa kuchengetedza data.
• – Kumhanyisa VDF kunogona kupa nzvimbo advantage yemunhu ari kurwisa network.
• – Kuwedzera kuomarara nekuda kwema sub slots uye maVDF, zvingangoita mamwe maficha ekufunga

Kuenzanisa neChiratidzo cheStake

Iyi yekubvumirana algorithm inogona zvakare kushandiswa kwehumbowo hwekutanda, uko nzvimbo nzvimbo varimi vanotsiviwa ne staker vane yavo mari musystem. Kubatsira kwacho kungave kugona kucheka (kudzima danda revanhu), uye varimi vangave ne "ganda mumutambo", asi pane zvimwe zvinonetsa kana humbowo hwechitanda ukashandiswa. (+ zvinoreva kubatsirwa kwekushandisa nzvimbo vs danda).

• + Anorwisa anogona kuendesa danda rake kune mumwe munhu, asi forogo cheni yacho pamberi pekutanda kwavo kwaendeswa. Mune iyi chinjana cheni, uyo anorwisa achiri nezvidimbu zvake zvese, uye saka anogona kufambisira mberi cheni. Iyo "hapana chiri panjodzi" nyaya yakasiyana muPoStake kupfuura muPoSpace kubvira kugadzira PoSpace inoda zviwanikwa (hard drive space), uku kugadzira PoS kunongoda kiyi chete.
• + Anorwisa anogona kuvimbisa mugove wavo wepayi yose, nekumisa mibairo yavo (vapfumi vanowedzera kupfuma), nekuti huwandu hwesimbi hwakashomeka.
• + Ikoko inogona kunge iri mamiriro apo anorwisa anogona kukuya munzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekuendesa danda. Zvichida izvi zvinogona kudzikiswa nekuda kwenguva yakareba danda risati rave kushanda.
• + Kunyoreswa kunodiwa, haugone kutora chikamu mune humbowo hwechitanda kusvikira wasaina. Izvi zvinoderedza kuvanzika uye scalability (vangani vanhu vanogona kukanda).
• + Chipingamupinyi chepamusoro chekupinda: kuchengetedzwa kwemadhora uye kupaza kunoita kuti zviomere vashandisi vashoma kutora chikamu Kupwanya kunogona kuva njodzi huru kune vatori vechikamu mumambure. Vatarisiri vepakati vanotungamira kune yakashomeka yakapihwa seti yevatori vechikamu.
• + Vamwe fungidziro [11] anodikanwa kuti aite mwenje mutengi syncs mune humbowo hwekutakura.
• – Ganda mumutambo: nePoStora, chibvumirano chinogona kupaza danda revanhu, uye zvakare zvinoda kumwe kudyara muhurongwa (kuratidza mutengo). MuPupuriro yenzvimbo dhiraivha yakaoma inogona kushandiswa kune zvimwe zvinangwa uye hapana kugona "kupaza" vanhu Hardware.

References

1. Vivek Bagaria, Sreeram Kannan, Sewoong Oh, David Tse, Pramod Viswanath, Xuechao Wang, Ofer Zeitouni, Uchapupu hweSiteki Yakareba Yakareba MaProtocol, Chengetedzo vs Kufanoziva [Download]
2. Aggelos Kiayias, Alexander Russell, Bernardo David, Roman Oliynykov, Ouroboros: A Inopa Zvakachengeteka Huchapupu-hwe-Stake Blockchain Protocol [Dhawunirodha]
3. Bram Cohen uye Krzysztof Pietrzak, Iyo Chia Network Blockchain
4. Benedikt Bunz, Lucianna Kiffer, Loi Luu, naMahdi Zamani, 2019-226 [PDF]
5. Krzysztof Pietrzak, Anoshanda Anovimbika Kunonoka Mabasa
6. Benjamin Wesolowski, Nyore Verifiable Kunonoka Mabasa
7. Stefan Dziembowski, Sebastian Faust, Vladimir Kolmogorov, uye Krzysztof Pietrzak, Zviratidzo zveNzvimbo [Dhawunirodha]
8. Hamza Abusalah, Joel Alwen, Bram Cohen, Danylo Khilko, Krzysztof Pietrzak, naLeonid Reyzin, 2017-893 [Download]
9. Chia Network, Chia Chipupuriro cheNzvimbo Kuvaka
10. Soubhik Deb, Sreeram Kannan, David Tse, PoSAT Uchapupu-hwe-Kubasa Kuwanikwa uye Kusatarisirwa, pasina iro Basa [Dhawunirodha]
11. Alexander Skidanov, Chiedza vatengi muChipupuriro cheStake Systems