METER 18225-16 Teros Moisture and Temperature Sensor Instruction Manual

Thank you for choosing soil sensors from METER Group. This user manual provides a guide for the TEROS 11 Soil Moisture and Temperature sensor and the TEROS 12 Soil Moisture, Temperature, and Electrical Conductivity (EC) sensor.
The TEROS 11/12 sensors are designed to be installed in mineral soils, many types of growing media, and other porous materials. Use this manual to learn about sensor features and for descriptions of how to use the sensors successfully.
TEROS 11/12 sensors are accurate tools for monitoring volumetric water content (VWC), temperature in soil and soilless substrates, and EC (TEROS 12 only). The TEROS 11/12 determines VWC using capacitance/frequency-domain technology. The sensor uses a 70-MHz frequency, which minimizes textural and salinity effects, making the TEROS 11/12 accurate in most mineral soils. The TEROS 11/12 uses a thermistor to measure temperature and EC (TEROS 12 only) using a stainless-steel electrode array.
Prior to use, verify the TEROS 11/12 sensors arrived in good condition. METER recommends testing the sensors with the data logging device and software before going to the field.

ਓਪਰੇਸ਼ਨ

Please read all instructions before operating the TEROS 11/12 to ensure it performs to its full potential.

ਸਾਵਧਾਨੀ

METER sensors are built to the highest standards, but misuse, improper protection, or improper installation may damage the sensor and possibly void the manufacturer’s warranty. Before integrating TEROS 11/12 into a system, make sure to follow the recommended installation instructions and have the proper protections in place to safeguard sensors from damage. If installing sensors in a lightning-prone area with a grounded data logger, see the application note Lightning surge and grounding practices.

ਸਥਾਪਨਾ
Follow the steps listed in Table 1 to set up the TEROS 11/12 and start collecting data. For more detailed installation information, consult the TEROS soil moisture sensor installation best practices video.

ਸਾਰਣੀ 1 ਇੰਸਟਾਲੇਸ਼ਨ

Auger or shovel
Secure mounting location for data logger and cable TBIT: TEROS Borehole Installation Tool (optional)

ਲੋੜੀਂਦੇ ਸਾਧਨ

ਤਿਆਰੀ

Determine Best Installation Method
There are several methods for installing soil moisture sensors. These methods are described in Table 2.

ਸਿਸਟਮ ਜਾਂਚ ਕਰੋ
Plug the sensor into the data logger to make sure the sensor is functional. Verify all sensors read within expected ranges. The TEROS verification clip gives the best assessment of proper sensor function and accuracy. TEROS 11/12 should read 0.332 (2650 raw) to 0.363 (2730 raw) m3/m3 on the verification clip. If a verification clip is not available, test sensor functionality in air and water. The TEROS 11/12 will read ~0.70 m3/m3 in water and a slightly negative value in air.

ਛੇਕ ਬਣਾਓ
Avoid interferring objects.

Installations near large metal objects can affect the sensor function and distort readings.
Large objects like roots or rocks could potentially bend the needles.

Auger or trench a hole to the desired sensor installation depth and direction according to the installation method desired (Table 2).

ਸੈਂਸਰ ਪਾਓ
Determine sensor orientation. The TEROS 11/12 sensor may be positioned in any direction. However, with the body in a vertical position (as shown below), there is less restriction to water flow. A vertical position will also integrate more soil depth into the soil moisture measurement. Installing the sensor with the body in a horizontal position will provide measurements at a more discreet depth. See Measurement volume of METER volumetric water content sensors for more information on sensor measurement volume.

Avoid having any metal located between the sensor and the ferrite core because it can interfere with VWC measurements.
IMPORTANT: Minimize air gaps around the sensor. Air gaps around the sensor needles will result in low readings of soil moisture.

Load the TEROS 11/12 using the Borehole Installation Tool (BIT).
NOTE: The BIT provides a significant amount of mechanical advantage. See Table 2 for instruction on installing the TEROS 11/12 without the BIT.
Lower the tool into the hole or trench with the back of the tool supported by the far wall.
NOTE: The Borehole Installation Tool does not work with the Downhole installation method.
Pull the tool lever to activate the jack and insert the sensor into the sidewall
The three tips of the sensor have a tapered shape for easy insertion in almost any kind of soil.
ਚੇਤਾਵਨੀ: ਪਥਰੀਲੀ ਮਿੱਟੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੈਂਸਰ ਲਗਾਉਣ ਵੇਲੇ, ਸੈਂਸਰ ਸੂਈਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਝੁਕਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਣ ਲਈ ਸਾਵਧਾਨੀ ਵਰਤੋ।

ਕੇਬਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਅਤੇ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਕਰੋ

ਨੋਟ:
ਗਲਤ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਨਾਲ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਕੀਤੀਆਂ ਕੇਬਲਾਂ ਟੁੱਟੀਆਂ ਕੇਬਲਾਂ ਜਾਂ ਡਿਸਕਨੈਕਟ ਕੀਤੇ ਸੈਂਸਰਾਂ ਦਾ ਕਾਰਨ ਬਣ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। ਕੇਬਲ ਦੀਆਂ ਸਮੱਸਿਆਵਾਂ ਕਈ ਕਾਰਨਾਂ ਕਰਕੇ ਹੋ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਜਿਵੇਂ ਕਿ ਚੂਹੇ ਨੂੰ ਨੁਕਸਾਨ, ਸੈਂਸਰ ਕੇਬਲਾਂ ਉੱਤੇ ਗੱਡੀ ਚਲਾਉਣਾ, ਕੇਬਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਉੱਪਰ ਟਪਕਣਾ, ਇੰਸਟਾਲੇਸ਼ਨ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਕੇਬਲ ਢਿੱਲ ਨਾ ਛੱਡਣਾ, ਜਾਂ ਖਰਾਬ ਸੈਂਸਰ ਵਾਇਰਿੰਗ ਕਨੈਕਸ਼ਨ।
ਚੂਹੇ ਦੇ ਨੁਕਸਾਨ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਣ ਲਈ ਜ਼ਮੀਨ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਹੋਣ 'ਤੇ ਕੇਬਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਨਲੀ ਜਾਂ ਪਲਾਸਟਿਕ ਦੀ ਕਲੈਡਿੰਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਗਾਓ।
Gather and secure cables between the TEROS 11/12 and the data logger to the mounting mast in one or more places.

ਕੇਬਲਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਰੂਟ ਕਰਨਾ

ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ: Do not route a sensor cable along another sensor or sensor cable.

Do not route the sensor cable along another sensor. Cables near another sensor or a ferrite core can interfere with sensor readings. For best results, do not install sensors directly above or below each other when using the borehole installation method (see Routing the Cables figure below). Sensors and ferrite cores should be at least 3 cm apart from other each other. Install sensors offset from each other to ensure cables and ferrite cores are far enough apart to avoid inaccurate readings.

ਡਾਟਾ ਲੌਗਰ ਨਾਲ ਕਨੈਕਟ ਕਰੋ

ਸੈਂਸਰ ਨੂੰ ਡੇਟਾ ਲਾਗਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਲੱਗ ਕਰੋ।
ਇਹ ਯਕੀਨੀ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਡੇਟਾ ਲੌਗਰ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਰੋ ਕਿ ਸੈਂਸਰ ਸਹੀ ਢੰਗ ਨਾਲ ਪੜ੍ਹ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ।
ਪੁਸ਼ਟੀ ਕਰੋ ਕਿ ਇਹ ਰੀਡਿੰਗ ਸੰਭਾਵਿਤ ਰੇਂਜ ਦੇ ਅੰਦਰ ਹਨ।
For more specific instructions on connecting to data loggers, refer to Section 2.1.

Backfill the Hole
Return soil to the hole, packing the soil back to its native bulk density.
Do not disturb or move the ferrite core as this could potentially pull the sensor out of the soil.

Table 2 contains brief descriptions for typical installation methods. Each has its own advantages ਅਤੇ disadvantages. For more information about which installation method is best for specific applications, please see the TEROS soil moisture sensor installation best
ਅਭਿਆਸ video or contact Customer Support.

Table 2: Installation methods

ਬੋਰਹੋਲ

This method uses the Borehole Installation Tool (Table 1) that allows a profile of soil moisture sensors to be installed at different depths within a single augered borehole. A 10-cm (4-in) borehole is augered vertically at the measurement location. The Borehole Installation Tool is then used to install the sensors in the sidewall of the borehole.
NOTE: The borehole method requires specialized installation tool available from METER if installing at depths greater than 50 cm.

ਖਾਈ

The trench installation method is best for shallow installations (less than 40 cm). This requires digging a trench with a shovel, excavator, or other tool. The trench needs to be dug to the depth of the deepest installed sensor. For deep installations, this may require a large trench. The sensor is installed carefully by hand into the undisturbed soil of the trench sidewall. The trench is carefully backfilled to preserve the bulk density of the soil and to avoid dislodging the installed sensor by accidentally snagging the ferrite core.

ਕਨੈਕਟ ਕੀਤਾ ਜਾ ਰਿਹਾ ਹੈ
The TEROS 11/12 works seamlessly with METER data loggers. The TEROS 11/12 can also be used with other data loggers, such as those from Campbell Scientific, Inc. ਸੈਂਸਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਥਰਡ-ਪਾਰਟੀ ਲੌਗਰਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਏਕੀਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਕਰਨਾ ਹੈ ਇਸ ਬਾਰੇ ਵਿਆਪਕ ਨਿਰਦੇਸ਼ਾਂ ਲਈ, ਵੇਖੋ TEROS 11/12 Integrator Guide.

TEROS 11/12 sensors require an excitation voltage in the range of 4 to 15 VDC and operate at a 4-VDC level for data communication. TEROS 11/12 can be integrated using DDI serial or SDI-12 protocol. See the TEROS 11/12 Integrator Guide ਡਾਟਾ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤੀ ਪ੍ਰਣਾਲੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਇੰਟਰਫੇਸ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਵੇਰਵਿਆਂ ਲਈ।

TEROS 11/12 sensors come with a 3.5-mm stereo plug connector (Figure 1) to facilitate easy connection with METER data loggers. TEROS 11/12 sensors may be ordered with stripped and tinned wires to facilitate connecting to some third-party loggers (Section 2.1.2).

The TEROS 11/12 comes standard with a 5-m cable. It may be purchased with custom cable lengths for an additional fee (on a per-meter basis). In some instances, the cable can be extended beyond 75 m by the user, but this is discouraged for a variety of reasons. Please contact Customer Support for more details before extending or splicing cables.

ਮੀਟਰ ਲੌਗਰ ਨਾਲ ਕਨੈਕਟ ਕਰੋ
The TEROS 11/12 works most efficiently with METER ZENTRA series data loggers. Check the METER ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ ਕਰੋ webਪੰਨਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਤਾਜ਼ਾ ਡਾਟਾ ਲਾਗਰ ਫਰਮਵੇਅਰ ਲਈ। ਲਾਗਰ ਸੰਰਚਨਾ ZENTRA ਉਪਯੋਗਤਾ (ਡੈਸਕਟਾਪ ਅਤੇ ਮੋਬਾਈਲ ਐਪਲੀਕੇਸ਼ਨ) ਜਾਂ ZENTRA ਕਲਾਉਡ (web-ਸੇਲ-ਸਮਰਥਿਤ ZENTRA ਡੇਟਾ ਲੌਗਰਸ ਲਈ ਅਧਾਰਤ ਐਪਲੀਕੇਸ਼ਨ)।

ਸਟੀਰੀਓ ਪਲੱਗ ਕਨੈਕਟਰ ਨੂੰ ਲਾਗਰ 'ਤੇ ਸੈਂਸਰ ਪੋਰਟਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਵਿੱਚ ਲਗਾਓ।
Use the appropriate software application to configure the chosen logger port for the TEROS 11/12.
METER data loggers will automatically recognize TEROS 11/12 sensors.
ਮਾਪ ਅੰਤਰਾਲ ਸੈੱਟ ਕਰੋ.
METER data loggers measure the TEROS 11/12 once every minute and return the average of the 1-min data across the chosen measurement interval.
TEROS 11/12 data can be downloaded from METER data loggers using either ZENTRA Utility or ZENTRA Cloud. Refer to the logger user manual for more information about these programs.

ਗੈਰ-ਮੀਟਰ ਲੌਗਰ ਨਾਲ ਕਨੈਕਟ ਕਰੋ
The TEROS 11/12 can be purchased for use with non-METER (third-party) data loggers. Refer to the third-party logger manual for details on logger communications, power, and ground ports. The TEROS 11/12 Integrator Guide ਗੈਰ-ਮੀਟਰ ਲੌਗਰਸ ਨੂੰ ਸੈਂਸਰਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਕਨੈਕਟ ਕਰਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਵਿਸਤ੍ਰਿਤ ਨਿਰਦੇਸ਼ ਵੀ ਪ੍ਰਦਾਨ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ।

TEROS 11/12 sensors can be ordered with stripped and tinned (pigtail) connecting wires for use with screw terminals. Refer to the third-party logger manual for wiring details.
Connect the TEROS 11/12 wires to the data logger illustrated in Figure 2 and Figure 3, with the power supply wire (brown) connected to the excitation, the digital out wire (orange) to a digital input, and the bare ground wire to ground.

ਨੋਟ: ਉਤੇਜਨਾ ਵਾਲੀਅਮ ਦੀ ਸਵੀਕਾਰਯੋਗ ਰੇਂਜtages is from 4 to 15 VDC. To read TEROS 11/12 sensors with Campbell Scientific, Inc. data loggers, power the sensors from a switched 12-V port or a 12-V port if using a multiplexer.
If the TEROS 11/12 cable has a standard stereo plug connector and needs to be connected to a non‑METER data logger, use one of the following two options.

ਵਿਕਲਪ 1

ਸੈਂਸਰ ਕੇਬਲ 'ਤੇ ਸਟੀਰੀਓ ਪਲੱਗ ਕਨੈਕਟਰ ਨੂੰ ਕਲਿਪ ਕਰੋ।
ਤਾਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਕੱਟੋ ਅਤੇ ਟਿਨ ਕਰੋ।
ਇਸਨੂੰ ਸਿੱਧਾ ਡਾਟਾ ਲਾਗਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਾਇਰ ਕਰੋ।

ਇਸ ਵਿਕਲਪ ਵਿੱਚ ਐਡਵਾਨ ਹੈtage of creating a direct connection and minimizes the chance of the sensor becoming unplugged. However, it cannot be easily used in the future with a METER readout unit or data logger.

ਵਿਕਲਪ 2
METER ਤੋਂ ਇੱਕ ਅਡਾਪਟਰ ਕੇਬਲ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰੋ।
The adapter cable has a connector for the stereo plug connector on one end and three wires (or pigtail adapter) for connection to a data logger on the other end. The stripped and tinned adapter cable wires have the same termination as seen in Figure 3; the brown wire is excitation, the orange is output, and the bare wire is ground.
ਨੋਟ: ਸਟੀਰੀਓ ਪਲੱਗ ਕਨੈਕਟਰ ਨੂੰ ਚਿਪਕਣ ਵਾਲੀ-ਲਾਈਨ ਹੀਟ ਸੁੰਗੜਨ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋਏ ਪਿਗਟੇਲ ਅਡੈਪਟਰ ਕਨੈਕਸ਼ਨਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਅਤ ਕਰੋ ਤਾਂ ਜੋ ਇਹ ਯਕੀਨੀ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਜਾ ਸਕੇ ਕਿ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਦੌਰਾਨ ਸੈਂਸਰ ਡਿਸਕਨੈਕਟ ਨਾ ਹੋ ਜਾਵੇ।

ਸੰਚਾਰ
The TEROS 11/12 communicates using two different methods:

DDI serial string
SDI-12 ਸੰਚਾਰ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੋਕੋਲ
To obtain detailed instructions, refer the TEROS 11/12 Integrator Guide.
The SDI-12 protocol requires that all sensors have a unique address. TEROS 11/12 sensor factory default is an SDI-12 address of 0. To add more than one SDI-12 sensor to a bus, the sensor address can be changed using a ZSC Bluetooth® sensor interface and the ZENTRA Utility Mobile app as described below:

ਨੋਟ: ZENTRA ਲੌਗਰਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਸੈਂਸਰ SDI-12 ਐਡਰੈੱਸ ਨੂੰ 0 ਤੇ ਵਾਪਸ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਵੇਗਾ।

ਮੋਬਾਈਲ ਡਿਵਾਈਸ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋਏ, ZENTRA ਯੂਟਿਲਿਟੀ ਮੋਬਾਈਲ ਐਪ ਖੋਲ੍ਹੋ।
ਸੈਂਸਰ ਨੂੰ ZSC ਨਾਲ ਕਨੈਕਟ ਕਰੋ।
ਸੈਂਸਰ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਦੇ ਤਹਿਤ, SDI ਪਤਾ ਡਰਾਪਡਾਉਨ ਚੁਣੋ।
ਵਿਕਲਪਾਂ ਵਿੱਚੋਂ ਸਕ੍ਰੋਲ ਕਰੋ ਅਤੇ ਲੋੜੀਂਦਾ SDI-12 ਪਤਾ ਚੁਣੋ।

NOTE: Address options include 0-9, A-Z, and a-z. Detailed information can also be found in the application note Setting SDI-12 addresses on METER digital sensors using Campਘੰਟੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਡੇਟਾ ਲੌਗਰਸ ਅਤੇ ਲੌਗਰਨੈੱਟ. When using the sensor as part of an SDI-12 bus, excite the sensors continuously to avoid issues with initial sensor startup interfering with the SDI-12 communications.

ਸਿਸਟਮ

ਇਹ ਸੈਕਸ਼ਨ ਰੀviews the components and functionality of the TEROS 11/12 sensor.

ਨਿਰਧਾਰਨ

ਮਾਪ ਨਿਰਧਾਰਨ

ਸੰਚਾਰ ਵਿਵਰਣ

ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਤਾਵਾਂ

ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰੀਕਲ ਅਤੇ ਟਾਈਮਿੰਗ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਤਾਵਾਂ

ਪਾਲਣਾ

ਕੰਪੋਨੈਂਟਸ

The TEROS 11/12 sensor measures soil moisture, temperature, and EC (TEROS 12 only) of soil using stainless steel needles (Figure 4).

TEROS 11/12 sensors measure soil moisture by applying the 70 MHz signal to Needle 1 and using Needle 2 and Needle 3 as the reference for the measurement.
TEROS 11/12 sensors measure temperature with a thermistor on the PCB near needle 1.
TEROS 12 sensors measure EC between Needle 2 and Needle 3.
These sensors have a low-power requirement, which makes them ideal for permanent burial in the soil and continuous reading with a data logger or periodic reading with a handheld reader.

A ferrite core positioned on the TEROS 11/12 sensor cable 7.6 cm (3 in) away from the sensor head is utilized to isolate the sensor from any interferences in the system. This mitigates any potential noise from the system on the measured sensor data. It is important to not attach anything to the section of cable between the sensor head and the ferrite core as this may influence the measurements.

The TEROS 11/12 VWC measurement sensitivity is contained within a 1,010-mL volume roughly depicted in Figure 5. Please see the application note Measurement volume of METER volumetric water content sensors for testing protocol and more thorough analysis.

ਨੋਟ: The TEROS 11/12 provides instantaneous or near-instantaneous measurements; however, because of the sensitivity of the measurement of the sensor head, the TEROS 11/12 is not well suited for spot measurements of VWC.

ਥਿਊਰੀ
The following sections explain the theory of VWC, temperature, and EC (TEROS 12 only) measured by TEROS 11/12.

ਵੋਲਯੂਮੈਟ੍ਰਿਕ ਪਾਣੀ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ
TEROS 11/12 sensors use an electromagnetic field to measure the dielectric permittivity of the surrounding medium. The sensor supplies a 70-MHz oscillating wave to the sensor needles, which charge according to the dielectric of the material. The charge time is proportional to substrate dielectric and substrate VWC. The TEROS 11/12 microprocessor measures the charge time and outputs a raw value based on the substrate dielectric permittivity. The raw value is then converted to VWC by a calibration equation specific to the substrate (Section 4.1).

ਤਾਪਮਾਨ
The TEROS 11/12 uses a small thermistor mounted on the PCB near the lower needle. The TEROS 11/12 temperature measurement is optimized to be accurate when the TEROS 11/12 is fully buried in soil or substrate. Older models of TEROS 12 use a thermistor in the center needle to take temperature readings. The TEROS 11/12 sensors output temperature is in degrees Celsius unless otherwise stated in the data logger program, such as in preferences in the ZENTRA software.
NOTE: Even though the sensor head is white, in direct sunlight, the temperature measurement may read high. Use caution when installing the sensor with the sensor head in the sun.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (TEROS 12 ONLY)
Electrical conductivity (EC) is the ability of a substance to conduct electricity and can be used to infer the amount of ions that are present in solution. EC is measured by applying an alternating electrical current to two electrodes and measuring the resistance between them. Bulk EC is derived by multiplying the inverse of the resistance (conductance) by the cell constant (the ratio of the distance between the electrodes to their area). TEROS 12 sensor bulk EC measurements are corrected to EC at 25 °C:

where EC25 is the normalized EC at 25 °C, ECT is the EC measured by the probe at temperature T, and T is the temperature at the time of measurement. The bulk EC measurement is factory calibrated to be accurate over the range found in the vast majority of soil and growth substrates.
EC measurements above 10 dS/m are sensitive to contamination of the electrodes by skin oils, etc. Follow cleaning instructions in Section 4.2 if measuring the EC of salty soils.

CONVERTING BULK EC TO PORE EC (TEROS 12 ONLY)
For many applications, it is advantageous to know the EC of the solution contained in the soil pores (σp ), which is a good indicator of the solute concentration in the soil. Traditionally, σp is obtained by extracting pore water from the soil and measuring σp directly, a timeconsuming and labor-intensive process. The TEROS 12 sensor measures the EC of the bulk soil surrounding the sensors (σb ). A considerable amount of research has been conducted to determine the relationship between σb and σp . Hilhorst (2000) describes a linear relationship between σp and σb as well as the soil bulk dielectric permittivity (εb ). We use this relationship to convert σb to σp . The TEROS 12 sensor measures εb and σb nearly simultaneously in the same soil volume. Therefore, the TEROS 12 is well suited to this method.
The pore water conductivity (σp ) is determined from Equation 2 (see Hilhorst 2000 for derivation):

ਕਿੱਥੇ

Dielectric permittivity of the soil pore water (εp ) is calculated from soil temperature using Equation 2:

where Tsoil is the soil temperature (in Celsius) measured by the TEROS 12. Use Equation 8 to calculate εb from the raw sensor water content.
Finally, εσb = 0 is an offset term loosely representing the dielectric permittivity of the dry soil. Hilhorst (2000) recommended that εb = 0 = 4.1 be used as a generic offset. Hilhorst (2000) offers a simple and easy method for determining εσb = 0 for individual soil types, which improves the accuracy of the calculation of εp in most cases.
METER testing indicates that the method for calculating σp (Equation 1) results in good accuracy (±20%) in moist soils and other growth media. In dry soils, where VWC is less than 0.10 m3/m3, the denominator of Equation 1 becomes very small, leading to potentially large errors. METER recommends that σp not be calculated in soils with VWC < 0.10 m3/m3 using this method.

PORE WATER VERSUS SATURATION EXTRACT EC (TEROS 12 ONLY)
As noted in Section 3.3.4, pore water EC can be calculated from bulk EC using the sensormeasured dielectric permittivity of the medium. However, pore water EC is not the same as saturation extract EC.
Pore water EC is the EC of the water in the pore space of the soil. This is measured directly if the soil is placed under high pressure to force water out of the soil matrix. That water has to be collected and tested for EC.
Saturation extract EC is the EC of pore water removed from a saturated paste. Saturation extract EC can be measured directly if distilled water is used to wet the soil until the soil saturates. The soil is then placed on filter paper in a vacuum funnel and suction is applied.
An EC measurement on the water extracted from the saturated sample will give the saturation extract EC.
Theoretically, the pore water EC and saturation extract EC are related by the degree of saturation (VWC/total porosity) of the soil. An example calculation illustrates this relationship:

Example A soil is at 0.1 m3/m3 VWC, has a pore water EC of 0.7 dS/m, and a dry bulk density of 1.5 Mg/m3 .

The total porosity of the soil can be calculated using Equation 4:

The saturation extract EC can be calculated as illustrated in Equation 5:

ਕਿੱਥੇ

In practice, solution EC calculated from this method and solution EC taken from a laboratory soil test may not agree well because wetting soil to a saturated paste is very imprecise.

ਸੇਵਾ

This section contains calibration information, calibration frequencies, cleaning guidelines, troubleshooting guidelines, customer support contact information, and terms and conditions.

ਕੈਲੀਬ੍ਰੇਸ਼ਨ
This section includes the mineral soil, soilless media, and dielectric calibrations for TEROS 11/12, where Θ is the VWC (in m3/m3 ), where ε is dielectric, and where RAW is the raw sensor output, when read with a METER or third-party data logger.
The TEROS 11/12 is not sensitive to variation in soil texture and EC because it runs at a high measurement frequency. Therefore, its generic calibration equation should result in reasonable absolute accuracy; 0.03 m3/m3 for most mineral soils up to 8 dS/m saturation extract. Its calibration equations are shown below for mineral soil, soilless growing media (i.e., potting soil, perlite, or peat moss), and dielectric permittivity. However, for added accuracy, customers are encouraged to perform soil-specific calibrations.
For more information on how to calibrate sensors or to learn about METER calibration service (calibrations performed for a standard fee), see soil sensor calibration ਜਾਂ ਗਾਹਕ ਸਹਾਇਤਾ ਨਾਲ ਸੰਪਰਕ ਕਰੋ।

ਖਣਿਜ ਮਿੱਟੀ
According to METER tests, a single calibration equation will generally suffice for most mineral soil types with ECs from 0 to 8 dS/m saturation extract. VWC (Θ) is given by Equation 6:

A linear equation is used for the mineral soil calibration because it provides the best predictions of VWC in the range of VWC found in mineral soils, but this equation reaches a maximum at approximately 0.70 m3/m3 in pure water. To display data on a scale from 0 to 1.0 m3/m3 , VWC should be modeled with a quadratic equation (which would result in a 1.0 m3 /m3 in water). However, METER does not recommend this for mineral soils because it often makes the calibration less accurate in the range of VWC found in mineral soil.

SOILLESS MEDIA
TEROS 11/12 sensors are calibrated in potting soil, perlite, and peat. The goal is to create a generic calibration equation that will work in many nonsoil substrates with an accuracy of better than 0.05 m3/m3

For higher accuracy, performing a media-specific calibration should improve the accuracy to 0.01 to 0.02 m3/m3
The differences between mineral soil and soilless media calibrations are caused by high-air volume in the organic soils that lowers the starting (dry media) dielectric of the sensor.
The calibration for several potting soils, perlite, and peat moss is shown in Equation 7:

ਸਪੱਸ਼ਟ ਡਾਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਿਕ ਅਨੁਮਤੀ
Apparent dielectric permittivity (εa) can be used to determine VWC using external published equations such as the Topp equation (Topp et al. 1980). Dielectric permittivity is also used for calculating pore water EC. Dielectric permittivity is given by Equation 8:

ਸਫਾਈ
If the sensor needles become contaminated with oils from contact with skin or another source, it is necessary to clean the needles to ensure accurate EC readings in salty soils with bulk EC greater than 10 dS/m.

Clean each needle using a mild detergent such as liquid dish soap and a nonabrasive sponge or cloth.
NOTE: Avoid detergents that contain lotions or moisturizers.
Rinse the sensor and needles thoroughly with tap or deionized (DI) water.
NOTE: Do not touch the needles with an ungloved hand or bring them in contact with any source of oil or other non-conducting residue

ਸਮੱਸਿਆ ਨਿਵਾਰਨ

Table 3 Troubleshooting the TEROS 11/12

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ਹਵਾਲੇ

Hilhorst, M. A. 2000. “A Pore Water Conductivity Sensor.” Soil Science Society of America
Journal 64, no. 6:1922–1925.
Topp, G. Clarke, J.L. Davis, and A. Peter Annan. 1980. “Electromagnetic Determination of Soil
Water Content: Measurement in Coaxial Transmission Lines.” Water Resources Research
16, no.3: 574–582.

FAQ

Q: How often should I calibrate the TEROS 11/12?

A: Calibration frequency depends on usage and environmental conditions. It is recommended to calibrate annually for optimal performance.

Q: Can the TEROS 11/12 measure soil moisture in different soil types?

A: Yes, the TEROS 11/12 can measure soil moisture in various soil types. Refer to calibration procedures for accurate readings in different soils.

ਦਸਤਾਵੇਜ਼ / ਸਰੋਤ

METER 18225-16 Teros Moisture and Temperature Sensor [pdf] ਹਦਾਇਤ ਮੈਨੂਅਲ
18225-16, 11.2025, 18225-16 Teros Moisture and Temperature Sensor, 18225-16, Teros Moisture and Temperature Sensor, Moisture and Temperature Sensor, Temperature Sensor, Sensor

ਹਵਾਲੇ

ਯੂਜ਼ਰ ਮੈਨੂਅਲ

METER 18225-16 Teros Moisture and Temperature Sensor

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