APple IIGS Owners Guide
Rescanned by Marcus Bennett
APple IIGS Owners Guide Apple II
,
Apple. II Apple IIGs.. Owner's Guide
· APPLE COMPUTER, INC.
e Copyright 1986, Apple
Compuler, Inc., for all nontextual material, graphics, figures, photognphs, and all computer program listings or code in any form, including objeci and source code. All rights reserved.
Apple, the Apple logo, AppleTalk, ImagcWriter, L3serWriler, and ProDOS are registered Ir2de-marks of Apple Computer, Inc.
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Dialog is a registered trademark of Dialog Information Services, Inc.
Dow JOIlCS and Dow Jones NewslRetrieval Service :oIre registered lJ"2demarks of Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
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113M is a rcgistcred trademark of Imcrnational Business Machines Corporation.
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada.
Printed in Singapore.
Contents
FlgurCK and lobles Ix
P,.'ace
Th. Incredible Strelching Mochl~ xiii
Leammg by doing xiv Road nup 10 the ffi21lU21s xv
O\opteJ 1
M_l YOIM ApP'- Ill;$ 1
Application programs 2 Di5k52
Peripheral devices <I Starting up 6 The mining disk 7
Starting up the training disk 8 Problems starting up' 9 Sloppmg 10 Switching appliations 11 Control Panel Program 12 Using UX! Control Panel Prognm 13
Chapter 2
Onee 0'1'''' Ughlly 17
SUiting up lln application 18 Communicating ",ilh :an application 19
Uscr lOlCrface 19 How inrorm:uion ~ dJspbyed 20 Creating a dowmcnl 21 Scrolllng 22 Saving a document 22 Formatting II disk 23 Making a lnckup copy 23 Editing a document 24 Printing a documcm 25 EMc:nual jugon 26
·
Chapter 3
The Mouse and Ihe Keyboard 29
Using mouse·based programs 31
Clicking 3t
Selecting 31 Dragging 32 PuU-down menus 33
Choosing 3<i Editing 35
Insening 36 Deleting 37 Cutting and pasting 38 Copying 39
Windows <iO Changing the size of a window <it Moving a window 41 ActiVllting a window oil Clanging the view through a window 42 Closing a window 42
Using keyboard-based applications 43 Moving the cursor 45 Control keys 45
Typing a document 46 RclUrn 46 Shift and Caps Lock 48
Tab 48
Keys that can be confusing 49 Space bar 49 Auto·repcat 50 Type-ahead-keyboard buffer 50 Numeric keypad 51 Summary of special keys 51
Chapter4
Saving Ooeumenl. 55
Formatting a disk 56
Saving a document S8 Saving to a disk in a certain disk drive S8 Naming a document S8 Saving with a pathname 59 Creating subdirectories 60 SeUing a prefix 61
Other ways to save 6\ Disk operating systems 62
Apple [I disk operating systems 63
Iv
Contents
Chapter 5
Application P'ograml 67
Choosing an application 69
Word processing 70 Companion applications 71
Data base 71 Spreadshccl 73 Communications 75
Information services 77 Bulletin boards 78 Graphics 79 For business 79 For fun 79 For art 80 Education 80 Adult education 81 Learning by programming 82 Home finance g3 Accounting 8'i Recreation 85 Music 86 Spcdal in!ercst 86 Free software 87 More applications 88 Education 88
English 88 Foreign languages 88 Sodal sludies 89 Chemistry 89 Physics 89 Biology 89 Math 90 Astronomy 90 Compuler-sdence tutorials 90 Religion 90 How-to's 9\
Hobbies 91 Home 9\ Self-help 9\
Contents
Chapter 6 P.rlph.ral O.vlc:·· 9J
Connecting peripher;ll devices 94 Ports and slots 95 Specifying !he location of peripheral devices 95
SpeciFying thc slot number 96 SpeciFying !he drive number 96
Choosing pcriphcr;ll devices 97 Prinlers 97
DOl matrix printcrs 98 Daisy wheel printers 99 Thermal IransFer printers 99 Modems 100 Monilors 100 Using a lClevision sel as a display device 101 DIsk drives 102 3.5-inch disk drives 102 5.25-inch disk drives 102 liard disk drives 103 Memory expansion card 103 Other devices 104
Appendix A 11'1. Control Pon.l Program 10&
Gelling to lhe Control Panel Program 109 Using the Control Panel Program 111 Display IH
Type 114 Columns 114 Screen colors liS Ilcm~ 116 Sound 117 System speed 118 Clock 118 Options 119 Display language and Keyboard layout 119 Keyboard BuFFering 119 Repeat Speed 120 Repeat Delay 120 Dooble Click 120 Cursor flash 120 Advanced Features 121 ShiFt CapslLowercasc 121 Fast Space/Delcte keys 121 Dual Speed Keys 121 Iligh Speed Moose 121
vi
Contents
Activating slots or pons 122 Changing the surrup drive 123 Changing printer/modem port settings 12'1
Device Connected 127 Line Length 127 Delete First LF After CR 127 Add LF After CR 128 Echo 128 Buffering 128 Baud 129 Data bits/stop bits 129 Parity 129 Handstuke signals 130 RAM disk 130
Appendix B
Trouble.hoollng 132
Trouble surting up 132 Starting up DOS 3,2 applications 134
Trouble stopping 135 Trouble using an appiiailion 135 Trouble using the keyboard 137 Trouble using the mouse 138
Cleaning the mouse 138 Trouble with the display 139 Trouble saving a document 142 Trouble printing 144
Trouble with the modem 146
Appendix C
Apple II FamllV Oillerenee. 149
Keyboard 150 Display 150
M> columns versus 80 columns lSI MouseTcxt lSI Periphera.l devices 152 Memory 153 Apple 11 family overview 154 Apple II Plus 154 Apple lie 1';4 Apple lie ISS Apple lies ISS
Contents
Appenclx 0
App" 1l(;S Feotu,.. ond $peelneollons 156
Features 156
Programming languagCli 159 Operating systems 159 Specifications 159
Display 159
Microprocessor 160 Memory 160
Keyboard 161 Pin-outs 161
HC3dphone jack 161 Printer and modem ports 161 Game pan. 162 Disk drive port 162 RGB video pon 163
Apple Dco;klop Bus 163
Internal speaker 163 Internal game COnneclor 164 Rererence manuals 164
Overview 1M
Jlardware and firmware 164 Development environment 165 Related manuals 165
GIoSlOry 167 Indell 185
Tell APP'- Card
viR
Contents
Figures and tables
Prerae.
The Incr~l~ Stretching Maehln. xHl
flgure pol Figure P-2 Figure P-}
TIle IUked arcuit board xiii Stretching your machine xiv Road nup to the manuals ltV
Chopter 1
Me.r Your Apple Ileil 1
Figure 1-1 Figure 1-2 Figure 1-3 Figure 1-4 Figure 1-5 Figure 1-6 Figure 1-7 Figure 1-8 Figure 1-9 Figure 1-10 Figure I-II
Software 3 Care or disks 3 Peripheral devices 4 Put disk in drive 8 Tum on monitor 8 Tum on computer 8 Prob1cms~ 9 Ejea disk 10 Restarting 11 Col1l.tol Panel menu 13 Cock display 14
Chapter 2
One. Over Ughtly 17
Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2·3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5
Figure 2-6
Figure 2-7 figure 2-8 Figure 2-9
Application ukes ~'er 18 4O-<:olumn display 20 Different kinds of dooJmenr.s 21 Documetll is bigger than.screen 22 If ~r goes off, document is 105l 22 Saving.ll document 23 Formatting a disk 23 Another reason for 11 backup copy 24 Saving 11 revised document 24
Chapter 3 Th" Mouse and Ihe Keyboard 29
Figure 3·1 Figure 3·2 Figure 3·3 Figure 34 Figure 3-5
Pointing 30 Clicking 31 Dl'llgging to sclca 32 Menu 33 Choosing :II comm:llnd 34
·
Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 Figure 3-8 Figure 3-9 Figure 3-10
Figure 3-11 Figure 3- 12 Figure 3-13
Figure 3-14 Figure 3-15 Figure 3-16
Insertion pOint 35
Inserting text 36
Deleting text 37 CUlting texl 38 Pasting text 39 Pans or a window 40
Main menu 43 Overlapping rrtenUll 44
Arrow substitutes 45
An errant Return character 47 Kcyboard 52
Chapter 4
Saving Documents 55
Figure 4-1
Figure 4-2 Figure 4-3
Two ways 10 organize documents 59
Pathname 60 What the disk Open-ling system does 62
Figure 4-4 Disk open-ting SylllCm is shown on label 63
Chapter 5
Application Plograms 67 Figure 5-1 Lots or applia.tions 68 Figure 5-2 Computer as word processor 70 Figure 503 Computcr as record keeper 71 Figure 5-4 Records and fields 72 Figure 505 Computcr as number <:nIncher 73 Figure 5-6 Spreadshcct 74 Figure 5-7 Computer as Swilchboard 75 Figure 5-8 Computer as a.nvas 79
Figure 5-9 Computer as teacher 80
Figure 5-10 Computer as entertainer 85 Figure 5-11 Compuler as instrument 86
Chapter 6
Peripheral Devices 93
Figure 6-1 Pons and SIOlS 94
Figure 6-2 Figure 6-3
Serial pons 95 Printer 97
Figure 6-4 Print samples 98
Figure 6-5 Figure 6-6
\XIhallhe modem docs 100 Monitor 100
Figure 6-7 Disk drive 102
x
Figures and tables
Appendix A
The Control Ponel Pfog/om 108
Figure A-I Figure A-2 Figure A-3 Figure A-4 figure A-5 l'igure A-6
Figure A-7 l'igurc A-8 Table A-I Figure A·9 Table A-2
G<ltew2y to lhe Control P2.nel prognm 109 Desk: Acccssof'K03 menu 110 Corllfol Panel Program M:lin Menu 111 Control P2.nel Program display 112 Control P<locl Program overview 113 Choosing color of text, background, and border 116 Ch<lnging volume 117
Dvorak keyboard byout 119 Sloo and ports 122 Activating slots or ports 123 St<lnd,ard port settings 126
Appendix 8 T'ouble,hoollng 132 Figure B-1 Mouse belly 138
Appendix C
Apple II Family Dlfferenees 1..9
Table C-l Figure C-l Figure C·2 J-'igure C·3 Figure C-4
Slots and ports 152 Apple II Plus 154 Apple lie 154 Apple lie 155 Apple IICS 155
Appendix D
Apple l~ Feem.- and Speclftcatlon, 156
Figure D-I Figure 0-2 Figure 0-3 Figure 0-4 Figure 0-5 Figure ~ Figure 0-7 Figure ~
Main drcuil bc»rd 158 Ib.ck PJ.ne1 158 Printer and modem port pin-outS 161 G<IIT1C port pin-outS 162 Disk drive port pin-outS 162 RGB video port pin-oul.S 163 Apple: Desktop Bus pin-OUI.S 163 Imernal game conne<:tor pin-outS 164
Preface
The Incredible Stretching Machine
Flgur. P-l The naked circul board
A program Is 0 seT 01 computer InstructIons thol 0110W5 you 10 do 50mathlng u59lu1 with your computer-like wrillng or budgatlng A document 15 the body ollnformollon you craote us;ng 0 program-ike 0 memo or obudgal
TIle Applc~ IlGS is ~ direct descendant of the Apple I-the creation
of an engineer who hated so much 10 leave his computer behind at
the end of the workday that he made himself a home computer.
Steve Wozniak, the engineer, showed the machine to his friend Steve Jobs, and they showed it to other engineers and computer enthusiasts at the Ilomcbrew Computer Club It wasn't much to look at. It didn't have a case or a keyboard or a matching monitor, but no one saw wtu.t it wasn't. TItey saw what il could be, and they all wanted one.
So \'\'omiak and Jobs started building computers for their friends. And those friends started building cases for their naked cirCUit boards and writing programs that stretched the machine to its limits. Except Ihat the limits kept expanding.
The flrst machine was built to grow, and it's still growing. The memory size, for example-which determines how elaborate a program can be and how big a document can be-has gone from 4K on the Apple I to 2S6K on the Apple llGS. And when you need more memory, you cn stretch that 2S6K beyond 8 megab}1eS.
Despite the considcr.lble difference in memory size and other features, most of the programs originally designed for the fltst generation of Apple computers can ron on the Apple llGS. It's not a coincidence. It's the result of a commitment 10 compatibility among the computers in the Apple II family. And iI's the reason you have so many programs, printers, and other Apple products 10 choose from loday.
You'lIleam how you can use those programs and products to stretch your machine as you go through the tnining disk and the books that came with your Apple ltGS.
FIgure P-2 Stretching yOlJ' machine
learning by doing
1lJc best way to get acquainted with the Apple !lGS is to use it-that's
the pur(XlSC of Your Tour ol/he Apple fiGS, the interactive training
disk that came packed with your Apple IIGS. TIle owner's guide expands on the concepts presented on the training disk, but neither the guide nor the disk can tell you cxaaly in a step-by-step way how to use your computer to write repom, do financial planning, or create graphics. '[be step-by-step instructions come with the programs you buy for your computer. The fascinating (and initially confusing) thing about computers is that how they work depends on what you usc them for.
xlv
Preface: The Incredible Stretching IvIachine
A user g10UP III a gr~ of com· puter usors wtlo got tog other 10 shoro programl thoV'vo Wl1non ond opinions !hoy hOve obouT
CommOlClanv prodJcod pr~ gromi and compuTer prO<1Jca.
If you have any questions tmt other manWils don't an.swcr, come back 10 this manual for help. If you on't find the answer here, your best resource is a fJl(ll'e experienced Apple user. If you don't know such a person, consider joining an Apple user group in your area. Ask your authorized Apple dealer ror the ad<lrcs$ or 011 the number
1-800-538-9696 and ask ror extension 500. You'll get the name, address, and phone number of a U$C:r group in your area
Road map to the manuals
DIs. Your Apple IIGS caml': with sevenl books: SeUll'llllfJ Your Apple
IIGS, the Apple IIGS Ou"'/'ler's Guide, the Apple l1GS S)Slem
t.Jser's Gultk, and A RJudI of~ BASJC
If you haven't done 50 already, read the: selup guide to get your oompuler.set up, and then stan reading this book. Not the whole thing-just enough.50 you feel comfortable with your new machine. What you do aller thaI depends OIl whether you want 10 1J5e a prognm «(or writing, olculating, lisl making, dnwing) or whether you wanllO wrile programs yourself
Flgur. '-3
Rood mop to the manuals
Rood mop to the monuob
xv
You an buy progt'2ms to accomplish almost any task you can think of (and many you can't), so you don't need to write programs unless you want to~ but many people prefer writing programs to using those aViilable, If you think you might be one of those people, read A T=h 01Applesoft BASIC. [f you're content to leave program· ming to programmers, skip the introduction to BASIC and read the manual that came with one of the programs you gOl. to use with your Apple IIGS.
111C system disk documentation explains how to use the programs on the Apple NGS System Dtsk, You'll usc the System Disk to prepare blank disks for storing documents, to make copies of important disks, 10 delete documcnl.'! you don't need any more, and 10 SWllch quickly from one progt'2m to anOl.her. A program that IeI.'! you copy, delete, and otherwise manipulate documcnl.'! is called a utillry program. Read the system disk documentation when you're ready 10 start using a program to ereate doa!ffienl.'!.
These manuals are designed for people who plan to usc the Apple IIGS for writing, budgeting, record keeping, and things like that. If you wanl technical information about the Apple lIGS, sec Appendix D for a list of Apple IIGS technical reference manuals.
)(vl
Prefoce: The Incredible Stretching Mochine
A shleldlld cable has a metallc
""ap aroo..od tho wk"esla re<luce 1110 potential effects 01 radofrequency Ir1rerterence
Redio and television interference
lbe e<ju;pmcm <ksalbed In this manual generates and uses radiofrequency cnersv. If i. is not Insu.lled and used properly---(hat Is, In wid. accordance with our ;ru;truetions--it mayau.se interference with radio and tele~ision ree<:ption.
This equlpmem h;os been tested and complies with the llmllS for a OaM B computing device In accordance with the 5pedfic:nions in SUbp2.rtJ, Palt
IS, or FCC rul"". The"" rules are designed to provide re:l5Orlable protection
aga;ru;t such Imerference In a '''''ilkntlal lru;tallation, However, there Is nO guarantee lh.t the interference wUl not occur in a parllcula, il1Slalialion, especially 1[. "rabbi.-ea,-" television anlenna is u""d. (A rabbit-ear antenna Is the tel=ping.rod type usually found on television ree<:lvers.)
You ""n determine whether your computer is causing Interferene<: by turning It ofT. If the imerferene<: Slops, It w;os probably cau""d by the computer or Its perlpher.d devie.".. To rurmc,r lsoIale the problem, disconnect Ihe peripheral devices and their Input/OUlput abies one at a time, If the Interference SlOp$, it w;os cau.sed by either the peripheral device or the 110 cable. These devices usually require shielded 110 abies. For Apple peripherals, you an obtain th'" pJ'OP'"'" "hIclded cable from your dealer. for non-Apple peripheral dev"","", contact til<: manufacturer or delIler for assistance.
Imporlant
Vo.. Appe compuler and ~s peripheral devices WElre FCC-certllled under test cond:llons thaI hduded use of shielded cobles and conneclan between system components ~ is Important lI10t you U59 shlalded cables and comectors 10 roduco tho posslblilty 01 causing Interferenco to rodo. lelevlslon. and oll'1or oIocltonle devices.
If your computer does ause Interference to I2dio or television re<:cption,
you an try 10 correct the Interference by using one: or rnare or the
following me..... ur"":
· Tum Ihe television or radio antenna unta the Intenerence Slops.
· Move Ihe computer to one side or the other of the television or radio.
· Move the compuler baher away from Ill<: television or radio.
· Plug the computer into an OUtlet that is on a dlfT",,,,nt circuit than the television or radio. (lllat is, make <:e1U;n ttl<: computer and the radio or television set are on circuits controlled by difTerent circui. bre:akers or fuses.)
· Consider Installing a rooftop television antenna with a C<»JIi:l1 able I""d-In between the antenna and tele~ision.
If necessary, consult your aUlhorized Apple d""ler or an experienced radio/tele\'islOll technician (or additional suggestioru;.
Chapler 1
L:
L.:
C
This chapter dennes some essential computer jargon-words like hardware, software, appltcalion program, and peripheral device. 1bcn it shows you how to start up the Apple lIGS mining disk. After that, you'll gcta ehance to usc the Apple IIGS's builHn Control Panel Prog.ram-a progrllm thaI leL'l you customize your computer system much the way you adjust the scat position and mirrors to customi?.c a oew car.
All of these topics are covered in more detail later in this guide.
Application programs
What you do with your computer depends on the soflW<lre you're using with it. Sof'tware refers to the sets of iru;truClions, called programs, thaI tell the computer what to do. A progrllm designed for a particular purpose, or appliClition, is called an apptlcalton program, or just an appUcatlon. You can write programs yoursclf, or you an choose from a libfllry of over 10,000 applications thaI arc available for the Apple II family of computers. Applicatioru; arc stored on disks. You start up an application by pUlting an application progfllm disk in a disk drive and turning on the compuler's power. Disk drives play back information stored on disks much the way tape players play back the information on tape caSSCllCS.
Ie Il how both computer memory silo cnd dlsk storcge space cre mecSU"ed Kis short lor Idobyfe
(c iffle mora thon llXXl bYIM). ~
TokM one bVte to hold ono chaoctor or information.
Disks
You an usc two kinds of disks to stan up appliation programs on the Apple lies, 3oS-lncb disks and 5.2S·lndl disks. The main difference betwccn the IWO types of disks is storage Cllpadty: 3.5-inch disks an hold 8IXlK (aboul oiOO pagcs of lext); S.lS-inch disks an hold 1<l3K (about 70 pages oftexO.
2
Chapter 1: Meet Your Apple IIGS
3 5-lrch cfisk
Flgur. I-I Software
Docum&nll Ole 0150 colednl.l.
~ liard dfsll. You an also start up Apple IIGS appliations from a
h:ttd d.l51t. Youllleam trIOI'e about hard disks in Oupcer 6
TI1e standard information 5I.0fllge medium for !he Apple IIGS is !he 3.5-inch di$k because il is compaQ and Murdy, and has almost SIJI: tllnes the Monge apaary of a 525-inch disk. But the Apple IIGS works ju5t fine WIth 5.25-inch disks, so if you have a library of them, there's no reason nO( to use them with !he Apple IIGS. The imperlant thing is that you have the right kind of disk drive 10 match your
disks
Besides using disks 10 Slart up applications, you'D use disks to store documents. Documenl is a generic term for anything you create with an application. It could be a memo, a budget, a graph, a picture, and so on. Initially, application program disks arc more valuable than the blank disks you buy for storing documents; but once :a disk has your documents on it, it becomes as valuable as the
time you spent creating the documents. ThaI's why it's important 10 uke good care of disks. Re:ad :about the care :and handling of disks in the ITWlUal that came with your disk drive.. And keep these points in
mind:
· r-Uke backup copies of importanl disks. Copying disks is expbincd III the system disk guide.
· Keep disks aw:ay from hot p1:aces (bke the ~rd of your car on :a sunny day).
· Keep disks aw:ay from m:agnets (and devices like telephones that use magnets).
· Prolea dISks from dust. (SlOte !hem upnght and CO'o"ered, either III a ~ disk I10Idcr or in a shoe box)
· Keep disks dry. (Don't w:ater pianlS over them or gel sloppy ......th your coffee.)
_~O'.,-lo
Figul. 1-2 Cere of disks
"e=.0....>a
AppIcotlon progl"OlTIS
3
Peripheral devices
In addition 10 the software thaI tells your computer what to do, you need hardware thai leIS you see what you're doing (a monitor), save and retrieve whal you've done (a disk drive), and print a copy of your work (a printer) Acccssorics like these, that plug into your computer, arc called peripheral devices. figure 1-3 shows you some of the standard Apple IIGS peripheral devices, with brief descriptions of what they do.
Figure 1-3 Peripheral devices
Monllor: displays lnstlUClions for using the appUcat1on: displays documents you create wHIe using the computer.
Disk drive: reads lnlormat1on from disks and sends it to the computer; saves your doctnlents on disks for storage,
Prinler: produces a poper copy of a doctnlent.
4
Chapter 1; Meet Your Apple IIGS
1bert! art! two ways 10 oonnecl peripheral devices 10 the Apple IIGS. Some devKcs an:: designed 10 be plugged into a plfticular pan on
the tnck of the computer Other devices art! designed to be plugged
intO a slot in$idc the OOffipuler If !he dev)oe requires an interfacco card, u's designed to be plugged into a slot.
You11learn more aboul periphenl devices In Chapter 6. Sec the scrup guide for information on connecting peripheral devices to the Apple IIGS.
Keyboord: enables you 10 type documents
and send In!;tructIons to the compuler.
Mouse: leis you send ntTu:tIons to the corl'l'Uler by poin~ at oplior'l$ on the creen Inslead of typhg,
Modem: Ilnk:s ycu computer 10 other eo<r<>UI~ord
hformotlon servtce-s over lelephone Ihes.
Joystick: leis you conll'oIlhe actton. mainly h game programs.
P8I1pheral devtc:es
5
soma opplk;o~onsrefor 10 The
startup owe as driv.. l.
A disk drtv. conlroller cord Is on Intmfoce cord thot provldes a connection baTwIlOl'1 The Apple IlGS and or1a Of Two cl5k
d"vas
Starting up
l11C quickcst way to get comfortable with your Apple nGS is to start using it. That's lhe purpose of lhe Apple lIGS mining disk. Before you SUrt up the tr.lining disk, you need to identify your STartup disk drive. '!be startup drive is The drive where the computer will look for a SIaMUP disk-a disk WIth an application it can STart up with.
· If you have only one drive, it's your startup drive.
· If you havc two or more d,i,'cs oflhe same type (both 3.5-indl
drives or lxlth S.lS-inch drives), thc startup drivc is the drivc connected directly to the disk drive port.
· If you have both a 5.25·ineh drive and a 3.S-;nch drive connected to thc disk drivc port, thc S.2S-inch drive is your startup drivc. If you w:ant the compuler 10 SUrt up from a disk in your 3.5-inch drive (which you do if you plan to usc the Apple nGS training disk), make sure your S.lS-inch drive is empty. When your computer can't fmd a disk in Ihe S.2S-inch drive, it will check the 3.5-inch drive neXL Depending on whether the majority of your application program disks are 3.S-inch or S.lS-inch, at some point you might w:ant to use the Control Panel Program, explained in Appendix A, to change the startup drive.
· If you have two drives of the same type connccte<l to a disk drive conl.roller card, the startup drive is the drive atTached to th.c connector labeled drive 1 on the card.
· If you have drives connected to more than one controller card, the startup drive is the drive connected to the card in the highestnumbered slol. If you want, you can change the startup slot by using th.c Control Panel Program, explained in Appendix A.
6
Chapter 1: Meet Your Apple IlGS
The training disk
lhe tnlOlOg disk is designed to &lve you fllsl-hand experience using the computer for writing, caleuboting, record keeping, and dnwing. 1be programs you'll use arc slmubtions of application programs~ you '''Ion' be able to use them 10 write your own 1c1tel'S, create budgets, or SCI up in\,entones, but thcy'll gIVe you an idea of the soru of things you can do with your computer. And you'll get to ex:perimcnt in a controlled environment where a miMake isn't a problem-ju~t anOlher learning opportunity.
lksidcs learning about all the dilfercnllhings you can do with your computer, you'll learn some gencnl conccpu that ~tay the same no matter what you're working on,
· llow to control an application by using the mouse or the keyboard
· I low your work is saved temporarily in the memory of the computer
· I lOW your work is saved pcrmancrllly on disks
· Haw 10 retrie\"C ",uk you've saved on a disk
· Ilow 10 cdil roor work
And, for the adventul'OU.S, there's an introduction to prognnuning You11 get a chance to see what goes IOto writing the instnlaions Uut cootrol the behavior of the cornputer-how lO give the computer il.§ personahly as a wnting machine, an adding nuchine, a game madune, and 50 on_
Imporlonl
h order to ~ the Apple IGs ffalnlng disk. you need a monitor and alleast one 3,5-h::h dlsk drive cornecled 10 you Apple Il;:s. It you
are using a r~ teleWlon sel ca 0 dlsploy devIee or If VOU' crlv
cIsk 01Ve Is a 5.25-rch drtve. you won'l be abl810 ~ the ffairing
disIc, but you con get the hlormallon trom Qlapters 2 and 3. You con use a lelevIsIon sel C$ a dlsploy dell\ce with many game and
educollcncJl applcotlon5. bulthe plclt.xe you gel with a r9Q.Jor TV $81 Isn't dear enough for applcollor5lhat display 80 characters per lhe, Some TV $8ts are de$lgned 10 WOfk as monIlors. If you have a
combInolion TV/roor"Mfor. you wi be able to use the tralnhg disk,
The trahhg d:sk
7
Storting up the trolnlng disk
Fmd lhe dJ.sk labeled Yourlbur0/1M Apple IIGSand follow these instructions to SUrt It up
Put lhe disk into your sunup drive :l.S shown in figule 1-4 2 Tum on your monitor:l.S shown in figure 1-5.
Figure 1-.
Put dsk n drtve
TFiugnur~e ~11-l5~O~;~""
3. Reach around lhe left.side of lhe compulel and find lhe po"'-er
sv.1lCh on the Ieli. SIde of the bade panel Tum it on. (See
Figure 1-6.)
-,
·
8
Oloptar I: Meet Vcu Apple IIGs
FIgure 1-7 Problems?
If everything is plugged in and turned on, in a few seconds you
should see the opening displ:ly of the tn-ining disk.
Put the book aside now and enjoy the hands-on introduction to yoor Apple IlGS. Anything }'OJ need to know to we the disk will be expbined right on the SITC(ln.
Problems starting up?
If yoo don't see the opening display, go through the following checklist to see if you cm identify the problem:
Imporlant If the problem seems to lrwol\le a loose CorYleC"on, II.m off the power and walt at Ieost 30 seconds before you recornecf cables.
· Is the computer plugged into a power source? · Is the monitor plugged into a power source?
· If your computer and monitor arc plugged into a power strip, is
the power strip turned on? · Is the monitor plugged into the computer? · Is the disk drive connected to the computer? · Is the monitor power switch turned on? · Is the oomputer power switch turned on? · Did yoo put the tr.lining disk in the 3.5-inch drive connected
directly 10 your computer? · If you have a 5.25-inch drive, WlIS it empty when you turned on the
power? · Jvc yoo using the right disk? Eject the disk in the startup drive
(following the instructions in the next section) and nuke sure ii'S labeled Your Tour of the Apple lfGS. · Are the monilOr's contTllst :lnd brightness adjusted correctly? · If the image on your screen is rolling or out of alignment, hold down Option and Control while you press Reset (the key marked with a triangle). 1llcn press 2. This restores the standard Control Panel scttings for the U.S.
The Irolning dis!<
9
Rosol Is The key Wlth The
t"ongle on IT. When keys 019 Jolnad with hyphens. II means to press thorn Simullonoously
· If you think there's a more serious problem with your computer, you can run a diagnostic test by pressing C and Option while you turn on the power or by pressing Control-rj-Oplion-Rcsct if the power is already on. After aboot 35 sc<:onds you should see the message Sys~"", Good. If you sec the message Sys~"m Bad followed by a string of Iellers, contact your authorized Apple dealer.
If you can't identify the problem yourself, get help from a more experienced Apple II user or from your authorized Apple dealer.
Figure l-Il
Ejoctd~
Yo<.llleorn much more about sovlng documents In Chanter <l
Stopping
When you're re:oIdy to stop using the training disk, do this: 1. Choose Let's Stop from the Quit menu.
2. Push the disk drive eject bulton. (See Figure 1-8.)
3. Take the training disk out of the drive, 4. Turn off the monilOr's power switch.
5. Turn off the computer's power switch.
The Apple lies uses Jess po....'Cr than a IOO-walt light bulb, so you don't nCC<! to tum it off between work sessions.
lhc ideal way to leave the training disk and any application program is to choose the Quit Oplion from the menu, Choosing the Quit option gives the application a chance 10 remind you to save your document (not an issue with the training disk, but a vcry important issue if you've been using an application for writing or budgeting), and il keeps you from quitting when the application is in the middle of doing something.
Imporlanl
If you tum off the compuler when the dlsk d1ve Is reading fTom or writing 10 a disk, you could damage the disk and lose the nforrno-
lion recorded on II. WolllXll\llhe disk drive light goes off belore you lu'n off the power. If something goes wrong and !he disk drNe Ighl slays on longer than 45 seconds. you can stop the disk drwe by holding down Contr~ while you press and release Reset (the key marked 'NIth a mangle).
If an application doesn't give you a Quit option, you can always quit by turning off the power. JU51 be sure 10 SlIVC YOIlr work before you touch the power switch.
10
ChapTer 1: MeeT Your Apple IIGS
Pressing ttm key with the triangle
on ~ .In corjo..ncllon wtIt1 oltlel keys. resets or restorts the com· puter, FOf tHs reeson. and
because It 15 labeled "reset" on
othef models or the Apple II. this
key Is coUed the Reset key
Switching applications
Once the power is orr, you can start up another application by putting the appllcation program disk in the Sl.:lrtup drive and turning on the pmver, just as you did when you startc<l up the training disk. But you don't have \0 tum orr the compuler's power 10 switch applications. There's a better ~y (better for the power switch and for the circuitry inside the computer). Instead of turning olT the power switch and e)[changing the program disks, do this:
I. Choose the application's QI.Iil option, bUI don't turn 01T the computer's power.
2. Push in on the disk drive eject bullon, reffiO\le the last application program disk you were using, and insert the one you want to use r>ClI:l.
a 3. Hold down and Control while you press Reset. (See
Figure 1-9.) lhen release all three keys, starting with Heset.
If it seems awkward, you're doing it right! If it were more convenient. you might press the keys by accident and restart your application, losing everything stored in memory up \0 that point.
From now on, when a procedure calls for you to hold down one or two keys while you press another, the keys will be shown joined with hyphens (for e"ample, O-Control-RescO.
figure 1-9
Restarting
SWltchflg appkotlons
11
The microprocessor II1t1e compuTer"l procel$Of or Inlorma~on
Megahertz (abbreviated MHz) II
a unlI of measurement equol 10 one million cvcles POI IOcond
The "rial porn are for COMllcT'ng
devices li~e Pllr'\ter$ and modeml that use 0 wrtol inlOfroce.Serlol
Interlo"e delCrlbes how ",Iorma~on II senl Irom the compuTer 10
a peripheral dev1ce. Vou'U leorn
more oboul penpherol devices and how Inlormo~on 11l9rl1 10
them In Chopl91 6
Control Panel Program
The lIaining disk gave you a feel for using the Apple IIGS. Now, if you want 10, you can change the fecI of the Apple I1GS to suit yourself by using a bullt-in program c:.llled the Control PaneL
Here arc some of the things you can change with lhe Control Panel:
· The color of Ihe text, background, and border displayed on the screen
· The volume of the built-in spc:.lker
· The responsiveness of the keys
· The responsiveness of the mouse
· TIle speed of the mk:r'opnxrssor
(> Microprocessor speed: The Apple IIGS's microprocessor C:.ln
operate ilt two speeds: at up to 2.8 megahertz (its fast speed), or at I megahertz (Ihe speed of the microprocessor in earlier Apple !l's). Fast, the standard setting, is best for most applications, but speeding up an old application could throw off its timing or keep it from running properly. If it does, you can change the speed to I megahertz by using the Control Panel.
Most people won't have to change any of the Control Panel settings_ The only time you mUSI change a Control Panel setting is:
· If you have a peripheral device conneacd Lo :.In interface card in a slot inside the compuLer instead of to a port on the back of the computer. (Each port on the back of the Apple IIGS corresponds to a particular slot inside the Apple JIGS. Unless you activate the SIOL by using the Control Panel Program, the computer assumes you want the port to be active.)
· If you have lx>th a S.2S-inch drive and a 3.5-inch drive and you want the computer 10 start up from a disk in the 35-inch drive directly instead of first looking for a disk in the S.2S-inch drive.
· If you have a printer, a modem, or some other peripheral device connected to the printer or modem port on the back of the Apple IlGS and the device doesn'L work with the standard serial port settings.
Read Appendix A for complete details on changing these and other Control Panel settings.
12
Chapter 1: Meet Your App~ IIGS
A menu is 0 1st 01 cholces.
-:- By the way.- Your seltings are saved permanemly-you don't have to SCi them each time you turn on the power. But you can change them as orten as you want by using the Control Panel Program.
Using the Control Panel Program
Learn 10 use the Control Panel Program by setting the Apple IIGS's built-in clock and calendar. Once you've set the battery-operatcd clock, you won'l have to set It again. 1be battery lasts between five and ten years. I _ Turn on the Apple IIGS power switch and prC5s 0plion-Control-
Reset. Then Iype I 10 enler the Control Panel Program, You'll sec the Control Panel menu shown in Figure 1-10. (You'll learn about other ways to gel 10 the Control Panel Program in Appendix A.)
Figure 1-10 Control Ponel menu
Control Panel Program
13
2. Press Down Arrow until Clock is highlighted, and then press Return. You'll see the display shown in Figure 1-11.
Figure 1·11 Clock display
-:- Oops! If you don't see this display, press Esc (escape) to get back to the Control Panel menu. This time, make sure Clock is highlighted before you press Return. Prcs.o; Up Arrow if one of the options below Clock is highlighted.
3. Notice that Month is highlighted. Press lefl Arrow or Right Arrow until the number representing Month is correct. (For January, set the month to 1; for February, sct the month to 2, and so on.)
4. Next, press Down Arrow to highlight Day, and then press left Arrow or Right Arrow until the day is correct, just as you did to sct the month.
5. Next, press Down Arrow 10 move to Year, Hour, and Minute and set them the same way-by using Left Arrow or Right Arrow (Setting Seconds probably isn't necessary, but you can do that tOO if you wanl.)
6. Press Return to nve your settings.
At this point, you should fmd yourself back at the Control Paocl menu with the correct date and time displayed in the boX" in the upper-right corner of the screen.
14
Choptar 1: Meet Your Apple IIGS
If you want to try Oul some of the other options on the Control Panel, feel free to do it now or later, arter you've lived with the standard scttings ror awhlle. The remaining Control Panel options are explained in Appendix A.
Control Ponel Program
15
Chapter 2 Once Over Lightly
17
l11is chaptcr revicws and cxpands on the computcr conccpts covcred on the Lr.Iining disk. If you already understand how infOf"malion moves through the computer systcm and OUI 10 pcriphcr:al devices, you might wml to skip this chapter and go
sLr.light to Ch.1ptcr 3. where you'lIlcam :IDou( using (he mouse and
the keyboard 10 conU"oI appliotions.
Starting up an application
When you Sl3rt up an application, th31 application is eopied into
the memory of the computer and L3.kes control of the computer syslem. wtut you see on the screen md wh.11 you an do with the
computer depend completely on the application you started up wilh
Flgur. 2-1
AppIcotlon tokes 0VGr
18
Olopler 2 Once c>'<er llgllly
Communicating with an application
Applications communicue with you by displaying things on the screen. You communicate with applications by typing at the keyboard or by pointing to choices with the mousc.
Information that travels out of the computer (like the messages displayed on the screen) is called output. Information that travels into the computer (keypresses and mousc moves) is called input.
User interface
TIle wayan application communicates with you is G1l1ed the user Interface, When you are choosing applications for the Apple lies, you should givc a lot of thought to the application's uscr interface I:x:causc that's the personality of the application. At one extreme are hand-holding applications that guide you slowly but surely through the application. At the other extreme are applications that give you minimal instructions and leave you to your own devices. If you usc an application daily, you probably won'l wam as much hand-holding as with an application you usc only once or twice a momh.
Interface is a word you'll see a lot in computer books and magazincs. II refers to the way things communicate with each olhcr. It describes both the way information is exchanged I:x:twcen the computer and a peripheral device (for example, serial Interface) and the way information is exchanged I:x:tween the computer and a person (user In/crface).
COfTvntXllcoting"""lh on oppllc:ollon
19
How Information Is displayed
Some appliations give you a choice or how you want information sent to the display. The choice: is 40 columns or 80 columns. To
understand what that means, imagine that the screen is a grid 40 squares across by 24 squares down. Each square on the grid ca.n hold one character. (Sec Figure 2·2.) In 8O-column format. the grid is 80 squares across by 2. squares down. With the 8O-coIumn display, you an fit rwice as many characters per line as with the 4O<oIumn display, but the characters are half as wide Some display devices, like TV seu, an display lext only in the 4O-column format--thcy don't have sharp enough resolution to display the narrower 8O-eolumn characters dearly.
<II) COV'l1ns
,
Figure 2-2 4O-Cok.rnn display
20
Chapter 2: Once Over Ughlly
Model, the wav something behave5 Pixel b a contraction of the worcE p1ctUI6 and eI6m&1l.
-,
1lJe 40-column and SO-column fonnats are two text modes. A third way that applications un send information to your monitor is in graphics mode. In graphics mode, text and graphics are formed by patlerns of dOIS. or pixels. 1lJe more dOIS used to create a picture, the sharper the resolution. The Apple !lOS can display graphics by using a rccrangular array of 640 horizontal by 200 vertical dots. In this mode, called super-hfgh resolution, the dOIS are so close together that it's hard to tell that the picture is made up of dots. The Apple lIGS also supports graphics modes developed for earlier models of the Apple II, induding double·high resolutlon, hJgh resolutlon, and low resolutlQfl..
lbe phrase sraphlcs mode suggests that this way of sending information 10 the screen applies only to picrures, but graphics mode can also be used to display text In fact, that's how some word processing applications are able to display text in a variety of sizes and fonts. Instead of using the Apple I1GS's built-in text gener:lIor (which filS charaClers into the 40-by-24 or 8O-by-24 grid), they send numbers and letters to the display as if they were piOures,
~ ---- -. -.--
~
-....... . ".. ....
... ,,,
","...,
rToii' i.'i"ii ~
....... "" .... .. j"...
r.,:m"
..",..""
,t,:;; :- : r;f"fi"( ,:":.;.: <t..
" . ,
-
...ll.'..' , ..
~ ·- I""'I;j';O " " .
Creating a document
Most of the time, you'll be using the computer to create something: a leller, a graph, a list, a budget. lbings you create with the computer are called documents, or jiles. The kind of document you can create depends on the application you're using. You don't create a letter by using a spreadsheet application, and you don't create a spreadsheet by using a word processing application.
As you type your document, it is SIOre<! along with the application in the memory of the computer.
FIgure 2-3 Different khds of documents
Creating 0 docl.ml3nt
21
Figure 2-4 Doct..ment b bigger ttcn
~,-
Scrolling
There's a lot more room in memory for a document Ihan Ihere is room on Ihe screen to display it (Sec Figure 2-·1.)
flow do you move diITerenl parts of the document under the .screen 'window"? Wilh applications that use the mouse, Ihere's a tnr, like an elcVll\or .shafl, Ihat I\lns along the right side of the sacen windo"
(and sometimes along Ihe boaorn of the .screen window as ....-elD. As you move the 'elevator" along the shaft, you scroll diITerent parts 0(
the document under- the WIndow,
\Vim keyboMd-controlled applications (ttu.t is, appliOitions that don't usc the mouse), you ptes5 Up Arrow to see earlier parts of the document, Down Arrow to sec bter parts of the documenl. Left Arrow to see the \eftrno5l side of the document, and Right Arrow to sec the rightmost .side of the document.
Whct.hcr you move your document inlO view with the clevatOf" Of" the arrow keys, moving the document under the .screen window is called
_llin~
Saving a document
The fact that your document is stored elcctroniOilly in the comp,ner's memory means thaI it's in a very dynamic, easy-to-e:dit state It also means lhal if you tum off the power by miSlIke or change applicatiOflS. you lose the documenl in memory. ThaI'S why it's 'mporulll to save yow work 00 a disk.
."'"Flgur.2-5
It POWEll" goes orr. cIoCI..I'nent
22
O1optef 2: Orca OIE11" Ughlly
,
----"",O!C~.~f' \
lJl ----..,1
Figul. 2-6
SavIng a doc\.menl
Saving a document on a disk is like filing ;l paper docurrcnt in :l file cabinet. How you save :l document on :l disk depends on the application. Sometimes Save i5 an option on a mcnu~ sometimes you preM a oombtnation of keys that tells the application to save your dOC\Jmcnt. (The manual thai came with the application will optain exaaly how 10 save your work.)
Once you've saved your document on a disk, it's OK to quit the application and tum ofT the computer's power. When you flip the J'O"''l!r switch, the ropy of the document that was s((lred electronically in the memory of the O)mputer is lost, but yOU can retrieve :II copy of the documern from the disk any time: you W21l1 to work 00 it.
Formatting a disk
Before you can $lore documenu: on a bbnk disk, the disk has 10 be
(ormaucd., or inltlalhcd. 01le lerlTl.'i are used Interchangeably.)
Fornunmg Ii bbnk disk nugnelially divides the disk into numbered "parking spaces' where mfOl"m:;u..ion ClIn be stored and retrieved. (See Figure 2·7.)
Some applialions have a formattmg option on a menu within the application. Other appJiclluoru; expect you 10 format disks by using the System Disk. You'll learn more about formatting in Chapler <I and in the system disk guide
Flgul.2-7
_0,"",
DIsks that ConTain documents ele sometimes caaod data dlsb.
Making a backup copy
Once your docume... IS .safe on a disk, you an rest cuy. II's j.l.st like
havmg a paper copy of your document in a file abinet. The only 1e0lS0fl you woukln't be able to get II bide is if you k::J5l the disk or Idi il in your shirt jXlCket through a wuh-and-dry cycle TIus doesn't happen very often, but ,t always seems to happen the day before an imponlllnt deadline WIth work ttul is irreplaceable. That's why ii'S a good idea to $lIIve the .same document on two .sepanlte disks (or 00 three or four separ.r.le disks if the dOOJment IS rewly important). Some coml»nies go so far as to siore backup copics of importanl disks in a fireproof safe orr the premises. lhe least you should do is keep your backup copy far enough from the original so lhal oroe OJp of corree OIn'l reach both in one spilling.
SCMng a document
23
Figure 2-8 Another reason ror 0 backup copy
Figure 2-9 Sovhg 0 revised docu-nent
YI;1j an make backup c::opics in [WO ways. You an save the dotument while you're using the applicatlon program, ejecllhat dlsk, then .save the &:xumerU agam on a $OlXlOd disk. Or you an copy the document onto a ~ond dlsk aller quilting the applicatlon by
usmg the S~tem Disk.
You 5hou1d a1so make backup copies of your applications.. How-
ever, don't be: surprised if you can't dupliate every application you buy Many manufacturers copy-protect (make il impassible 10 copy) lheir disks to protccIlhcmselvCli from software plrates, who Illegally dupliatc and distribute lhe,r applications. If you can't copy an application, the manuracturer gcnCr:J.lly provides one backup copy or tells you how to replace a damaged application progr:J.m disk at a nominal cost.
Editing a document
To edit a document that's stored on a disk, start up the applia(,on you used to create the document (a word processing applicatiOn fOt a leuer, a spreadsheet for a budget, and so 00), :and men instruct the application to get the document from the disk on which you .saved il (l1le manual that arne with !he application will tell you hooN to do thi.s.) At your request, a copy of lhat document is loaded 'NO the memory or the romputer, and a portion of the document (whatever can fit,) appears on the screen.
Ir yoo make changes to the documeru. and like what you've done, you have to sa~'e the revi5ed ~'elSion of the document on the disk. Of you rorgel: to save il, your origLlUII Oxument will still be on the disk, but It won't include any of your additions or change'i.)
If you save the revised documcm without changing the rwne, the revl5Cd document repIaas the original document on the disk. (See Figure 2-9J Almost all applications warn you mal there is already a documenl by that name on the dlsk and ask you to confirm thaI yoo waf\( the new document to replace the old one. If you save Lhe revised documenl with :1 new name (even if the new name is just the original name with a new version number), both the old version and the new will be on the disk.
24
Chapter 2: Once Over Ughtly
If you save sevcr:ll versions of the same document on one disk, there comes a time when you want to ense some of the early cfforts so you can reuse the disk space. Read the system disk guide for information on deleting documents from disks.
Printing a document
Whether you've finished a documem or just want 10 see how it looks so far, there's something very satisfying about printing your document-getting a copy of it down on PJ.per. Many people find it easier to edit on PJ.pcr than on the screen,
Before you print, you should always save a copy of your document
on a disk-cvcn if you don't plan on saving the documem pcrrna-
nently, llx: reason for this precaution is that when you give the Print command, the application temporarily gives up control of the computer system to the printer. [f there's a problem printing the document, the only way \0 fLX it ouy be 10 turn off the computer. If you have 10 do thai ilnd you didn't first save the documem, you'U have 10 recreate the document from scralch.
flow you tcU the application to prim your document depends on the application, but usuillly Prinl is an option on a menu. After you choose the Print option, you ouy be asked 10 select your printer from a list of printers displayed on the s<:reen. If your printer is on the list, select it and your document will be printed.
Even if your printer isn't displayed on the screen, try selecting one that is. Your printer may be compatible with the Apple ImageWritcr"" printer or some other printer on the list, and you'll save yourself some time and trouble gclting your printer to work with your application.
Prlntlng a doclxn&nt
25
Ir your primer is nor. on the Iisl or compatible With one 0( the
printers on the list, youl1 need to prOVide the :Ioppl.ication With 50me specifical.lOOS :Iobout your primer (things like the baud,
number of data bUS, number or Slop bits, lype or pority, :Ion<! other
specifications that may be Greek 10 you), The reason ror providing these Specif'IC:IotiOns is th:lot different printers expea to receive huorm:lotion rrom the computer :lot different speeds :Ion<! in differenl rorms. The specifications lell the :Iopplication how to send informal.lon to your printer You should be able 10 find the
specifical.lons In the m:Ionu:lollh3t ome wim your ponter. Jr you
can't, contaa your :Iouthon7ed Apple de2.ler Of the prinler manubclurer
You don't need to know wh:lot the specificatiOIU mean to find them in the printer m:lonu:Iol :Iond reed them into the application; but ir you're curious, you can learn about the various specifications by reading 'Chlnging PrinterlModcm Port Settings' in Appendix A.
Some: applications don't a.sk ror the name of your printer Of ror specifications lbaI.!! your printer, 1bcy let the computer conuol how information i'l sc:nl to the printer, Ir Ih3l's the case wilh the application you're using, and if it works, don't give il anotheT thought But ir you're having trouble getting your document to prim, you may need 10 change the w:ay the compuler is sendmg information to the prinler, You an do this by dunging the printer port selllngs in the ConlIol Panel Progr.am
Essential jargon
This section defines some lerms Ind explains some conccpl.S that applications may Lake ror gramcd that you know. for example, you might need 10 know thlt inrormation isn't stored inside the com· puter a.s letters and decimal numbers. II'S SlOred as strings 0( 0'5 and
1'5. Each Ieaer, number, and punctuation mark on the Apple nGS keyboard has its own dlstina arrangement oro's and I's 11loe Iener A, ror example, is expressed as 10oo1; B is 1oo10.
26
Chapter 2: Once Over lightly
Pl'0l10ms n ROM 0/8 coled
llrmwol··
TIle O's and 1's are called blw.1hey're not really 0'5 and 1'5; lhey're opposite conditions, but it's more convenient to represent them as numbers. Even lhough il takes only seven bits to rep!CSCnt each charaCtCr on !he keyboard, !he computer :IIDocates eight bits (Of each character. TIle cxm. bit is sometimes used (Of error checking. A SUing o( eigtu bilS is called a byte.
TIle computer also uses O's and 1'5 to do arithmetic. Whereas humans use a de<:imal numbering Syslem (based on !he number of finaers on their tund,s), computers use a binary nwnberlng S}'Stem (based on the two symbols they know how to manipulate: offlon or 0/1).
So, the computer processes information as 0'5 and 1'5. II stores these 0'5 and 1'5 in RA.\t, which stands for random-access memory. [1'5 called random·access memory because the microprocessor am go directly 10 any information il needs-it doesn't have to access the information sequentially Ihe way you read a novel. The important thing 10 remember aboul RAM is tml anything yoo slore there is temporary. When you tum off the power, everything in RAM is erascd-tJul's why you tu~-e 10 remember 10 store documents on disks.
Do not confuse RAM with a similar acronym, ROM. RO~I, which stands fOt re:lld-only memory, 15 the: computer's pemunent memory. II'S called ~-onty memory because !he micro-processor can read and use what's on ROM dLIps, but it can'l.ston= anything !here. ROM chips contain the: infOfmalion that tells the computer whalto do when you tum on !he power,:IInd other important or indispensable infOtmation. Tlut's aU you need to know about RO:\i. RAM is of much more iruelC5llo you because that's where the: computer keeps neil of the: application you're working with and the document you're working on. When this manual refers to memory, it's almost always referring to RM1.
Es5enflol)argon
27
........
,
·
--
~~,
-
--........
-
-........
-,-"
·
-
The Mouse and the Keyboard
EJ
·
--
-L.-.-..--.. ---
Vou con change the te$pOllIlveness ollhe mouso by using !he Control Paoel Progrom. ....tllch
Is explolned ~ Appendix A
Figure 3-1 Poinllng
Your Apple IIGS aITIC with [wo important devices: a keyboard and a mouse. The keyboord is for typing documents and for sending typed instructions 10 applications. The mouse is for dnwing pictures and for pointing \0 choices on the screen-another way of sending inslIUClions to applications. The mouse and the keyboard are Inpw detJ1ces; !hat is, they send information fnto the computer,
How these devices work depends on the application-so iI's up to the manual provided with the application 10 tell you what you need to know to use the mouse and the keyboard with !he application. But the appliation may assume some familiarity wi!h the special keys on the Apple IIGS keyboard and with mouse terms like clicking. cullfng, pasting. draggIng. reJecting. and choosIng from pull-down menus. If you have questions that aren't answered in !he manual provided with your appliation, come back to this chapter for clarification.
AppliGitions written before the mouse came along accept only keyboard commands. More recent applications usually give you a choire of using the mouse or the keyboard. These appliations are called mouse-based appllc:ulons.
The ftTSt part of this chapter defines mouse terms and describes the standard user interfare for mouse-based applications. 111e second pan of !his chapter introduces the special keys on the Apple IIGS keyboard and describes the standard user interfare for keyboardbased applications.
Some applications don't conform to the standard Apple II user interface described in this chapter. This is especially true of older applications because they were wriuen before a standard existed. If you find yourself faced with an application !hat docs things a little differently, rely on the manual that came with the application for instructions on how to usc iL
30
Chapter 3: 1he Mouse ond the Keyboord
Figura 3-2 Cicklng
Using mouse-based programs
When you move the mouse across your desk, a small arrow, called a pointer, moves in a corresponding W2y across the screen. (See Figure 3-1.)
Clicking
Pressing and releasing the mouse button is called clicking. (See Figure 3-2.) You point to something and dick when you want to select that item for some action,
Double clicking means pressing and releasing the mouse button twice in r:lpid succession. It's a shoncut used in many mouse-based applications. Where the shoncut leads depends on the application. Again, \he manual provided with the application will tell you how double clicking is used in that application.
Selecting When you point 10 a word or picture and dick the mouse hutton,
you are selecting that word or picture for some action,
Selecting is an imporunt con<:ept in mouse-based applications. You select something; then you tell the appHcation what action 10 perform on the selected text or picture. For example, you might select a block of text and \hen tell the application to delete it or move it somewhere else in \he document.
To select a block of text, point juM 10 the left of the first char:lcter, hold down the mouse button, move the pointer 10 the right of the last char:lcter, then release the mouse hulton. 1bc text betwecn the first and last character will be Wg.WJghtcd to show that you sclccred it. (See Figure 3-3.)
Holding the mouse button down while you move the mouse is called dragging.
USIng mouse-based programs
31
f t E: t ;7...· St':rt'l
,
fb.loj · (~llt~ ~lo'n 1b.f1\~ Qi \lot G'7~ t«\ ~M elm \0 lilt 9'JOd $"tIp Po \t«1I ~II f tr<:e gr.:e to(ll. In lilt ~11)j. ;~I';, t"!t (II nMl~ ~t~ dtd, \I.e flO;' ~~ ItI t«lj des." :Jtn\I!~ op.tltl!" lit COM7llti
Salt" 'Ii q lfO'l; I"t;"t AI to ....>t ~,~ ~::;::t~;t; :X': 'll t: l
t , tr I 1lA".t t:r. j "Ct 1- :t M ~ i I 'qtr 171 , :,; ht ~CI'Olr!oi ;
~ ·V.o2l'tl «rt:!i l."t'-:::I' WK1' ".; ~ ~"; t · t"ol! S :lI!:f l"ol!
P;; 1I«r (.x:': ~ /l:u'ZJ'J TO!:'!l "of S tJ:' l'l os::rt ~
Q:
Flgur.3·3 DroggIng to select
DraggIng
Besides dtlIgging across text LO ~Icct it, you can usc \he mouse to drag objeas from Olle place on the screen to another, You am mO\'e a window by dtlIgging It with the title bar ~ ch:lnge the si7.C of the: window by dtlIgging the ,si7.C box. You'll learn more about dr.tggtng later in this chapter
32
Chopler 3: The Mouse and the KeyboOfd
Pull-down menus
Menu5 in mou.se-ba.sed applications slay out of sight until yoo need them. In this respect, they are like those maps yoo may have had in elementary 5Chool. The leacher pulled down lhe map to teach geography, then rolled it up to demonstrate subtraction on the blackboard.
To pull down a menu in a moo.se-ba.sed application, just point to the
title of the menu and hold down me moose button. (The menu win
remain vi5ible until yoo release lhe moo.se button.)
Each word or picture on me IDenu bar represents a diffcrent menu.
Each application has its own menus, but thcre is almost always onc called the File menu. TIle File menu is thc menu yoo'll use when you want 10 do somelhing to the document as a whole-------5ave it on a disk, quit using it, and so on.
- - - Menu~l1e
_
.. Menu bot -----------t:
Menu
"" _ -""'ri""'
"""".
In Ib.nttblri:. lIS \rio! O:rl bo<l( oht close to the ~ ship ~! lo.:f, In lh! blac:k soils, the r.t 11'l)JS1~ ~t~ O!d(, lh! 11/1 ·ll)Mtlfy~lll·ht~
Print
Thtfe o..lt
Ire- the Sinliter vessel It ~ ~ 10M> Slltrltl~, I»III'll
M! CIOSif
n Ib.nttblri:. JJtc:/'li<J it, ~ flWl Cl1 hi. ~I~ ~
foct HIS Milt-like rt(lSM11'll ~ ItIII Into OCtlCl1
Sr.tethll'lj ICS W'Cnl htr! Rmth sense, ttU::l'I In ~SOO@(j S!Il ~twJS, told hi. ths M ht C(l.la r.)t ~It! put nls II~ M It As he ~e,j, ~ ~II tro.rOerta lXf'JSi tht JJ(er, ~lrIg Q ~ mit In ~"M! SId! of the P~ltroorI ~1~ln l'wIte\'Qt ~ the SI\ilJIIM Ins~t1~
Figure 3·4 Mecu
USIng mouse-based programs
33
Chooslng
To choose a command from a menu, point to the menu tille, hold down !he mouse bullon, move the pointer down the list until the command you W1I.nl is highlighted, then release the bunon. (See Figure 3-5.)
,
Sl:l'.~ Jls frln\
In I\;I.n\Mt (l> Ii~ M boot d-tw ~Im 1,0 ~ ~ Sl'lIp ~:~ tool< ,n ~ blod $,1111, tne ouoosly et9ty~, ~ '_Sl'11 'lden\lf~ ',W"self l" /le ~
Ther~ I1rt
fm \h@slnl!ter\ti,@1 It rode L'Ie f:MS silently, COlII'li
e'M (,0,<1' 1.OO,0Ir II:t.lItKoi< IGtd'ot'J It, 0 frtllll ctI hIJ ~Iy I'ald~
flX:! HIS Mil.. I~! r~,(WIIJ'l; poI'lrS tE!ltl~to iX:llcti
~ttJ I"lJ 1(1; ~ heN! RSiXth ,~e, ccuoo In ,mXled Sell ~\Olns, loll!
h,. ttJ i M he could ro\ ~lt!;<,I\ h" 'I~~ ctI 1\ q, /le~, 0
~II ~ed IX:I"JS! Ii>!! 1G(1f, flA'd'tll'li (I r«ty no '@ I~ tile Side of tile
rol\roctl ~\o,~ II:t.lIti!t>:ri rasped !i~ !It<nllctl ,nst2'ltly
l2J
Figure 3-5
Chooshg a command
Many mouse-based applications let you use a certain key combination Oike pressing O-s) instead of choosing a command from a puU-down menu. Typing key combinations is faster for some experienced usel1S and touch typists, but it's not as intuitive. (You have to remember the key combinations instead of finding the command you want on a menu.) Keyboard equivalents to pulldown menu commands are usuaUy shown on the menu.
34
Chapter 3: The Mouse and the Keyboard
The ~lnklng symbol II O'sO coDGd a curIOI'.
Editing
Applications WI use lext have a blinking symbol thaI marks the Insertion point-the place where what you type will be inserted. (See Figure 3-6.) When you SUrt a document, the insertion point is usually in the upper-left comer of the screen. As you type, the blinking symbol moves to the right. When you reach the right margin, the insertion point moves to the sun of the next line. If you are in the middle of a word when you reach the right margin. the whole word moves to the next line automatially. This is ailed
word wraparound.
Insertion polnl
"11»/" CI1II!'i ~t" In I'MlM;. a. \I't ~ toot ,tell ,I~! \0 \I't ~ SIIiP
Pollrwl HIS IltrCt~! tOCl 1ft \I't DI~ salls, \I't (IlI11'«IS1~ e.jltlj did< ttl! fltt:jllith 1\;~dts:'1' "lden\lf~y>Lselfl"llI!~
Thl!rIIOS rlj!ll~ fl'(ll ttl! l,n"t/f \'fllel It rooe l"le lIO'oe;" lently, 0:41119 e-oer cl~er (~t",n r'cuJlMt: lI\lto'led ,t, Q frwll)"l nil nq;l!d:~ ~ foXe H:, ~·f!·II~e rtol>OIllfl:) ~s ~t In\~ octl""
SJIIf\tllfl:) lIOi ~ ~e ASl.th relS!, CCtIl«I In s~ sea ~toin;, told
hi. \illS ~t tie coold rljl 'lJi\e ~\ ~ s fl~ on ,t As i'Ie~, ~
ClJr'IOftIIlII trmier~ OCNSi the lOte!'. ~lfI:) a ~ 11.1'1 In the Side of ttl! ro:lrwI ~tl n r'cuJtebiri ~pel \tie ;1\1I1(lon ,nst:llti
_
flgure 3-6
lnserIton point
Using mouse-based programs
35
Inserting
To insert a word or sentence in the middle of a document, scroll the document until you come to the place where you want to insert texI, move the pointer to the exaCl place where you want to insert text, dick the mouse oollOn, and start typing, (Sec Figure 3-7.) Words 10 the right of your insertion will move over automatically and wrap around to Ihe next line to make room for what you type.
To Insert lexl: 1. Move polnte/lo wI1ele you
wonlto IN9fI texl. 2. Click mouse butlon. 3 Type
IN9fIion polnt---
file Edit F(IfJoJ\
·
"~I" coll!d ~to 1ft tkullelxri. QS the di;rI, ew\ Itet t ose to the ~ g"p Pol\ro:fl ~IS 1!fee go:e to:d In the biD ;QI " the OIftOll$ly etlpty Oe&, \tit
II~ 111M Its lxnj desl1i 'I~\II~ 'lYselfl" he ~
"',Ill, Ther11Ci rlO WW fr(ll the Slft··llt \li,sel ItrOOE \Ill! Sll!!IItly, COIlI~
e'.~ tleser ~1~ln tkultMt .a\ctfd It, a I~ «I Ills m'~, S
iy
~ f~ HIS ~j\1 fe-I i~e relMIl~ pot8" telIt Into 0:\1«1
_
SoII!lhl~.as ll"OO\l t'Ef@ A s.~th s!!IIse c:.JlI In S~~ seo ~talns, t~ld
~II 1M,s M he erold I'llt OJlte ~t ~is fll'l;'!f «I It As he p:tIOereJ, 0
CQ'Y'lJ'boII \lu'dered o:ro>, the .ater, p,tdl,1'lJ aI"'CUIY tole I~ \I'Je Side 01 the
Pal\ro:fl Ct4lt~l" I\:uitlb:ri ~ the Slt\l3tl«l Irli(<<Itly
QI
FlguflJ 3-1
Inserting lext
36
Chopter 3; The Mouse and Iha Keyboard
Deleting
To delcte a chan.cter, a word, or a sentence from the middle of a dOC\lment, scroll the dOC\lmcnt until yoo see the text yoo want to dek:te, position the pointer 10 the right of the text you want 10 delcte, dick the mouse bulton, and press Delete untilthc unwanted tcxt is deleted, (Sec Figure 3--8.)
To d.l.t. 1·.1I:
1. Mova pointer to rtlitlt 01
(FlW<"lr"lIOO I"'" 2. CUck mOU$EI button.
3. Press Dalate untlleld Is
deleted,
insertion point
·ft~," COIIt1 ~lOln mtet:m ~ lriE 07~ t>:>Jt <hi tl~:~ t~ tit ~ ;hlp Pol~ ~;; fiercE 'lO=! toct In l/'t bl~ ;01 's Ill! (lI r,,)Jsly ~t~ dKJ, l~
1;J9I1\h It;: ~ 1le!1;n "1~!l'Jlll~ y:trstlf'" hi! ~
Ther~ f)S ro "'SMI" froll tI'J! sInilltr \'e:~1 It r.:d! \tI@ t:l' 0; ;II!I'II Iy COIl rI;
I!\!e" Ci C~ ~t~l~ rblitebori IOtdll!1 ,t, 0 fr..., M ~15 ao:rll\l, Im!'l I,'!t
I'\.??-dl~ ta.iDt! foo;~ HS~-I' :zs:tll~~; tI!rIl ,nto «:\I(f'
_
,eo 5ot!\h1B; 1G.1.~!loir! P!I't/'i ~". ~n :I!-mned ~~t~ln!, llid
hll \hI! M hi! too a ~t ~I\! ;..ot r,,! 11'"1!f M ,t As hi! W$~ a
I:O"m"toII t"J.l'>:lfed ~S; tit .:l:er ~LI"di'l"fl 0 t"(I(t.,I!Xl! In lri! s'd!. of tioE fol trWJ ~lo, n rblil!t<ri 11l~ tr'Jl! SI\JO\ ,00 ,r.sl(l11 I~
Figure 3·8 Deleting text
To delete longer passages, some applications let you drag across !he lcxt to select it and then press Delcte ona: to delete the whole passage.
Culling and pasting
To move [ext from one place to another, move the pointer to the beginning or end of the section you want to move, and drag across Lhc [ext [0 select it. Then choose the Cut command from the Edll menu. (Sec Figure 3-9.) When you choose Cut, the selected text disappears from the screen.
To cuI le~l:
Drag acrou 10"U 10 soIocl~. 2. Cnoose CuT fiom EdiT manu
·~,. co I,"
ton: 11$ tJie m boot O"M cl!E.! to \I'.t gooJ SllIP
~ol\rwJ HI; f''-,C,.._" I~ \N block §,llll, lli! (JIllCIlSl~ tIClt~ (je,i, the
fl~ flit tl t«I.I de$11l · derltlf~ 1,'W'~lfl· he ~
1'Jffi! tJS ro lJ"iStJeI" fl')l Itoe Slnlltif.'ti"·· ' It Me l"lt ""'6 .i1tt1t1y tIlI'llJ
m clO:;<1 ~tH !l:u1tet.D Iil~ It, ~ f~ 00 ~IS SliTtrlt. ~, ',Itt
ram* ~I~
'OI.;l HI. rloJSCt'II~ ~ Hn\ I~to octloo
s.:t.thll'l; 1m Ilf"CtJ9 f'.er! ~ Sixth *,.;e, COIIIOO In St'l:!:I'lI!d S~l ~tOlns told
nil 1t"1 M he oo.ld M\ ~I\e j:'.j\ h's flrl~ 00 1\ ill hol ~td, Q
catl::tbllil l"l.fjj<red !X:roSl \toe lIIlt.er
I 0 ~j ~ e In lli! ll~ of L~
Pol\rwJ
Figure 3-9 CUtthg text
38
Chapter 3: The Mouse and the Keyboard
Though il secms to h3ve bctln deletcd, the Ic",t you cut is :u.1u3l1y storcd on thc Cllpboard, 3 sped<ll holding <lre<l in the memory of the computcr. To inscn the tCJ(t you just cut, move the pointcr to the pl3CC you w3nt to inscn it, click the mouse bunon, <lnd choose P3ste from the Edi! menu. Whcn you choose P<lSte, thc text TC<lppe<lr:l <It lhe new 10CHion. (Sec Figure 3-10.) The Clipboard holds only one clipping <It <I time. If you cut <I second block of teXI without pasting the fast block of text, the first block you cut is lost.
,
To paste lext:
1. Movo poinler to where you
wanT TO POsTe talC!. 2. Qlck mouse button.
3. ChOO1O PosTa from EdiT menu
insertion POint - - - - - - - -
Thlre fJ!" no (,rISIel' I~ !Joe Slnl;ler I'e-"el It rod:! t.... Rts sil!l'ltl~, e.-:el~
nr clo,er ~to n Ib.tltetG1 'l~ It, Q fl'(Jlrl en '1$ swll'lj, rorred, I,'It
~I~ ~ loc! HIS r!OSCfll~ pater'S teflt Into octlen
\tJ,~ 1QS.-<rlIl hIM Rmlh~, cctICfI In ,e-lS:re! Se'l C':J;lt~lflS, bid hi. l~ s M r.e w.ld not ~It~ )Jt nls fl~ en It !is tJ!~, ~ CIm:fblIl ~ ocrcss\he tQter, ~I~ a roctlj ~ @ In \he SlOe af Ihe Fallrwi
Figure 3-10 Pasting text
Copying
To copy <I block of Icxt, selcd ii, lhen choose the Copy command
from the Edit menu. This puts <I copy of the selected text in the
Clipbo:trd. Next, movc thc pointcr to the place you w<lnt to inscn the tcxt, click the mouse bUlton, 3nd choose P<lste from the Edit menu.
Using mouse-based programs
39
Windows
With mouse-based applications, you look at your documcnt through a window. (See Figure 3-11.) With some applications, you can have sevel'31 windows on the = n . This lets you .scc more than one document at a time.
The contents of windows vary, but most windows have these things in common: a titlc bar, a close box, a size box, and a scroll bar. You can use these tools to change what you.scc through a window, change the size of a window, move a window, close a window, and activate a window.
ntle bar
Scroll orrow
Close box
_
ScroU bOx - - - - - - - - - Scroll ber - - - - - - - - - -
'~I' CGllid ~\~In t'lviletGt lIS the 071. boot <hi (lose \0 \he IpXI ship ~I\ro::tt HIS fl~ 9JJe \ocl<; In \he blo& SOils \he OIlflMl~ ~t~ dKll, lrJe fl~ lit/', Its tolr!j ~.1i 'Identlj~ ~Ifl' hi. ~
~ IllS rJ;l I;J"JSIiI" fre- \he Slnl.\er ~:sel It rC>ie the IIMS sll(!l\ly, COl ng MI" tloser Cl:p\~ln t'lvilebn 1ll\&Ed it. 0 fNl/'l (1'1 hiS SU'ttJj, 5C\ITed I,I!\ ~Iy tm1sOIol (OC~ H,s rellSOOlng p::ws !@fI\ Into OCtlOl1
SIze box
~ta n t'lvi\etoi. goa;ped \J'io; Slt\lltl(l'l Insw,\I~ SOI!:t/','ng illS II'OI'oJ Iw-i R
mtli ser,u, tOII(I'Iln smooed Sell Cf4I\Olns, \old h;1 tillS M ht CCllld rJ;l\
C/Jile ~l hiS fl~ (1'11\ f!: ht~, 0 ~II ~ IlCf'OSS the
~~lC~\er,~~I~ng~0~~~h~ole ~in m~e S~ide~of ~the ~Pol~\rwl~~~~~~5Ji
Figure 3-1\
Ports 01 a window
40
Chaptef 3: The Mouse and the Keyboard
Changing lhe size 01 0 window
MOQ of the lime, you walU the window YOll're working in 10 fiU the whole 5Creen so yoo can see :l.S much of the document :l.S possible. But sometimes it's useful to shrink the window so yoo ClfI.see more than one document at a time.
To shrink a window, point 10 the slz.e box and drag it up and to the leTt To exp;!nd a window, point to the size box and drag it down and 10 the right
Moving a window To lT1O\o'C a window, poinl: an)""'herc Ul the tilk bar (excepl on the dose boll), and &ag the window whele\'tt you wa~ to pulll.
Activating 0 window
Some applications let you have several windows on the screen at
one time, but only one o(!hose windows ClfI be aaive. A window
Ius to be acuve before you can make any changes to the information in it, 111c active window's tide bar b highlighted 10 distinguish it from nonactive windows on the screen.
To activate a nonaaive window, usc the size box 10 shrink the aa.ive window until you can see the window you want 10 activate in the l:u.ckgroond. 1"hen dick anywhere on the nonaa.ive window and il will move il1lo the foreground and become the active window
Changing the view thlough a window
If a documenl is too long 10 fit In !he window, there will be a bar running along the right $Ide of the window. This i5 the 50'011 bar. When you dn.g the 50'011 box along the scroll bar, difTerent parts of lhe document come inlo view. TIle scroll bar represcnu the lQl:al length of your document. So, if you want to see the middle of your document, drag the scroll box to the middle of the scroll bar. To scroll one line :n a time, dick the 50'00 arrow that points in the direction of wlut you want 10 see. To scroll a windowful at a lime:, click within the gn;y area of the scroll bar above. or below the scroll boo.
If a document is too wide to fit on the screen, there will also be a scroll bar along the bottom of the window. Drag the scroll box left 10 see the lefunost side of the document. Drag it right 10 see the rightmost .side of lhe document.
Closing a window
To dose a window, dick on the cIo6e box in the upper-left comer of the window. Thi5 has the iIoltme erreC'l as choosing lhe Close command from the File menu.
42
Chapter 3: The Mouse and the Keyboard
Using keyboard-based applications
Keyboard-based applications look totally different from mousebased applications. For one thing, they generally start with a menu that takes up the whole screen. (See Figure 3-12.)
Dll~ en < I
WllUJlJilJDfIUi"l , ~~rk Wl:r ~re cf tr. files 01 tn. Di"tc~
3 S!'. ~e;~tlp flies to diSk
4 ~!~J'. olliS fro_ the O!,~tc~ S ~ther Metl.ltl!,
6 Q~lt
Figure 3-12
Mo,,~
The fIrst menu you see is called the maIn mcnlL You type the number (or leuer) that precedes the option you want and then press Return. Pressing Return confirms your choice. In some applications, you can use Up Arrow or Down Arrow to highlight the menu item you want to select instead of typing a number or letter.
Using keyboard-based applications
43
Depending on the application, you then either move 10 a more specific menu or sun doing whatever you chose 10 do from the main menu. In some applications, secondary menus are displayed overlapping Lhe main menu, with enough of the main menu showing to remind you where you are in the application. (See figure 3-13.)
AOD fILES
~al fl.e'
_ _ _ _ _1_
Get file; fro~
~M · r·· flle ftir H,~ Wcrd Proct;,or ~j:l S,;.
S~ri!ld;'.et
FlgUfll 3-13
OVeflopping menus
In most keyboard-based applications, you get back 10 the main menu by pressing Es<: or O-Es<:. Esc S12nds for CSCLlpe, and that's what it lets you do. It's sort of the opJXlsite of pressing Return. While pressing Return confUfTlS a choice, pressing Esc usually ancels a choice or C!<tricatcs you from an activity.
<'14
Chopler 3: The Mouse ond the Keyboard
Figura 3-14
MOW ...atltu1e$
011; oIso COMd the Ca"flOltd tey ond II; Klme!im&$ r8Pf.
ltiNed'<Olltl'lo propelerlcon
Moving the cursor
The anow keys in the lo9.-er-nghl CClIT'Ie1" of the keyboard IJ"IOYe the insertion point up, down, lefl, or riglu.--excepi. lhat it's noI. ailed
an insertion point in keyboard-based applications; it's allc:d a CUf$()l" Like the blinking bar in fTlOU5e-b1l5Cd appliations. the
OJl$Or marks the spoI whelC your next action win lake place.
Sometimes the cursor is a blinking box; sometimes it's:a blinking underline.
r:.arly models or the Apple 11 didn't have Up:and Down Arrow keys, so prcgn.mmers who needed to make the cursor move up :and down took matters into their own h:ands and dcsign:atcd certain keys on the keybo:ard 10 accomplish that function. Usually Lhey designated a SCL of four adjacent keys (that formed a cross) to be the up, down, lert, and right cursor-moving keys. (5ce Figure 3-14.) You won't have any uoublc using such:an appliC1tion on your Apple IIGS:as Iong:as you remember 10 USC the substitute keys instead of the alT'(lW keys.
Control keys
Whcrc.:as you control mouse-based applialions by choosing commands from pull-down mctv,ls, you conuol keyboard-hued
apphatiOru by using Conuol or 0 in combination with another key. For euml*. you might hold c:kn>."fl a while you press P 10 pnnJ
a a something. and 0 to delete somethmg. and S 10 save some-
lrung, and C 10 CUI something, and so on.
Ilcause key combirutions V2ry from appliation 10 app!icalion,
a the only w::ay 10 find OUI how a given :appliation uses Comrol :and
is 10 rc:ad the manuallhal arne with the appliCltion. To make iI eaSier 10 remember the key combin:alions, the key you press in
a combin:ation with or Control is usually the firsl letter of the
funClion it performs.
Typing a document
Whether you're using ~-bued or keyboard~buedapplkalions, youll use the keyboard (0 type your documerus. In genen.I, the main pall 01 !he keyboard works like !he keyboard 0'\ a typewrirer, and !he buik-in oomeric keypad works like the keys 0'\ an adding machine; but there arc: a few things you should know about !he keys on the keyboard.
Return
In word processing applications, whcn you reach the end of a line of te~t, thc inscnlon point movc.s to the ocxt Iioc automatically. You
use Rcturn only when you want to start a new pllragnph. If you press Return instead of letting the application handlc lIne breaks, you
interfere WIth the application's ability to rearrange the words on a line after you make changes
If you discover that you'1/'(! pressed Return by accident, you can
delete the extra Return charaaer the same way you delete any other
eharaaer, even though the Return chan.aer is invisibk:! How do you know it's there if" it's uwisible? You know it's there if" your lines break in funny places alter you make changes (Q a paragnph. (See Figure }-15-l
46
Chapter 3: The Mouse ond !he Keyboad
"'., 1-. rll~ EM F:f~t ~ S\~le ,
:r':-j" call~j ~\CI~ r'oli.r1l<!D Ji:.r~!b'· t»J1 iJ'el t'OSi to \Ile ~ ship
P~I!.t«tI H'i ftr(~ 9'J:~ \.;« In the bl~ ;~II~ +./'i tlIroos1y etllty Oeo:k, the fl~ " til 1\; ~ m l' I*"tlfy tp.r5t11" tJe ~
,In ~~ tJs ~ onSl!:!" fro:.. ~ ,ler \t:~1 It ~ ~ w~s llltn\ly, ~;.II"l
~'er (C,o!!" ~\~I~ IWitMt tJ\~ 1\ OJ 11':*1 (II ~I~ )lI(J"l~, S071'td, yet I\>l'1-dl~ ~ (OC@ , s r"'",~In; pews lierl\ mto octlOO
Extro ~e1\Jrn - - - - - - -_ _
,I~lJ:n tlJlI"e». ~~~ the S\,Il\(II Irls\JlII~ ~thln; m.-«o; her! ~ t, ,eI",,! ~ m ,~;.nea;!'l tCIfJ5, told him tn s \ t"o! coold t'(I\ (lJ \e ~t ~IS 1t'J9!f CI'i I ne~, a ~II ~ ocros; the !Klier p.rd I"ll OJ rool!; Mil ,n tI"~ 51~ of L"Jo< Pollr'r.o:in
Figure 3·15 An errant !?alum character
Some applications give you a way of displaying Return characters so you ColO see if you inserted any where they don't belong.
Incidentally, Relurn is represented in some applications and manuals not by name but as a bent arrow pointing down and to the left. The icon represenlS the movement of the cursor when you press lhe key: it moves down a line and over to the left margin.
Typing a document
47
Shift and Cops lock
The Shifl kc)'s 00 the Apple !lOS keybo:ird work jusllike the Shifl kc)~ Ofl a typewriter. To get a capital Ictter, you hold down Shift while you I)'pe the lcner you want capitalized. To get the upper character on two-charaetcr keys, you hold down Shifl while you type thc tw()charaacr kcy. For example, to type a dollar sign, you hold down Shifl wlulc you press 4
If you want everything you I)'PC to come out capllalized, you can press down Caps Lock. (You'U feel the key lock in place, and you11 nohoe that II hn a lower profile than surrounding keys) When you ...;anl lowercase: characters again, press Caps Lock a second time and !he key wiD I'CIUm 10 iu upright POSItion. 'The nice lhing aboul Caps Lock is rnat il alTeas only the alphaba keys---<I doesn' give you the upper charaacr on tWO<h.araeter keys. To gel an upper charaaer, you still ha,-e to use Shih. Unlike the typewriter, this means you can gel all capital \cuers interspersed with numbers withoul releasing
"'''' Lod<
Tab
Tab works like the Tab key on a typewriter, exrept that instead of the typewritcr's print head moving to the right a preset number of
splces when you prt:!S Tab, the insertion point moves to the place
you designate as the !lUt I.lIb marker. Selling lab markcrs and using Tab are handy when you're typing information in columns
You set !he lab marker (WI is, you M:I the distance you want the insenion point 10 ma..-e) by using a cornma.nd in the applicatioo. ~ot aD applications use Tab this ""'y, 001 mo5I word processing applicatiOns do.
48
Chopler 3 The Mouse ard the Keyboard
Keys that can be confusing
Touch typists often usc the lowcrasc lctter I for the number I (because the I is conveniently located on the home row, and the 1 is a long reach for the lcft pinky). You can't do that wim a. computcr. lhc computer 1.ra.nsbtcs each keypress imo a code of O's a.nd 1'so The code for me leiter I is different from me code for me number I If you save a document with me name Chaplerl and try to retrieve it by typing Chaplerl (instea.d of Chaplerf), the computer will tcll you there is no SlJch documem on me disk, and yOU could have heart failure over your lost document before you relllizc whllt you've done.
lhc slime is true wim the cllpital \cuer 0 eOh") and the number 0 (1CTO). lhc computer will balk if you try to lIdd II number wim me letter Oin it.
Space bar
1be Space bar is lInothcr key on the computer keyboard mat be· haves differently than its typewriter counterpart. On II typewriter, a spa.ce is an area. on the paper where naming is typed. On a computer, pressing the Space bar il\SCrts II space character. Just as I and I are differem, so is a space Chal'2Cler different from the space mat you get when you press Right Arrow. Some applications, aware of the potential confusion, ignore e:<tra. space chal'2cters. But in othcr applications, the word jones and me word jones/allowed by a space arc as different liS me words jones and Smith.
Typing a doct.rnent
49
Auto·repeot
When you hold down a key on the Apple IIGS keyboard, il repealS
jIJsI. as il would on an eleclrie typewriter. nus fe:arure is called aulO-
repeat.
Ir it's physically difficult for you 10 press and release the keys quickly or if you just have a heavy h:and on the keys, you can use the Control Panel Progr:am (expl:ained in Appendix A) 10 ch:ange the length of lime before a pressed key $IaftS repe:ating. By the same loken, if you have a very hgtu touch and lind the keyboud :>Iuggish, you can UliC the Control Panel Progr:arrt (() make the keys repe:al :after a shorter intervaL
Type-ahead-keyboard buffer
After you get familiar ...nih an application, youll know by hean the
questions it asks, and you'll find yourself Iyping responses before
the quc:5tiofl5 even :appear on the screen. FOl" ex:ample, you'll remember Ihat after you ehoose the Print command from the menu, the :application will :ask you how many copies you want to prinl. To s:ave time, you can type the answer to the question before it even appears on the sereen. The application isn'l ready for the answer, so what you Iype doesn't appear on the screen, but ii'S
$Iored in:a special p:art of memory ailed the keyboard buffer.
'\X'hen the :application i3 ready to accept input from )'0\1. il relrieves what you typed from the keyboard buffer and arries OUt your typed instl'\letlon.
so
Chapter 3: The Mouse an::llhe Keybocrd
Numeric keypad
1be nurrtler keys on the right side: of ~t keyboald are arranged like the keys on an adding machine. This makes il convenient to enter numbct5 In spradshccts and oIhcr numbcr-oricnlCd applications. In most applications, the keys on the keypad work exactly like the number keys on \h(: lop row of the main keyboard,
and you an usc them interchangeably. In some applications, mey
may wOfk as functIon keys--that is, as keys that yoo press to perform certain functions like printing or saving documents. If they are used as funaion keys in a given application, the appliation wiU tell you whal the funaions of the various keys ate.
Summary of special keys
Figure 3-16, on the next twO pages, summari:teS the functions of the special keys on the Apple IIGS keyboard.
lyplngodocU'T'l8l'lt
51
Figure 3-16 Keyboard
,
!
@
#
$
'Yo
(se: usually cancels an
tlloiii.LL.,I.l"'rL!2l.,..I.13IO;T.t.4.l~.~.U..;5;,-LJ~~6-.L!..l;,.
° · · · ac~v1ty or takos you to a
previous menu
laI~eolent:IMutshe0d
In camb,nand Conttol
---....j~f.lo---.t.'J.>ji-.i.J~i"'.Ll1t
i.JlR-'l~-I.JLTlli-.L~IY"'.LI!.lr::
to rastart an appr.cot.on
cCaomnbtfOo:l:JtulOslo'1dIM1-1th-------1I.,1,COr fl.''''.·' ·rLlJiA,.rtLJ..IiSi;ortLJ..Ii0i;orJ..u.fi''''-I.liiG...''-IlliiH,.'"-i:iiij
anothOf key lor lOme
special effect.
Shill:
u
sed
In
:::;:-------1~s~lr.ilr="T==."i~.lI....Lli.liX..;=I.I!.J.C.;=t,I.J.V..
B
.rLLIii=ri.!..Iii:;:
combnohon IMth
another koy to give an
uppercase leIter or the Uppel character an a twa-charactor kev
3C, '-' --
Caps Lock: capitallzos lefters. but d09$n't oHeCT other keys
~(
Option, used If1 cambJnolion IMth anothef key lor some sp9(;lal effect_ on othor mooels Of tho Applo II.
tnls koy IS Iabelod II
C, 0110 called the
Command koy or
represontod with 0 propoUer symbol; usod
1-1 combination IMI't1 onoTher key for somo
special offoct
Space bor: Insorts 0 space charactor
...
52
Chapter 3: The Mouse ord the Ke';'boo!d
L
b:
~
~ .JiiJ'
f
I
9
6 J --
I, +
~
dekle
,!eN ~
/
·
0
K1
(
-:..-.
(
\
{
P{
, ,"
I. '
:> / ~
<-. .->
} }
refum
shift
·,
t
-----J
.......
L
.~...-...
Del.le: 91OSl3S the
character 10 ma left at rho 1n$E!rf1on point
tell, Right, Down, Up
Anow: moves Tt1e
ma'Mn pdnlln me
direction ndcoled
1
4
,
J
,D
l!..t~'n: confirms a
chooce Of 101l51ho
opplico"on Thai you',e
,eady to proceed. In
word processln'l applications. pummg RoI"n moves The
,.,insertion point to me
beglmlng 01 Tt1e nmrt
8
9 1+
5 116 2 13
- ~1
~
~
OIIW
J
-
~
(
Enlol: conlirms a choice or tells the application thot you"re leady 10 proc....d. has 1t1.. "",me fUnction 01 Rerun.
Claa,; works 1t1e some as pressing Control·X: presstng Control-X while wrItlng a BASIC PfOQlom
cancels the program line yalile typhg
-
Typing a document
53
L
L:
L:
Saving Documents
L:
55
Formatting II also called Initializing.
After you finish creating a document-actually, as soon :as you
create anything worth keeping-you should save it on a disk. Othcrwis.c, it will be lost forever when you rum oIT the comIXHer's power switch (or accidcnt.:ally kick the computer's power cord OUt of the outleO. It doesn't matter whether you save the document on a 3.5-inch disk, a 5.25-inch disk, or a hard disk. Saving is the same regardless of the kind of disk you're saving on. What varies is the procedure for saving, and thaI can vary from application to application. Read the manual that came with your application for instructions on how to save documents created with that application. If the instructions are clear, you may not need to read this chapter.
With most applications, saving a document on a disk is a very easy, intuitive procedure. You select the Save command from a menu, and the application asks you a few straightforward questions about where you want to save the document and what you w:l.nt to rume it Aaually, the questiOns are only straightforward once you know what
the application means by such terms :as palhname. prefix, volume name, filename. format, directory, and subdirectory. This chapter
explains these terms and other things you may need to know about saving documents on disks.
Formatting a disk
Before you can save documents on a blank disk, the disk has to be formatted. Formatting divides a disk into sections where information can be stored.
Different applications go to different lengths to help you get disks formatted:
· Some applications oITer to format a disk automatically when they discover that you've asked them to save a document on a blank, unformatted disk.
56
Chapter 4: Sovlng Docl.nlElnts
· Some applications offer formauing as one of the commands on
the application program's menu.
· Some applications, discovering an unformatted disk, just beep and put a message on the screen to the effed that you'd bener exchange the blank disk for a formaued one if you expea to save anything on it. In this case, you should format using the System Disk. (fhe procedure for formatting is explained in the system disk dotumentation.)
Important
Find out haw your application handles formatting belore you create a lengthy or Important document. If your application is the type that doesn't format disks and you don't have a fOfmatted disk handy. you'll hove to quit the appllcalion and lose the document In memory In order to format a disk,
A drecloryli olso cored 0 calolog.
When a disk is formatted, three things happen;
I. You're asked to give the disk a name (often referred to as the volume name for reasons eJ<plained a little later).
2 The disk is divided into sections where information can be stored-parking space for your thu.
3. A directory is sct up on the disk. At first, the directory is empty eJ<cept for the name of the disk and the amount of space aV3il· able on the disk; but as you save documents on the disk, the names, sizes, and locations of those documents are recorded in the directory. Applications usc the directory to find the locations of the documents you ask them to load into memory. You can usc the directory to sec what's on a given disk. (You'll learn much more about directories in the system disk guide.)
Important Formatting erases everything stored on a disk. You should lormat a disk only before you save something on It for the first lime or when you want to erase everything that's on the disk,
(. Why disks are sometimes called w/umes: Volume is a general term for an area where information is stored. It's less media· specific than the word disk.. If you're storing information on a 5.25-inch disk or a 3.5·inch disk, diSk name and l/Ofume name are synonymous. With large-capacity storage devices like hard disks, you can have more than one volume on a disk. That's why some applications ask for volume name instead of disk name.
Formotling a disk
57
Drl",e 1 Is the dlsk diNe 01 Its
type (35-l'lcl'l or 525·lnch) thot's connected directly to The computer 0< to The connecto< labeled drl",e 1 on the disk drl",e controller cord OrNe 2 Is The d:sk drl"'e comecTed To drl",e 1 or to tl'le CO<Yl&CTo< labeled drl",e 2 on rhe contloller card.
Saving a document
When you wa.ntlO SlI",e a. document on a. disk, you choose !he Save comma.nd from the appliQtion's menu. After you choose t.hc Sa",e command, the application usually asks you where you want to savc the document. 1hcre are lots of ways the application might ask this qucstion; one way is to give you a list of choices like this,
SaVe '1'0:
3.S-inch Drive 11
3,S-inch Drive '2
P"'I'HNAME,
Saving to a disk In a certain disk drive
If you choose 3.S-inch Drive fl or 3,S-inch Drive 12 (or any disk dri"'e shown on the screen), the next question is: What d" you want t" na"''' the decument? You [fpe a name and press Return, the document is saved on the disk you specified, and the name you gave the document is recorded in the disk's main directory along with its location on the disk.
Documen/f are 01$0 collednl··. "an oppllco"on asks lor a III.· nome, IT'. asking lor the name 01
o document.
Naming a document
You can name your document anything you like, provided there isn't already a document by thai name on the disk and provided the name conforms 10 the application's rules for naming documents. (You should be able 10 find the rules for naming documents in the manual that came with the application.) Some applications won't allow spaces in documcnt names. Some applications won't ICI you start a docuffiCnt name with a number or a punctuation mark, Most applicalions limit thc length of the document name to 15 charaClcrs. If you want to play it safe, follow these guidelines in naming your documents:
· Start the name with a letter,
· Don't use spaces.
· Don't make it longer than 15 characters.
58
Chopter 4: Saving Documents
o
Figure 4-1 Two WafS to organize docunents
If you don't want to play il ufe, give your document.;any Mme you Iike;and sec if !he ;app/Olion Iels you get;aWOllY with it. The worsI that an h1ppen is Wt you'D get;a beep;and an error message like ILLtGAL FIlLIl,y,t;and youll know that the Mme you typed W1.5 too long, started with the wrong kind of ch;ar;aeter, or included spaces when the ;application didn't allow it Then you'll get a chance to type ;another name.
Saving with a pathname
The p;athn1me option is for people who org;arure their disks into subdirectories. Organil:ing ;a disk into subdirectories is like putting documents into file folders iOSl.ead of throwing them r;andomly in ;a dr;awer. (See Figure 4-1.)
For example, you might h1\lC ;a dr;av.'Cl' in your offire where you file personnel inl'ormatiOn on your employees. In th1t dr;awer you h1,-e folders called Finance, S1k:s, M;anuf;aClUring, ;and 50 on. Inside e;ad! folder lI'e documents with pelSOnncl inforlT1.1lion on e;ach
employee in thll dcp:;lnmenl. You ClIn use this umc syStem to
org;ani:zc information on ;a disk. You would n;arne the disk PERSOt\'NEL; SCI up subdirectories on the disk ulled FINANCE, SALES, ;and MAr-"UFACfURlNG, ;and save documents with personnel information on each employee in the appropriale subdirectory.
Organiring documcou intO subdirectoric:<l nOi only IT1.1W il easier for you to fmd documenu on a disk, but also IT1.1kes it furcr for !he computer 10 locate and load documents you WOlInt to revise.
When you look al the directory of a disk, you don't.sec the name of every document in every subdirectory. You.sec only the subdirectory names and the names of documcnLS you saved directly onto thl'l disk rather than into subdireaories. (Looking at a disk directory and seeing only subdirectory Mmes is like opening the
me dra....-er of a file ca~ and seeing rames on the folders rather
than seemg every document. in every folder.) If you WOlIN to.sec the Mmes of the documcou in a sutxhrectory, type the disk name, a slash, then the subdirectory name when you ask the application for a directory listing.
Savhg a dOCUT\&l"lt
59
SUbdirectories ore olIO cotled lolders The two words meon the some tnlng
Creating subdirectories
lJ.cfore you COln ~ave documents in subdirectories, you h3ve 10 create !he ~ubdircctories. Some appHcatiorui give you a way 10 ereaLC subdireclories from within the application; others e.xpeCl you to create them with Ihe System Disk.
Once you've created your ~ubdirec!Ories, you can ~ave documents in one of those .subdircClorie~ by Iyping a pa.thname. A pathname is the complete name of the document, starting with \he di~k nOlme (also called uolume name), then the ~ubdifeclOry name, then the document name, The pathname SlarlS with a slash, and each part of the pa.thname is separated from the neJ<l part with a slash. The puhname /PERSONNEUSAlES/JONES tells the application to save lhe documcm on the di~k called /PERSONNEL in the subdircctory called ISAlFS and to name iIJOl'o'ES. If you don'l use subdireClories, the pathname is simply the disk name and the document name-fOf example, /PERSONNEUJONES.
As !he word suggests, a pathname describes the path or route to a documenl. (See Figure >1-2,)
Pathncme
I _______ fHWflfMAIN/MAPLE
~ Disk nome Sl.bd~eetorynome Doco..ment nome
Figure 4-2
Potma~
60
Chapter 4: SavIng DocLrnents
Se"ing a prefix
A pathname is a very descriptive w:ly of telllng an appliation the route to a document, butIPERSONl'-"EJ.)SALES/jONES requires a lot of typing. fortunately, there's a shortcut. You an set a preflX. A
prefIX is the filSt part of a pathname. It an be jus! the disk name (jPERSONNEL) or it can be the disk name and the subdirectory
name (jPERSONNEL!SALES). Once you've set the prefix, you don't have 10 type lhe whole pa.thnamc. You just Iype the document name (for example, jO/,\I;:S), and the applialion lacks the disk name and subdirectory onto the front of what you type.
Setting a prcflX allows you to work with different documents in the same subdirectory more conveniently. You an save or load any document in that subdirectory by typing just the document name, not the whole pathname. When you W2nl to work with a document in a different subdirectory, you ClIO either change the prefIX or override the current preflX by typing the complCIC pathname of the document.
The appliation you're using williell you how 10 set a prefIX.
To moke ~ even more cha~eng· Ing. some oppllcot1oos shorten
1M quos!lon to 51 D?(Sstonds tor Iiot; 0 stands for dlveJ
Other ways to save
If an appliation asks for a 5101 number and a drive number when you choose the Save command, it's asking which slot contains the disk drive controller eat'd for the drive you w:mt 10 save to, and whether that drive is attached to the drive I connector or the drive 2 connector on the controller ard. (J. disk drive controller ard an control up to two disk drives.) If your disk drive is connected to your computer through a disk drive controller card, the answer is straightforward. (Even if you an'( remember which slot your controller ard is in and which drive is attached 10 the drive 1 connector on the ClIrd, you can always remove the cover from your Apple lleS and have a look.)
Saving a docl.ment
61
But wtul if your disk drive is connee;ted to the: compoter lhrough the disk drive port and not \0 :l slOt? In lhis case, you supply the slot
me number thaI corresponds to disk drive port. For 3,5-inch
drives, the corresponding slOt is 5. For S.2S-inch drives, the correspondmg slot i.I; 6. (The disk drive poll W:lS designed to emubte a slOi with a disk drive controller Cllld so you'd be able to use software that lookls for a comroller card in a slot.)
If you have more than one drive of the ume type connected 10 !he disk drive pan, drive 1 is me drive connected direc:tly 10 !he computer Ori,'c 2 is the drive connected 10 drive 1
Other applic:ulolu tmyexpea you to indicate when: you want your documcnl uvcd by ryping the documeru rume foll\Xlo-e<! by :a comrm, folJcr;t.'t"d by \he lener D (soon for drive) and a drive number FOf example. typing 1WlO.02 or .D2IMOIO tells the operating system to U\'C the document fUmed MEMO 00 the disk in drive 2. If you don't type a Dand a drive numbel, the application assumes you ~t to save it on the disk in the dri,-e you b5l. a~
h ~ i{r(-:i / /) 1----Operot:ng svsrem
figure "'3 IM10IIhe dIsk opetollng system does
Disk operating systems
\XIhcn you leU your appliClition to $2ve a document on a disk, it
hands the job over to a subcontractor Cliled the dl.slt operating
.l}'Slem.
TIle disk operatlng sysu.m is a sel of programs on every application program disk thai handles the lIanspol1ation of document.s between the memory of the oornputer and disks. (See Figure 4·3.)
The only reason you need to be aware of !he disk operating system is !hat there are three varietics-ProDQS-, P2SClIl, and DOS 3.3and each variety requires tJut disks be formatted in a particular way. If your application uses ProDOS (that is, if the application is ProDOS·based), document.s created with that application can be stored only on ProOOS-formatted disks. If your application program is PasClI-ba.sed, documents created with that appliCltion can be stored only on Pascal-formatted disks.
62
Chapler 4: saving Doct.ments
,
6 " llq,p1 tIKI'S UI~hr liSt
kCJll11L1l~flsh 1'U11C.)UIS~hIIlJH)(..
~
......... ,.." ... .....-.Jo.....
,
),
1- 0
Figure 4-4 Disk operatlng system Is
shownonlo~
If formatting is handled by the application, you don't need [0 know what that applic:l.lion's disk opel1l.1ing system is-----the application knows and will formal disks the way it needs them to be formatted
If formatting isn't handled by your appJiation, you'll use the System Disk and you'll be asked whclhcr you W2nt the clisk formancd for ?roDOS or Pascal.
How do you know what opcn.ting system your application uses so you know how to answer the question? You can usually fmd OUI by looking :1.1 the label of the application program disk or by using the Catalog a Disk command on the System Disk. (Sec Figure 4-4)
If there is no oper::l.ting system shown on the label, sec if the application's operating system is mentioned in the application
program's manual. Ot will most likely be mentioned in the chapter
Lhat discusses how to save documents on disks.)
If you want to know why there are three disk operating systems for the Apple lI, and more abOUlthem, read on.
Apple II dIsk operating systems
In the beginning, thcre were only 5.25-inch disks and one system for saving information on them. TIle system was callcd DOS, an acronym for Disk Operating System. (Over the years, DOS was improved, and version numbers were tacked on to distinguish one version from the nel[\. The last and best version was DOS 3.3,)
TIle fust applications wriuen for the Apple ]I were written either in assembly language (a programming language only slightly removed from Lhe language of O's and l's that the Apple 11 speaks nuemly) or in BASIC (a programming language that uses Englishlike words 10 tell the computer what to do). Both assembly-language programs and BASIC programs used the DOS 3.3 system for rormalling disks and for saving and retrieving documents, so users didn't have to know whal kind of program they were using.
Disk operating systems
!hen a version of the Pucal prognmming laoguage was adaped for the Apple II. This was a big bleakthrough because P3scal1S a
powCl'ful programming language, aod the faa that it was available
led to the development of lw of sophisticated applications for the Apple II. The only drawback 10 this breakthrough was Imt Pascal appHClItions didn't use DOS 3.3. PaSClII applications used their own operatlOg system. (Now there's a vcrsion of the Pucal programming language that uses the ProDOS operating system, but the fusl vcrsion of Pucal for the Apple II required its own operating system.)
With Pucal ()(l the scene, users had 10 keep I.r.I.ck of whc:lhcr the disks holding !heir documents 'Were form:med for DOS 3.3 or for Pucal. If !hey tried to save a Pucal documcl1l on a OOS 3-3 di<;k, they gOl an error me:ssage, and vice versa..
Then came larger-.apacity disks-35-inch disb aod hard diskscapable of holding hundreds of documents instead of the dozens you could store on a 52S-inch dISk The Pucal ope:nUng.system
was equipped 10 handle the larger storage devices, bul DOS 3.3 couldn't. So DOS 3.3 w:u suppbnre<l with a disk operating sySlem
that could take advanlage of all that extr.l storage space,
The 005 3.3 replacement was ProDOS. an acronym for Profwional Disk Operating System. TIle most important fcature of ProDOS, besides its ability to usc all that exl.r.l. storage space, is lhal il supports subdirea.ories, Ot's the only one of the three Apple II disk operating systems thai does; so if an application refcrs 10
sutxLrea.ones or pathnames. you know it's a ProOO5-ba.sed
applicat,on program,)
You may see references to ProDOS 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, ProooS 8, and ProDOS 16. ProDOS 1.1-1.3 are version numbers. ProDOS 8 refers (0 versions of ProooS that are compatible with Apple lis using 8-bit microprocessors: the lie, lie, and the IIGS in 6S02-emulation mode. ProDOS 16 refers to versions of ProooS that are designed for the 16-bit microprocessor in the Apple IIGS. Applications designed especially for the Apple IIGS will useProDOS 16. Applications designed for earlier models of the Apple II or for all models of the Apple II family won't.
You can still ron 005 3.3-based applications on the Apple IIGS, but you can't save the documents on 3.5-inch disks. DOS 3.3 was designed for S.2S·inch disks with a storage capacity of 143K; 3.S-inch disks have a storage capacity of800K.
Disk operating systems
65
····· ··· ·
· '. ············
·
··· ··
·'" ·
··· ···
·····,··········.······
· ·
·
·
Chapter 5 Application Programs
,. ·
..#
You don', need a lot ol equipment 10 start using yoor ....ppIe lies
YOoI an go a long way with just a monitor, a disk drive, a printer,
and a single application. But when you're ready to go further, there are hundreds of ways 10 go, and lOIS of tools to help yoo gel there.
The next two chapters introduce .some of the applications and peripheral devices you an get for the Apple IlGS. De<:ide on the types of applications and peripheral devices you nced~ then choose the specific product based on the recommendations of friends,
reviews in compuler magazines, reviews in softWllre catalogs, and the advice of your authori7.cd Apple dealer. (Friends :ire best because if you lake their recommendations, they can answer questions L1u1 come up as you're learning 10 use the application or peripheral device.)
,------''--
Figur.
lob 01
<S4+-'Ilc';"Po'O"'O~'
You an get a couple of general-purpose applications like a dau. base applicllion :and a spreadsheet apphation and adapt them for dozens of different purposes Or you can get very spedalized applications: a data base that's already.set up as a running log. a
recipe file, a coin oollcaor's tournai, a spreadsheet already set up
for preparing a home budget, preparing your income talles, balancing your checkbook, or for analyzing differem mortgage optioru_
The adva:ntage of general-purpose applications is their flellibility_ You can use one applu::alion for dozens of different thin~, and you can decide how to 5CI up the "form" you use for filling in your information. The advantage of sp«ialized applicatioru is thai they're easy 10 use. All you do is rill in the blanks.
The following sections describe $OITle gencnl-purpose applications. followed by a list of.some of the specialty applications available for the Apple II family of compute~. You can find out about other 5pcdahy applicatiolU by looking through oomputer maga7jnC5 or .software catalogs.
~ Desk accessories; With the Apple IIGS, you can use miniature
application5 like a notepad and calculator without leaving your main application. These miniature application5 arc called desk accessories.
66
ChapTer 5: AppIeotion Prc9011"¥
Choosing an application
Ilere are some things to think about when you're evaluating an application:
· Is it easy to use? If it uses a standard inlCrface (that is, if it fonows the conventions described in Chapler 3), it will be easier to learn than an application with an unconventional uscr interface. A good manual is another thing that makes an application easier to learn. AI; important as it is, don't make simplicity your only criterion. Sometimes an application is easy to Jearn because it doesn't do much. If you find a simple application, make sure it also has the features you wan\.
· Does ituke advantage of Apple lICS features, or is it designed to run on all models of the Apple 11 family? Applications designed especially for the Apple lies can uke adl'1lnuge of super-highresolution graphics and other Apple IIcs-specific features. if that's imporUnt to you, look for new applications or applications that have been revised to take advantage of Apple llCS fealUreS. If, on the other hand, it's imponant that the applications work on other models of the Apple II, make sure the application is advenised as Apple lie-compatible, Apple Ilc-compa.lible, or Apple 1l Pluscompatible.
· Is it compatible with other applications you have? Can you inscn a list created with your dau base into a Ieuer written with your word processing application? Applications designed to work together and share information are called integrated software.
· Docs it work automatically with your printer? TIle key word here is automatically. Hackers can make all SOItS of different devices Ulk to each other, but if lrOubleshooling isn't your idea of a good time, look for software that's already configured for your printer.
· Does it do exactly what you want it to do? Sometimes it's worth sacrificing ease of use and the sund<trd uscr interface to get an application that does exactly what you need to do.
· If the application is complicated, arc there classes you can take to learn how to use it?
· Is there a hot line you. can can foc al1S\\o'Cf'5 to your questions?
· How much does it cosl? Cosll$ a baor in choosing applications, but it's the last thing on !his list because you won't save money by gettmg a cheap appliouon tmt ukes four months to leam or has bugs that destroy a document it took you three hours to type.
figure 5-2 Computer os word processor
Word processing
Word PJ'0Ce'i5lng applkatlofl5 ale for ....'T1lillg thirlgs--from short thi0g5 like memos to long thin&" like books, 1ht:y don'l do the writing for you, or even the typing---thcy juS! make it very, very casy 10 add. move, deletc, and changc your !Cxt and correct misukcs.
Besides improving your writing by miling it easy to rewritc, a word processing application can improve the way your writing Jooh Using the fOl'Tmllling fe:atul'e5 of your word proc=sing application, you can ctunge the width of margins. underline and center ncadmgs. put words in bold for special emphasis. and much lllOfe
NO! all editing and formatting features are available in every word processing application. Think about what's important to you, and make sure the application you gel meets your needs.
Here are lOme of the thin~ you can do with word proces.sing appliollioru;
· 1ll5C11 ch:aracters, words, :and paragraphs (and the apptiation rearnnges .surrounding ~t 10 make room for your additions).
· Wrap words automatically. (W'hen the insertion poinl reaches the end of the linc, it and any word that won't fit on the current line go to the start of the next line automatically; you don't have 10 press Return.)
· Delete characters or whole ~lCnres with a few keysuokes.
· Repboe one word or phrase ....ith another. (Type the old word, Iype the new word, and the apptiCItion wiD replace the old willl the new lhroughout the dooJment; this is called seat'cl\ and replacl:.)
· Move text from one pan of the document 10 another (also called all and paste).
70
Chapter 5: Apprk:otlOl"l ProgOI1'l$
or · Copy lext from one document to another oc to anot:hc:r part the
same dOCUffiCni.
· Sct nurgilU and tabs. · Choose from a """ricty of type Sizes and type sirles. · Put text in footnotes. · loden! lists. · Single, double, or lriple space:. · Number pages aUlonutically. · Insert Nnning headers and footen; (u:xt thai is prinled :II the (Op
and bOllom of each page). · LcJt-ju5lLfy, center, Of nghl-juSlify your te:llL
Companion applicallons
Here are appJicuions designed 10 work with some word processing applications: · Spelling checker: an application mal reads through yoor
document and finds any words thaI aren't in its diCLion:uy. · Form-letter mllkcr: an application that inserts names and
addresses from a dlt.:il base into documents created with your word processing application (also known as a m.:ill-merge application).
.,. ~o
Flgur.5-3 Computer os lec()(d k~
Data base
Data base appUc::aIions arc fOf keeping Inck of inf()lTmlLion about people, places. and things. You don't tuve to be !he owner of an auto-parts SIOfe to use a <bill base. You «JUld be a fishelTlUn keepmg a record of the location, time of day, weather, and lure
used to catch each trophy fISh. You wuld be:l home owner keeping
rOl' a record of your V,Iolu:lbIes insurance plll'pOl5eS. YOllwuld be :I
head hunter keeping :I record of clients, their current jobs, and their job skills.
Dato bose
71
---
l?ecord
The information ;/,bout c;/,ch person, pbce, or lhing is called ;/, record. If you luve ;/, dau tn5e tlut lists the n;/,me5, ;/,ddresses, ;/,n<! phone numbers or;/,!I your clients, ;/,nd you luve 42 c1ienl$, there ;/,re 42 records in your client d;/,u 1nse. E;l.ch c;/,((:gory of infornution you keep In.ck of is ailed;/, field. If your ;/,ddres5-book dau I»se includes the n;/,ffiC, ;/,ddrcss, phone number, ;/,nd bfnhd;/,y or C;l,ch friend, you have four ftelds in Lh;/,t dau base.
flrsl_. _Ii: i-t
.::rtH
C::,
:~lh
.n........:"""""",,,,,,,......,,,,,,,==,,,,==,,,.,,,,,,,,,.,,,,"""'"
..,~n~
ElUiOIth
Shl.u'r"!f\I $cott
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~;r-"1 :r~."
:.rlst,
OIwt
~lrr:SJ'
Jor ~;
,..Joo
IJLa.l,Utllt
'J,h.,
..cn~; l!ur
~l "IrS ?ocHo'~ Ser,e~11
Stone 10.!rs
Figure $-"
Records and ftelds
The tedious pan of using :r. dau base application is typing an the infomution when you set up a new dau base.. The fun pan is ~ the :r.pp1icatiOn to se:r.rch for:r. p:r.niOJlar piece of information or 10 re:r.lT2nge lhe infomutiOn according to CJl.teria you specify.
Sometimes iI's U5dulto know e\'ety deuil about everything in your dau base, but moot of the time you W;I,n( a subset of the infomution-all your clients WIth birthd;/,ys in December, a li5I of
$Iudents who scored more ttun 650 on their SATs, a list of
CUStomers who spent more than S200J on sh0C5 last ycu-and you don't care about the other information tlut's in the data base, 1bcsc subsets ue called reports. You can generate hundreds of difTerent reports from one data base without afTecting the information in the dau base as a whole.
eLl!
(!g1JM'<;~\,
OilTercN dau base applications have different limits on things like the number of recocds you can keep, the number of fields, and the length of ~ch flCkl Figure WI what you want to do with the dau base appl.icallOCl and make sure !he application leu you do il Here are some lhiogs you can do with data base applications:
· 50ft records alph;.JbetiaUy (A 10 Z or Z to A).
· Sort records numerically (high to low or low to high).
· Perform calculations on numerial fields (so you an figure OUI,
for exampk:, your area's 10la1 5a1es or your dUll'S avenge.score on the las! ICSt).
· Chcclc errors automatically. Of one of the fields is .social sccurity number, for example, some applications COIn check to be sure you've entered a nine-digit numlx:r.)
If the lnfOfllULion you wanl to keep lnck of doesn't f:tll into nC:l\ cl\cgorics, you ClIn get a free-form cbu base. With a free·form d:lt.:J. base, you enter data in panlgr.lph form and designate ceruin words as key words WI you can search for bter
Spreadsheel
Spreadshc'd app1k:a.liOfl5 are for Vo'oriung W1lh nu..lbas III0st oflCrl WIth numbers aWched to dollu signs. The ttaditiooul spreadsheet applia.t>on $l2tlS you off W1l.h a bbnk 5ClCCfl bid 001 in rows and columns like a ledger. The rows in a sprcadsneet are numbcred~the coIumM are kuered. 1be inler.seclJOn of a row and a column is called a ceLL You describe different locu.ioru on the spreadsheet the w:ay you describe loc:n.ioru on a nup-for example, AI is the
intersection 01 column A and row I; 812 is the inlellie<:tion 01
column B and row 12, and $0 on.
With a f»per ledger, you fill in your as.seu and liabilities in pencil, and then you add, sublracl, and Otherwise manipu!Jle the numbers 10 arrive al a lotal-the bouom line. If any of the numbers changc,
or or if you want [0 change orx: the numbers 10 see how a dirrcrcrn
pricing Slnlcgy would arrcc;{ the bottom line, you have to recalculaIC all the numbers ·by hand:
Spreadsr-t
1J
With an eleClIonic spreadsheet, you still have to fill in the assets and liabilities, but you ca.n write formulas that define the relationships between the various cells. Instcad of just adding up the numbers in
cells C5, C6, and C7, and putting that tOlal in C9, you defme cell C9
as the sum ofC5 + C6 + 0. Once you've defined the relationships
between your numbers in this w;ty, you can change a few numbers (to try OUI a po!enlial investment or a change in salary) and the application will recalculatc all the relaled values for you.
m
""
ll~BiLII!ES
0-1 for H~l~
Figure $-6 Spreadsneet
In the hands of a numbers person, accustomed to Formulas for figuring out depredation, amortization, and such, a spreadsheet is a Formidable 1001. For the average person, it's just formidablc. So, for the average person, intimidated at the thought of setting up formulas on a blank spreadsheel, there are t("mplates-prefab spreadsheets that come with the formulas already filled in for things like comparing real estate invC5tments, preparing a home budget, and comparing loan options.
74
Chapter 5: Appncatlon Progroms
A macro Is a user-danned com-
mandthat tams tha applcatlan to
corry out 0 serlas 01 commonds whlln tho usar types the macro
Here :are some things you <::an do with some spre:adsheel :applic:ations:
· Use built-in £unetloD.5 10 CIIlculate the average, sum, count (number of items), maximum value, or minimum value in a column or row of numbers and the absolute, integer, and rounded-off value of a number, logarithm, square root, and more.
· Adjust column widths.
· CUI, copy, and p:aSIC numbers and formulu from one 0::1110 :anolher.
· Ch:ange number format (for example, dollars to scientific notation).
· Hide a column (to protect confidential information like salary or age of employees).
· Display lhe spreadsheel in a graph.
· Define macros so you c:an type one comm:and tml represents many StepS in :a routine procedure. Macros :are :a shortcut for experienced users :and :an aid to inexperienced users. An experienced user c:an define the m:acro :and :a less-experienced user CIIn enler d:ata withoul knowing:a whole lot :about how !he :appliClition works.
If mOSI of your number crunching involves home fiOllnces, you might be better off getting an application especi:ally designed for thaI purpose. Read lhe "Home Fin:ance" section later in this chapler.
Communications
With communications software and a modern, you can exchange information with other computers and wilh computeri;.;ed in£ormatlon services over telephone lines. Communic:alions software puIS the resources of:a wcU-stocked library and posl office on your desktop.
Figure 5-7 Computer as swltchboard
CorTYT'IJnlcatlons
75
With communiatiOtlS softW2le and a modem, you an
· Sub.scribc to a commercial information servia: and get the latest stock quotes and news.
· Send E·mall (elearonic mall) to friends and business 1SSOCiates directly or through an information servia:.
· POI$I and read nOtices on <Dmpulerittd bulletin boards (anything from software reviews 10 resumes).
· Download copieS of uncopyrighled softW<l.fe from bulletin boards
· ACCCS5 your business <Dmputer from home.
· Order dod1es and other things through electronic shopping alalogs (a service sometimes c1cscribed as E-mail).
· IUnk from home (if your bank offers electronic banking).
1be obvious advantages d tdrrommunlClting ale speed and converuence. You am.send and receive ma.il in minutC$ in9:ead of relying on the mail servia:. You an get news stories and stock
quotes before they're published, and you an go straight to the news
Wt ,"Ierests you instead of wading through all the othet news in a
r1C..'spaper or 1V program. You can research COlin cases and lopICS
for books, anides, or homeworic assignmentS Without going 10 a library
A less obvious advantage of exchanging information over phone lines is that il circumvents the incompatibility that otherwise exists between different brands of computers. You can"! take an 1B.>,f· dLsk, put it in an .... pple II disk drive, load the docurTlCfl( imo!he .... pple II, and work with that document. But you can send a documem from an IBM compuler to an Apple II computer over phone line! and $ave it on an ....ppk: II disk.
Before you cstabhsh contaa with a partirular <Dmputct or information servia: for the first time, you need 10 tell your communications application how to talk 10 that other <Dmputer. You do this by giving your <Dmmunications application cen.ain informallon about that computer Gnformation like baud, number of data bits, number of $lOP hilS, type of pa.nty, and so on).
16
Chapter 5: AppIcaIion Progroms
You don't need to know wtu.l the specifH:ations mean, but you do need to lind out what they are for the other computer (also called the remote oomputer), If the other computer is an inl"ormation service, it's easy. The information is spelled out in the documentation that comes when you subscribe to the service. If it's another personal computer, how you send the information depends on the configuration of the other computer's modem pon or modem interface card. Read ·Changing Printer/Modem pon Settings' in Appendix A for information on how the Apple IlGS modem port is set up to receive information and for an explanation of what the various specifications mean.
Information services
There are two kinds of information services: general-purpose services, like the Dow Jones News/Retrieval ServiceS,
The Source"", CompuServes , DialogS, and GEnieS; and
specialized services for lawyers, journalists, stock brokers, doctors, and others.
General-purpose information services let you check the lalesl news, sports, weather, and movie reviews; exchange mess,ages and mail with Olher subscribers; make airline reservations; and download (have the service send you) uncopyrighted soft\V,lre.
Services like Dialog give you access to vast libraries of books and articles. You pick the daur. base you \V,Int to access, type a few keywords, and the service searches for all the articles that contain your keywords. It's a fast, emdent way 10 do research.
If you're interested in one of these information services, ask your authori7.ed Apple dealer how you can get a subscription. Your dealer can lell you how to get your user ID, your ~word, and the local phone number of the service that interests you.
Bulletin boards
A computerized bulletin board system (DBS) is a personal computer equipped with a modem, a few disk drives, and special communications software. It is usually a clearinghouse for information, gossip, and unoopyrigtued software. Anyone who knows the phone number can call the bulletin board, leave messages, read messages, and download software.
Bulletin hoard~ came into being in 1978 as a way for members of local users groups to exchange messages with each other and share programs by phone. Today there are hundreds of computerized bulletin boards in the United Stales, and you don't have to belong to a users group to use one. All you need is a computer, a modem, communications software, and the phone number of your local bulletin board systcm. You can get that from your authorized Apple dealer (in some cases, he'll be a SYSOP, the system operator of a bulletin board), from a users group, or from onc of the I3BS articles that frequently appear in computer magazines.
Bulletin boards are popular for three reasons:
· 1bcy'rc usually free. You don't have to subscribe or pay for connect time the way you do with an information service.
· 1llcy're a sourcc offrcc sofiware.
· 1bcy're a good way to meet people.
The communications application is your gateway to information services, bulletin boards, and other personal computers. It simplif,es the proce<!ure for Iogglng on to information services (by letting you store on the application disk the phone number and other critical information about how to communicate with the Othcr computer) and makes it possible to prepare messages in advancc (which saves you money) and to save and print information you receive over the phone lines.
78
Chapter 5: Appncallon Programs
Figure S-S
COfn~erosconvos
Graphics
There arc all sorts of graphics applications: business graphics for converting numbers into graphs; clip art applications for making personalized greeting cards and the like; art applications for creating original drawings; and more.
For business
Business graphics appUeat.ions lake numbelS from spreadsheet applications (or numbers you type at the keyboard) and rum them into graphs and charts. (Obviously, it's a 101 more convenient if your graphics appliClition works with your spreadsheet application.)
You am usc the charts and gr,tphs you create to illustrate reports and presentations or just to clarify statistics in your own mind. If you're going to be using your gr:tphs for presenUlions, it's handy if your gnphics application has a sllde-show option, which Jets you arr.lnge several graphics in order :.lnd changes slides for you after a prearranged number of seconds or with a keystroke. For a large audicnce, you'll probably wanllO prinl your graphs onto shccts of acetate for usc with an ovcrhcad projector.
For fun
If yoo likc to make your own greeting cards or garagc·salc posters, or illustr:l.tc your correspondence, but don't think you have an artistic bone in your body, dip an is for you. OIp art applications come with a library of illustrations, animals, musical instruments, sports equipment, seasonal symbols (a turkey, a fnecracker), and so on. You combine the pictures with a personalized message printed in your choice of type style to create greeting cards, sl.1tionery letterhead, banners, posters, nyers, birth or wedding announcements, party invil.1tions, or anything else thaI lends itself to iJluslr.ltion.
GropNcs
79
I
For art
Art appUcatJoNi are foc- drawing fn»hand piaures, designing floor plans, nuking maps, Of JUS( plam doodling.
TIle nice thing 1boul electronic drawing is that you can edit your work. You can correa mistakes, try out an idea and undo it if il doesn't work, enlarge a ponion of your dr.lwing fOl" detail work, and fill in background colexs and textures With just a keystroke. And when you finish "paInting· for the day, you don't have to dean your brushes!
Children can usc: many of the simpler drawing and dip art applialions, but very young children might m.ve more fun WIth
coloring-book applications, in which the kids color pictures by using electronic enyOllS
'.4 r Jj ..A..-fe
~:o~~
Education
EdueltJon:&l software: i.'i for Ieaming-and iherc: an:: kxs of ways to learn, aimed at lou of different age groups. 1nere arc: inten.ctive
nursery rhymes, in which pte5choolcrs try to keep HurnplY Dumply
orr from falling his wall; appliations Wt IC.lIch teenagers how \0
dissca frogs by usl1lg elearoruc.scissots in a simulated stience lab; applications lnat coach business people 0tI negotiating sU2lCgies; and lots more.
At one extreme on the creativity sale are the dri1l-and·praCli~ appUcatJons. They present infomution (on spcllmg, tn2th, music, history, geogrllphy, Sparu.sh, French, SAT questions-you name it) and then test how well you learned It. Drill·and·prlletice applications fOt" kid.s are often di.sgui.scd as arcade game.s. in which the object is to ans...er a que.stion before the meteor containing the question crashes into their spaceship, for example.
Figure 5-9 Computet os teacher
80
Chapter 5: ApplicollOll Progroms
At the ocher enreme are: simulat.ion.s and conslt\lclion sets. SlmublJon appUca1Io[1$ 8Jve you the dun~ to run a nJdeu ~ plant, study an erupting voioUlo, sec what happens when you mix explosive chemiGl.ls, mingle with dinoS1lurs, and have all sorts of other learning experiences thai would be impractiGl.I, impossible, dangerous, or too expensive in I'C:U life. Construet..lon sets let yoo design and build a game, a machillC, a song, a space sUlion, or a movie out of lools pl"ovided by the appliGl.tion.
When computers fil'9. rrtlIcle their appearan~ in schools, they were: used almOSl exclusively fOC" drill and praaice. As more: computers are becoming avaib~ in the classroom, the trend is tOW1ltd using the computer as a tool--for wnung, calailating, and for keeping records and sutist>cs (the way it's used in a business oIfl~). Instead of jus!: using apptialions Uut ~ch grammar or spellmg, English studems are also using word processing applications to improve their writing. Instead of just USIng applicalions that tead! algebra, CIIlculus, or quadnitic equations, rrtlIth SlUdents are also 'e2.ming w use formulu and functions in spreadsheet applications. Instead of juSt using applications thai drill them on historical dates and the symbols on the periodic table, students in hislory and .science c1asscs are also learning W access information services and ocate lheir own data bases 10 help them research term papers.
Teachers who want to try their hand at programming can use a programming langu:age designed especi:ally for eduators aIled PILOT (an :acronym for Programmed Inquiry, Learning, Or Teadling). PILOT k:ts you design your own cou~ or CAl (computcr-aided inwuClion) soflware.. Apple's version or the PILOT programming language is called SuperPlLOT.
Adult education
EdUCllion:a1 applications for adults fall into lWO ouegories: 5Crious :and not·so-serious. On the serious side are applicatIons th:at promise to improve your tlCgot.i:almg, S1llcs, rrtlInagemcnl, or communic:alion skills. On the not-so 5CriOUS side :are appliGl.lions 10 help you improve your gardening, photography, :and other leisure skills. More on these laler in this chapter.
8'
Thele are SlWOIOI -diOlOCIS- oj
!lASle The Apple IGS CJOIOCI is calledApplesoll BASIC
learning by programming
One of the most eduationaJ things you Cln do with a compulCC is write programs for it. Programmmg teaches you to be a logical thinker (beCiUse that's the only way 10 COlTVTlunit2te with a compuler) and a persistent Itoubleshooter (because mistakes arc an Inevitable by~produet of writing programs). Developing ihesc skills is useful wncihcr or not you make programming a lifelime career or hobby
l1icre llre se~"Cral different programming bnguagcs for the Apple lieS, l1ic most popular for beginning programmers are BASIC, Logo, llnd Pascal Vocaoolary and synux vary from one language to another, oot programming principles $tay the ume. Once you Ieam one language, it'S rdatively easy to leam Olhc:rs. Here's a soon description of BASIC, Logo, and Pascal.
· BASIC: An llcronym for Begrnners AlI-putpCllie Symbolic tnstNClion Code. This language is easy to learn because it allows you to write ir\StNaions for the computer in English-like words and phrases. A version called Applcsoft BASIC is built imo your computer, so !here lire no Spccilll disks to buy. Because BASIC W:l5 the first language buill into pclSOnlll computers, you'll find hundreds of books on !he subject and many people who "speak" the same language.
· Logo, This is a good fIrst programming language because you an learn the fundamenLals of programming by creating graphiC5. You sun by Ic2ming to tnC7'Ie a turtle (a cursor shaped like a triangle) 1I'QI.lnd the sat'Cn. l1ic n.uUc knows a few words 1ike FORWARD, BACK, LEfT, and RIGtrr. You tell the turtle how many seeps 10 go and how many degrees 10 tum. As the tunJe moves, it kayes a trail on the screen. Ideally, you aren't just Laught tow many steps 10 ukc or tow many ~ 10 tum 10 dr.1w a sqUllre, a circle, or a triangle. l1ic motivation for Ieatning how nuny degrees make a right angle, a cirde, and so on comes from your desire to draw II howe, a bllll, or a tree.
82
Chapter 5; AppIcotion Progr~
· Pascal: 11lC biggcst incentive for students to learn Pascal is that it is the language used by ule Educational Testing Service for the college advanced-placement test in computer science. Besides that practical consideration, learning Pascal teaches you good programming habits. It'S a structured language. which means that you have to plan your program before you stan writing it, and you build your program out of smaller subprograms. Programs with a structure arc easier to debug and easier for other programmcrs to understand than the convoluted programs that can result from languages that Jet you design as you go along.
If you'd like first-hand experience with programming. go through A TQU<.:h oj Applesofl BASIC. This book starts from square one. But by the time you finish, you'U know enough to write a simple program for balancing your checkbook, and you'U know whether programming is something you want to pursue funhcr.
See Appendix [) for a list of other programming languages available for the Apple IIGS.
Home finance
Home ftnance appUcatlons help you make decisions abwt personal investments. You can use a home finance application to:
· Prepare a home budget (then compare your actual income and expenses to the incomc and expenses you projected).
· flag deductible expenses to simplify the preparation of your tax return.
· Detcrmine net wonh (the ClJrrent value of your assets minus your liabilities).
· Keep track of the appreciation and depreciation of your propeny.
· Find out when you have enough cash on hand to pay bills or make investments.
· Evaluate diITerent investment options.
· Evaluate loan options. (Can you afford to pay off your home in 15 years or do you need a 3O-year loanl)
Home ~nance
83
The only Iurd part or using a home finance application is finding all your financial pape~n forms, mongagc: papers, bank books, check regislers, 1.a.sl years WI: rerum, .salary records, free-lance income rccon1s, eenificate5 of deposil, .stock cenificale:S, phone: bilb, utility bills, cre<bt card bilb, and anything else Ulal arreeu your finar'lCC5.
Don't shy aw;l.y from a home finance application because words like tmwP1fzalful'l and depreciation are foreign 10 you. Most home fmance applications assurnc ignOQn(e of fmandal jargon and te.ach what you need to know as you go along. Even if you tuve an accountant do your taxes, and a stock broker or fmandal adviser plan your investments, a home finance application gives you more control over your fmances by keeping you bcuer informed and organized.
In addition to genet;ll·purposc home finance applications, there are very specialized applications COl'" balandng your checkbook, managing your stock portfolio, managing your real estate, preparing your income taxes, and more.
Accounting
Accountlng software does !he ume things a marJ,U1 aCC'OUf\ting system can do (genct;lliedger, accountS n:ce.ivable, accountS payable, payroll, in~'Wtory), but with much greater speed, accuncy, and corll.rol The increased speed and accuncy anow you to get up-to-date repons aboot your financial position as you need !hem. illSlead of w;l.i!ing for monthly or quarterly reportS from your accountant.
A good accounting application can nelp you improve your cashnow management, boo5t your collection nte of re<:eivabJes, plan payments 10 take advantage of vendor discounts, mainuin inventory levels thaI minimize cash investment, and improve customer service.
54
Chapter 5: AppIcoIlon Progam.
figure S-l 0 Computer as entertainer
Ie<lger Inc OUler moouJe5 taCCOUnu; n;<:t<'..-..UIC, ,.,. c.o.""'.-o"
sh:are information with lhe general ledger 10 allow automated posting. This modular approach allows smaller businesses to start with a general-ledger package and add additional modules u they are needed.
If you have modest accounting needs, you shoold investigate home finance applications. Some of them are sophisticated enough for small-business accounting, and they're usually easier 10 learn and
use than full-blown accounting packages.
Recreation
OK, games 1bcre are seve.ral kinds of computer games, induding shOOl-'em-ups, eat-'em-ups, adventure games, simulations, board games, sports games, and some Wt are harder 10 classify_ You may find that compuier games improve your concentratiOn and reflexes, teach you 10 be a more perslstem problem-$Olvcr, help you relax after a hard day at the office, di.slna you during a hard day at the olTice-but iI'S OK if allthcy do is entcruin you
Sh()()l-'em-ups are modeled after the video games in arcades. They lcst your hand-eye coordination and your rcncxes against invading aliens, enemy missiles, and falling meteors.
Eat-'em-ups, also called maze games, arc modeled after Pacman·_ 1l)e objea of an eat-'em-up is 10 eat your adversaries before they can eat you
IIdvtruu~ games-also called {al'llasy games, role-pla)'t1llJ games,
or fntemdlveficdon----tnnsport you to a fantasy land where you try to accumulate the riglu combif\Oltion ol ..-eapons, tools, keys, and companions to conquer whaleV<:r morISlelS.5UInd bcty,.'C!Cn you and the treasure. You communicale with the application by using one-
word or two-word a'll1lIT1:and.$ bke GO WFST or OPE." IX)()R.
Unlike shoot-'em-ups and eat-'em-ups, advenlUre games don'l require fasl rcnCXCli. lbe:se games an l.a.st for hours or even days_ Fortunately, there's usually a way to save your game-in-progJ'e$S so
you an take a break and pick up where you left off
Reaeotlon
85
figure 5-11 CorrpuTer os h!rUTlenl
SimuJotlons are like adventule games eJ<oept thaI you ale transported 10 the simulation of a leal-life situation; a nuclear po~r plaOl, the lewis and Oark expedition, Of a 1944 naval tnnle-where yoo try to solve real-life problems. (ihcsc games come dangerously close to being educational.) !ksidc.s games that simulate situations, there are applications that simulate an activity, like flying a plane or driving a race car.
Board gomes are electronic versions of chess, checkers, and other
popular games. 1bcre are also electronic card games, including gin rummy, bridge, poker, and blackjack.
~ games fex- annchair athletes include elearonic ~'CrsiOl\S of football, basehall, basketball, soccer, golf, lenniS, the decathlon, billiard!, chns, and alm05lany olhcr sport you an think oC.
Music
Music appUcatJons range from elementary educational applications that leach you how to read music, to applications for serious composers. By adding a Muslct.llnstrumcnt DIgital Interlace ()11D1) card to your computer system and by using applications designed for the purpose, the Apple lies can coo1r01 electronic keybl»rds and drum machines or funaion a.s a music .synthesizer. As a music synthesi:rer, the Apple IIGS can generale the sounds oC drums, guitars, nutes, homs, and all sort.! of Olher musical insuumen!S This lets you compose for a band ex- an orc.tv-...su;a and he.ar how- each J»rt ","ill
~"d
Special interest
Spedal-lnlet"eS1 appUcatJons, also called ueTllcal-marltet software, are appliations that ater 10 a partiC\llar audience Of' proCession. They're more expensive than general-purpose software, bot much cheaper than hiring 1I programmer to write software from scr:ucn.
Lawyers can find applications thu handle billing, help with rescarch, and keep track of court appearances and filing dates. Medical offtces can get data base applications rustomized to deal with patient histories, help diagnose illnesses, and much allergy symptoms to Otuses. Other medical software handles billing and appoinunents, and helps process insurance claims. Teachers can find applications that keep track of attendance, record test scores, and help prepare tests. Farmers can get applications dedicated to herd management and crop rotation, as well as more general record-keeping software.
Yoo can find applications for manufacturing conltol, for scientific measurement and analysis, and for virtually any area where a specialized need for calculating or sorting exists. Vertical-market software isn't always listed in software catalogs, but yoo can fmd out what's available by reading the software ads in professional journals and by auending computer seminars sponsored by your professional organization. The American Bar Association, for cxample, has a Commiltec for Computers that sponsors user groups for lawyers and promotes conferences and seminars on the use of computers in the legal profession.
Free software
Software tJlal hasn'l been copyrighted is called pubUe-domaln software. It's free. It's legal. And you can get it for the asking from your local users group or by downlodding it from a computer bulletin board. The only eost to you is the cost of the disk you copy it onto.
But beware! The money you save may be insigniflcant compared to the time it takes you to learn a program that doesn't come with a manual. Also, free programs aren't always debugged as thoroughly as published applications and may not have such niceties as menus, user-friendly prompts, or help screens.
If you're still interested in exploring bargain software, ask your authorized Apple dealer for the address of a local Apple user group or Otll 1--800-538-9696 and ask for extension 500. You wUl get the mime. address, and phone number of a user group in your area.
Free software
87
More applications
In addition to genenl-purpose applications like data base, spreadsheet, and word processing applications, you can get very, very specialited applicatiOl'\$_ Here's a sampler of sub;eas for which there are applicatiom You can find out maR: about I.hesc and other specialty applications by looking through computer magazines or a computer catalog
EducatIon
Engllm vocabulary synonyms and antonyms
vow~andoo~n~
reading skills spelling comma! analogies phrases d.we> sentences
For.lgn kJnguoges Spanish Russian French German
senlence diagramming capitalintion
,,""phonics
"~~
proo~~
adjectives adverbs conjunctions
utin Hebrew Italian
88
Chapter 5, AppIcoIlon ProgCll'J'd
Social studies u.s. history world history
Chemistry
,,=titration
calorimetry lhermodynamics organic chemistry
Physics mechanics velocity wave theory particle scattering sine wavcs
Biology plants enzyme kinetics bird classification ecosystems transpiration evolution genelic mapping population growth heart digestive system
u.s. geography
alkanes and alkencs infrared spectroscopy atomic sLructure periodic table
quantum theory thermodynamics projectiles vectors energy
nucleic acids reproductive organs circulatory system excretion endocrine system locomotion photosynthesis respiration nervous system anatomy
More applications
89
Math fractions decimals perimeters circumference angles differential equations geometry number theory algebn factoring matrix manipulation
linear equations quadratic equations sines and cosines calculus scientific nOlation percenlages long division gnphing IrigOnOmelry prohabihty Fourier analySis
Astronomy .solar .system
constellations
Computer-science tutorials B.... SIC Pascal
Logo Assembler
Religion
Bible
Chaptef 5: AppIcaIlon Programs
How·fo's
play bridge pl1y the guit1r repair your alf redecorate your home landsGlpe your yard
dnr.w 1 noor plm grow veget1bles take photogl'llphs (ouch type
Hobbles
Clllalog your sl1mp collection chart your horoscope study l-Ching or numerology mOflitor your biorhythms keep tl'lId< of ronning times and diSL1nces
dassify your coin collection design your own needlework write your own crossword puzzles trace your roots (genealogy)
Home
recipes address book
checkbook bal1ncing security-system control
Self-help
build negoti:.nion skllls lose weight
improve self-esteem
More applicatiOns
91
--....
.....
.et. ",
--'~t
.........
f---,
......
Chapter 6 Peripheral Devices
9J
Wouldn't it be nice if the Apple IIGS had a built-in primer, plotter, monitor, modem, 3.5-inch disk drive, S.2S-inch disk drive, hard disk drive, joyslick, hand comrols, gmphics tablet, digitizer, and assoned home c(mrol devices? Wouldn't it be nice if you had a desk big enough to hold such a machine?
Even if size and cost weren't factors, the problem with buill-in pcriphel'21 devices is that different users have different needs. 1be ploner that is indispensable to the landscape architect preparing a presentation is useless to the writer. With the Apple lIGS, there's no limit 10 what you can at1:l.ch, and no reason to attach anything you don't want or need.
Connecting peripheral devices
ll>cre are two ways of connecting pcripheml devices 10 the Apple HGS; by using the pons on the back or by using the slots on the main clr<:ull board inside the case. (See Figure 6--1.) ll>c advantage of using pons is that it's easy: you just run a cable from the device !O the computer. The advantage of using slots is that you can connect a wide variety of devices 10 the computer; you aren't limited to the devices for which there arc [X>ns.
FlgurQ 6-1 Ports and slols
94
Chapter 6: Peripheral Devices
r<. r<. ~._
vy~
figure 6-2 Serial ports
S.rkll pOrls oro lor davlcos ThaI UW 0 so,lol interlace for a.changlng do1o.
Ports and slols
Most of the ports on the back of your Apple IlGS a.e designed for :a particular Iype of peripheral device (the keyboard, a joystick, disk
drives, a monochrome monilor, or :a color monitor), and the instruction<; thaI tell the compuler how 10 work with that device :lI'C stored in ROM (the permanent memory of the computer), 1llc exceptions arc the twO ports shown in Figure 6-2. 1hese are generalpurpose ~rla1 ports, and you can change their conflgur,1tion so
that the computer can "[;ilk" to a variety of different pcripher:ll devices. You change the configuration of the serial ports by using the Control Panel Program, explained in Appendix A. If you conncci a primer to the primer port, and a modem to the modem port, you probably won't have to change the configuration oflhc
portS_ Try using the device before you change the port seuings.
Slots a.c for connccring devices thaI need 10 exchange informalion WIth the compuler in a special W1Iy. The inslruaions thaI lcll !hc computer how lO communiCiue wi!h thlll device arc on !he imerfacc Cllrd you pul in Lhc SIOl. (The SIOl ilSClf is just a plug thal opens Lhc lines of communiCllLion belwccn !he COmpuler and the information on the Cllfd.)
Specifying the locotion of peripheral devices
Many applications wiU lIsk yOli lO specify Lhc 1000tion of 1I peripheral device by ;15 slot number lind, for 1I disk drive, by i15 drive number. If your device is connccred through lin imerface Cllfd in a slot, you won'l havc any difficuhy providing the slot number. But how do you specify the slot number of 1I dcvict: conncaed to a port.' You consult Table 6-1 and supply the slot equivalent for the: pon. 1'orlS were designcd 10 emulate slolS so thlll appliClltions could run on all models of the Apple II whcthcr they had slots only (like the Applc lle), pons only (like !he Apple lle), or both slots and ports (like the Apple IlCS).
Connecting peripheral devices
95
Specifying the sJot number
By convcmion, 3.5-inch drives arc connected to a card in slot 5,
52S-inch drives arc conneCted to a card in slot 6, a primer is
oonocClcd 10 a card in slot I, and a modem is connected to a card in slot 2. The ports follow Ihis convention in emulating slol$, See Table 6-1 fot"!he slot equivalent.s of the pons on the Apple lIGS.
Table 6·1
Sk>t eqlAvalents
Equl'lolen1 Slol
Printer port Modem port Disk dr,~"t! port
Memory expansion card
used as a RAM disk
Sk>< 1 Sk>< 2 Slot 5 (for 3.5..mch diSks)
Slot 6 (for S25-inch diSks)
Slot 5
Important
The operallng system oriy s.upports two devices per $lot. If you have more than two $lot 5 devices (II you hove two 3.5-lnch dllves and a RAM disll;. lor e.-omple). the third and lot.Xth .slot 5
devices appear to be CorYlGCted to a cord In slot 2. Slot 2 Is
the over1low slot for slot 5 de>Ac:es.
Specifying the drive numbef
In gcncnol, the drive conneclCd dlllxtly to the port IS dnve 1, the I'leJtI drive of that type is drive 2. If you ha\"t! both 3.5-.nch drives and 5,25-inch drivo conneaed to the disk drive port, the 3.5-inch drives should be closest to the compulCr in lhe chaIn. The 5.25inch drive ne.arest the computer is drive 1, the 5 25-mch drive farthest from the computeT is drive 2. If you have used the Control Panella designate your RAM disk as your Slanup dlsk drive. It is drIVe I in slot S. If a 3.S-inch drive is designated as your Manup drive, Ille RAM disk is drive 2 in slot S.
Chopt. 6 Peripheral DevIces
..",,,figure 6-3
Choosing peripheral devices
HctC are some ~ to think about when you're enluating any peripheral device:
· Does it worit aUlomaticany wilh the Apple IIGS and your appliation? II doesn'l tn;lllcr how many fancy features a priNer or modem tus if yoo can'! gel illo 'WOrk with yoor compulet.
· Does it have all !he features you want--not pst !he features you need loday, bul!he fealUres you'll walll down !he road? You shwld buy hardware the way you buy doI.hes for kids-wilh room
to grow.
· Ilow much docs it cost? You should do some comparison shopping, but don't lrade away compatiblHty with your software or !he features you need pst to get a bargain.
or · What kind .5CrVice and support come with !he hardware? Is there
an adequate warranty period? Can you get inexpensive service coverage?
Printers
A printer produces a paper copy of documenl$ you create with your computer. Some are designed exclU5i\'ely for prulling lext~ others ;1re especially good foc illuMraUons and can even print in coloc. Decide what's importalU 10 you and look foc a printer that meets your needs.
The single mo.sI important consideration In choosing a prilller is COIn;l;ltiblhty wilh your software. Yoo want 10 be able to choose the Print command from !he menu without worrying about ....hether your jX'1nter will know how to interpret the bits thai come streaming out the printer port and down the cable. Most applications
designed for !he Apple II work automatically wilh the
ImageWriterno · the ImageWriler 11, and printers advertised as being compatible with the lmageWritcr.
Graphics-based applications, and some word processing programs are graphics-bascd, usually require a dol matrix printer. Make sure you get a printer thaI works with your applications.
Printers
97
TIle second IT10A imporunl COIUideralion is print qualily. Do you need ~ thai kloks as If il came from a Iype5eller, or is iI OK if you
ClIn .see the bllie dots lhat make up each chancer> In general, you11
get the ffiOlSt professional quality from a daisy wheel printer. But no!. everyone needs professiOflal quality, and other types of printers are cheaper and ClIn do more things-like graphics. 1bc ffiOlSt common Iypes of printers are dot matrix, daisy wheel,
and thermal lJ'ansfer printers. (See Figure 6-0
~ Desktop publishf1l8 If you need typesel-quality priming, a fourth option is a bser prlnler, like !he Apple I.uerWrite,a l..ascr printers arc marc expensivc Ihan other Iypes, but for professional-quality printing. they are fasl and savc you the cost of having your work typeset.
Thi. 111 wn.t you get with. d.1sy wheel printer.
This IS wh.t yoU COItt with" dot lutrh: prlnhr.
Th15 IS what YOU get w1th a thermal pr1nter.
111is whole book is an example of what you get with a laser primer.
Figure 6-4 Print samples
Dot matrix printers
Dot m3trlx prinlers form characters with pallerns of dOtS. They're fast, economical, ideal for graphics, and nne for drafts, memos, and personal letters. Because of the way they form chancers, dot matrix printers can produce a .....ide ""riety of type sizes and Iype 9:ylcs (boldface, ilabc, and so on)--so you an create headlines and olher sped:>.l clTcet$ You can even get dot mat.rix printers l}ul prinl in color.
98
Chapter 6: Peripheral Devices
-[be only dr:1wback to dot malrix printers is that, with some of them, you can see the pauem of dots that make up each character. This can give your documents a look that people associate with computer printouts. If you need a printer that can proouce professionalleller quality documents, you may need a daisy wheel printer. But check the quality of dot matrix printers before you decide; you may not be able to leU the difference between text proouced with a good dot matrix printer and text proouced with a daisy wheel printer.
Daisy wheel printers
Dal'i}' wheel prlnt~ 3L..... knnwn 3S klt....f[W)lIty prln1P1's, fonn characters the same way high-quality typewriters do-by rotating a print whed until the right character is aimed at the paper and hammering that character into a ribbon that leaves the appropriate symbol on the page. Daisy whed printcrs arc slower and more expensive than dot malrix printers, but if the appearance of your correspondence is important and you don't need graphiCS, a daisy wheel printer may be the right choice for you. Most daisy wheel printers use a circular print wheel (they look something like a daisy) to produce fully formed characters.
Keep in mind that daisy wheel printers limit you to the characters on the print wheel, whereas a dot matrix printcr can print graphics and a variety of type fonts and si7.e5,
* Near leiter quallly: Near-Ictter-quality printers (sometimes
called leller matrix printers) arc dot matrix printers that use so many dots to form each character that they appear to have been formed with a daisy wheel printer.
Thermol transfer printers
Thcrmal U'anS(cr primers transfer ink dot characters onto paper by heating the ribbon. They are inexpensive and quiel. l1le print quality varies quite a bit among diffcrcnt kinds of thermal printers. Some are good enough for correspondence; oihcrs are suitable only for dr:1fts and intcroffice memos. Some thermal printcrs require specially treated paper. Check the price and availability of the special paper before deciding on what kind of printer to gel.
PrInters
99
-,
Flgur.6-5 INhoI the modem does
Flgur.6-6
_t~
Modems
A modem, short for modulator/demodulator, is a device that convertS (modulateS) computer signals into tOIlCli thai can be scnt over phone lines. (Sec figure 6·5.) A modem on the rCl;:(!iving end converts (demodulates) the signals to their original computerreadable form.
There are two kinds of modems: lIcoustic-coupler and directcanoed.. with an acoustlc-c:oupltt modem., you p..Illhe telephone
handset into a pair of rubber cups. With a dlt"ecH:onnCCl modem,
you plug the modem dircaty inoo the phone p.ck..
The advanuge of an acoustlC<oupier modem i5 mat you can use it from a phone tlut doesn'l tu.~ a remov:ilble phone cord The advanuge of a direct-connea modem is thaI the phone signals don" have to lnIvellhrough the handset. so there's Ies.s di5l0rti0n.
Dirrercm modems send and receive infonn:nion at differenl speeds, rt'lCaSUred in bitS per 5eU>nd (bps), often referred 10 as the baud. The ITI05l COfTUTM)n baud for modems is 1200. You can also get modems mat send and receive data at 300 baud, 2-100 baud, or al your choice of spced5.
Modems that opcr:.nc at 1200 baud cost more than 3QO.baud modems, but they're much fUler. Because you may be paying longdisLance phone rales while your modem is sending and receiving mformatiOn, the time you save with a faster modem usually justiflCS the highcr initial 005L
Monitors
There arc 190'0 Iypes 0( monilOfS: monochrome and coklr. Monochrome monJtors come in three vanetie5: white, green, 01" amber on black. Some S1udic$ mdiotc mat an amber dISplay is easier on the e)'CS; 0lhe1S, lh.at a green display is easier to read Some people prefcr black and white bea.use il more closely resemblCll a [ypcwritten pagc. The best choice is the onc that looks WI 10 you.
100
Chapter 6: ~01 Devtce5
COlor monitors are ideal for computer gr:aphics and for displaying business charts and gr:aphs. Unul reccmly, they didn't have good enough resolution to display text, so people who wanted a computer to do both text and gr:aphics had to get two monitors or seule for monochrome gr:aphics. Today yoo can get color monitors capable of displaying both gr:aphics and d~r text
Color monitors come in two varieties: RGB (Red Green Blue) and /'I,'TSC (National Television Standards COmmittee). NTSC monitors are less expensive than RGB monitors, and the quality of the display reflects the difference in price. If you use color applications regularly or for important presentations, it's probably worth invcsting in an RGB monitor.
RGB monitors can display color text clearly. l\'TSC monitors usually switch imo black-and-white mode for displaying text, Of they didn't, you'd see a color fringe around the char:actersJ
lmporlont
There are two Idnds of RGB monitors: analog and digital. The Apple IIGs $Upports ondog RGB rnoflitoo. RGB color monitors de· signed to be connected to the AUX, CONNECTOR slot In the
Apple lie are dlgltal RGB monitors and COlYlCt be coonected to the RGB port on Ihe Apple IIGs. Be sure the monitor you get Is compo"bIe with the Apple 11Gs.
Using a television set as a display device
You can use a standard television set (with a device called an RF modulator) as a display device for the Apple IIGS, but you're limited to a 4O-column display. While 40 char:acters per line is fine for some applications (games and educational applications), most people find it restrictive for business letters or electronic spreadsheets. And many business applications require an 8O-column display.
MonItors
101
~ I~
Flgur.6-7 Dl$k drtve
Disk drives
Disk drives IttOrd informnion on disks and n::uieve inforrmtion from disks. Sometimes the infOflJUtion is an application; sometimes, :l document. II's all the same to lhc disk drive.
3.5-inch dIsk drives
lbe most popular type of disk drive for the Apple: IIGS is the 3.5-
inch drivc. It uses 3.5-inch disks thai each hold 800K (about 400 pages) ofte.L YOoI an llI.l1ch one or lwO of them 10 your compuler
The adv2nl2ge oltulving lWO cJmoe:s is WI you an use one for the :application program Wsk and one for lhe documena disk. Of you have only one drive, you h.Jvc to tnde your appliCltion disk for
your document disk when you W<l.nt 10 $iVC your documem.)
5.2S·lnch disk drives
You an abo use S_2S-inch drives with the Apple lies (or a combination of 3.5-inch and SZS-inch drives) The S.ZS-inch drive uses 5.2s--inch disk:!; tNt each hold 14}K (about 70 pag<:$) ollellL The S,lS-inch drive: wu the original disk drive (and for mmy ye2l"5 the only type of disk drive) aYllibbk: for thc Apple II. Coruequcnuy, 100 of peopIc own lhcm. and thousands of applications are still sold on S.ZS-inch disks. The S.ZS-inch drive: stores less information per disk, accesses that inronnation 11 little mon:: slowly, and uke$ up more desk space than the 3.5-inch drive, but it's 100% compatible with the Apple IIGS, MId it nWccs sense to use one if you already Iuve a library of 5.25-inch appliation program disks or you slure disks with others using 5.25-inch drives,
102
ChapTer 6: Peripheral Devlc:es
Hard disk drives
If you use your oomputer for aocoonting or you work with large data bases, you should consider a hard disk drive. A hard disk drive can store the cquivalent of d07.cns of 3.5-inch disks. It's a fast and convenienL way Lo get at your dau The hard disk stores your data on plattcrs permanently scaled inside a plastic case. Besides storing doaJmenLS on a hard disk, you can store applications on it and .switch between applications without ~pping disks
Memory expansion card
A memory expansion card adds from 256K to I megabyte of RAM to your Apple lies. By insuning a memory expansion card in your Apple lieS, you can take advanlage of applications WI re<f.lire more memory bccau.sc of their use of graphics and Qlher memorygobbling features.
Many appbcations (je.sig.ned especially for the Apple lies will use the extra memory on the card automatjcal1y~asan extCI1S10n of thc memory Lhat's built into tile compoLer. YO\.l don't need 10 know anything special to use the card in this way; pst ins121l it :and Ic:avc the rest up to the :application.
For applications that don't 12ke advan12ge of the melnOf)' on the card autorru.tically. you can use the Control Panel 10 design:l.tc: some or :all of the memory on the card as a RA.'-t disk-memory that you access like a disk. The advanlllge of U5ing the card as a RAM disk is that when you copy an application to the RAM disk and !\In It from there, the computer can aooess dJ.fTerenl parts of the applk::ation much more quickly thm It can when the application is on :a regular da'
Memol y expa ISlon cord
103
Other devices
There are all sons of other thinS1 you can atuch 10 your computer This list w,lI give you some idea of the possibihues. inddentally, if a joystick, graphics tablet, plotter, or some other device is described
as an Apple Desktop Bus"" device, il means you can auad! it to !he Apple Desktop Bus on !he back panel of !he Apple lies (where
!he keyboard 15 usuany plugged in) Of to !he conneaor on the keyboard (...-here!he mouse is usually plugged in)
· }o~ck5 and hand controls: Joysticks and lund conlfOb are mo.stly used to conlro! the movement of creatures and object.s in
games
· DIgitizer: A digitizer takes a phOlogr.lph and converts the image inlO a digital form tlut the computer can display on the .screen, 5aVC on a disk. and prinL
· Plotter: A p10ner uses colored felt-tip pens to draw graphs. marts, noor plans, logo draWings, and other graphics created With Ihe Apple IIGS.
· Graphics tablet: As the name implies, a graphics ublet is a device for drawing picture5. A spedal pen sends out .signals that arc detected by wires in the ublct and sent to the computer as X and Y coordinates that can be displayed on the .screen. The pen works only with applications designed to receivc input from a graphicS ublcL
· HOIDC' control dC'Yicc: A device ltgt you can auach to an electric:al outlet and program 10 turn on a light, a coffee maker, radio, spnnkler, Of (liner appliances.
· Printer buffer: A printer buffer is a place to store information you're printing. By loading information into the printer buffer, you can get H out or the computer's RAM and free up the computer so you can sun writing ChaplCr 2 while Otapter I is printing.
· Tape backup dcvkc: A device ltgt uses magnetic tape to duplicate quickly !he Information $tared on a Iurd disk.
104
Chapter 6, PerIpheral Devlc:es
· Co-processor. A co-processor is a microprocessor that works with or overrides the microprocessor that comes wim your computer. 1he rrt2in reason you'd get one is to take advantage of software developed for other computers~oftwarethat wouldn't otherwise work on an Apple lIGS. The most popular co-processor for the Apple IIGS is me Z80 processor, which letS you run applicnions based on me CP/M- operatlng system. By plugging a Z80 card into your Apple IIGS, you can select from over 20,000 CP/M-based applications, many of them free (public-domain) software.
· (D ROM Player. CD stands for compact disc. A device mat reads information from 5SO-megabyte disks by using laser technology. Information stored on CD ROM disks can be loaded into memory, displayed on the screen, and printed, but you can't
store your own data on tre disks.
· Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) card, An interface card that lets you U8C your Apple IIGS as a musk synthesizer and as a control device for electronic keyboards and
drum machines.
· Ught pen: A peripheral device shaped like a pen that sends instructions to the computer when you point to choices on the screen. It works only with applications designed to receive input from a light pen.
· Adaptive devices for the disabled: Contact the National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC), Closing the Gap, or the Trace Research and Development Center for information on adaptive devices available for the Apple II family of computers, including speech synthesizers, voice input devices, braille keyboards and printers, breath-operated keyboards, and optical keyboards operated with light pens.
NARIC H07 8th S\rCCt NE Washington, DC 20017 (202) 635-5826
Closing the Gap P.O. Box 68 Henderson, MN 56044 (612) 248-3294
Trace Research and Development Center University of Wisconsin 314 Waisman Center 1500 Ilighland Avenue Madison, WI 53705 (608) 262-6966
Other devices
lOS
·
·
Appendixes
107
Appendix A
The Control Panel Program
1be Apple IlGS IS a versatile machine. You can control the speed of
the microprocessor, the color of the text and background displayed on the screen, !he rcsponsivcncs.s of the keys on the keyboard, the volurnc of !he built-in speaker, and mort:. The way you control these things is through the Control Panel, a program Lh<lt is built inlo the Apple IlGS. While the ConlIol Panel Program is pcrm:anenlly stored in the Apple lies, your system preferences are recorded in a special kind of battery-powered RAM th:it, unlike ordinary RAM, retains what's stored in it even after the power is turned oIT. This means you can make changes to your system configur:alion and save the configuration for next time. The banery should last between fIVe and ten years. If i\ ever runs low, thc Control Panel Program restores the original system oonfigur:nion. If this happens, have your authorized Apple dealer replace the b,anery; then use the Control Panel Progr.lffi to reconfigure your system the way you like it Incidentally, applications can override your seUings for special effects and special reasons of their own. For example, you may have the speed set 10 normal, but the application can override your setting and n.m at the faster speed.
108
Getting to the Control Panel Program
To get 10 the Control Panel Program, rum on the Apple IIGS power SWItch and press Option-<:onuoI·RCSCI. Yoo11 see Figure A-I.
Flgur. A·1 Gateway to the Control Ponel Progom
Press 1 10 enter the Control Panel The only Lime you should choose: a menu item other th:ln I is if you need 10 ~<>l'e the sunc.b.rd ContrOl Panel .settings for the U,S. (press 2) or if you change your mind about eruering the Control Panel (prcu 1).
Imporlonl
Do not press J lI\Ies$ you 018 operating you Apple IlGs h (I COU'ltry where the stOl1dord signal ffequency tor monitors Is 50
0' hertZ. If you choose !he 'Wl'ong heJfl 56tting. the mage on you
monitor will rol Of be out ollgnment. To restore the standard
U,S. settngs. pres.s Optlon-ControHleset. Then prEtS$ 2.
If you are in the process of using an application and wam IOcmer the Control Panel Program, press a-Control-Esc. The advantage of pressing C-Control-Esc (0 enler the Control Panel Program is that wilen you quit, you l'CIurn to the application program where you 1erl off, Pressing ~-Comrol·RCSCI I'C.'ilar15 the computer.
GeI1hg to the control Plnel Progam
\09
Pressing C..control-Esc from an application brings up the Desk Accessories menu, flI.ther than the .screen you get by pressing Option-Control-Reset. (See Figure A-2.)
Tho Dosie ACCOSSOl'los manu will also lncludo on occossorv conDd AJtommo Display Mode.
Figure "'-2
Desk. Acces.sOl1es menu
000 By the way.- Some programs don't send you to Ihe Desk Accessories menu when you press C-Control-Esc, so you won'l be able to use desk acccssories while using that application. However, you can get to the Control Panel before or afler using that application by staning up with the Option key pressed down or, if the power is on, by pressing Option-Control-Reset. If ii's a ProOOS-based application, have your authorized Apple dealer upgrade the application with ProOOS version 1,2 or later and you wm be able to access desk accessories while using your application.
lhis screen is call Desk Accessories because any desk accessories installed on your disk will be listed here. (Desk accessories are miniature applications, like calculators or clocks, thai you can access without leaving your main application.) To choose one of
the desk accessories, press Down Arrow until the option you want is
highlighted and press Return. Ask your aUlhori7.cd Apple dealer for information on desk accessories. Instructions for installing the desk accessories will be furnished with them. If you haven't loaded any desk accessories, the Control Panel and Alternate Display Mode will be the only options on the Desk Accessories menu besides Quit
110
Appendix A: The Control Panel Program
Choose the Control Panel option and you'll see the display shown in I'igure A-3.
.;. AltCn'/ate Dtsp/o.y Mode: The Apple IIGS displays information
differently than earlier models of the Apple n. TIlls interferes
with the display of a few applications. Choosing the Alternate Display Mode desk accessory tcmporarily makes the display work the old way so those applications can run. When you're finished with the application, choose the accessory again to turn off Alternate Display Mode. The Alternate Display Mode is turned off automatically when you rcstan the computer.
Figure A-3 Control Panel Program Meln Men..J
Using the Control Panel Program
The Control Panel Program Main Menu lists all the Functions you can UlSiomizc. To select from the list of options: I. Press Up Arrow or Down Arrow to highlight the option you
want. 2. Then press Return. Depending on which option you select from the Main Menu, you'll see a secondary display like the one shown in Figure A-4 on the next page.
Using the Control Panel Program
111
,.,The bent orrow symbol 011 "'e
SCflHln represanlt the Return
Figure A-4 Control Panel Program display
To change one of the scltings:
1. Press Up Arrow or Down Arrow to hlghlighl the sclling you W2nl
to change.
2. Press RighI Arrow or Lefl Arrow until you see the sctting you W2nL (The original scltings are marked with a check in C3.SC you. W2nt to put things back the way you found them.)
3. Pres:s Retum to save the sctting (or Esc if you dcddc you don't want w change the sctting after all). You'll return to the Main Menu.
~. Choosc Quit. If you got to the Control Panel by pressing Cl-Comrol-Esc from an application, you'll return to thai application. If you got to the Control Panel by pressing Option-Conlrol-Reset, !he computer Will start up the application in your startup drive.
If you need more specific instructions, go through the example in Chapter 1 that shows you how to usc the Control Panel Program 10 SCt the Apple IlGS's built-in clock.
Figure A·5 gives you an overview of the system charaaeristics you can change and whal you can change them 10.
The sections that follow describe Control Panel options-system characteristics you can change and reasons you might want to change them.
112
Appendix A: The Control Panel Progam
flgUf. A-5 Con1l'oI Panel Program overview
USIng the Control Panel PrOO'aTl
113
Display
Use the Display option 10 set the type of display (color or monochrome), the number of columns of text displayed, and the color or shade you'd like for texl, background, and border.
Type
If you're using a color monitor, select Color as Ihe type of display. If you're using a monochrome monitor or a television set, select Monochrome.
Incidentally, if the text displayed on your color monilOr is fuzzy or has a color fringe when you use certain appliallions, Iry changing the typc to Monochrome :lnd sec if you get a better picture. If there isn't enough contf11st with a monochrome monitor, tIy setting Type (0 Color.
Columns
1hc Apple lies can display either 40 columns by 24 lines of lext or 80 columns by 24 lines. ]fyOll choose 40 columns, the chan.etcrs arc twice as wide as the charaaers you get when you choose 80 columns. 1hc advllnu.ge of the 4Q-oolurnn display is Lhal the characters ue bigger :Ind easier to read. The advanlJlgc of ~ 80· column display is that you can work with larger dOOlments, and the documents have a line length !hat more closely resembles typewritten dOOlments.
Television sets and some color monitOrs don't have good enough resolution to display 80 columns of text clearly, so if you're using a television set or if you're having trouble reading text produced by your color monitor. set the Columns option to 40.
If you're using a monitor, and particularly if you use your Apple IIGS with business applications (like word processing and spreadsheet applications), set the Columns option to 80. Some applicatiOns
require an 8O-column display.
114
Appendix A: The Control Panel Program
Some applications will O\erride this setting and selea the number of coIumfi5 foc you. Many g;unes and educalion.al applications are designed for a 4O-coIumn display_
Screen colors
If you have a color display, you an choo6e the color of your text, background, and border from 16 colors. If you have a monochrome monitor, you an choose the shade of your text, background, and border from black, white, or 1<1 $ha~ of gn.y. These scllings affect only text·based applications.
NT$C color monitors switch to black-and-white mode to display text, so the text and background coloi'll you select with the ConlIol Panel will show up as shades of gn.y instead of in color. Only the border will be displayed in color.
M you change one color or shade to another by using Left Arrow and Right Arrow, the ConlIol PlIncl displays the name of the color you've chosen and shows you what your selection looks like.
Imporlant
It you ore usng CW'l NTSC color 1'I'll:ritor.1he colors you selectwon·t !itlOW ~ n color wtile you·,e Ullng the Control Panel Program or
other 18III-bosed appIco!lol .. You wi see the lex! and bcx:lt.grould
h color orlv when YOU'I. using graptics-bosed appIcallons Ihal
cIIplay text n the lex! portion (1h8 bottom tOIl ....) or the gr~
scleen.
Display
115
Figure "'-6 Choosing color of text. bockgrOlXld. and border
Afler e:<perimenting with different colors or shades, you may decide you liked the original colors best. To restore the preset colors, use lert Arrow or Right Arrow to change the Standard Colors option to Yes. If you decide you don't like the standard colors aftcr all, you can changc them by using the Te:<t, Background, and Border options. You can't change the Standard Colors setting lO 1"0 as a way of resloring your previous settings.
Important
tf 1he color contrast betw'een text and background Is su:::h that you can't read the text to cho-lge!he settings to somethhg mofe reoclable. nrst try adJusling Ihe contrast knob on you moNtor. If Itlot
doesn't help, you can restore the original Control Pone! settings by pressing Opt1on-Control-Reset and then pressing 2.
If you don't wanl a border, set thc background and border to the same color or shade of gray.
Hertz
1bc hertz setting indicalCS the frequcncy of signals scnt to thc monitor. Differenl countries have different standards; the U.S.
standard is 60. This is not a matter of preference. If you need to
change the hertz selling-if the image on your .s<:reen is rolling or out of alignment---press Option..contro[·Reset. Then press 2. This restores the standard Control Panel settings for the U.S., including the corfCct hertz setting.
116
Appendix A: The Control Panel Program
Indlcalor bal
All6tisk
Sound
With the appropriate applications and peripheral devices, the Apple lIGS can play music and eyen simulate speech. Even the stumCSl soflW2re uses a bell or beep to accomp:ltly an error mcs,<;age. The Sound option leIS you change the volume of sounds and the pilch of beeps generated by applications. This option works a linle differently than the others. Instead of using Left Arrow and Right Arrow 10 move through a list of choices, you press Left Arrow 10 reduce the volume and Right Arrow to increase the yolume. 1lJc asterisk on the indicalor tnr will move to the right or left, and you'll hear a beep to reflect your action. (See figure
A-7.)
_
_
Flgule A-7 Changing voh.me
117
System speed
'The Apple lies can open.le at two speeds, fast and normal. FtlSt refers to the speed of the Apple lies when it's operating at a ffi1Ximum speed of 2.8 megahenz (MHz), the top speed possible on the Apple IIOS. Nonnal refers 10 the speed of the Apple lies when ii's operating at a m:ucimum speed of 1 MHz, the top speed possible on earlier models of the Apple II.
Fast, the standard setting, is beSt for applialtions developed specifically for the Apple \lOS and for any Apple II application that involves a lot of calculations and sorting. lbc only time you have to change the speed (0 normal is when the fa.o;t speed throws olT the application's liming or keeps it from running properly.
If you change from Norm",1 to Fast system speed after starting up an appliation, you may have to restart the application by pressing Q..conttol·Reset before the Fast speed will uke effect.
Clock
You already had some exposure to the Clock option when you learned how to change the date and time in Chapter 1. You can also usc this option to change the date format from month first to day first or year first and to change the way time IS displayed from the AMIPM fornut to the 24-hour ronmll.
118
Appendlx A; lhe Control Ponel PrOg.'c:m
Options
Charaet.r Ht 00l'#1e5 whleh of several possJble alternotel II displayed when you Pfess a gfven key locoflon OI'1lt1e keyboard
Figure A-II
Dvorak keyboard layout
Display language and Keyboard layout
The Display Language and Keyboard Layout options Jet you customir.e the character set and keyboard layouts for a variety of international keyboards or for the Dvorak keyboard. 1bc Dvorak kqooard layout is an arrangement of keys designed 10 incrca.se typing speed and efficiency by loo.ting the keys used most often in the home row. (See Figure A-8.) 1bc Dvorak keyboard is also caned the American Simplifwd Keyboard.
QO[!][J
[!]~~[J
~GJGJO
[I,J[!]1G0JO-
Keyboard Buffering
11le keyboard buffer is a spcdal pan. of RAM where keysltolces are stored when the computer is busy and can't deal with them immediately. The bulTer can keep tr.I.ck of up 10 256 keystrokes. CAfter that, keystrokes are ignored.) l1Us Jets you type a series of instl\lClions to the computer while the computer is doing something else--like saving a document on a disk. If you find this feature getting you into trouble (if you find yourself typing inst.nJctions that you later repcnO, you can rum off the keyboard bulTer by using the Keyboard Buffering option.
Options
119
Repeat Speed
When you hold down a key instead of pf'CS."iing and releasing ii, the
kcy repeal$, like thissssssssss You can changc the.speed al which
keys repeal by using !he Repeal Speed option. Press Righi Arrow to
raster, make key$ repeal
Lefl Arrow" 10 make keys repeal slower.
Repeat Delay
You can use the Repeat Delay option to changc !he amount of time il takes rrom the lime you press and hold down a key untilll.suns rcpeating
Double Click
Dwble clicking means ~ng and releasing !he mouse bunon twice in rapid succession. II's a shortcut you1l learn about when you use mou..sc-based applications, 1lle applicalion IntCrprets your IWO dicb :15 a doubllxlidc only If !he two dick.s are done withtn a am.ain time interval, You can ch.angc the time Interv21 by using the Double Click option.
Cursor Flash
In many applicalions, the CUlSor nashes to diSlinguish il from other charaoclS on the screen. You can speed up or slow down the Inlcrval between nashes by using the Cursor Flash option.
120
Append!xA: TheConfrol Ponel Program
Advanced features
lbe next few features are somewhat eso{eric, but if you think they might be useful, give them a try.
Shift Caps/lowercase
Ordinarily, when you push Caps Lock down, everything you type is capitali7-cd; to get lowercase charactcrs, you have to relcase Caps Lock. But by setting the Shift CapslLowcrcase option to Yes, you can have Caps Lock down and get lowercase characters by holding down Shift whilc you type. In other words, by activ;lting this fealUre, Shift has the opposile effect that it does when Caps Lock is not pressed down.
Fast Space/Delete keys
When you hold down the Space Inr, the spacc repeats likc any othcr character, and you gct a row of spa.ccs. Likewise, when you hold down Delete, succes.~ive characters arc deleted until you release thc key. By selling Fast Spa.celDclcte to Yes, you can doublc thc specd of these two actions by holding down Control while holding down Space or Delete.
Dual Speed Keys
Setting the Dual Spccd Keys option to Yes doubles the speed at which the cursor moves when you hold down an arrow key while pressing Control.
High Speed Mouse
When you movc the mouse across your desk, a pointer moves a corresponding distance across your screen. Setting thc f [igh Spccd Mouse option to Yes nukes the pointer move twice as far for the same movement of the mouse. It's useful if you're shon on desk space.
Advanc9d lectures
121
Activating slots or paris
Softw:ltC designed ror earlier models 0( the ....ppk II expects to find devices connected to slots inside the computer. For this reason, each port on the Apple 1lGS is designed to impersonate a slot con~inmg a ord_ (Sec Table A-I.)
Tobie A·I
Slots Ond porn.
Conn.de<! 10
l ....... acardln
Printer
Printer port
Slot 1
Modem Mouse
Modem port Mouse port
Slo< 2 S1o< ,
3.5-inch dnvc
Disk drive port
Slot 5
S.2S-inch drive
Disk dnvc port
510< 6
AppleTalkPersonal NClwork
Pnntcr or modem port
Slot 7
-:- Aboullhe disk drive port. When 3.5-inch drives arc conncc\l:d to the disk drive pon, they appear to be connected (0 a end in slot 5. When 525·mch drives a.c connected to the disk drive
port, !hey appear to be connected to a card in slot 6. When the disk dri~~ port ,mpcfS()l'lalCS a alrd in slot 5, ,t's described as a ·smart port·· (See Figure 10-9 on the next page)
Because each port impersonatcs a SIOl, you ClIn', have both the port and the corresponding slot active althe: same time. You activate one or the Olhcr by using the Slots command. In Figure A·9 on the next page, the: printer port IS active, but the modem port is IlOl. The user has chnien to activate the cud in slot 2 instead of the: modem port Notice lhat when a slol is activated, the words 'tou Card replace the words describing the port.
Important You cha Q81 .....orlf toke effect !.nil you restat you~.
122
Apperdx: A; lhe CorItrol PorwI Progam
Figure A-9
Acttvotng $lob or JXlfb
When yo.J tuve an AppieTalk network able oonneaed 10 the printer or modem pon, the port Impersonates a card in slot 7-not slot 1 or 2 as yo.J 'NWld expca. But because the AppleTalk cable plugs inlO one or tile two serial pons, the Control Panel Prog~m won'l lei you activate the printer pon, the modem pon, and AppieTalk all al the same time.
Changing the startup drive
When you tum on the Apple lies power switch, the: rust thing the computer docs is c:hedc 11$ slots for a disk drive controller card-an mlerface card !hat conlrOls one or two disk drives. II looks fil'5l at slot 7, the highest-numbered slOL If Il doesn't find a disk drive conuollcr card lhere, it looks in sla 6, the I'll';xl-highest-numbcred SIOl, thcn slot 5, and so on, until it finds a disk drive controller card. When it finds a disk drive controllcr card, it checks the disk drive connected to !hat card for a surtup disk_ ThiS melhod. of kloking for a startup dev>ce IS called scanning.
Generally this sYSlCm works fmc, bul what if you want 10 bypus the disk drive amnected to slot 6 and start up from the disk drive connectcd to slOi 5? What you do is change the startup slot from Scan, the standard setting, to slot 5 or any other slot containing the drive you want to Start up rrom.
But what if your disk drives are connccted to ports? From the compulCr's point of view, ports look just like sloLS with cards in them. A 5.25-inch drive connccted to the disk drive port emulates a disk
drive connected to a card in slot 6. A 3.5·inch drive conncclCd to
the disk drive port emulalCs a disk drive connected to a card in slot 5. (See Table A-I.) Just choose the slot thai corresponds to the drive you Wllnt to Start up from.
You'll also be offered the option of starting up from a RAM disk or a ROM disk. Starting up rrom a RAM disk means starting up from an application that you've copied into the memory on your Apple IIGS memory eKpansion card.
You should not select t.he RA/l1 disk as your startup device unless you have a memory eKpansion card in the memory expansion slot and you've copied an application to the RAM disk. See the Apple IlGS Memory Expansion Card Owner's Guide for more information.
Starting up from a ROM disk means starting up from an application permanently stored on a memory expansion card. (Depending on whal kind of memory expansion card you get, you mayor may not have applications permanently stored on a ROM disk.) The manual thai came with your memory expansion card will tell you more about starting up from a RAM disk and a nOM disk.
Changing printer/modem port settings
1hc printer and modem pons work a liltle differently than the other porLS on the hack panel. Whereas most or the ports are configured to imeract with a particular type of device (a disk drive, a monitor, a joystick) in a particular way, Ihe printer and modem ports are designed so you can change their configuration, lltey arc generalpurpose serial pons.
124
AppendIx A: The Control Panel Program
A'.mot. comput.f Is tho com-
puter Ofllhll othllf ond ollhll
phonIllna neon bllvery rllfTloto
(across tho country) Of odV
sUgt111V remote (across tho
ottlce),
Different printers and different remote computers expect to receive information at different speeds and in different configuJ1ltions. That's why it's imporunt that you be able to change the w:ly information is sent.
11te printer pon: is configured 10 work automatically with the ImagcWriter series of printers and with many other popular serial printers. 11te modem pon. is configured to work automatically with most commercial information services you'll be accessing with your modem. Ilowever, if your device requires a different conflguJ1ltion or if you want 10 use a modem in lhe printer port and a printer in the modem pori, you'll need to change the data configuration. There are two W11ys to do this: from within an application or by using the Control Panel ProgJ1lm. The configuration you specify in an application overrides the Control Panel setting for a port
How do you know whether your application is overriding the
Control Panel settings fOf the port? If the appliC2tion gives you a lisl of printers and asks you to choose yours from the lis!, ii'S going to send the document in the correct configUJ1ltion for the printer you choose and will ignore the ConlIol Panel settings for the pon:.
.,. A tip: Even if yOUf printer is not on the list, try selecting each of the printers on the list. If your printer happens to have the same configuration 15 one of those on the list, you'll save yourself the bother of supplying specifications about your printer.
If the application asks you to supply a list of specifications about how your printer or the remote computer wants 10 receive dala (baud, number of data bits, stop bits, and the like), it's going to send the documenl according to those spccifiGitions and will ignore the Control Panel settings for the pon:. You should be able to find the specifications for your printer in the manual that came with il or, for an informalJon service, in the brochure you got when you subscribed to the service.
.,. By the way: The specifications you'll be asked for in an application arc the same specifications you'll set by using the Control Panel Program, so if you aren't sure what the application means by data bits, stops bits, and puity, read the explanations in the following sections.
Changing prlnter/modem port setttngs
125
If the application does not give you a list of primers and does nOl;uk for your prmter's Specifications, the: document will be sem accordIng to the specifications in the Cootrol Panel for the port your printer is connected to.
Here arc the standard 5Cttings for the printer port and the modem port,
--TobIe A-2
Siandafd port sel1ng5
.......
...........
Device: CUlUlt...lt:o.I
Pfintcf
Modem
line Length
Unlimitcd
Unlimited
DeJeIe Finl LF Aftef CR
[',;0
Add LF After CR
Yo
Echo
'0
""'0""
Buffering
'0
'0
Baud
9600
1200
Data/Stop Bits
8/1
8/1
Parity
None
None
DCD handsh1ke
Yo
Yo
DSR/Dlll. handshake
Yo
Yo
XO:>l/xOFF
'0
No
Important
TIY u*'Ig VOU' pmtel' Of ITKldem before chongIng any ollhe
sertngl.1I11 worb. you" ~ yo..neII some time It" doesrn. yoU'
have somelnbmallon (lA'ltenlloool~,absence ot co rIoge retuns. at cnao::t.... a'ld so on) thol ...... help you 1'QJe
out wHch setflngs need to be ~ed.
If you need 10 reconfigure one of the: ports, check the m1nu11 WI came with your printer or the servic;e you're trying to cxchlngc infornution with to sec what lIS specifications lre. 1hcn use thlt information to fll! in the baud, the number of dlta bilS, lnd so on, 1hc following sections cxpl1in whlt the varioos spccificltions meln lnd how to decide wmt settings 10 choose,
126
Appendix A: The Control Pooel Progom
Device Connected
The Device Conroccted seuing is f~irly stnightforw~rd, Select Printer if you're conroccting a printer or plotter to the port. Selcct Modem if you're connecting ~ modem to !.he port.
line length
Line lcrlglh indicates the number of ch~raeters th~t your printer will print per line before generating ~ carriage return (.sending the ·carri~ge· to the left m~rgin to start ~ new line). M~ny applications let you set the line length from within the application. If that's the ca.se or if you find the computer ~dding carriage relurns where they don't belong, choose Unlimited and the computer won't try to comrol line length.
If, on the other hand, you find your printer ignoring the right margin and printing right off the page, you can use this option to insert a carriage return after every 40, 72, 80, or 132 characters.
If you're connecting a modem, leave the line length set 10 Unlimited.
Delete First lF After CR
Some printers and applications automatically generate a Une feed (H)-go to the next line-after each carriage return (CR). Others don't. If you try printing something and everything comes out unintentionally double-spaced, make sure the automatic line feed switch on your printer is sct to OFF. If you still get double spacing, the extra line feed is coming from your application. If you can't turn it off there, you can use the Delete First LF After CR option to cancel the e~lra line feed.
ChangIng printer/modem port liettings
127
Add LF After CR
Suppose you try printing somelhing and you don'l get any Line feeds-the lillCli are printing on top of each other and all you get is one lll'le of typed smudge. SCt lhe automatic line feed SWllch on your prinLCr 10 ON or use the Add ll' After CR option 10 add an exlra line feed after each carriage return
Echo
\rhen you .send a ITIe$Sage Ihroogh your modem, you an elca to have the message displayed on your own screen as ....'cl\ as on the
screen It'S being sent to. This ill alled echo, and 11'5 a nia: wa.y to
assure )'OU1SC1f l.N.t your message is being sent correoly. In most c:::a.se5, you won't need to.select the Echo option because the compI.ner you're sending the message 10 will probably send an cdlo of the mc:ssagc to your screen as 111 W1y of confirming that II recei\oecl your message. If you seleCl the Echo option lIInd the Olhcr modem sends an echo, you'll be .seeing double.
A full-duplex modem will echo char1cters back 10 your monitor. A half-duplex modem won't If you're communicating with a fullduplex modem, SCi Echo to No. If you're communialing with a half-dupJcx modem, set Echo to YC!. If you don't know what kind of mocIcm is on the other end of the phone line, selea Yes If you find everything corning through double, change to Xo. M05I infornulion serviCC5, like CompuScrve and 1llc Source, use full-duplex modems
Buffering
The buffer ill 111 special hoidIOg lIIrea in R.U-l that holds infonnllltion untillhe computer or pet1phcr11 device is ready to de1ll1 with il Don't change \his seUing unlcss the manual thlllt arnc with your device tells you to.
128
Appendi'(A TheConlrolPo'lelProgcrn
A lXlud of 300 Is about 0I1G
"""""'. doo.ble-tpOced Iype(l poge
Baud
The Apple IIGS can send arid receive information al a wide range of speeds from SO bits per second to 19,200 bits per second. TIle importanl thing Is that the computer and the printer or modem agree in advance on the speed thaI the bits will be traveling.
BllS per second (bps) Is more commonly referred 10 as baud, which means "rale of transmission' The: computer Is more adaptable about baud than the devke, SO check what baud !he devke uses and selea the same speed for !he computer by using the Baud option. Yoo1lusuaUy find baud listed on a spedficalions page In the manual that came WIth your pnnter or modem. The mosI common baud for moderns 1$ 1200 The mosI common baud for pnnters is 9600.
Data bits/stop bits
The computer $Cnds and receives each charaCler of dala out the serial port as a suing of bits, Characters on be represented with seven or eight data bit.'!. II doesn't matter which you choose: liS long as there is agreement between lhe computer and the device iI'S communicating With. The most common dau format is eight data bit.'!, The manual that came with the device will indicate what $Citing to use,
Stop bit.'! are used w mark the end of ~ch string of dau biLl. Some devices expec110 receive one Mop bit; others expect to receive two.
Parity
Some devices expec110 rea:ive a palily bit; which is used by the receiving device to make sure the data didn't gel garbled during transnu.ssiotl. There are three parity options you can selecL odd panty, even parity, or no parity. MOSl devices don't use parity checking, so if you're unsure about what to selecl:, choose No Parity,
If the devices agree on odd parity as an error-checking system, the sending device adds an ex\J":l bit set to either 0 or 1 10 make the lotal number of bits add up to an odd number. for example, the 7-bit ASCll code for the !cuer A is 1000001, which adds up to 2, an even number. The sending device would add an extr:a 110 make it odd. The receiving device adds up the bits. If the total is odd, chances arc the message is OK; if it's even, there was an error in the transmission.
If the devices agree on even parity, the sending device adds an ex\J":l bil selto either 0 or 1 10 make the lotal number of bits an even number.
Handshake signals
DeD, DSR!DTR, and XONIXOff are different protocols Ihal a pcriphcn.1 device can use to leU the computer things like "l"m ready when you're ready· or 'Give me a second 10 catch my breuh.·
Signals that regulate the now of data between the computer and a
periphen.1 device arc called handshake signals.
Don't change these settings unless the manual that came with your device specifically tells you to set them in a particular way.
DCD stands for Datll Carrier Detect; DSR for Datll Set Ready; and
on for Dala Terminal Ready. XON and XOFF are ASCli chan.c-
ters. XOPl' tells the transmitting device to halt transmission of characters, XON tells the transmitting device to resume transmission of characters.
RAM disk
If you have a memory expansion card connected to your Apple llGS, yoo can designate a portion of the memory on the card to be used as a RAM disk. A RAM disk is memory that is treated like a disk. You format it, access it by volume n:ame, and copy or save applications and documents on it. The adv:anlage of using a RAM disk is that the computer can gel information from il much faster than from a disk. TIle disadv:anlage is th:at anything stored on the RAM disk is lost when you tum off the power,
130
Appendix A: 1he Control Panel Program
You don't have 10 designate any of the s!»ce on your memory e)l;!»nsion card for usc as a RAM disk (and there's no reason 10 wilh newer applicalions becausc they will take advantage of the extr;l memory automalically). But experienced uscrs, using older applications, may want 10 speed up access to applications and information by using the RMI disk. lbis option lets you specify lhe minimum and maximum amount of free RAM you want 10 SCI aside for usc as a RMt disk. You change the minimum and maximum amount of RAM you want to reserve for use as a RMf disk in increments of 32K. The minimum amount can't exceed the maximum amount. If you try to raise the minimum above the maximum, the rru.ximum will be aUlomalically adjusted.
RMl disk settings don't take effect until you l"CStart the compuler by prcs.'iing rj·Control-lI.eset.
(> Note: Decreasing the maximum RAM disk size won'l erase what's already stored on the RAM disk.
RAM disk
131
Appendix B Troubleshooting
Making mistakes is part of the learning process---the euy part.. The turd panos figunng OOl what wenl wrong and fixing iL nul'S the purpose of lhis appendix.
Imporlan!
lIthe problem Involves a loose COIYl9CtIon. tun off the power crtd
\<o'01T olleo$f 30 sec0nd5 be'OIe cornecthg ()I"ly'ltWlg 10 Of d1scon-
necft"O onvtt*"O from !he COfTl)UlEN'
--Trouble starling up
You don't hear
The dosk ~ iIn'l
~n)1h..g from
plugged into the
your dl6k drive when you tum on the POW""
computer, 01 the eonltol Pan<'1 5C\tlng for Startup $101 Is wrong
You II"l thr: II'Ie:IoIOlge Cllec:~
St,utup DIIvlce.
You rOfllOlID po.I a dM in thc 5Wt\Ip dli"t:. il'. a cbl<> di.Y: and not an applica_
tion disk, or the dlsle ~ a DOS 3_2.ba.\cd
application
Turn otT !he com· p<acr'1 pown and plug it in. If tNt', not the problem, ch«\c the C<lnltol Pa",,1 slOl Kttings
Put :a !U/tup dM In the swtup dt~ and lUm on !he power_If u", appliealion on !he disk Is OOS Hbased, read the xaion ·Sunlng Up DOS 3 2 Applla.
,~.
132
-
The COlT'IJMel' lna
ID IUIt up by lAng the ._ong" d~
"'~
The PfOSl'a", st.ans up btJ. dean, lell you wtlailO do All you .tee · a lqU2'e Inc:ket and the
~,-
.....
Unless you"" .-d
th,o, Gonuol Panel Prognm 10 dwlge the owtup olQl, !he computer .... ,11 au.emrto sun up by tWnS 1M: di:$l< in the di5l< dn~ connected 10 {he highest.num_ !>ere<! sIoI. Qf eorre-
"'fX><l<l,ng port. A
5.25-I/>ch disk drive
In !he disk drive port conespond5 to .JOI. 6. A 35-lnch disk drive in the dISk drive
,port COIT~10
.~
The P'08J1lrn on the d ... isn't sclf.....ning
(You'", moM apllO
n.o inw this uwolion if Y"""" USIng poograms WTlue" by frltOds, acquftd at a ux"'1Jfo 'p m"el.lng, or downlc)a<kd f.om a bul~ .. board)
I':othing appears
on yOll' sc",cn when yoo lurn on the power
Tbe mooilor's powe. switch Is orr, or the
mooitor .m' p1u88cd ;nlO the compue<:' or ;nlO a power iIOUfct', 01 lhe monitor'. con· lrilll ~ adjUltlng
-
P\a yow sunup d~ in the di9: cIrwe that !he CXlmpulef is USItIg
as the swtup drive c:.-
change the ......nup slot by woing 1M Con1rOl Pan<!l Progr:Im, uplalJ>ed in Appen· dix A.
Tn"" CATALOG and ~ Rerurn. TIl.. ohoukl ~ a list oI ...hat's on the dISk You an U5t any 0( the prqpms wah the Icono:r A in front c:I lhcm by lfI-g ~~N. Ihe name of the progpm, and then pressing Rerum. You C3lI ux ...,.",., 01 the progr:ams wllh the Ieacr B in froN: oi them by 1~'Pin8 BRUN,
the name 0I!he progrwn, and then
presliing Return. ~ leucn; A and B refer 10 lile 1)'J'""'.)
Make :rore the mono IIOr l5 lurned on and p1uggoed into both the compute, and a pow_ Ct SOUl'Ce ~nd IN.l lhe
<:onlrilll i5 ~dJ"-'l.ed pl'opefly
_.
llle computer doun\ recognize
your UniDisknl 3.5.
You get the: nICSlage UJlABL.t. TO
LOA:) PRODOS.
Your UniDWo; 3.5 is connected to a disk drive comroller ord Inlitead 0110 the disk
.....drive poI1 and you're
U6!ng the fast system
fast speed m~ be inlerf..nng wrlh the appllollon.
TypIr1s PRI and a 5lot number ad.. vaes one 01 youdISk driva iNt....d of the device you intended
The Gonlrol Pand is let 10 Your ca.d for that Iiot. When iI can't tlnd a c:ard. iI doe5n'l know """'-I to do
Confllld your UnlDlsk 3.5 to the disk drive port Of ehang<" Sy51em Speed In the Control Panel to Normal
Try _ing System Speed WI the ConuoI
PaMI Program to
"""""-
If your d_ dIM keepa apinning. presa Conuol.Reselto Slop the: disk 00..... OwIge the ConuoI Panet Idling to the port irwead of Your Card.
Wher'l dlsks are 10000ned. IOf DOS they are dIVIded hlO 1roc;k1 and HH;'ors-SGC~onswh&re informaTion con be stored DOS 32 disks are dMded inTO 131oclou DOS 3,3 dlslls are (tvIded Into 16secTorS
Staftlng Up DOS 3.2 applications
You can't sun up OOS 3,2 appliauorv; on the Apple IIGS directly, 001 you can stan them up by using a progr2ffi calkd STARTI3 on the
DOS.13 S)'stenlf ~Iaskr disk. If you don' have the disk, sec: if" you
can gel a copy from someone at your loal Apple users group CK from your authori:red Apple dealer.
The procedure fCK using STARn3 is explJined below:
I. Start up the: DOS 3J System Master'disk. 2 Type liON STAAT}) and press Return.
You'll see the mesaage:
l)-SECTOR BOOT UTILITY SLOT TO BOOT FRC»'l IO£FAULT~')?
3, Remove the disk, put the 005 3.2 disk in drive I, and press Return to indicate that your disk controller card is in slot 6 or the oorrcsponding pon. (If your disk drive controller card is in some other slot, typc the Slot number before you press Return.)
R.~t II the key-.ith the triangle
Trouble stopping
Whenever possible, it's better to quit an application than to just rurn off the power. If your application doesn't have a Quit option on the menu, try these escape methods (until you find one that works)
· Press Q (for Qu/{).
· Press Esc. · Press Conlrol-C. · Press Control-C, then press Return. · PrCllS Conuol-Reset. · Press ~-Control·Reset. · Turn off the power switch.
...... Trouble using an application
You get the mes-s:oge I/O ERROR (InpuVQulpul) on your screen,
lbc compone. is h3vlng trouble ex· dunging informa. tion with 3 peripheral device. Most 0( the time, it poilU to 3 problem with 3 disk drive. (With 5,25-
inch drives. rou get
this message If the drive door isn't shut.)
You on also get this n>e.sl;3ge if your drive is connected 10 slot t,
2, or 3 and you're
using the Fast system speed,
Take the disk OUt of the disk drive and see if it's the one you thought It was. If it's nO(, replace It 3nd
repeat what you were
doing when you got the error Tne$Uge. O>=k 10 make sure your printer 300 disk drive 3(e securely plu~ Into lhe computer.
Switch to Normal speed or connect the drive to slot 4, 5, 6, or 7, VO Is slowed down autom3!IClIlly In these sI<X.s for Disk II controller cor<U SO you con use software <k5igned for urlief models of the Apple Il.
TrO!.b1e uslrg on oppIcatlon
135
5olullon
Yoo set (h., mes....ge SYNTAX ERROR on you' ",,'cen.
You OInt get 10 desk acceSSOfics by pres.sing C_Control_E!iC.
1be Desk Accessor,es menu appea,s U"";IIpcctcdly.
The application works on an Apple He but not
on a" Apple [[G~,
Th;,; is a genc,al·pu'pose erTOf message that tells yoo the computer did,,'t unde'5I.and you, 1:I..'il in5l.ruClion. $om,,limes you get this message wtlen you type something In lowe,cue Iette'S and the application wanLs II in UppcrOLloC let_ lers.
You, application \JSe.'i a version Qf ProDOS ea,lier than 1.2, which doesn't give you access 10 desk aC<;C550ries.
You tried to access desk accesso,ies ea,· Iier from an applica_ tion that didn't let you. 1be computer held on 10 you, ,e· 'lU<:5t and complied .... soon as possible.
f"'"'- speed might be interfering with lhe application.
Ole<::k your ryping. If you have "",de a mistake, letype the command. If thai wasn't the problem, try pre...ing Cap" Lock down and typing you, entry again.
Have your authorl ·.cd Apple deale, upgrade the application to ProOO~ 1.2.
0"I00sc Quit from (h., Desk Accessories menu. Have you, autho'ized Apple deale' upgr:ade the ve,sion Qf ProDOS on you,
application disk so you can aCee... desk acceMOfies when you vnnt to.
Try sening System Speed in the Control Pa""l p,ogr2m 10 Normal If that doesn't help, aslI your authorized Apple dealer if the,,, i5 an
Apple lles ve'sion Qf
the application.
Every application has its own sct of error messages geared to that
application. In the best applications, error mCS5agcs arc selfc>:planatory. They tell you what went wrong and how to Hx il. BUL in
other applications, the mCS5ages are cryptic, and you'll have 10 look up Lhe meaning of the message in the manual that came with the applicalion
136
Appendix B: Troubleshooting
Trouble using the keyboard
Delete won\ delete.
The cursor doesn't move when you ptes5 the arrow keys.
TIle CUrsor doesn't move pa.'lt the laSl line of your document
The application ....ys to pt~ a key but docsn't lespond to Ihe key· press. (You've already cheeked to make Sure the hy_ boald i(I p1usged Into the Apple Ile5.)
TIle application tells you 10 ptess · (called the Solid Apple key), but thele is no · on your keyboald,
E;uller model. of the Apple II dKin't have Delete, SO applications designed for those machine. use: some other key ~ combination of key. to delete teXI.
E... I"'r models of the Apple II didn't have Up and Down ArrOws, """ applica. tlons designed for those machines use .'lOffie other way of movins the cursor
That's how the appll. calion i(I meant to WO<k.
If this is the fir.st thins that happens after you SIan up, the application may be one that requires you to type everythlns in uppercase letters, fally models of the Apple II didn't s've you the option of typinS lowercose cha"'eters.
The application was designed for the models of the Apple [I thaI have a key labeled ·.
The manuallhat carne w~h the appli· cation wUltell you some other way 10 erase teXl, Usually you'll be able to erase: by pre...ins Left Arrow. Read the manual that came with the appll· eation to find 0Ll how to move the cursor up and down.
Press Return to move the cursor beyond the bottom boundary of your document and resume typinS Pre... Caps l.ock and you should have no trouble US"'S the application.
Pre.... Option when_ ever the application says to press ·.
Trouble using the keyboard
137
Flgur. &-1 Mouse belly
Trouble using the mouse
Yoo run oot of space on your desk befor" !h" mous<: pointer on lhr: scr""n r"aches yoor destination,
You st:lned \'Our mOOs<: mov" too near
tm, cdR" of your desk
or too n"ar tn.: SUck
of books and papers
in the middle of \'Our desk.
Mouse won~ respond. Yoo'v" alrudy ch.,a"d to make sure ii's plugged In arKI!hat !he appli-
cation is d""igned
for llS': wi!h a ~.
Mouse pan: is tufn"d off ;1'1 th" Control PaM'l.
Th" mous<: mav,,_
m"nl'l u" jerky.
Tho: hall on th" bol_ tom of the mollS': is Jlfobably grimy.
...""
Lift the mollS': orr th" dc:..k and mav" it hack to the center of tm, desk, The pointer won~ move unlil yoo put the mouse hack on the r:.ble and mov" it.
OtanR" sloo. 4 from Yoor Oud 10 Mouse pon In the Slots section of the Control Panel.
Qean tm, mouse hall according to the di_ rections that follow
Cleaning the mouse
I. Turn !he mous<: OVcf. On its belly you wiu see a black, plastic disc with a hole in: its center. The disc has a round mark near its edge, which should be pointing 10 the letter L (for locked) cngrllved in !he mouse. (See Figure B-l.)
2. Turn the dise counterclockwise one-eighth of a turn. This will
bring the mark on the disc opposile the letter O(ror open).
3. Cup your hands around the mouse and tum il right side up. The disc will fall oul with the b<l.ll.
>1. Wipe !he ball clcan. If it's greasy, wash it with warm, soapy water and dry it thoroughly with a lim·free cloth.
138
Appeodlx 8: Troubleshooting
5. Turn the mouse hack up6ide down. If there is any material in the hole on its boltom, genLJy pick it or shake it out Do not lJy to blow it out. This may juS! drive the material ranher inside. Do not attempt to wash oullhe Cllvity or use solvents in it
6. Place the dean ball back in its hole.
7. Replace the plastic disc, orienting it so thaI the mark on its rim is ncar the letter 0. Turn it onc-eighth of a turn dockwisc, bringing lhe mark to the leller L This should lock the disc in place.
Trouble with the display
11M: image on the
$O""n is rolling or
OUI or al ignmem.
11M: Apple lies is sending signals 10 the monilor acceding to the foreign ",-andard (50 hertz) Mud of the U.S. SUindard (60 ,""W
Text is fuzzy and unrea<:bble. (You've already checked 10 m>.ke sure the monitor oble is plugged s<!CUrely into the computer.)
You',e using a Iele~ vision set or a color monitor:os a display device, and the application is display_ ing le~ in 8O-<:oIumn [ermal. Television sets and 5OrTJf: color monitors don't have sharp enough resolution to display !he smaller character sl«. If that's not the problem, m>.ybe the oontrast is too bright or 100 dim,
5o11l10n
Pre:;.'! Option. Control-Reset and then press 2. This re5lOfes the SUindard Control Panel set· tings [or the U,S., iocluding the ",-an_ dard frequency of 60 heftz.
If the application gives you a choice between a 4ll-<:oIumn aoo an 8O<oIumn
display, choose 40.
If the application doesn~ give you a choice, u""' lhe Control Panel Program, explained in App<:n_ dix A. to change the Columns option to 40. If thai isn~ the problem, try adjust_ ing lhe contrast knob on your mon itor,
TrOt.b1e with the display
139
........
Text and boId<ground colors are so slmUu that the ["Xl is unrea.:bble.
Lillie appks and check marks appear in a line of upper<:a5t:, inve·..,
."
..,lbere isn't enough
conln5t bet..."'" oolors on the dis-
.....
Tl>e~ isn't enough contra.st between leX! and background.
The appit'S and ch«k marks are called MOll.'u:Text. MOl1M'Text ctu.raoers re.placed a =!uncbnt set of dlanaers in 0,1>0' moc\cls of the Apple II Older Ip-pllCltlOf" us'"l1 ttw m;luncb.1ll. dwaaer set ... i11 "'"" dupby
MouIoeT~ c:har~l'$
in plx-e of upper_
caK, in.-ef5e 1a1.
Tbe applocatlOtl wu da,gned ror earlier models of thc Apple ll. The
Apple lies IIf=ne....tes .llightly d,ffe,ent colors
~
Try adjWling the COIlU'aSI and brlgluneM on your monitor. If that doeilll't improve
the contrut, you Cln
restore the original Conuol Pa....,l ~_
UI1IP for 1.Ql and bad<ground by pressinS Optlon.conuolRQa and thoen pr=sing 2. U then: a.iII Itin't enough cootr.ul., uy IeWI'l8 me dillpby
type '" tho! O:xllrd P1nc1 Progr2m to Cdor ~ if you're using a monochrome
monitor
1lle MOU5eTa\ charSClers don't affect the ....ay an application ....orks, SO if wy don't bother you. go ahc3d and use the appliCltIOn. If they do
bache. you, ask your
aUlhoru.ed Apple dealer Of !he dcvd_ oper of the appl .. calion if there is an upgrwkd vnsion of the applic::u.ion.
Try a ddT",enl ~inll for di$play 1)'pO' in the Conrol Panel Pro-
gnm.Thed~y
type <Iocsn't ha~ to match the kind of
monilor you have
-
*" The sat'm full d
2'. Of mean....g\a6 dPntte'$
You can" set a color display even though you're ~,n8 a color mon-
,~
The 4O-column
dosplay changes 10 an 8O<olumn dISpby and cleatJ the
5Cf~ .... hen you
,=.pras Conl/ol·
.....
......... ... The applic:aloon .....
designed for earlier ."
Apple II.
Eilhe' the mon~or is set [0 monochrome! black-and-white mode or YOU'fc ~ln8 an J\''SC mlar monito< with a ltXl-bued appl"""-loon and !h2r,J the dupby you're suppcosed 10 FL l,;nhk" analog ROD c:dor monltDrs, :'\'TSC color monItOrS an' dispby IeXl deuly WI color mode 50 !hq' _a.ch aUlOlI'UollCaDy 10 monochrome rnoclc for tl'Xt-bued applications
You had the Coxrol P:lO<'I ~ 10 80 columns, bul the applicalion was USIng a 40. column dosplay
Ptessmg Resel pul you back in 90 columns
and cleared !he .';Cree"
-
...U~ the application dISk 11'1 the do-i>'e, prrB O-Control-EK.
d>ooo<Al~
D..pby Mode from the Dolt Acce<5QI~ menu, and prc:!!oll Rriurn wt..n you'." finished using the application, choose the a~ again to rcstol'e the SUlndard display
Quog<: the switch on your monilOf 10 color mode if there ls one, If you're U$l/lg an NTSC monitor ....1l.h a tUl:.based apphalion, you don~ nerd
10 rn2ke any~· menIS. You11 get "-
cnIor dl5pby ",1>= you UM: gr:oph;a. bued applications
It's not ruDy a prot>-
lem unl~ you prU6ed Re5el by rn;..uke Re5eI ... in an unU5Ual location \0 k~ you from pressing it acellkntally
TrOl.blewllhthedbploy
141
-- Trouble saving a document
Your applicalion
Earher model, of I""
aslcs for ~.:IOI
Apple II dldn'l haw:
and d"vt: o(!he
peru, 10 a101 and
di.\.k you """nllo
drlvt' number ....as "-
save to, but )'QUI
dllV(' is connected to !he dISk drlV('
I""JOlllea! """y 10 Identify locnion of your d.k
P""
Your appllOluon
saves CVU)tllllllllO
..dllYC I, tu )'OU
"'..... lD saV(' 10
~,
Tho: appllclollon " saVll18 to !he ddau1t.
Of c:urrtiII, ~
!he ~ it thanks )"01.1
""".. lOuse
You ~!he message ILLEGAL rxlLSA.OU:...tIm )"01.1
try 10 N"" a d0cument on a dUok.
FJenlmv ~fO':n 10 ihe name of )9.If document. An iIIepl file· name · a name that
doewi'l mnform 10
,....!he Nlc:a for namtlB
........
The H·lnch disk drlvea connected to the disk drive pan conesponc! lO.-Iex 5, The 5 25·1nch di5k drives connected to !he di5k driYC port
~to.d<X6
Read !he manua.l that arne ,...-.h !he appl;" calion to find ".. how 10 change !he ddaull drow:. SOme appla· tion:I havt' you fill".. a pt1'fernlC'C! form that says how many disk drives ale COIl· nected 10 your com· puter. SOme have .. oommand called Select Volume or Set
Prefix that leu you
spedy which di5k 10 save 10,
OJfelent appla· tions have d.rrer=r. requomnenu, but you can' go wronll 'I )'OW tllename JWts ,...lh a 1etler, has few.... lhan 15 charactr:B, and doesn' haw: any spaces or punctuation
""'...... marlu Olher than
142
Appenc!bl B TrOlbleshooting
__m
You get the mes!>lIge 01511 WII.IT<:PROTECTi:O when you try to S'lve:l. document on "disk.
""".
When:l. disk Is wrlll:-
procectcd. il""""ns you Oln~ make any
manses to it.
You get !he mcs""ge DUPl.IC,o,n; FI LENAME when you
try \0 save a docu· ment on a disk.
Vou vied to U5e "name you've already used on thai disk,
You get the mes-sage DRIVE TOO
fAST.
Yoo get the mes5;lge DRlV!: TOO
SLOW,
Your disk drive speed is to:::> fast.
Yoor disk drive ~ is 100 slow.
SollJlon
If you w,ite·prolected the disk, you an un· write_protect it by removing lh<: write·
I'f"OU'CI Qb from the
wrlte-cl:able notch (If it's :I. S.2'j·;nch dW<) or by sliding the write-prOlect cove, from the write-<'lIable
notell (if il's:I. 3.5-
inch disk). If the m.>.nufaeturer write· protected the disk, there wa$ probably "good reason for it, and you :;hould consider using :I. different disk.
If you're saving a revised version of a document and you gave il the urne name intentionally, con· firm lha! that's what you want to do. If you duplicated a document name by mi&ake, Ilive the document a differ""t
name and '''P''''l the
save procedure.
Have il adjusted by your aulhorized Apple dealer.
Have II adjusted by your authorized Apple dealer.
Trolble saving 0 document
143
-... Trouble printing
P,obl.m
Unintenllon~l
double (K triple
sp~cing.
An eX1r.l Ii"", feed is being inserted by the application, the Control Panel Program, or 1he prinle1.
LlIlC5 arc printing on top of earn other.
No line feed
inslJUClion is being .em to the printer ahCl' the CIrruS" ,,,tUrn in5tructlon.
Your printer doesn't prIm. (You already che<;k"d to m:l.k" sure !he printer is plu8S"d into the
computer alld a
power souro::.)
Yoor printer doesn't print, and !he p:>per error light is on.
Tbe Seb:t bucwn Is ofr.
You're 01.1\ of po.pcr, or po.pcr isn't feeding
prope.ly.
~"~ ~nge 1he ~ppllCliion's line feed setting to OFF, 0( usc !he Conuol Panel
Prosnrn, explained
in Appendix A, to change the line feed setting for the: printer port, or turn off !he automatic line feed switch on !he primer.
U5C': !he COflltOl Panel Program, explained in Appendix A, to add a line feed after the carriage return for
!he primer port w.
turn on the aUiomatlc Iinc reed switch on
!he prlnte'. Turn on the s"lecr bunoo.
Reload the p>.pc:r and try "8"'10.
144
Appendix B: Troubleshoot1ng
-
YOUf~
doc:wI' pit'(. and !he power lighl ..
on
You IlOI · [""" ollTll"lnongles.s dlaraaers thal bea·· no .cx.... bbnce 10 your
d~mt:n{
You fOf'BCl' 10 turn on the prinler"1 po:l'""fl
IWltch.
You're w.ong c:i1he1 the wrong baud, the wrong number 01 <b~ bU Of stop bill, !he wrong kind of panty, a Ioase cable, or !he wrong obiC'.
Flrit died< W lIght-
"""'" of Ihe coble beouse that'. the cUlOl thonS 10 adjust.. If ltun not \he
problem, cho::k Ihe
IT\2Iluallhal came with your printer to see how your priNe. CXpe<1'IlQ re<:elve
d:lt.a from the COIl'Ipu.er. and then use that information to
aru_. printe""P«Ific2tion questioIU in the application. If )'QUI" application doesn't ask for your pl'Ultd'S spccilia. lions, use lhc: WOI"_ malion 10 reconfigure the prirlClef pen by
"Pa"n"e"l "P'r"oCgonom<r,oelllplaaoed in AppendUl A. If)'Ollff sure )'OUr pr.nl."l" speci/iol;ions ~ rigtx. iake you. able to your authofi=;I Apple dealer and make sun: ii's the right kInd.
Troublepmtt-Q
145
_.
Your printer doesn't peinl, and it's !he firM lime
rOIlY" tried 10 print anything with th:Il p"nicubr appllo'lon.
The compute, is ...."ding information 10 the prinler in a form tlH: printer can' deal with. You're using eilher the wrong
baud, 'he WH)II1K number or cbt.a bil$
or SlOp bits, or tile
or ....,oog kind parity.
_. Trouble with the modem
Pro~m
Evei)' char.lc:lCr
"Pf"'2's Iwi(:" on the SCreen when you're sending a m<:SS<lge.
¥O\I' compote. is echoing every char-
aeler you ....nd on the $Oecn, and the ott..,.
computer is echoing every charader it
,,,,,,iv.,,. back 10 you.
5<:'''''0.
"'.""
O>eck me lNlnual
(/l;at co..-..: with your printer to see how your printer Cl<pec15 \0 receive d:u... from lhc computer, and
I.he" ""'" tI,;o\ informalian 10 answer prlnter-spedfic:nion questions in the application. If your
application does",
ask for your printer'S specifications, use !he information to ..~conFigure the printer port by using the Control Pand P.og~m. explained in Appendix II.
Cfu,nll" the Echo setling to No by using lhc Conltol Panel Prognm Of the communications appli_ Clltion.
146
Appendix B: Troubleshoot1ng
~,obI.m
" line of meaningI""" chanlCl"'5 al'PC"'r5 on the: 5Cfe"" when yOll send or receive rn<::5IiagCli o""r phone lines.
Ota"'ete'" :or" 1061
during informa_ tlon exchange.
Inrormation sent mrough "" modem doe5n\ appear 00 YOllr liereen.
_.
The computer on the!
other =d of a,.,
pilon<: lin" ill ...,nd;ng informallon to your computer in a form yOllr comput"r i.sn\ :set up to r«elv".
The", .. too much dlstonion on tho: phone lines to tnnsmit inrornu.tlon at the.'ip(:oo yOll'r" using. The other comput"r isn\ "dlOing inror_ mation back to YOllr computer. It's a halr_ duplex modem.
~-
You'", u.oing "it~ ;ncompalibl" bauds or incomp3tibl" dala
format5 (a,., wrong numl).,r of <:\2.(.2. bit5
or stop bu, or t"'" wrong kind of parity). Oteck the docllmentation lUrnished by
a,., inrormation
.service to see what S(X'Cifications th" other computer is u.oing, and then change the way yOllr comput"r is:sct up to exchange Inrornu.tion by using your communicalioM
applbtion or a,.,
Control Par>el Prognm.
O1ange to a lower balJd, if possible, 00 bolh the 5CfIding and th<: r"""lving end.
Olange the Echo sening to Y"" by U5ing the Control Panel Prognm or the communications application.
lrouble with !he modem
147
Your communications application work.s with a IT1Gdcm connected to a SUpcl' Serial card, but not with a modem conneae<:l to Lhe Apple Jles m0-
dem pan. (You've
alr<:'ady d>cd<cd to be SUr<:' Lhe port is configured properly by using Lhe Control Panel Program.>
Your communica_ tions software is add,~lng a partie_ ulu chip on the Super Serial card.
Use a Super Serial Card or get:a C<)mmu· nieations application designed for the Apple IJG~.
148
Appendix B: lroubleshool1ng
Appendix C
Apple II Family Differences
Every enN.rw;Emenl ollhe Apple II computer hu been designed to be as compatible u poMible WIth earlier modeb The: Apple IIGS lwi rnon:! memory and more fC::llures than any of lhe models Ihlll came: bdore il., but tho5c fClltul"C$ are implemc:nrcd in
such a Wlly Uul yt.1I can use r110Sl d ~ $Of[Ware developed for culier rruchillCS. Keep in mind, though, thai if an appliCation wa.s
developed for earHer models of the Apple II, it won't take advantage of the features of lalcr models. for cumplc, the Apple II Plus keyboard gcnel'21cd only uppercase chal'2etelS, 50 applications developed for thai model recognize only uppercase cm.l'2etel"5 You an run Apple: II Plus applications on your Apple IIGS, but you have 10 remember to type c\-etything in uppercue lelle~ Conversely, if an application is desigrcd 10 take advamage of Apple IIG5-.specific features, if may not work on earlier Apple U',. If compatibility WIth ocher Apple II's 1$ imporunt, choose applications Uul :ue advertised as compatib6e with me Apple IlGS, Apple lie, and Ap~ Ile T1ulI chapter summarizes the differences between the wrious models of the Apple II family $0 you an anlicipalc: and rope with dUTerenccs that affect the Wlly ~ looks and works
"9
Keyboard
· Applications dC5igned for the Apple II Plus won't recognize lowercase cha~eters. Press Caps Lock and the application should
run just nne.
· TIle Apple II Plus didn't have Delete, so applications designed for it won't respond when you press Delete. 11lc application wm tell you :<orne other way of deleting ch.:.l.r:.l.cter5. (Usually it will involve pressing Left AtrOw.)
· TIle Apple 11 Plus didn't have Up Arrow or Down Arrow, 50 applications designed for it won't move the insertion paim up or down when you press those keys. 1he :application will tell you some other way of moving the insertion point up and down.
· Applications designed for the Apple lie or Apple Ile may refer to a
Solid Apple key or ta. This key has been replaced on Lhe
Apple lIGS with Option. When an application lells you 10 press tI; (usually in combination with some other key), press Oplion instead.
Display
lbe Apple IlGS supports a super-high-resolution gr.lphics mode thai diffcrs from earlicr gr.lphics modes in lhe concentr.ltion of dots and thc r.lnge of colors thai can be lI.SSigned to each dot.
Applications designed For earlier models of the Apple 11 will work fine on the Apple IlGS, but won't use the super-high-resolulion mode. They will use low resolution, high resolution, or double-high resolution.
150
AppendiK C: Apple II FomBy Differences
40 columns versus ao columns
The sUncbrd display on the Apple II Plus'NU "0 columns, 50 applicatiol'\5 developed for il will be displayed In 40 coIulTll\5 even if you sclea.ed 80 roIulTll\5 15 your suncbrd display by using the Conlrol Panel Program.
MouseText
There is a chip on the main circuit board thai generates the characters that are displayed on the .screen, 1be du,racter generator on the Apple IIGS (and on the Apple IIc and later models or the Applc lie) can generatc 32 .special characters Oittlc apples, check marks, checkertx>ards, and SO on) in addition to sundard chll.r:lcters like leiters, numbers, lI.nd punctuation marks. 1be 32 special duraeters ue ailed l'oIouscTcxt beause they arc used moslly in mouse-based applialiolU. Applications designed for ell.t1ier models of the Apple II won'l take lI.d~ntll.ge of t.he.se spedll.l chll.taaef5-1lt Jeut not intentionally. But you may notia: Iinle apples and checlc rrnrk.s in plll.CC of uppercase inve:rse c.haractera: if you ~ older applic:a1ions. The original Apple II chanCIer generator ROM had twO idcntica.l .seI.5 of uppercase invel3C dlanetel'5, one of which was unnece:ss.ary. In the new duraeter generator, the redundant set of uppercase inverse characters has been replaced WIth MouseText characters. l1tis doe.sn'l have any dfea on the way the application works, 50 if iI doesn't bother you, go ahead and use the application. If it does bother you and you'd like an upgraded version of the appliauon,
.see your authoolled Apple dc*r or cooua the developer of the
application
151
Peripheral devices
· Applio.tions designed for those models of the Apple II that don't have ports may ask which slot your printer, modem, or disk drive is connected 10. You can use these applio.tions--evcn if your peripheral devices arc connected through ports--as long as you know which port corresponds to which slot. If you are asked for a slot number and your device is connected (0 a port, use Table C-l to figure oul which slot your port corresponds to.
..,Tabl. C-I
SlOB and ports
Slot I
Printer port
Slot 2
Modem port
Sl013
Text display
Slot 4
Mouse port on kcyboard
Slot S
3.S-inch disk drive in disk drive port
Slot 6
S.2S·inch disk drive in disk drive port
Slot 7
AppleTalk in printer port or modem port
· 1be Apple IIc has a built-in disk drive, so applications developed for il may ask you whether you Wltnt to save a document on the disk
in the built-in drive or on the disk in the external drive. You an
use these applio.tiOns on the Apple l1G5--just think of drive 1 as your built-in drive and drive 2 as your external drive.
· Applications designed for the Apple lie may refer to an 80/40 swilch beo.use the Apple IIc has a switch on the case that you use to alternate between an BO-eolumn and a 40-column display. The Apple llGS doesn't have a switch, but you can change from an 8Q.-column to a 40-column display by using the Control Panel Program, explained in Appendix A.
· Applio.tions designed for the Apple He thaI require 128K may tell you that you need an extended 8O-wlumn card. 1lv:: Apple I1GS has all the functions of the exlended 8O-column o.rd bu~t-in (and then some), so don't rush out and buy one.
152
Appendix C: Apple II Famty Differences
Memory
The Apple IIGS has 256K RAM 5t.andard; that's more built-in memory than the Apple He or Apple lie and much more tmn the Apple II Plus. You can usc appliatioru; designed for Apple ll's with less memory, but applications designed to lake advantage of the Apple IlGS's 256K memory won't run (or won't run the same W,ly) on earlier models of the Apple II. Keep this in mind if you plan to share applications with friends or business associates who have other models of the Apple 1I,
Memory
153
Apple II family overview
The following chart summarizes Apple Il family differences that could affect the way software works.
Apple II Plus
Apple lie
Figure Col Apple II Pk.Is
Figure C-2 Apple lie
Display Columns, 4(}, expandable with 8O-Column card in slot 3. Re$(llulion, low 06 colors, 40 by 48), high (6 colors, 280 by 192).
Keyboard Upperose only, no Up or Down Arrow or (kINe.
Memory 48K; expandoble to 6'1K with lanllU31le c:u-d in slot 0
Microprocessor 6502.
Peripheral Devices 8 slou, 7 general_purpose. I for language card
Display Columns: 40; exp'lI>dabie ....ith 8O-Column card In AUX.CONNEcrOR :slol Resolution, low (16 colors, 40 by 48); high (6 colors, 280 by 192'>; doublehigh (16 colors, S60 by 192).
Keyboo,d Upperose and lowercase. Newe..t models haye numcrk keypad.
Memory 6'1K; exp:lI><bble to 128K with extended 80column card in AUX.CONNECTOR slot.
Mlcroplocesso, 6502 on original Apple lie. 65COZ on enhanced and current Apple lie, i\$ inSlNCIion set is a superset of the 650Z'$ with Z7 additional insltUCllons.
Pe,lpheral Cevlces 8 slots: 7 gcnenl·purpo6C, for 8().column auxiliary memory card.
154
Appendix C: Apple II Family Differences
Apple lie
Apple IIGS
(
DIsplay Columns S.... lICh on c:uc on be Kt 1O.fO Of 80 IlC5Olulion. low 06 coklf~ 40 by 48}, hIgh (6 coklfs, 2lIO by 192); double.h,gh (16 <:olors, s60 by
""Keyboard L'~ and Iowcrc:ue. S..1Ich on a.w:
an be sa: 10 o..or:.k or ou.ndatd k,,)'board byouL
Memory 128K
MIc:,oproc:ctUOf 6SC02; 1U If>OlnJeIJOn sa: IS a supc1's<:t cl the 6502's ...·Ilh '17 addllioNl lfuttudlOflS
Perlpherol Oevlccts Pons for serw PUnier, modem, monochrome Of color mOflltOf, 3 S-rnch Of S 2S'lnch d"",,", mouse, jopuet, Of hand alnlrola. ~o
.~
Obploy' Columns. 80 Of 40. selecubk wllh Control P2nd Progr:om Reso!..-. low 06 colors, 40 by 48), high (6 cokM's, 2lIO by 192); double.hogh 06 colors, 140 by 192); sup.,,·high (4 coloB. 640 by 200; 16 colOfS, )20 by 2(0).
Keyboard l:JlP'"fase and 1o'I>~ Detxhed kq"bo:ald wlIh numetic ko:ypad. Option rq>laco · boa genenlt'5 w.me cock, O>oitt= among su.ndard, Ovonk, and eoght Retna\lo"al keybo;,rd layouts wllh Conuol Panel Progr:om.
Mltmory 2S6K IUondard_l28K for Apple II
emulalJon, 128K fOf enhancemC'l'll5. Applications '01 6SCS16 mode (thaI Ill, nor. emulll.;ng Apple TO can use
or IIKIlK the zs6K Memory expansion Clfd can add
from I 10 8 meg~b)1t'5 In increment5 of 2S6K
Mleroproc:euor 6SC816; can "mul~I" 6502.
Peripheral Oevlce. 8 sleu, 7 ge""",I_purpol"',
1 for memory ".pansiQn cud. Ports for serial prinler, modem, rnonor:hrome and analog 11GB color monitors, ).S-inch ~nd S2S·In.ch drives, molJ5C, joyslick, hand
corllfols, ~Ild AppleT~lk
Apple II family overview
155
Appendix 0
Apple iiGS Features and Specifications
Features
· 65C816 mjcroproc~.ssor, :l 16-blt processor that has a clock roue up to three times faster than the 8-blt processor on C:lr]icr models of the Apple ll.
· AprIl' II compatible (which means yOll can run almost any oflhe 10,000 applications developed for the Apple Jl family),
· 256K RAM sundard · Applcsort BASIC in ROM · Super-high·resolution graphics (640 by 200 pixels with 4 c;olors;
320 by 200 pixels ....1111 16 cokn) per line from ~ pos5ible
mors Supports all other Apple II graphics modes 00"" resolution, high resolution, double~high resolution). · A builHn dock, so documents Ciln be rrulrked ....ith the dale and lime you created or reviSed them. · 1llc ability to setthc b.utHn dock, customize the look of the dIsplay, aller the feel of the computer system by using the COnlIO! Panel Program in ROM
156
· lhe ability to use desk ac:a::ssorie$-miniarure applications like a
rlOlepad, a calcublOr, a dock-....ilhout leaving your main applic:lIIion.
· Buill·in 8O<oIumn capability, 50 you don't need to add a speci:11 intenace card to gel !he lIkoIumn display required by many business applications.
· Choice of color for text, background, and border of display.
· Dy u.sing sortw.uc designed for the purpose, you can gcncr.ne l~vOice .sound and even speech.
· IkJilt-in .support for stancbrd peripheral devices Ihrough pom on the back panel, .so you can add up to four disk drives (either 3.5-inch or S.2S-inch), a printer, a modem, a mouse, a monochrome monilor, an analog NGB color monitor; and you can plug into an AppleTalk network without using interface card$.
· Seven general-purpose slOlS for adding devices that require a nonsLandard interface---dcvices like home control devices, a hard disk, and so on.
· A memory expansion slor.. Dy putting a Special memory card in the memory expansion sial, you can add 1 108 megabytes of RAM to your Apple IIGS.
· OcLachcd keyboard with numeric keypad.
· Mouse
· Choice of Slandard, Dvonk, or eight international character sets
Featlxes
157
Generol·purpoiSEl $Iou - - - - - - ;
_ _ _ _ Memory 9~pon$lon slOT
Appl9SO~ "-----lK>M (1281() Includes BASIC and Control Ponel Progrom
"-.
65C816 microprocessor
Figure 0·1 Moil clrcut board
r- --. //////////11 \\\\\\\\\\~
·· t
Slereo Keyboard other h::O:dph~O~O:':'.========~~~~:~'~~':':'~:'~0~.
2t::~~-+- ,,~
Apple OG$0I<1top Bus
Modem
del/Ice
"",'m ---------~
Joystick or hand controll - - - - - - . . . /
(),sk drive
Analog RG8 color montor
Monochrome or composite color moniTor
FIgure D-2 8ack panel
158
Appendix D: Apple IlGS Features and SpocI1\cotlons
Programming languages
BASIC
SuperPlLOT
Pascal
FORTH
wgo
C
65C816 machine language
PLIl
650Z/65C02 machine language
LISP
COBOL
Modula~2
Fortran
Operating systems
ProDOS
Pascal
DOS 3.3
CP/M (with a Z80 card)
(0 DOS 3.2: You can use DOS 3.2 applications on your Applc lIGS, but rust you have to load the STARTI3 program from the DOS 3.3 Syslem Master disk.
Specifications
Display
lbc Apple IlGS supports si" different video display modes. Thc mode used depends on the software, although you can altern3tC betwecn 40 and 00 columns by using the Conuol Panel Program. The six. di'lP13Y modes are, · 4O-column ICXI mode-40 columns by 24 rows. · oo-column leXI modc---80 columns by 2<1 rows. · Low-resolution gn.phics modc-16 colors, 40 horizontal by 48
vertical blocks.
Specl1\col1ons
159
· High-resolution graphics mode--6 colors, 280 horizontal by 192 vertical dots.
· Double-high-resolution graphics mode--black and white,
s60 horizontal by 192 venical dots; 16 colors, 140 horizontal by
In venical dots.
· Super-high-resolution graphics mode------l colors, 640 horizontal
by 200 venical dots; 16 colors, 320 horizontal by 200 vertical dots.
1llc 4O-column text mode and all four graphics modes can be displayed on either a 1V or a monitor. 1bc 8O-column text mode requires a monochrome or an analog RGB color monitor.
The Apple lies generates 96 ASCli characters in uppercase and
lowercase and also generates 32 graphics characters, called MouseTel<l. TCl<t is formed by a 5 by 7 dot matrix and can appear on the screen as normal, inverse, flashing, or MouscTel<t.
Color is OUtput as an NTSC signal or an RGB signal.
Microprocessor
'tbe Apple lIOS uses a 65C816 microprocessor, operating at up to 2.8 megahert1_ The chip has sil< 16-bit registers, the accumulator, two indcl< registers, the direct register, the stack pointer, and Lhc program counter. And it has three S-bit registers, the data bank register, the program bank register, and the status register. The <:Uta bus is 8 bits wide, and the address bus is 24 bits wide, giving the
microprocessor an address range of 16,7n,216 bytes.
Memory
The Apple IIGS comes with 256K RAJ\I and I28K ROM. The ROM contains the Apple lIGS's system monitor, Applesoft BASIC interpreter, the Control Panel Program, SO-column display flrmwue, and high_level software tools such as the Memory Manager.
The system monitor includes a machine-language disassembler, automatic input/output device assignment, keyboard and screenediting features, and routines to examine and modify registers,
160
Appendix D, Apple JIGS Features and Specillcotioos
Keyboard
Detached.
Choice of standard keyboard configUJ"111ion, Dvorak configuration, or one of eight international configurations.
Pin-outs
Headphone jack
""number Signol delC:,lplion
Signal ground
2
Ear phone I
,""numbe,
Signol descrlpflon Ear phone 2
Figure D-J PrInter and modem port ph-outs
Printer and modem ports
""numb., Signal descrlpflon
""number Signal delCllpflon
I landshake out
S
,2
llandshake in
6
Transmit data
7
,
minus
Signal ground
8
1301h serial ports have the same pin-outs.
Receive data minus Transmit data plus Goes to OCD input on SCC Receive data plus
Specltlcotions
161
Game port
........'"
SIgnat descllpllon
'"....... ,
SIgnat de~1Ion
Swilch l-OplJon 6
Swilch 2
,2
+5 volts
7
Signal ground
8
Switch 0---0 Paddle I
,4
Paddle 2 Paddle 0
9
Paddle 3
1'\C game I/O signals arc also available on a 16-pin DIP socket
labeled GAME I/O on the main circuit board inside mc casco (Sec Figurc 0-9,)
'e ~,'1;8J~g5~~~~
'9 '''''1, %,~ I) 1?2 0,
FlguI.O-$ DIsk dftve port pn.outs
DIsk drive port
Signal ground
,2
Signal ground Signal ground
,4
3.S-inch dJ.sk -12 vohs DC
6
-+5 volts DC
7
-+ 12 volts DC
8
9
Enable 2
10
Wrile-prolccl
'""umbel
II 12 13 14 15
16
17 18
19
SIgnal descrlpllon
Seek phase 0 Sc:ek phase 1 Seek phase 2 Seek phase 3 Write requCSl ~Iead select Drive 2 e~ble Read data Write data
162
Appendix D: Apple IGs FeotU'es and Speclllcotlonl
, , , ! j 0 ! 0 I 0 1
1O 5 1O 4 O 13 D 12 O 11 O 10~
Figure 0·6
RGB video port pln-oun
RGB video port
PI,
numb.r
Slgrlol descrlptlon
1
Signal ground
(Red)
2
Analog RED
3
Composite sync
,
No connection
5
Analog GREEN
6
Signal ground
(Green)
7
-5 volts DC
8
+12 volLs IX:
PI.
numb.,
9
Signed descrlptlon Analog BLUE
10
No connection
11
Sound 1 volt peak to
",,'k
12
Monochrome video out
13
Signal ground (Blue)
l'
No connection
15 Shield
No connection
System ground
o, o,
o
2
o,
Flgut.0-7
Apple Desktop Bus pin-outs
Apple Desktop Bus
PI,
number
Signal dllsc,lptloo
Data
2
Reserved
PI,
numbe,
,3
Signal description Powcr (V+) I'lcturn
Internol speaker
PI,
Ilumbe,
Signal dllsc;.lptlOl'1
Positive 1 voh
PI,
number
2
Signal de.crlptlon
Signal ground
Speclftccl10ns
163
,, 0 0
,·J 0 0
0
,0 0 0
·0
, 0 ,,o
0
, 0
,0
0
J
I,
,, 0 , 0 o
, 0
-Flgtxe 0-8
nlemol game connector
Internal game connector
,'"
num~1
Signal descripflon
,'"
numb.,
,
~5 vollS
Switch 0---0
9
10
3
,·
Switch l--Option
"
Switch 2
12
Slrobe output
13
·
7 8
P.lIddle 0 Paddle 2
Signal ground
I."
15
SIgnal description
No connection Paddle I Paddle: 3 Annunciators Annunciators Annunciators Annunciators ~o C<lf\oection
Reference manuals
The (ollowing manuals arc available, or will be soon, from Addison·Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., :ll selected bookstores or through your authori1.cd Apple dealer.
Overview
TccJln/CQ1 InJrodua/on 10 the Apple JIGS Programmcr3 Introduction to the Apple llCS
Hardware and firmware
Appk ItGS Hardware Reference
Apple IIGS FlrmWllff! Rejcrrmce
164
Appencix 0: Apple IIGs Feotues and Specl1lcotlons
Development environment
Apple llGS Too/box R<:[eronce, Volume Apple lIGS Toolbox Re[eronce, Volume 2 Apple Ifas Programmer's Workshop R('!erence Apple lias Programmer's Workshop Assembler Re[er(!7lCe Apple IfGS P/U8rammcr's Workshop C Re[eronce I>rDDOS 8 Nr[c:rcnce Apple IIGS ProDOS 16 f(e[c:rcnce
Related manuals
Apple Human lnler[ace GUldefines ApplesojllJASIC Programmer's Re[erence Applesojl J1ASIC P/U8ramming Willi ProWS Programming Ille 65816 by David Eyes and Ron Lichly. :"ew York:
Brady Communications (a division of Simon & Schuster), 1986. 7ne C Programming w.ngllage by Brian W. Kernigham and
Dennis M. Ritchie. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978. Apple lie Tech/Ileal Re[erenee
Relerence manuals
165
Glossary
access: To get information from somethll'lg-likc a disk or an information service
accounting software: A type of appliellion that
leIS you keep ll1Ick of accounLS pa}'llblc, accounlS
receivable, inventory, and so on
acoustic-i:oupler modem: A type of modem With a cr:adlc thaI uses a standard telephone handset (or Ir.msmission, See also dlrectconnect modem.
activate To make a nonaQive window active by dicking anywhere inside II-
aeth-e window: TIle fcoru.most window on the screen, the WlJldow where the next:actiOn "''lU lake p1.u::e. The 1Ic:ti\-e wmdow's tille bar is highlighted
ad,-enture game A type of game thai pb.ces you. in 1I f:lnWlial situation and dullengcs you 10 reuon your way out of simulated trouble wo simulated we3lth or happiness
American 5wpUfied Keybo~ Sec: Dvorak keyboard.
analog signal; A siglUl that V1J,ncs conunuously over IJme r.nhcr than being sent and received in discrete intel'Vlllls. Compare digital signal.
AppleC",.e*: Apple's fixed-cost, extended carryin service plan.
Apple Desktop Bus: A pon for connecting the keyboard, the Apple DesklOp Bus mouse, and other Apple Desktop !.Ius devices to the Apple JIGS, It's called a 'bus' because several devices can 'ride' the same cable,
Apple I: lhc prolotypc for the Apple I! family of computers; de1;igned by Apple Computer cofounder Steve Wozniak
Apple n: A family of computers, including the
Apple IIGS, lie, lie, and II Plus.
Apple JIGS Jlardu'arr Rqert!lIce: A rmnual thai conlaU\S delailed de5cripLions of aU the hardware that rmkes up the Apple lIGS. It's desIgned for prognmmers and peripbcnl-ard doigners, but I"IOl for newCOfl'lCl"S to computers
Applcsaft BASIC: The Apple 11 'dialect' of the BASIC prognmmmg language; ii'S built into your Apple lies See also BAStC.
appUallon: Software designed for a particular
purpose, such as home finance, education, or word processmg_
arrow kt'y5: The keys in the lower-right comer of the Apple JIGS keyboard that you can press Gn most applications) to move the cursor Gnsertion point) in the direction indicated,
art appUcaUon: An application for drawing.
167
ASCII: Acronym for
rian St~ndud Code
for Infornution lnterdunge~ ptonounced ASK-
«! A oommun.ications code that defines lhe
represcnl~tion of leuers, numbers, ~nd
punctuation marks,
assembly language A prognmmmg language "ery close 10 lhe bnguage of electrical impul<;cs thai is the Apple IICS's nati'"C longue, l)ccause: assembly-language programs require very little translatiOfl, they can be very f~sl.
bits per second: Abbreviated bps. The r:ate of transmission used In exdunging inforrmuion between a computer and ,ts periphcnl devices
boot: See start up.
bps: Sec bits per second.
buffer: An area of memory where informal'on is kept untillhe computer or a periphera.l device IS ready to deal With ,t-sort of an 0\'CrlIOW unk for Ihe microprocessor
:mto,repe::lt: To happen again and again The
keys on the Apple llCS ke~rd are autO-repeal keys: if you hold one down, the computer will keep generating Ihat character automatically,
bllg: An C'fmr in an application or a problem with hardware The elCprcssion oomes from the early days of eomrutJng when a moth flew into a room·
Si7.e computer and caused a breakdown.
backspace: To move the cursor 10 the leI\.,
backup copy: A duplicate of a disk Making a I»ckup ropy of a disk is like making a photocopy of a paper document
BASIC: Acronrm for Beginners All-purpose: Symbolic Instruction Code The most popular language for pcrsorul a>mpulers~ a ''el'$lon of ,t is built imo your Apple IIGS
Inud: The rate of transmissioo used In exclu.ngmg information belween a cornpulCr ~rn:1 Its pcripher:al devices_
BDS: See bulletin board S)'Stem,
binary numbering s)'Stem: A syslem III which every number IS expressed as a combinatioo of :reros and ones. It's perfcctly suil.ed to computers because the computer's mictOproces,sor is made up of switches-hke light swilChes--tha1 can 1x: either on or off em is represented as lhc number I, offas 0,
bulletin board s)'Stem: Abbreviated DRS. A oompuleri:red version of lhe bullctin boards frequently found In grocery stores-places to leave messages and 10 ~d,'Cftisc things you want to buy or se:ll Ooc: Ihing you gd from a oomputeri:red bulletin board that you can't get from a cork board is free 5C)/"tWllre See publlc-domaln software.
buslness graphics appllcation: An application thai lets you an~lyZIC numerical information in a visual way.
bunon: The raised area on lOp of the mouse. You
press It ","'hen you waN 10 choose from a menu or
perform other activiucs in mouse-based ~pplicalions, Also. in mouse-based applicatiOn!. a rectangle with rounded COrncr.i and a word inside that you did< to designate, confirm, or cancd an action,
byte: A se:quence of eight bits that represents an instruction, a leiter, a number, or a punctuation nl:.lrk.
bit: Contr:act,on of the words b/nmyand digtl. '111e smallest item of useful mformation a computer can handle. Usually represented as a or a 0, Eight bits equal one byle.
C: A prognmming language that makes it relatively easy for programmers 10 adapt applications designed for onc type of computer for use on others
168
Glossay
CAl, See compull~:r·aldcd IrutnJetlon.
Caps I.o<:k A key Wt you an lock into pla~ so Wt subsequent k:uers you type will come out apitalized. Cap!! Lock doesn't affcct nonalphabct k",
card: A Circuit board that yoo can plug ''Ito a slot inside the Apple lies to CJrpand the computcr's memory or gi\'c It the meaos to communiatc w,th a lurd diSk, a braille printer, or some other peripheral device.
carrlagc ",Iurn, Abbreviated cn. A nonprinl,ng character that tells the computer or printer to end a line of text and stan a new one. 1I's used to end paragraphs. Even though you can't $CC them, you
can delctc carriage reruros the same W1y you delete
othcr charactcrs.
case: The outer covcring of the computcr,
Clnalog: See directory.
CD ROM PIa)'U: Stands for compact dISC. A device that reads information from a super·highapacity disc (550 megabytes and more) by using laser technology. like a phonograph record. you can play the doc. but you can't record LOformation on iL
«11: The intcrscajQn of a row and a column LO a
spreadsheet. A ~ll an hold a number. label. function. or formula
chanCIer: A letter. number, or other symbol.
dura.eter generator: The integrated Cirelllt responsible for printing characters on the scrccn.
choose': To pick a command from :I menu. Usually you do thIS after .selecting ~thing for the Apple IIGS to act on.
circult board, Sec main circuit board.
drcuJtry: A netl\-'Ol'k of wires, chip!!. resutors, and other elecuonic devices and connections
Clear. A key on the numeric keypad. Pressing Clear works the same as pressing Control·X. Pressing Conttol.X while writing a BASIC program cancels the lmc you're typing.
dlclc To position the pointer on something, then press and quickly release the mouse button.
dIp an appllc:ItJon: E1cctronic pictures thaI you
can clip from one disk or document into another You ca.n buy disks of clip an and usc these professional-qualily drawings to illustrate your documents.
Clipboard: A special pan of memory that Stores the most recent thing you CUL You can paSte the contents of the Clipboard into other paltS of your document.
dock rate: 11le rale at which bits move from one Llltemal compuler component to ano:xher,
dosr bo][; The snull boJ,; OIl the far-lefl side in the tdle bar of an active window Clicking a dose box doses the Window-
COBOL; Acronym for COmmon BusinessOrienled Language, A business-oriented programming language especially suited 10 applications involving large amounts or data
dl;lraeter sct; Thc letters, numbers, and symbols tlut can be generated by pressing kcys on a kcyboard.
column, A way of designating the number or chanClers that fit on the computer's display. A column is one charactcr wide.
ehlp: 1\ small silicon wafer containing thOU5ands of microscopic componenLS. see also Integrated circuli.
command, A word or character that cau.scs [he computcr to do somcthing.
GIossctIY
169
communications software, An application thaL makes it possible to exchange information with other computers.
compatibiUty, 1he condition under which devices ClIn work with elich other.
composite, A video signlil thlit includes both display informlition lind the synchronization (lind OIher) signals needed to disp1ll.y it. lbcre are monitor ports on the Apple lies for lin /'.'TSC composite monitor (one that accepts signals that confonn to the standlirds sct by the National Television Stlindllt<!.s Committee) and for an analog RGB monitor.
Control: A key on the Apple l1GS keylx>ard that, when pressed in conjunction with another key, makes the other key behave difTerently. [t controls
the oper.ttion of OIher keys. Compllre C.
controUer card: An interface card that tells your Apple lies how to work with one or two disk drives.
Control Panel Program, A program built into the Apple lies Lhatlets yoo set the time of the builtin clock and LlIilor certain aspects of your computer system to suit your Individual preferences-like the color of text and l»ckground on the screen, the volume of the built·in speaker. and more.
computer: A mliehinc that processes words lind numbers fasICr than li food processor can slice potatoes. 1'101 particularly creative or intuitive, but very good at repetitive tasks.
computer·aided Instruction: Abbreviated CAl. Learning math, history, home economics, or almost anything else with the help of a computer application.
computer system, A collective term for the Apple IICS and everything allliched to it
configuration: A generlil·purpose computer tcrm that can rerer to the way you have your computer set up (that is, the devices yoo have atLllched to it) or to the way you have your computer sct up to send information to a printcr. a modem, or some other peripheral device.
co-processor: A micrOPfOCessOr on a card that overrides Of works with the microprocessor on the main circuit board.
copy-protect< To prevent someonc from duplicating the contents of a disk. Compare writeprotect.
courseware, Educational software.
CP/M, Stands for Control Progr.tm for Microprocessors. An operating system that works with the Z80 microprocessor.
CRl Sec carriage return.
cursor: A blinking underline, rectangle, or other symbol that marks yOOf place on the screen. IL shows yoo where your ne:<taaion will LlIkc place. Compare pointer.
connect time: The amount of time you spend accessing an information service.
constructlon set< An application that lets yoo design and build things like garTlCS and machines.
contrast knob, A control on your video display that lets you adjust the contrll.St between the light and dark on the screen.
cut< To remove IC:<t or pictures from a document by using the Cut command. The most recent "dipping" is storcd on the Apple lies's Clipboard so yoo ClIn 'paste it" somewhere else if you want.
cut and paste: To move something from onc place in a document to another. It's thc computcr cquivalent of using scissors to dip something and glue to pllSte {he dipping somewhere else.
170
Glossary
cb.Isy whed printet': A Type of plinler th:u produces professional-looking, leuer-quahty dOOlmenlS
data: Information, especially raw or unprocessed information,
dat:l base application: A type of application that helps you keep track of liSlS of information. It makes it easy to reall, updale, and CI'(lMreference Information
data bits: The form in which the computer sends and rcoeives Informauon-u a siring of bits.
dat.a disk: A disk thai comains your work-leiters, budgclS, piCiurcs, and so on
DCD: SUnd1 for Data. Carner Detect A harKWu.ke signal w;ed to rcguble the flow of data. between the computer and a penphef1ll1 device
dcrauh: A preset response to a qucshon in an application. The response is used by default unlcss you supply an alternatIVC
Delete, A key that you can press (in some appJicalioru) 10 erase the charader to the left of the cursor
desk accessory: A mim-applicalJon that you can
IUC W1thoutlcaving your main applIcation.
devltt: See ~ripberal devta.
din'cl-conn~ modern: A modem Wt you
plug directly into a phone pdc. The advamage of a
direCl-eonncct modem over an acnustic-c:oupler modem is that the phone signals don'l have to
travel through the handsel, .so there's less
distonion. See also acoustic-coupler modem.
dir«tory, A list of all the files on a disk Sometimes called a catalog. See also subdirectory.
disk: A circular plastic object co.aLcd With iron oxide You can buy applicatiom prerecorded on
disks, and you save your work on blank disks, Disks come in different Si7.e5 for use with different Iypes
of disk drives. See S.2S-inch disk, 3.S-lneh disk, .u1d bard disk.
disk drive: A device that loads mrormahon from a disk INO the memory of the compulef and.saves mfofTTlation from lhe memory of the compuler CWIto a disk
disk drive controUer card: A cirCUIt board thai provides a conl1Cetion betwcen the Apple HGS and one or two disk drives
disk drive Ught: A bght that cornes on when your disk dnve is loading from or storing on a disk. Somctlmes called an in-use l¥jhl. When the light is ofT, .t's safe to put disks LO or ta.ke disks OUI. When the light is on, don't ~fT"IO\Ie the disk inside
digital Signal: A signal thai is sent and receivcd in discrete imervals. Compare analog signal.
disk operating system: Sec operating system.
digitizer: A peripheral device that ta.kes a pholo and oonvert.s the inuge into 11 form thai the computer can process, save on a dlsk, dispby on the saecn, or prinL
display: A general lenn 10 de:5cribc whal you sec
on your screen when you're using a compulcr
document: Infomulion you create With a
computer program. II could be a memo, a picrurc, a budget. AI.so called a file
DOS ;l.2: Stands for DISk Operating Systcm. An early Apple It operating sySlem~ 3.2 is the version number
Glossary
171
DOS 3.3: One of three operating s~ems used by lhc Apple: IIGS; ~_~ is lhc V'Cl$ion number
DOS J.3 S}'.st~'" jffUf~r: A disk lhat used 10 be
packed with 5.25-inch dISk drives. It performed
some of the functions now IundIcd by the
Apple tICS System Disk It has programs for initializing disks, for copying DOS ~3-bascd
apphc:niolU and documentS, and morc:,
dOl matrix printer: A typc of printer that forms characters with patterns of dots.
double-dick: To position the pointer where you w:.tnt an action to take place, and then press and release the mouse button twice in quick succession without moving the mouse.
double-high resolution: A graphics mode that can display information using a rectangular array
0[560 horizontal by 192 vertical dots for black and
white and 140 horizontal by 191 vertical dots for 16 colors.
Do...n Arro~ A key that you can prcs.s (in.some
applications) 10 make the WISOr move down one line.
downlo:ul: To send a file: from one computer to
an(){her
drag.: To position the pointer on .something, press and hold the mouse bulton, fTlO\"e the: mouse, and reJea.se the mouse: button. When you release the mouse button, you either hIghlight a selection or move an objc<:t to a new location.
drill-and-practice application: A typc of educational application that presenl$ information, tCStS your retention of the material, and givcs fce<ll»ck based on your afl5v.'C1$
drive: See disk drive,
drive number: An application might ask you to dis(mgui:sh between da.sk drives by number Dnve 1 is the drive of 11$ type connected doses!: to the computer Of to the: ronnc<:'tClr labeled Drive 1 on a disk drive conuolle:r card_ Drive: 2 is the dri\"e of ilS type ronnccted to drive 1 Of to lhc conncct.or labeled Dr1ve 2 on a disk dri\"e rontrollcr card.
drh~ 1: 1be di5k drive where you put the application program disk you w:.tnt to start up.
drive 2: See drive number.
DSR: Stands for Data Sct Ready. A handshake signal used to regulate the Ilow of data betv.'CCn the computer and a peripheral device.
DTR.: Stands for Data Terminal Ready. A handshake signal used to regulate the Ilow of data between the computer and a peripheral device
duplcx: See fuU-duplex mode.m and halfduple.Jl: modem_
Dvorak keyboard: A. keyboard layool designed to irw;:rcasc typong speed and efficiency by locating the keys used most often in the home row Also called the Amerlcan SimpJifK'd KtryboarrL
n:ho: A copy on your own so-cen of a rnes.sage you send via a modem The e<:ho can come from
the remote computer (the: romputer on the Olher end of the phone line) or from your own computer
Edit menu: A menu in most mouse-based programs that liStS ed,ting comnunds-like Copy, Cut, and Paste.
educational software: Software that tcachcs something Also called courseware. See also computer-aided lostructlon.
S-bit processOr: 1\ processor that can address
65536 memory locations directly.
172
GIoSSOf'(
8Q.column card, An inlCrrace cud thai made: il possible ror earher models of me APP'e II to dispby teJtt In BO-coIumn rorm mstead of the standard 1().column rorm
80·column display: ll1e number of characters per line that are displayed on the screen. 11lc options are 40 and 80 columns.
tj«t: To remove a disk rrom a disk den-e.
c:lectronk mall, Abbreviated E·1D1l1. A ~ge salt rrom one computer with a modem 10 another computer with a modem over phone lines.
E'mail; Sec electronic mall
Entet': A key on the numeric kcypad that usually has me s;,p,me runction as Return; that is, il confirms a choice or tells a program you're ready 10 proceed.
error mt'$Sagc:. The computer's way of alertmg you 10 a faIlure in the communication process; orten accompanied by a beep.
Esc: A key you can press (in some applications) to get back to the menu or 10 cancel a proccdlJre thai'S in progress
° "cn parlly' An error-checking S)'SlCm in which
the.sending device adds an extra bit set to or I as necessary 10 make aU the: I bits add up to an e-'Cn numbc:r. The receiving device adds the 1 bits and if the total is an even number, it assurncs the message came through imact.
cxlended SO-eolumn card: An interface card used in Olhcr modcls of the APP'e II that adds 60fK
of memory and makes ,t possible for the computer .c display inrormation m 8O-<oIumn fonnat
Instead of the standard <I0-eolumn formal
field; A ...."Old you'll run across in dala base apphcauons and ads f()(" data base applications II rerers to a category of information. Ir your data
base is an address book, 'lame and (lddf'CSS will be
two of the fields.
file: A collection of information that you store on
a disk Also called a documlmt.
file management.: A general tenn for copying mes, deleting mes, and for other housekeeping chores involving !he contents of disks
FUe menu: A menu in mouse-based applications that lists commands thai affect whole documems--commands like Save, Prim, and Quit
filename: The name you give your file (doC\lment) before: you $i1\'e .t on a dJ.slc
fi.rm9'1'lrc:. AnOlhcr name for the programs m ROM (read-only memory). It's more permanent than the software Ifl RAM {random-acccs.s memory}-lhus the name.
S.2S·loch dl.'ik: A disk 52S inches in diameter thai you an usc with lhe Apple lies. For many
~rs, the only type of disk you could usc with APP'e II computelS It can $lore: 113K 01 information bboul 70 p,ages or 1CJfO. Compare
3.Hnch disk.
folder: An icon that represents a subdirectory. A way to group related documents together on a disk
fonl: Si:o:e and style of characters (bold, italic, and so of\).
footer: Texllhat appears at the bouom of e--ery page or C\'Cry other page m a documcnL Compare beader.
Glossary
173
format: To divide a disk inlo sections where informalion can be stored, Disks must be
formatted before you can nvc information on
them. Also called fnflfallze,
form feed, 1llc way perfOrliled printer paper is pulled mtO position for- pril1l.ing. Compare friction feed.
formula: An equ:iIIion. By wriung formulas to define reblionships bet....een the V1Inous numbers in your spreadsheet, you can lIy out different numbers, and the fonnulas will recalculale all the 1001ils for you.
FORTH: A programming langullge.
Fortran: A programmlllg language.
4o-column dlspb)" The number of rnllracters per line: 11m are displayed on the .screen. 1he options are 40 and 80 roIumns.
free-form data base: A data base: that leu you enter mformation in paragraph form (irulelld of by Ciltegories) and desigrute kry ......ords tlul you can scum for bIer.
friction feed: 11le way a printer moves individulll sheeu of paper into position for printing. It's the ume way typewriters move paper into position Compllre form feed.
ruU-duplex modem: A modem that echoes informlltion it receives back to the .sendmg computer Most commerc:i.lIl information services lire full..<fuplex.
function: A buill-in fonnulll you an use 10 alwbte an lIverage. 1I squllre root. lind the like.
function key: A key thlll !ells lhe applicllion to arry out a partiwlar activity or function (print a dowment, uvc a document, and so on). Some applications use the number keys on the numeric keypad as function keys.
garbage: A string of meaningless characters that bears no resemblance to your documenL It's an indicalion that your compuler lind peripheral device are using dilferelll bauds Of data formaLS.
graphics: Information presented in the fonn of pictures or images.
graphics mode: A way of displaying text and
graptua on the .screen. In graphia mode, Images
are formed by patterns of dots.
graphics tablet, A device for dnwing pictures. A special pen sends out signals ttut are deleCted by wires in the tablet and scnt as X and Y coordinates to lhe screen.
hacker: A person who is on a nrsHu.me bub with RAM, ROM, and the microprocc.s.sor. A person who'd rather write application programs than use 51orc-bought programs.
half-duplex modem" A modem that docs llOl echo information il receives from the scndmg computer
hand controls: Computer accessories used nuinly in g:.r.mes to move crearures and objects, Also used in simubtion applications.
handshake signal: A signallhat regulates the flow of d:na between the computer and peripheral devices.
hard disk; A Slorage devine that can hold the equiV1llent of dozens of 3,5-inch disks.
h:lrdwan: lho.se pans of the computer that you can see and touch. The computer and the
nuchines that attach to it: the disk dnve. pnnter. and ot.hcr pc:ripheraJ devices Compare software.
header: Tcxt that appellrs at the lOp of every page or every OIher page of a dowmenL. Compare fomu.
174
G\o$SOry
highllgbt, To select something on the screen 10 distinguish il from other choices.
higb resolution, A graphics mode that can displ:l.y inform:l.tion using :I. recungul:l.r arl":l.y of 280 horizont:l.l by 192 vertial dots.
Input/output, Abbreviated I/O. Refers to the means by which information is sem betwCt:n the computer and its periphel":l.l devices.
Insertlon point: The pbce where your next action will uke pbce.
borne computer: A computer, like the Apple IIGS, th:l.t is snull enough and affordable enough to have in your house. (When you uke a "home computer" to the alTice, it becomes a "productivity tool.")
Integrated drcult, An electronic circuitincluding components and interconnectionsentirely contained in a single piece of semiconducting material, usually silicon. Often referred to as a chip.
borne control device: A device that an regulate the temper:l.ture of your home, tum lamps on and off, or monilor smoke delectors and burglar al:l.rms.
borne finance application, An applic:ltian Ihat helps with budgeting, portfolio management, tax planning, and so on. like a spreadsheet, only easier to use.
borne TOWl The row of keys on the keybm.rd where the fingers of touch typists rest when they aren't reaching for other keys. In the standud keyboard layout, the home row conuins A, S, 0, f, G, and so on. In the Dvorak keyboard layout, the home row conuins wh:l.t August Dvol":l.k determined were the most frequently used keys (A, 0, E, U. I, and so on).
loon, A symbol like the one on the back panel of the computer lh:I.t shows you where to plug in the monilor or :I. symbol on the screen that represents a disk, a docuffiCnt, or something else you an select.
Information service: A large data base that you can subscribe to for news, stock quotes, and other services.
Iniliallze, See format.
Integrated soft'llVare, A group of application progl":l.lTlS, usually on one disk, designed to share data.
Interface, Hardware or software lh:I.t links the computer to a device.
interface card, A circuit board you plug imo one of the slots in the Apple lies to link the computer to a peripheral device.
Inverse characters, Inwrse means opposite. If chal":l.eters ordinarily show up as light chal":l.cters on a dark screen, inverse characters would show up as dark characters on a light screen. Inverse is one form of highlighting.
I/O, Sec input/output.
I/O error message, Stands for Input/output. A message you get when there's a problem with the way information is being exchanged with peripheral devices.
jacket: A square of plastic that protects a 5.25inch disk. You don't remove the jacket (and expect to evcr use the disk ag:l.in).
joystick, A peripheral device that moves crealUres and objects in games.
Input' Information traveling into Ihe computer Oike key presses and mouse moves).
Glossary
175
K.: Stands for klJobyte. 1l\e urut of measurement for computer memory: 1 K equals I02~ bytC.S, and it takes one byte 10 make one character 1l1c Apple JIGS has 256K of RAM (random-access memory), expandable by I to 8 megabytes wiLh a memory expansion card. and l28K of ROM (readonly memory).
ke}-boanh One way 10 communicate with the computeT It Jooks like the key~rd on a typewriter, but progra.mrners can make the keys do
anrthing thcy ....':Im them 10.
k~-board-bascdapplication; An apphcation thai aca:p1S input from a keyboard.
k~'board buffer: A special part of memory whe:re keyprcsscs are stored until the computer is ready to act on them.
keypad, See numeric keypad.
key ""'ord: A word you designate when you're entering data (information) inlO certain kinds of data base applications. later, when you wam to retrieve lhat information, you Iype the key word.
kilobyte: See K.
bbel; A strip of paper you slid: on a disk 10 idemify it.
language card, An lOlCrfaa: card .....llh 16K RAM that can be connected to a <i8K Apple II Plus so the computer can opente in Imeger BASIC (the first dialect of BASIC avaIlable for the Apple II computer) and Applesofl BASIC.
laser printer: A primer that produces lyp.::sc:lquality printing using laser Icchnology,
Left Arrow: A key you an press (in most applications) 10 move lhe: cursor one character 10 lhe left In some applialions, as the CUlSor moves 10 the left, il erases CharaClers,
letter quaUry printer: See daisy ""~l printer.
U': See Une feed.
light pen: A peripheral devia: shaped like a pen
that sends inswctions 10 the compuler when you poinl 10 choices on the screen. II works only with applications designed to rea:ive input from the light pen
llne bre::l1c 1l1c cnd of a line altext on the screen Of on a printed page. You can fota: a hne break by pres.sing Return, or you can lei the application break lines for you
llne feed, Abbreviated U'. An advance to the neXI line
USP: A programming language
Load, To read Wta or programs Into the compulCr from a disk.
Logo, A computer language thaI encourages learning lhrough discovery. E3sy and run 10 learn, but powerful enough for :;crious programming.
log on: To establish contact WIth a computerized information service Of other remole computer
low resolution, A graphics mode that can display information using a rcaangular array of 40 hori7.ontal by 48 vertical blocks.
mach1ne language: 1be binary language of 1'5 and O's thai is the only language the computer understands. All other programming languages, like BASIC, have to be translated IOto this binary code before the computer an understand them.
macro: A command defined by you (userdefIned) lhal lells the appliation 10 arry OUI a series of commands when you type the macro.
176
Glossary
mall·merge application; An applicalion tmt takes fUmes and addresses from a data base and polS them into form leners.
main circuli board: A large orC\ut board U'l3t holds RAM, ROM, the microproa:ssor, C\I5lom integrated circuilS (chIps), and other componenlS tml make the computer a compuler.
main menu, The lil'llt menu you see in keyboardbased applications. II presents the application's lOp level of OptiON.
DUl$S Sionge device, A dc:via, like;: ~ haIl,1 <Jbk, thai an 5l(lre the equivalent of dozens of diSks
megabyte: A million bytes-a unit or
measurement tml comes in handy when you're
or describong the capacity CO ROMs, which can
Slore more than 550 megabytes.
megahertz, Abbrevialed "1I17~ One million cycles pcr second.
memory, Intcgr:lted drruits (chips) that 5lorc in.suuctions for the microprocessor. 1llere arc tWO l"nds of memory: temponry memory (caBed nmdom-lUCes5 memory-RAAO and permanent memory (called read-only memory-RO..\f). TIle
contents or RAM disappear when you tum ofT the
lJO"o"Cr; the coments of ROM do not.
memory expansion card, An imerface card that you can connect to the memory expansion slot in the Apple JIGS 10 increase the memory by 1 to 8 megabytes.
menu, A list or choices.
menu bar: In mou.sc:-based applicalions, the horizonul Wip at the lop of lhe screen thai conuil\li menu I,tles
menu tJde, A word, phrase, Of picture in the menu bar in mouse·ba5cd progralTl5 thai designales one menu. When you point to a menu title and hold down the rnou5l:: bunan, you can see
wml'S on the menu.
101Hz: See megabertz.
mIcroprocessor. 1'he brain of the computer-the processor of information. The Apple IIGS has a 6SCS16, 16-bit microprocessor.
1oUOI: Stands for Musical Inslrument Digilal lnlcrface. A .sotl.ware and mrdware Standard sel by !he music indusuy thai aliow.s different elearonic inwumems to commuNate with each other and with ComputefS.
MIDI card: An interface card thai IclS you use your Apple lIGS as a music synthcsi:tCr or as a control devicc for electronic musical instruments.
mode, A state that determines the computer's behaVior.
modem, Shon for modulator/demodubtor. A device that link5 your cornpulcr to another computer or an infOfmation service over phone lines.
Modula-2, A programming language.
mOnllOr: Like a tclevision set without channels. It displays inslructions from the application to you and shows what you've lyped into memory.
monochrome monitor: A black-and-white, amber-and-black, or green-and-black moniior.
mouse: TIle small device you roll around on a nal surfacc ne:xl to your comPUlet. When you mo\"C the mouse, the pointer on the .screen moves correspondingly.
mouse·based appUcatlon, An applicalion thaI acccpts input from a mouse.
Glo$.$Ory
177
mouse button, The buuon on top of the mouse.
You press it to choose from menus or when you want to move items around on the screen.
MouseText, Special chal'llcters, like check marks and linle apples, used in mouse-based applications.
0, 1be Open Apple key that you can use to control the way other keys work in an application. Also called the Command kf!)' or reprcscmed with a propeller symbol.
open arch.ltecture, A computer that has an ·open-lid policy"-it invites add-on devices_
rtlS-DOS: The operating system for applications designed to run on IBM and IBM-compatible personal computers.
music application: An application that can teach you how to read music or help you compose music.
music synthesizer: A device that can genel'llle a variety of sounds, including those of traditional musical instruments.
network: A bunch of computers linked together so they can share information and peripheral devices.
NTSC composite color monitor: ll1e standard video format defmed by the NTSC, the National Television Standards O:lmmittee.
numeriC keypad: The number keys, on the right side of the Apple IlGS keyboard, that are laid out Uke the keys on an adding machine. You can use them imerchangeably with the number keys on the top row of the keyboard.
odd parity: An error-checking system in which the sending device adds an extra bit set to 0 or 1 as necessary to make the total of 1 bits add up to an odd number. TIle receiving device adds the 1 bilS and if the total is an odd number, it assumes the message came through intact.
on-line: The condition of a device being connected or of data being accessible to the computer.
operating system: An application that, among other things, eonuols the way infornution is looded into memory, the way the computer works with the information, the way infornution is stored on a disk, and the w;ty the computer communicates with a printer and other peripheral
devices. ProDOS, DOS 3.3, and Pascal are three
operating systems available for the Apple IlGS.
Option key: A key on the Apple IlGS keyboard that, when pressed in conjunction with another key, creates a special eITect. On other models of the Apple II, this key is labeled _.
output: Information traveling out of the computer.
parallel device: A printer or other device that sends and receives data eight bits at a time over eight parallel wires. Compare serial devke.
parallellnter(ace: The condition of a computer and a peripheral device exchanging information eight bilS at the same time along eight parallel wires. Compare serlal Interface.
parity: A way of checking data to make sure bits of data didn't get lost or garble<! during transmission. See even parity and odd parity.
Pascal: A programming language taught in high school and college computer-scicnce courses bcOluse it stresses a systcmatic approach to problem solving.
pas:!>",,-ord: A secret word that gives you, but no
one else, access to your data or to messages scnt to
you through an information service.
178
Glossary
paste To put a copy of the COfltl::nl$ of the Clipboard-whatever was last CUt or copied-al the insertion poinl
pathname: The complete name o( a document beginning with the name of the disk (also called the lJ()/ume name), the name of the sulxlircctory it's in (if it's in one), and the name of the document. TIle pathname ocgins with a slash, and the parts of the pathnamc are separated WIth slashes It's called a pathname because it describes the route 10 the document
pcripber.ll: Sec periphcr.J.I <Ievn.
..,rfphcr.J.I dmcc: A device that is connecsed 10 the computer, like a prilller or a modem.
PILOT: Acronym for Programmed Inquiry, l.e1Irning, Or Te:aching A programming language that lets teachers design their own educallonal software.
pln(eed pa..,n A suck o( au.ached, perfOl'2ted shccts designed 10 feed into a printer without much human inLCrvcntion
port: A connector 00 the back panel of the Apple lies (Of connecting peripheral devices.
power Ugh!: A ligtH that tells you whc!her or flO( the Apple lies is on.
power strip: A device that plugs into one Ihreehole, grounded outlet, but that ClIn accommodate four or six three-pronged plugs. A must if you haY( more than rwo devices that need to be plugged inu a grounded, I.hree-hole outlet.
powtt _11Ch: A rodcer swiI.ch on the bade of the romputer that you switdl on wtw::n you want to lI.'ie your compuler
prdlX: The (IIR pan of a pathname-d1e name of the disk and, If you like, the name of a sulxliteClOry. Applicatiom that ask you to type a pathname usu:ally lei roo set a prefix so you don't h:ave to Iype the complete pathname every time you watlt 10 work with a dowment on a partiallar disk or in a partiOJlar subdirectory. Once the prefIX i$ set, all yoo do is type the rest o( the p3thname.
pixel: Contraction of the words ptctureand ekmenJ. In gl'2phia mode, teXI and graphia are formed by I»tterns of doIs called ptXels.
PUI: A a>mpJex, bul f1e.>:ible programming language s:aid to combine the besl feau,ltCS of Fortr1In, a programrrung language suited 10 scientilic applicatlons, and COBOL, :a progr.unming langu:age SUited 10 busU'leSS :applications.
press: (I) To position the pointer on something and !hen hold down the mouse button without moving the moose. (2) To hold down a key on the keyboard
print buffer card: A card thai plugs il1lO a prirUer inlerfaoe card thai ieIs your Apple lies send an entire document 10 the printer al one time so you an use your comPIler fOl" other things while the documenl i5 being printed.
pkmen A device that prints duns :and graphs by means of pens whose movements are progr:ammed.
polnlen A marker that moves across the: screen when you move the mouse across your desk (in mouse-based applications). Compare cursor.
printer: A devke IJut produces a paper copy of the infonnation you cre:ate using lhe: compurcr.
ProOOS: Stands (Of Professional Disk Operating System which i$ the primary operating system for !he Apple lies. ProOOS 8 and ProDOS 16 refer to versions of Pro[)OS designed for 8- and 16.bit
"""m microprocessors respectively. See also operating
GloaofY
119
program: (v.) To write instructions (or the computer-to ulk 10 the computer in terms it undc:rsunds. (n.) A set of instructions thai tells the: computer whallo do.
program d.lsk: A dlsk thai conuins an opc:nting system and a sc:l{-start.mg application prognm.
progr:am.mer: A person who writes computer programs.
program sdector: A program thai Ic:l$ yoo ~witc:h applicatiOn programs withoul re5Utling the: eomputer.
prompt: A char:aete:r displa)'ed on the: 5O"CC':n 10 prompt: the: user 10 uke some action. For example, a br:ackel (I) prompt: char:aac:r is u.sc:d in the Applc:soft BASIC progr:amming language.
pubUc-domaln softwve: Software that is free {or the: uking. You can get il al USCD-group meetings or through computer bulletin boards.
pull·down menu: A menu that is hidden until you pn$$ on itS lliJe ""th the: mouse.
radio-frequency (RJ') modulator: A device that transforms your television .!et into a computer display device
RAM: See random·access memory.
RAM disk: A cross bc:twec:n a disk and randomaccess memory. like a disk. it most be {ofTrntUcd be{ore yoo can put flies on it; also hke a disk. it must be addressed by its volume: n:l.mc (disk name) or by il$ slot number. As with RAM, the computer can access the inrormation on it very quickly. Also like RAM. what's stored on it is stored temporarily; when the power is turned orr, the inrormation on it is lost.
random·access memory: Abbreviated RAlII. Temporary memory. RAM stores applications and data ror the microprocessor.
read; To gCl in{ontution rrom a disk and put il in memory.
read-only memory: Abbreviated ROM. Pel"l'lUocnt memory. Applesort BASIC is 5tored in ROM along with ot.her programs that regulate communication between the microprooessor and other parts or the: computer system.
r«Qrd: All the inrormalion aboot one: person or one thing in yow data base.
remote computer: lhc: computer on the olhc:r end of the phone line; it can be across the room or across the counuy. You can use your Apple IIGS, a modem., and a communications application to communicate with a remote computer
",port: A subset or the inrol"l'lUtion in your data base. You may have a dau tn5e WIth informatiOfl aboul your employees-like lheir names, addrc:s.ses, phone: numbel$, birthdays, social SCOJrity numbelS, and salaries. 11'ICre are times when )"00 wanl only a list d names and salaries---lhat's one report. Other times you wanl names and phone numbers-that's another report. You can geocrate all 5Ol"15 of d,fferent reportS rrom one <!au base.
iles('t: 1llc: key with a triangle on it that you can
a press in combination with Control and to resUrt
an application.
resolution: 1llc: degree of clarity or your display. A monitor has bener resolution than a television sc:t usc:d as a monitor. An RGB color monitor has better resolution than a composite color monitor.
Return, A key that you can press to move the rursor 10 the beginning of the next line. Also used in many applications to accept choices or indicate that you've finished doing something and are ready to proceed.
180
Glos.sory
RF modubtor: See radio-frequency modubtor.
RGB color monitor: Stands for Red Green Blue_ A type of color monitor tmt can do what is impossible on mOSt types of color monitor--display text in color and in SO·column format.
Right Arrow: A key you can press (in mOSt applications) to move the cursor one cmraaer to the right.
ROM: See read-only memory.
ROM disk; ROM chips on a memory expansiOn card Wt can contain application programs.
row: A way of deSIgnating the number of diaraaers that fit on the computer's display_
run: \1('hat applications do when the computer is carrying out their il\Structions.
SAT: Stands for Scholastic Aptitude Test. Colleges use the results of the SAT to dcdde if a Student is college material. There are computer applications that help you prepare for the SAT.
savc: To store an application Of d2t.a on a disk, as opposed to storing it temporarily in the memory of the computer
sa.ru \1('h.at the computer does when you fll9. !Urn
on the PQ\""e1" swUm. It suns looking {$c:anrting the
slots) for a disk dnvc controller card. It looici fu9. at slOl 7 (or the cotresponding port); If iI doesn't find a startup device there, it proc:eeds to the nexthighest-numbered slol: until it finds a SUrtUP devicc.
screcn: 11l.e pan of the monitor where information is displayed. like a movie screen, it's the place where things are projected.
scroll; To move a document so you can see a different pan of it.
scroU arrow: An arrow on either cnd of a scroll
bar Clicking the scroll arrow moves the document
one line. Ilolding down the scroU arrow causes continuous scrolling.
scroU bar: A recungul.ar bar that m.ay be along the right or bottom of a window. Clicking or dragging in the scroll b.ar 0IU5C5 the view of the document to change.
scroU box: l"hc inverse box in a scroll bar. The position of the scroU box in the scroll bar indicateS the posiLion of wmt'$ in the window rclati\"C to the enure document.
R:lrc,:h:and rcpb«: To look for a particul.ar word or phrue throughout a dlXumenl and exchange II. for another "'ord or phrase you specify
sector: II pan of a tnck. When disks .are irulJ.ali~ for DOS 3.3, they .are divided into tnck$
and sectors.
select, In mouse·based applications, to designate where the next action will take p1.ace. To SCIcCl something, you dick on it or drag across it.
select button, II button on a pnnter th.at delermines whether the primer should accept data from the computer or insuucliOO5 from other bunOO5 on the printer control panel Oikc the line feed bunon or form feed 001100).
serial device A device: th.at sends and receivC'l d2ta one bil at a time 0\"e1" a single wire.. Compare paralJd devIce.
serial Intcrface: The condition of a computer .and .a pcriphc~l de..-ice exchanging information one bit at a tune .along a single wire Compare parallel Interface.
serial port: One of two portS (printer .and
modem) on lhc back p.anel of the Apple JIGS designed for seri.al devices.
GIouaIY
18\
ShIft, A key INt you an press in combtlUlion W1lh ancKher key 10 get an uppctCI5C Ieucr Of lhe upper chaneter on a two-duracter key.
soltw:trc: Instroetiorls, usually stored on disks, INt tell the computer what to do. Compare hardware.
simulation: A computerized represenution of something in action.
software alak>g: A book Ihat describes software.
l&bil processor: A processor thai an address 16,n7,216 memory locations directly
software p1r:Uc: A pef$Otl who copies appliations withoul Ihe permissioo ollhe aulhor.
6SCBl6: The type of microprocessor used in lhe Apple IlGS.
sltt box: A box on the bottom-right corner of some active windows thaI leIS you resize the window.
slash: A charaCler used 10 separate the parts of a palhname.
slide·showoption: A feature of some applications INI leIS you arrange displays in a .sequence so you an USC: them in prescnutions. lbe application changes 'slides" after a ce:rtain time interv.ll or when you press :II oeruin key.
slot: A loog, narrow connector inside the Apple IlGS ltut leU yoo oonnccl :II pnrner and other devices 10 the computer.
slot number: A wayan :IIPplication ffilgN uk you 10 describe the location of a pcnphcral device. lllcrc are 5Cven gencral-pu rpose slots 00 the main cirwit board for amnecting pcnphcral devices to the computer. They are numbered from 1 to 7 with
I on the left as you face: the froot of the computer.
If your device: IS conneaed to a port insle..d of a slot, you can still USC: the appliation by typing the slot number that corresponds to the potl.
smart port: When devices connected 10 the disk drive port appear to be connected LO a card in slot 5 instead of slot 6, the disk drive port is described as a 'smart port:
~: lllc Solid Apple key on some models of !he Apple II. With the Apple I1GS, press the Option key whenever an application tells you to press ~.
Space bar: The bar at Ihe bottom of the keyboard. Pressing it insertS a space character in your lexl.
spedaJ.lnlcresl application: An application designed for a partiwlar audience-diagnostic applications for doctors, aop-rOllation applicaliom for farmers, and so on. Also ailed vertlctJ{·11ItJrket software.
s~h synlhesluor: An interface: card that allows a computer application 10 imiute human speech.
spreadsheet appUatiOD: An application that simplifle5 rllUncial planning, cost C51.imating, and Olhcr oumbcr-aunching usb. It is laid 001 in ooI.umns and rows,
STARTI3: An application on the 1XJS3J System Masler'diSk WI makes it ~ble to ron DOS 3.2·based applications.
star! up: To load an application from a disk into the memory of the computer. ALso called boo!
starrup disk: A disk used to start up !he computet,
stop bilS: One or two bits that indicate the end or a charaClet.
182
Glossary
stnJcturcd language A type of prognmming bnguage in which prognms are built OUt of Smaller subprogr.nns. Prognms that are planned in advance: insleltd of desIgned on the fly, Pascal is an example of a suuaured programming language.
subdirectory: A direaOl'y within a directOl'y that usually contains related doc::umenu; used to organiu: the information on large-apacity disks
subsalpt: Text that ;l.PPC;l.rs slighlly lower than the text around it Compare supcrscrlpL
super·high resolution: A graptucs mode th:n can display information using a rectangular array of 640 horizontal by 200 vertical dots in 4 mlolS or 320 horizontal by 200 venial dots in 16 colors
SuprrPD..OT: An Apple versiOn 01 the PILOT progl'<1mming language. See PILOT.
SU~PI: Tcxt tJut appears sbghtly higher than the text ;!.round it Compare subscript.
Super Serial Ca.rd; A semI interface e:ud manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc, You don't need to use one WIth the Apple IICS bectuse the serial interface is built-Ill and an be accessed through the pnnter and m<Xk:m ports
syJu:tx: The rules that govern the suuaure of statements or instructions in a programming bnguilgc or in i1n operatmg system.
mess:ase S)"fuax error IDC5oSagC: A
you ~ when
you misspell a computer command.
symhl':'iJaor: See musicsynthesb:cr.
SYSOP:: Sec system Operator.
S}'l!o'tem configuration.: See eonfigurmJon.
System Disk: Disk containing appllatiOI\5
that copy, delete, rename and in other ways manipulate the information on disks.
SYSlftD opcl'2lOr: Abbreviated SYSOP. 1l'Ie human operatOC' of a computerized. bulletin bOilrd
Tab< A key that, when pressed, rnova the inseltion point to the next tab marker
tapc baclwp: A dupliate on magnetie tape of
the infonnauon on a hard disk. TIle alternative to Upe badeup is copying onto a SC<Dnd hard dIsk (which is pretty expensive) or copying dozens of l5-inch dlsks (which is timeconsuming).
teiccommllnJc:atiollS: The exchanging of information with other computers over phone lines. To telecommunicate, you need a computer, a modem, communications software, and a similar sewp on the other end of the phone line You an Iclecommuniate with other personal computers or with commercial information services.
Tell Appk eatd: Your way of telling us how 10 improve Apple products. You11 find a Tell Apple card in the b.Jck 01 this manU21.
~mpble: A fonn or an elc:aronic overlay For example, spreildshect templates allow nonaccoununl-lypes to use spreadshoet applications
text generator: Firm~ ltw prints characters on the saeen in response to keypte$ses.
ton mode Infomulion that is sent to the display in the form 01 characters th21 fit in a 40column by 24-line grid or in an 8O-column by 24-line grid.
tbermaI tr.In5fer printtr: A printer that work$ by heating small points that produce dOlS on special he;l.t-sensitive paper.
3.5-1nch disk: A disk 3.5 inches in diameter. The mos:t common Storage medium used with the Apple IIGS. It an Store BOOK of information (approximalely 400 pagcs of text). Compare 5.25-lncb disk.
Glossary
18J
lItk bar: l1le horizonal bar alme lop 01 a window thai 5hows !he: name 01 !he: Wiodow's COOIents and IeI5 you move me wmdow.
1l':Ick: One: of lV.1merous conccnlric bands inlo which a fonnatted disk is dIVided. Coml»re SCelor.
Ir.msmlttlng device l1le compUler that is sendmg information.
Itoublcsbootlng: Diagnosing a problem-and (hopefully) wiving iL It's besl to get periphe11l1 devices that work automatialty with (he Apple IIGS 50 you won't have personal experience with this aClivity.
turtle: A cursor shaped like a triangle. Using Logo progl1lmming commands like FORWARD, BACK, LEfT, RIGHT, you an move the turtle around the screen and create 8l1Iphia.
Up Arrow: A key you an press Gn some
appliations) 10 nuke the cursor move up one
line.
user group: A CDmputa dub ....hose membet5 share prognms they've ....ritten and information they'....e learned.
usc-r 10: A number !NIt identifies you as a sub5cnber 10 an information service,
tI5Ct InlctfaCC': 1be.....ay a computer lIIppliation communicates with you
utiUlies or ulility program; A sel of
applications Ihal controls and manipulates the information on disks.
yenlcal-market softwart': See speclalInlen:sl appUcatlon.
video monilor: See monilor.
voice Input device: A device that translates the spoken word into a form Lhat some 50nware can prOCCII.
volume name lbe name of a disk Of its main dircclory. Compue palhname.
windo"", With lTlOl.l$C:-bucd applicatiOO5, one or more areu on !he &ereen showing one or more documents at a time.
.....ord processing appllcatlon: A Iype or
application designed to make writing and editing easier and fUler.
....-ord WTllparound: In some word processing
or applications, the automatic jump to thc sun the
ncxl line <bringlllg the word you're typing ....ith iO when the cursor reaches the right margin. without your pressing Return.
wrlle: To record information on a disk.
write-enable nOIch: A small, square cutout in the upper-right corner of a 5.25-inch disk or the small, square hole in the upper-right comer of a
3.5-inch disk um indicates whether or not
information an be recorded on !he disk.
wrllc-protcct; To prevent changes to the
ooruents or 111 disk by covering the write-enable
notch on a 525-inch disk or by sliding !he small, pla.suc lab to utlCOYer!he square hole on a 3.5-
inch disk. Compare copy-prOtect.
wrilc·prolca tab: A piece or tape that you can
use 10 cover !he wnte-enable notch on a 525-inch di5k so information can't be recorded on iL TIle write-protect tab on a 35-lnch di5k is a small piece
or pla5tic that slades 10 cover oc unCO"/t':l" a square hole in !he uppcr.nght side or the disk.
XOFF: An ASCII chal1lCler thai tells !he transmitting device to halt tl1losmission.
XON: An ASCII chal1lCter lhat tells the tl1lnsmitting device to resume tr2nsmission.
ZSO card: A circuit board containing a Z80 microprocessor. An Apple IlGS equipped with a Z80 card can run progl1lms ba!;Cd on the popular CP/M operaling syStem.
184
Glossary
Index
A accaunlmg applocaooos 84-85 aoouj;lIC<oupier modem 100
aaivaling porlS 12, 122-123 slots 12, 122_123 w;ndows 4\
-uptJW: dcvlces 105 Add lP Aft.". CR ,lol:lltng 126, 128 Ah.".nau~ Di$p1ay Mode 111, I'll American SimpliOed Keyboard
(Dvorak keyboard) 119 Sft ../so keybo,..d analog RGB monltOf 101 Apple Desktop 8 .... 103, 158
pm-oulS 163 J\.pple I Xlii
ApplelOrt BASIC 82 S<¥ ..1m BASIC
AppleTalk nclwork \23 Apple II bmily
dIfferences 149-1SS dlSpby 150-151, l~-ISS keyboa:rd 150, 154-155 memory iH, 154-155 mlcropr<>a:550r 154-155 peripheral devices 152, 15-4-155 appholio"" 2-3, 18-21 xcounung &4-85 choosinll 69_70 communiaung wnh 19-21 comrnunical,on$ 75-78 copy_protected 24 <b~ b;lse 71-7}
OOS 32, .....""'8 up 134 eduotioCl 80-83, 88-90 g.aphiCl; 79-80
home finance 83-ll4
keyboMd-ba$ed 30, -0-4')
mouse·bued 30. 31-34 music 86
public-<kxn3in ff1 recreation 8)-86 ~131-lnterQt 86-87 opeciah~ 88-91 sp'..adsll«\ 73-75 starting up 18-19 s....;lching II U'oubleshocM,ng 135-136 ""'Ofd procutolng 70-71 arrow keys 45, 49. 53 :art appli=ions 80 aMoembly langwge 63 astronomy appllaliotu 90 auto·repeal SO Aux' CONNECTOR 510t 101
·
nxkground option 116 bo.cking up 23-24 back p"nd 158 BASIC 63, 82, 159 bo.ud 100. 129 Baud ~unil 126, 129 bin.ary numbefl"i 5Y5Iem Z7 biolo(;y appilcaliDns 89 bit 27 bit5 per ~d (bps) SH baud bool;ing SH 5Uttinil up Bo«kQ option 116 ~ (bou pet a«ond) SH bo.ud BuITerong Kttin8 126. 128
bulkunboards 78 SH ,,100 communications applicaUoos; infonnation 5enlice5, modem
buo.i0e9 gr.Jphlcs appliclltl<:lM 79 b)'te 2, Z7
c
C (lansuagc) 159 Caps Lock key 48, 52 card. Interface 5. 12, 96
caring for dISks 3 carfllSC' return (00 127. 128 cawes SoN dftdOfie:r; (1) ROM player 104
changing Conltol Panel Program Ktliogf 112 modem port KttingJ 124-130 pnoter port $CI.UOgJ 124-130 JUrtup dl5k drm, 12, 12}-\24 volume 117 WIndow 5ize 41,42
cha~Cler genenlOf 151 charxter ~ 119
Cbed< St.<t.rt"l' Davlce
meJ.S:lIge 132 chemlfU'y applicatiorUl 89 chocl6log
applbtionJ 69--70 commands 34 peripber3J device5 97 cKuil board xlii If'II in 94-9S. 158 deaong mouse 138-139
115
<k2. Irq 53 diclrong 31
dop an applications 79 Oipboard 39 Cock option 118
re5elung 13-15 dote box ~O. ~2
ae- c;omrnand ~2
ctc.lflg ....indows ~2 COBOL 159 color monitor 101. ISS Color option II~ Columns opcion 11~-115 Command key (c'J) 45, 52
commands, chOOll;ng 3~ communications applications 75-78
S- also bolletin boards; Information services; modem
CQrnpaet disc (0» ROM player 104 CQrnpatibilily 69 cornpute.-Kicf"lOle applic:al.ions 90 coonceting peripheral
devicr,. 9'l-96 COOSU\ICI.ion _ 81
... COntloi kq 45, 52
controller card S. dl51r drive
~""'
Conuol.Q..Opuon-Reset 10
COntrol Panel Program 12-15. 108-131
changlng.tClllngs 112 Cock option....:l 13-14.118 Dispbyoption....:l 11~-116 Main I>knu 13,111-112 .«ctllflg 10. 109 Sound option and 117 SyMem Speed option and 118 Control.Reset 10 Cont.ol-X B Co-prOCCSlOf 104 Copy command 39 copyIng 39 copy·protected applications 24 CP/M 104, 159 CR (arriage return) 127, 128
-...documenu 21-22 subrhr«lor>es 59-61 cuUOl" (inscruon poinr,) 35. 45 CurM>f Flash option 120 Cut command 38--39 cult,ng 38--39
dISk dnvoeU> 4, 102-103 52S-inch 6, 7.62. 102 hard 103 -.-nup 6. 8. 12, 12)-124 3.5-inch 6, 62. 102 U....Oisk 3.5 134
dISk dnve conuollet- card 6, 58.
61--62, 123-124
o
daisy ....bed primers 99 data base applications 71_73 data bu 129 Data/Stop llilS setting 126. 129 DeD handshake selling 126. 130 Delete Fi,S( LF After CR
selling 126, 127 Delete key 37, 53 deleting 37 desk accessories 68, 110. 136 Desk Accessories menu 110 Device Connected scllmg 126. 127 d,agnOlIUC test 10 d,gital RGB monil.ors 101 dlglUzer 103
d"eet-oonncet rno<lnn 100 dll"«lorlu 57. 58, 59 dISabled. adapuve devoocs for 105 d~(s) 2-3,6
~kmg up 23-24 ca."'S fex 3 q<'etmg 10 5 25-,och 2~3, 102 formalling 23. 56-57. 62-63 ~~ 124. 1)0-131 ROM 124 ].5.ioch 2-3, 102 ....ril.e-prOlcaed 1<13
dislt drive light 10 dl.l.k drive port 6,62, 122, 158
pin-oulS 162 disll name 57 disk operating systems 62--65, 159
SH "Iso sp«ific operoli..g sys,.",
DISK ~ITE-PROTECTED
message IH dISplay
Apple II family dilTerences
lSD-lSI, 154-155 8lk:olumn 20--21, 101
4<k:olumn 20--21, 101 ~fications 159--160 troubleshooting 139--141 SH ,,40 monilor; Idevision Xl DlSpby Lanpge option 119 DiSplayoption 114---116 Columns option....:l 114---115 He1U Oplion....:l 116 Type option and 114 documenu .ii~ 3, 21-26 cruun8 21-22 edlllng 24_2S. 35--39 naming S8-59
printlll8 25-26 ",,"v,ng 22-25. 58--62, 142-143 Iyplng 46-B OOS 32 1)4, 159
OOS H 62--65, 1)4, 159
dot matrix printers 98-99
double dockIng 31
Oo\tble Olck opcioo 120
1116
Indell
doubk-blgh ret<>lUl>on 21 Down Arrow key 53
dragging 31-32, 37 driII-and-pn.<1iOe apphC:>IK>nll 80 drive I 58, 6t-62 llRM ':!Xl FAST rr'lQS3ge 143 DIllY!: 1'00 SLOW me~ge 143 drive 2 58, 61-62 DSR/DTR handshake setling 126,
'"Dual Speed Keys oplior'l 121
C'.'PWCAl"l! FUD.oJo£ me~8" IH O¥or.ok kq'board 119
SH ..Is.. keyboard
,
Echo o.euing 126, 128
38-'" editing docUments 24-25, 3:;-.39
Edit rMf\U cd\lC3lion applic:>lions 80-83,
88-90 llO<olumn display 20-21, 101 IlO o;olumns option 114 qecting d,,Wts 10
English applic:aliorU 88
Entn key 5' elfor messages
a.cl< surt..... Device 132
DISK 1oI!Il1'E-PJlO'l"l!,C'l'ED t43 llRtVE 1'00 FAST 143 DIIlVE 1'00 SLOlI 143
lXlPl.lCATl: FIL.£IWE 143 11.l..E.CAI. FIIDI~ 59,142
I/O eRllOR 135 S!S'iDl lIAll 10
ns':'F.!1 GOOO 10
smAll EMl:II 136
~'l<AIl1E TO LOM:! PI!OOOS 134 I!sc key 14, 44, 52 [>'etl Panly IoCUrng 130
e"u~ndcd ll().column c:ard 152
F
fUi option 118 J'351 SpacclOde~ oplion 121
fe,;>.lures 156-158 f~e menU ", 42 liles ~ documents 5~-lI>Ch disk dtiVC! 6,62, 102
t.r:Iining disk and 7 5.~-inch disks 2-3, 102 folder. ~ 5U~hr«1"'ies
r",,,igo_lJ.nguage appliCllions 88
form31ling 23, 56--57, 62-63
sa hodphone jack I
pin-OUU 161 HertZ oplion 116
highlighling '1-'2 high resolution 21 Iligh Spe'Cd Mouse oplior'l 121 hobby appl ic:>l.iDn.s .,I
hom<': applicSliorU 91 lIomd,."... Compui'" Oub "Iii home control device 104
home finance applicllllo05 8r&l
how-tO applicMionS 91
rorm-leu~ ffi3kcr 71
FORTIl 159
FOr\ran 159 40..:olumn display 20-21, 101
40 columns oplion 114
Icons 32
,., ILt.EGAL F1Lt:IIM4E ~gf' 59,
free soll..... re Ir7 full-duplex modem 128 funaion key.s 5t
ImageW"I'" 'T1 IrrugeWriler \I 97
,nformation sen'ica T7 SH abo bull",;n boards,
G
g:ame conf\t:d.or pin-0ut5 164
communicalKlns appllollion5;
m<><km iniliallz;nll S- formatting
game port 158, 162 g3mes 85-86
smeral-p"rpoc:..e ports s.. modem
inpui 19
inserting 36
inser\o<>n poiol (eurSOf) 35, 45
port; poinl"" port
gencnol_pu..-pc:aoe slots 158
gr2phio:s appllr::llions 19-80
,n~gr31ed Dlware (fJ in~rf3cc S. p~.r2llel inlCrf~ce;
".".;,,1 ;OIefface; .-. intefface
graphb mode 21
interface card 5, 12,96
gr2phics lSbI'" 104
tnlemill lIame conneaOl'
pln-oui.l 164
H h:alr-dupleJ< modem 128
internal speak", pin-<>UU 163 I/O £RlIOl1 me!63ge 135
hand controls 10'
han<Wl1ke ~gnals 130
J
hard dISk dr,ve 103
hard.....re Sift peripheral devica 0Jr
.pec.p. da:b
Jobo., Sieve ,.iii joy5lick 5, 10'
Index
HI7
,
K (kilobyl.e) 2 kcyll<»rd S
Apple II family d,fTer"nccs 150. 154-155
Dvouk 119 scrolling .... ilh 22
.pecificalions 161 trouble..hOOling l37-B8 typing documenu with 46--53 keyboard-blued applications 30,
43--45 keybond burrer 50, 119 Keyboard BulTaing CJPoon 119 kC)'boafd equin~ J4 Kq"board La}...... option 119 kilob)u, (K) 2
L
I~r printe" 98 Use,WI~cr 98 l.eh Auow key 53
leua' 1lUI1riJ< printer. 99
Ic:ua qu,a]uy printef5 99 U' (I....., feed) 127, 128 Joght ~ lOS line brC'3ks 'i6
II"" reed (IF) 127, 128
Line Length scuing 126, 127 LISP IS? Loso 82, 1S9 low r<:.JOlution 21
M
machon<:' b.ngw.ge 159 nunt! Circull board 94-95. 1'58 ma'n menu 0-,44
Conuol Pand PIOflram 13. lJl-112
IlUIlh applications 90 megahertz (MHz.) 12
""'mory Xlii, n, 27 Apple II farn~y ddl"ercn«$ 153. IS4-ISS sprciticaIions 160
memory ClIpaMion ca,d 10], 124,
I}O-\}I
memory eltpa"'IOn s1Q1$ IS8 ITI<'nu bat 33
menus keybo;lrd·bucd applicalloru and 4}-..(4 pull-do....n J}-}-t
menu utte 3] Mliz (rnqaheru) 12
microprou_ ISS
Apple Il bmily dlffCfftlCa 154-ISS
spcciflaiiOns 160 spc"d 12
MIDI (MlI5bl Instrument l)i8ilal Interface) ClI,d 10'l
mode SH graphics mode; l~l modo
modem 5. 100, 128
lIoub/a.hool.ong 1<16-1'48
s..r tJ1w bullet.. boards;
awnm..."caior\$ apphauons:; information se.....ices modem ~I 12. 1508 changing seltings of 12'4-130 pin-OU15 161
standard sculngs 126
Modem 5Clling 127 Modula_2 159
manllO< 4, 8, tOO-I01 SH also d05play; Iele>'won 5a
manllor polt 1508
monochrome monilor 100, 1508 Monochrome option 114 rnou.w: 5, 30
cleaning 133-139
e<hlmg doc:urTl<'nt5 .... ,rn 35--39 scrolling wkh 22
lIoubl<'shootlng 138--139 wiodowl and 40-42
~~ appllcalions 30, 31-l-4
rr>OUi<' bullon 31 M_Tut 140, 151 movmg
CUr~ 45 windows 41 MU$lcal InwurTl<'nt Digital 1,"<,,(a('('
(Jl.lIDl) ca,d 104
musIC appllcalions 86
N
naming documentl S8--59
ne:or-leuer.quaJily prWII<'f'S 99 No Pa,ity setllng 129
Normal option 118
NTSC monitor 101 numeric keypad 51
o
Odd Plll'ily S<'Uing 130
o 45, 52
o.Conlrol_Esc 109--110, 141
O-conuol-ll<!5a II O-Eic 44 o.Opion 10 operallng 5yst<'1fllI 62-65, 159
SH ..t.o 5pecifK C!P"'..lin8
5Y5um Opclon-Conl,ol.Resel 10, 109, 110
Option k<,y 52, 109, 1\0, 138 OUlpul 19 ov<"lapping menus 44
,
parallel inlmx<' 95 PMallel inIerf:K<' QI,d 96 Pamy sellIng 126, 129-130 PUC21 62-63, ~, 83, 159 P:Ule command 39 pasting 38-39 pllhnlm<, 60-61
188
Index
Palhrumc option 59 per.pheral <;Ievicr$ -4-5
Apple II family durere"""," 152, 15-4-155
"""""'." connecting 9-4-96
Sft ..1$0 ~ deLou phyKs apphClltiom 89 PILOT 81 pin-OUU 161-16-4 p<~el 21 PUI 159 ploue. 103 pointer 30, 31 pon(5) 5, 9-4-95
a"tlValing 12, 122_123 d~k d,ive 6, 62, 122, 158, 162 game 158, 162 modem 12, 124-130, 158, 161 lTIOflitor 158 prmter 12, 12-4-130, ISS, 161 RCB video 163 _lal 12. 95 loku corresponding to 62,
........122-123, 152 """an" 122, 113
~_1IdI 8 prefU, KIting 61
prlnterW -4, 97-99
~ifying 2')--26
prwer buffer 104 I''''ler pan 11, 158
changing ,lftUnS5 of 12-4-130 pIn-ouu 161 sunda.d 5Cum&5 126 Pllnler selling 127 prlllling dOC'\lmenu 25-26 Iroubler.hooting IH-I-46 problems Sft troubleshooting I'roDOS 62-{i3, 6-4--65, 159 de!ik accessories and 110 ProDOS 16 65 programming 82-83
", prosnmrning languages 82-83, S-llko sp«ific u."S-s" prot;....... lUi;' 2
SoN "lw applicati0n5 program seleaor xvi public..;lomam appliClltion5 f11 pull-down menus 33-30-4
Q
quittIng 10, 135
,
radio-frequency (Ill') modularor 101
". RMI (random-accC55 memory) 27,
RA,\1 d~k 11-4, 130-\31
". ranOOm·aceeJ,i memory (RA,\I) 27,
.ead-only memory (ROM) 17, 158 rcconfigunng S- c:h:anglnll
.C'O'eatlOl'l appliClltions 8S-a6
rchglOU5 appl.:ations 90 RqJe:It Delay opOon 12'0 Rq>cat Speed option 12'0 Reset key 10, 52 rCKtllng
Oock 13-15 Control Panro:l Program 10, 109 re$Olution 20--21 rcsultlnll II Return key -43, -4-4, -40--47. 53, 112 rev,song SH editlllg RP modulator 101 RCII monitor 101 RGn video pan pin-outs 163 Rlglu Arrow key -49, 53 flOM (read-only memory) 27, 158 flOM d~k 12-4
s
Save command SS
~v"'g documeou 22-25, SIl-62,
1-42_1-43
ICann"'g 12.}-12-4 scrcen SH display
scroll armw -40,-42 scroll ba. 22, -40, -42 Kroll box -40,-42 K.oIhng 22 5C'Coodary menus -44 &electing 31-32, 37 sclf-help application!; 91 scrial "'terbce 12, 95
scrial inLerface card 96
scrlal porI5 See modem port; pl'inte. pori
Shifl CapslLowerCII5C option 121 Shift key -48, 52 sImulation appliClltions 81 65<:816 machine languag" 159 65C816 mkroproces.sor 158 6S02l65C02 machme
language! 159 SI~ bolt -40. -41 5lol(s) 5, 9-4--95, 96
aetiVlO"ng 12, 122_123
8ft"'DI-purpo.sc ISS memory CIpansion ISS ports corresponding to 62,
122-123, 152 sloI. number 61-62 "5mart" port In, 123 SOCIal studoes applicaUons 89 .K>ft...are 2
s- tUsD applications
· SH Option key Sound option 117 Spaec bar -49, 52
'flC'aker pln.<:>u15 163
spcc~I-;nlerest applicni0n5 8!Hl7 specialized applications 88-91 specifications 159--161 spellmg chcck"r 71 spreadsheet application5 73-75
Index
189
SUndud Colon option 116
tuning up 6 applic:luons 18-19 OOS}.2 applications l}ol tnining d~ 8-10 uoubbhooting 9-10, 132-134
STARTI) 13'1, 1~9
JUrtUp disk 6 .,.rtup disk dtiw:o 6, 8
changing 12, 123-12<1 Mop biLS 129
6lopplng tninlng disk 10 l,ouble5hoollng 135
subdj,e~lorle5 59-61 super_high rC!5Olulion 21
SuperPILOT 81, 159
Super Serial card 96
switching applications II sywr,\x ERROR message 136 SYSTEM BAt! mesaage 10 syMem ~onfigumion SH Control
Panel Program Sy.em Disk xvi
fQO"ftwung and 63 5UIntng applications from 19 Slolt.;hreclorleS and 60
suTr." eooo rnrssoge 10
Sysuom ~ option 118
1;Ue bar 40, <II tnlnonS dISk 7-10 IrOUtMesnootinll 132-l4ll
applications 135-136 dlSpby 139-141 keyboard 137-138 modem 1<16-148 mou5C 138-139 fXinlong 144-146 AVlnll doeum<:nll 142-143 .,.ninll up 9-10, 132-1}4 MOppmS 135 tunIc 82 Type option 114
Iyplng documenll 46-53
u
lINMLE TO !.DAD PROOOS
me»age 13<1
UnlOisk 3-5 1}4
Unlrmited setting 127 Up Arrow key 53 UIKf llroup" xv, 87 ....... interface 19. 69 utilily fXosrams XVi, 19
1
Tab key 48 !.ape backup device 104 telKOmmunicaung S.
communications applications television ..,1 101
resolution and 20 traming disk and 7 SH t:lUO di5play; monllor lesl, dlagn06lic 10 lext generator 21 texl mode 21 thermal t,anarer pflnters 99 3.~·lnch disk drive 6, 62, 102 35·lneh disks 2-3, 102
v
Yt'nlcal-markrt loOft.....re 86-87
volume, chanSmg 117 volumes Sft disb
w
WIndows -4()..-42
word processing applications 70-71
word wraparound 35 Wozniak, Steve xiii write_protected di.-ks 1<13
X XONIXOl'f sening 126, 130
v
Yo"" Tou,. 0{ 1M AppIIllGs 7-10
z
ZllO card 104. 159
190
Index
=
-. , ~
·
·,
1
,
,i
1
·,
.,l
·,
~c
!
· · ····-··· · ·· · ···-· ··· . N
0
~
· ,~
;; ~ N
. ········ · · ~
,~
00000000 :g
'-,< '" -
.." 888888 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 00000000 i
BBBBBB B B B B B B B B B B B~DDDDDDDD ~
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B~DDDDI DOD
8 B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B ~DDDDDDDD
B B B B B B B B B B B B ~DDDDDDDD
B BB B B B B B B BgDDDDDDDD
B
B
0 ~DDDDDIl
B
100000001
B
01110100
00000000
00000001
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