Tynemouth Software: Welcome
User Guide for Tynemouth models including: MINSTREL 3, MINSTREL 3 Keyboard ZXpand Based Kit, Keyboard ZXpand Based Kit, ZXpand Based Kit, Based Kit, Kit
Minstrel 3 with Keyboard - Z80 based ZX81 kit from Tynemouth Software on Tindie
Minstrel 3, Keyboard, ZXpand - Z80 based ZX81 kit from Tynemouth Software on Tindie
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DocumentDocumentTynemouth Software TYNEMOUTH MINSTREL 3 PARTS LIST CAPACITORS AXIAL CERAMIC RATED 16V OR HIGHER 4 x 47pF (usually marked 47 or 470) 2 x 47nF (usually marked 47n or 473) 18 x 100nF (usually marked 100n or 104) 1 x 1uF (usually marked 1u or 105) 1 x 22µF (axial electrolytic rated 25V) RESISTORS ALL ¼W 5% OR BETTER (4 BAND RESISTOR COLOUR CODES SHOWN) 2 x 75 1 x 180 1 x 330 1 x 470 2 x 680 12 x 1K 3 x 2.2K 1 x 4.7K 7 x 10K 1 x 220K 1 x 1M SEMICONDUCTORS 9 x 1N4148 diode 1 x BC548B or similar NPN transistor 2 x 74HC00 1 x 74HC02 1 x 74HC04 2 x 74HC08 1 x 74HC11 2 x 74HC32 2 x 74HC74 1 x 74HC86 1 x 74HC165 1 x 74HC251 3 x 74HC257 (marked 257) 2 x 74LS257 (marked LS257, nearest keyboard) 1 x 74HC373 2 x 74HC393 1 x Z80 CPU Z84C0008PEG 1 x 7805 or 7805 switching replacement (rated at least 100mA, more if using expansion port) 1 x 27C256 Programmed EPROM 1 x 62256 32K SRAM 600mil wide 1 x 6.5 MHz Crystal (HC-49/U package) CONNECTORS / SWITCHES 2 x Stereo 3.5mm Jack 1 x Phono jack 1 x 2.1 mm DC Jack 1 x miniature tactile switch 6x6mm (for reset) 40 x miniature tactile switch 6x6mm, 7mm high (for keyboard) 2 x 2 way and 7 x 3 way headers with jumper (optional or wire links) 2 x 23 or 2x2 and 2x20 socket (for expansion port, if required) 2 x 28pin, 1 x 40pin IC sockets 14 x 14pin, 7 x 16pin, 1 x 20pin IC sockets (optional, not included) www.tynemouthsoftware.co.uk V3.5.8 Tynemouth Software COMPONENT PLACEMENT JUMPERS Jumpers or link wires need to be fitted to each of the jumper blocks. The positions shown above are the default configuration of centre negative supply, normal PAL video, top ROM address, normal border and NMI slow mode enabled. Jumper Slow Mode Normal / Inverse Normal / Greyborder PAL / NTSC A15 A14 A13 ZX81 style Fast / Slow mode Normal (black on white) video Normal, border same as background PAL 50 Hz refresh rate High (5V) on ROM pin 1 High (5V) on ROM pin 27 High (5V) on ROM pin 26 ZX80 style permanent Fast mode Inverse (white on black) video Grey crosshatch border NTSC 60 Hz refresh rate Low (0V) on ROM pin 1 Low (0V) on ROM pin 27 Low (0V) on ROM pin 26 If in doubt, set all ROM jumpers to High, and repeat the 8K ROM image to fill up your EPROM. The jumpers near the power connector set the polarity of the power input Centre negative, used by ZX Spectrum and Commodore 16 computers Centre positive, used by pretty much every other power supply Power requirements are 9V DC. Current consumption is around, more if you plan to use the expansion port. www.tynemouthsoftware.co.uk V3.5.8 Tynemouth Software COMPONENT DESIGNATORS SCHEMATIC The first part of the schematic shows the Z80 and two expansion connectors (wired in parallel). A simple RC circuit provides a reset pulse. BUSRQ is the only input not used, so that is tied high. NMI and HALT are driven directly, and A6 is connected to the IRQ pin, and so none of these are not suitable for external inputs. The databus is split as part of the display generation circuitry, using eight 1K resistors. The alternate databus is fed to the expansion connector. This allows the Z80 to see NOP operations and clock through the address space whilst the display circuitry is processing character data. www.tynemouthsoftware.co.uk V3.5.8 Tynemouth Software TIMING The main clock is 6.5MHz, which is divided down to 3.25MHz for the CPU. Two cascaded 4 bit counters run from the 3.25MHz clock, resetting every 208 cycles, a frequency of 15.625KHz. The counter is also reset by the IntAck condition when the Z80 is acknowledging the interrupt generated at the end of each display line. When the counter is reset, it sets the flip flop which generates a frontporch signal. This is not used in the video generation, but is clocked through two D type flip flops to generate a single HSync pulse and then a single backporch pulse each cycle. The output of the first D type flip flop resets the frontporch flip flop to prevent further pulses during the cycle. The D types are clocked every 16 cycles (a frequency of 203.125KHz), giving pulses which are 4.92µS, close enough to the composite video requirements of 4.7µS for the HSync and 5.8µS for the backporch. The shift register is loaded at the start of the T1 cycle, when the clock pulse is high and this is not a memory request. www.tynemouthsoftware.co.uk V3.5.8 Tynemouth Software INPUT PORT The IO decoding is fairly minimal. There is a single input port which is decoded only with A0, so it can be read on any address where A0 is low, all even numbered addresses. The input port is implemented using two multiplexor chips. These are shared with the NOP generator as both need to write to the CPU data lines. If a NOP is required, all the lines are connected to 0V which generates the opcode for NOP. If the keyboard is being read, the databus is connected to the input port. When neither are in use, the output of the multiplexor chips are set to high impedence. The keyboard is read using bits 0-4 of the input port. There are five column lines, which are pulled high normally. When the keyboard is being scanned, the upper eight address lines are set so that one is low at a time. If a key is pressed on the 5x8 crosspoint keyboard on that row, the column line reads low. Bit 5 of the input port is not used, it will always read as a 1. Bit 6 of the input port is used for PAL/NTSC selection, low for NTSC, high for PAL. Bit 7 of the input port is used for cassette input. Data storage uses a cassette recorder (or these days a smart phone app). The cassette output uses the output of the VSync flip flop. This does not contain any horizontal sync pulses, so is cleaner than the original design which used the composite sync. When a read operation to the keyboard port occurs, this sets the VSync flip flop to generate the VSync pulse. Any IO write operation clears it again. When NMI mode is active, this mechanism is disabled to avoid unwanted sync pulses. www.tynemouthsoftware.co.uk V3.5.8 Tynemouth Software OUTPUT PORTS Ports 0xFE and 0xFD are used to control the slow mode. Writing to port 0xFE activates slow mode, writing to port 0xFD disables it again. If the jumper is set high this will create a NMI pulse when there is an HSync pulse. There is some additional logic which ensures the CPU is in the correct T state, WAIT will be pulled low (active) when HALT is high (inactive) and NMI is low (active). ADDRESS MULTIPLEXING The ROM address during normal read operations is switched to the CPU address bus, but during display generation, the address is composed of multiple parts. A spare gate on the multiplexor is used to form a logic gate to generate a signal when MREQ is low or Refresh is low. A second spare gate is used to delay the A15 line slightly to avoid a timing glitch. The lower three bits are generated from a line counter, this counts up each line, and is reset on a vertical sync so it is always on line 0 at the start. Bits 3-8 are set based on the character currently being displayed, which is latched when data is valid at the start of the next cycle. The last gate of the multiplexor is again used as a logic gate to generate the latch signal when refresh is low, the clock is low and MREQ is high. www.tynemouthsoftware.co.uk V3.5.8 Tynemouth Software RAM AND ROM The address decoding use an 8 input multiplexor, controlled by the upper three address lines. This selects the RAM_CS for the address range split into eight 8K blocks. When the selected input is low, the RAM is enabled, and when high, the ROM is enabled. The 2K2 resistors hold both ROM and RAM disabled when not in a memory request or refresh cycle (i.e. the screen is being drawn). The 680 resistors allow the RAM_CS and ROM_CS lines to be overridden from the expansion port. The 10K resistor holds the RAM write line high, to put the chip in read mode when not being driven by the CPU. This allows it to be accessed during the refresh cycle when the screen is being drawn, a technique used for high resolution graphics. The ROM is wired for the selected 8K block. ROMs larger than 8K can be used with multiple banks being selected by jumpers on the ROM A13, A14 and A15 pins. In most cases, these can be all set high. The memory map this creates is as follows, the 8K ROM, mirrored in the upper address space, and 32K RAM with the mirror at the top of RAM used for the display file. Address Range 0000-1FFF 2000-3FFF 4000-5FFF 6000-7FFF 8000-9FFF A000-BFFF C000-DFFF E000-FFFF Use ROM RAM RAM RAM RAM ROM RAM (during M1) RAM (during M1) 16K of this is available to BASIC, and located where the normal 16K RAM pack would be, where most software would expect it (4000-7FFF). www.tynemouthsoftware.co.uk V3.5.8 Tynemouth Software VIDEO When character data has been loaded into the shift register, it is clocked out using the 6.5MHz clock. The normal / inverse jumper selects the inverted or non-inverted output. Character data has a 1 for a pixel, 0 for a space. Black on white text requires the inverse of that, so the inverted signal is the normal one. During periods when no data has been loaded, the serial input is passed to the output. This can be selected to be 0V, which will give the background colour (normally white). When the jumper is in the other position, a signal is fed through which creates a greyscale crosshatch pattern border to the screen. This is generated from the 3.25Mhz clock which gives alternate pixels, and is XORed with the lowest bit of the line counter, so this it alternates each line. During development this was referred to as 'The mists of time'. The plan was to use this to generate a valid video signal during fast mode when a signal is not normally present, but that has not been possible. Characters can be inverted by setting bit 7 of the character code. This is latched at the same time as the data is latched into the shift register. During optimisation, this has been implemented using some left over gates, hence the slightly unusual design. A counter is used, if the invert signal is set, there will be a single pulse which will set the output high. Each memory request cycle, the counter will be reset. The invert signal is XORed with the character data from the shift register. In order to ensure evenly sized pixels, this is clocked through a flip flop by the 6.5MHz clock. The clear input on the flip flop is used to inject a backporch signal into the video output in order to set the black level before the actual line data starts. This video signal is mixed with the composite sync, and then buffered to provide the composite video output. POWER A 9V DC input is regulated down to 5V and decoupled by probably far too many decoupling capacitors. Polarity of the input is set by two jumpers to allow centre positive or centre negative supplies. www.tynemouthsoftware.co.uk V3.5.8