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Practical Electronics Crash Course

Learning circuit design the fun way

By Dogan Ibrahim and Ahmet Ibrahim

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1: Electricity

1.1 Overview
1.2 What is Electricity?
1.3 Electronic Circuits
1.4 DC and AC
1.5 Electric Power
1.6 Basic Lamp/Switch Circuits

1.6.1 One Switch Only
1.6.2 More Than One Switch
1.6.3 Two-Way Switch

Chapter 2: Passive Components

2.1 Overview
2.2 Resistors

2.2.1 Types of Resistors
2.2.2 Resistive Materials
2.2.3 Resistor Specifications
2.2.4 Resistor Colour Code
2.2.5 Ohm's Law
2.2.6 Resistors in Series and Parallel
2.2.6 Resistors in Electrical Circuits - Examples
2.2.7 Voltage Divider Circuit
2.2.8 Other Types of Resistors
2.2.9 Project 1 – Resistor Circuit
2.2.10 Using a Circuit Simulation Program

2.3 Capacitors

2.3.1 Types of Capacitors
2.3.2 Capacitor Values
2.3.3 Capacitor Value Marking
2.3.4 Capacitors in Series and Parallel

2.4 Inductors

2.4.1 Types of Inductors
2.4.2 Inductor Values
2.4.3 Inductor Markings
2.4.4 Inductors in Series and Parallel
2.4.5 Mutual Inductance

2.5 A Simple RC Network

2.5.1 Project 2 – Resistor-Capacitor Transient Response

2.6 Resistor-Capacitor-Inductor Circuit Transient Response
2.7 Resistance Versus Impedance

Chapter 3: Magnetics

3.1 Overview
3.2 Magnets in Electronics
3.3 Electromagnets
3.4 The Reed Switch
3.5 Loudspeakers
3.6 Transformers
3.7 Relays

Chapter 4: Active Components

4.1 Overview
4.2 Semiconductor Diodes

4.2.1 Diode Types
4.2.2 Diode Circuits

4.2.2.1 Simple LED Circuit
4.2.2.2 Project 1 – LED With Push-Button
4.2.2.3 Project 2 – RGB LED With Push-Buttons
4.2.2.4 Project 3 – Zener Diode Regulator
4.2.2.5 Rectifier Circuits

4.3 Bipolar Transistors

4.3.1 DC Voltages and Currents in a Transistor
4.3.2 Common Emitter Amplifier
4.3.3 Transistor as a Switch

4.3.3.1 Project 4 – Transistor Switch With LED

4.3.4 MOSFET as a Switch

4.3.4.1 Project 5 – MOSFET Switch With LED
4.3.4.2 Project 6 – Steady Hand Game

Chapter 5: Simple Circuits Based on Previous Chapters

5.1 Overview
5.2 Mechanical Switches

5.2.1 Project 1 – Upstairs-Downstairs Two-Way Switch
5.2.2 Contact Bounce Problems

5.3 Project 2 – Relay With LED
5.4 Electronic Buzzers
5.5 Optocouplers

5.5.1 Example Optocoupler Circuit

5.6 Transistor Oscillators and Other Circuits

5.6.1 Sine Wave Transistor Oscillators
5.6.2 The Multivibrator

5.6.2.1 Project 3 – Astable Multivibrator Flashing LEDs
5.6.2.2 Project 4 – Monostable Multivibrator Timed LED

5.7 The 555 Timer

5.7.1 Project 5 – Blinking an LED With the 555
5.7.2 Project 6 – Alternating LEDs
5.7.3 Project 7 – 1 kHz Buzzer
5.7.4 Project 8 – Continuity Tester
5.7.5 Project 9 – Alarm with Three Sounds
5.7.6 Project 10 – Mosquito Repeller
5.7.7 Project 11 – Darkness Detector
5.7.8 Project 12 – Metronome
5.7.9 Project 13 – LED Timer
5.7.10 Project 14 – Outside Light with Long Delay
5.7.11 Project 15 – Improved Metronome
5.7.13 The Bistable 555

5.8 Project 15 – Two-Transistor Blinky
5.9 Fixed-Output Voltage Regulator ICs
5.10 Reverse Polarity Protection

Chapter 6: Operational Amplifiers

6.1 Overview
6.2 Operational Amplifier Structure
6.3 Inverting Amplifier
6.4 Noninverting Amplifier
6.5 Voltage Follower
6.6 Summing Amplifier
6.7 Difference Amplifier
6.8 Integrator
6.9 Differentiator
6.10 Comparator
6.11 Summing Amplifier Simulation
6.12 Project 1 – Comparator With LED

Chapter 7: Logic Gates

7.1 Overview
7.2 Commonly Used Logic Gates

7.2.1 AND Gate
7.2.2 OR Gate
7.2.3 NOT Gate
7.2.4 NAND Gate
7.2.5 NOR Gate
7.2.6 XOR gate
7.2.7 XNOR Gate

7.3 Logic Gate IC Families

7.3.1 Mixing Different Logic Families

7.4 Project 1 – AND Gate with LED and Push-buttons
7.5 Diode Logic

7.5.1 Diode OR Gate
7.5.2 Diode AND Gate
7.5.3 Mixed Diode AND & OR Gate
7.5.4 Diode Logic vs. Digital Logic
7.5.5 Single-Gate Logic Devices

7.6 Flip-Flops
7.7 Counters
7.8 The 74595 Shift Register
7.9 What is an FPGA?

Chapter 8: Advanced Subjects

8.1 Overview
8.2 Alternating Current (AC) Analysis

8.2.1 Root Mean Square (RMS)
8.2.2 Resistors and AC
8.2.3 Inductors and AC
8.2.4 Capacitors and AC
8.2.5 RLC Circuit and Resonance
8.2.6 Power in AC circuits

8.3 Amplifiers

8.3.1 Amplifier Gain
8.3.2 The LM386 Amplifier
8.3.3 The TDA2030

8.4 Oscillators

8.4.1 Phase-Shift Sine Wave Oscillator
8.4.2 Square Wave Oscillator

8.5 Filters

8.5.1 Filter Roll-Off and Filter Order
8.5.2 Filter Design Program
8.5.3 Low-Pass Active Filters
8.5.4 High-Pass Active Filters
8.5.5 Band-Pass Active Filters
8.5.6 Passive Low-Pass Filter

8.6 Sensors

8.6.1 Temperature Sensors
8.6.2 Force Sensors
8.6.3 Light Sensors
8.6.4 Sound Sensors
8.6.5 Acceleration Sensors
8.6.6 Soil Moisture Sensors
8.6.7 Distance Sensors

8.7 Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS)

8.7.1 The LM2576 Buck Converter
8.7.2 The LM2577 Boost Converter

8.8 Interesting Electronic Kits

Chapter 9: Test and Measurement

9.1 Overview
9.2 Power Supplies

9.2.1 Fixed or Variable Voltage
9.2.2 Number of Output Channels
9.2.3 Current Capacity
9.2.4 Current Limiting

9.3 Multimeter

9.3.1 Parts of a Multimeter
9.3.2 Voltage Measurement
9.3.3 Current Measurement
9.3.4 Resistance Measurement

9.4 The Oscilloscope

9.4.1 Specifications
9.4.2 Using the Oscilloscope

9.5 Function Generators
9.6 Other Tools

9.6.1 Soldering Iron
9.6.2 Desoldering Pump
9.6.3 Miscellaneous Tools
9.6.4 Breadboard With Built-In Power Supply
9.6.5 Budget Tool Kits

Chapter 10: Microcontroller Boards and MCU Programming

10.1 Overview
10.2 Microcontroller Boards & Modules
10.3 The Arduino UNO R4

10.3.1 Project 1 – Blink an External LED

10.4 The ESP32-DevKitC

10.4.1 Project 2 – Blinking an LED With the ESP32

10.5 The Raspberry Pi Pico

10.5.1 Pinouts of the RP2040 and the Pico
10.5.2 Pico Programming
10.5.3 Project 3 – Blinking an LED With MicroPython

10.6 The Raspberry Pi

10.6.1 Installing the Raspberry Pi Operating System
10.6.2 Project 4 – Blinking an LED With a Raspberry Pi

Chapter 11: Other Topics of Interest

11.1 Overview
11.2 Component Selection
11.3 Reading a Datasheet
11.4 Schematic Capture and PCB Design
11.5 EMC and EMI
11.6 Norms and Regulations

Appendix – List of Components Used in Projects

Index

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