Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

Introduction

This document provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of electrical engineering, focusing on theoretical concepts and practical applications using the Multisim simulation software. It is intended for students and professionals seeking to deepen their understanding of electrical principles.

Table of Contents

1. Physical Quantities and Units

This section covers fundamental physical quantities and their corresponding units within the International System of Units (SI). It includes topics such as equations of quantities and numerical values, graphical representations, trigonometry, the Pythagorean theorem, and trigonometric functions in right-angled triangles.

2. Electrical Quantities in DC Circuits

This section delves into the core electrical quantities relevant to direct current (DC) circuits. Key topics include electric charge, electric current as charge transport, current strength, voltage, the relationship between current and voltage, resistance, conductance, and the properties of conductors, semiconductors, and non-conductors, as well as the effect of temperature on resistance.

3. Simple Circuits

This section focuses on the analysis of simple electrical circuits. It covers the measurement of current and voltage, technical quantities and units, Ohm's Law, series and parallel connections of resistors, voltage dividers, extending measurement ranges, electrical power, and electrical work. Bridge circuits are also discussed.

4. Extended Current Range

This section explores concepts related to extended current ranges and measurements. It includes characteristics of voltage sources, voltage, current, and power matching, Kirchhoff's laws (nodal and mesh analysis), series and parallel connections of voltage sources, equivalent sources, resistance measurement, measurements on voltage dividers, and decibel measurements. It also covers measurements of voltage drops across lines and the heating effect of resistance in series and parallel configurations.

5. Measuring Instruments for Basic Electronic Circuits

This section provides an overview of essential measuring instruments used in electronics. It details the multimeter, function generator, and the dual-channel oscilloscope, including internal and external triggering. Various measurement techniques using the oscilloscope are explained, such as measuring AC voltages, square waves, triangular waves, and mixed voltages. The addition of voltages with different frequencies and phase shifts, including Lissajous figures for frequency and phase measurement, is also covered.

6. Capacitors

This section focuses on capacitors, starting with their physical principles, including electric field strength and electric fields. It covers capacitors in DC circuits, the construction of fixed and plastic film capacitors, electrolytic capacitors, and variable capacitors. The behavior of capacitors in response to square waves, including RC circuits, integrating and differentiating circuits, and pulse generators, is analyzed. The section also discusses capacitor measurements, parallel and series connections, capacitive reactive power, real and reactive power, phase shifts, and phase measurements using Lissajous figures. Finally, it examines RC filter circuits (low-pass and high-pass), RC notch filters, and RC band-stop filters.

7. Coils, Transformers, Relays, and Loudspeakers

This section covers inductors (coils), transformers, relays, and loudspeakers. It begins with the physical principles of magnetism, including magnetic flux, magnetic field strength, hysteresis, permeability, magnetic core dimensions, magnetic resistance, and forces and energy in magnetic fields. The construction and operation of coils, including air-cored and iron-cored coils, ferrite cores, and cores for filter applications, are detailed. The behavior of coils in DC and AC circuits, including measurements, series and parallel connections, and impedance, is discussed. The functionality of transformers and transductors, including their simulation and calculation, as well as their internal resistance and coupling, is explained. The section also covers the construction and simulation of relays and the principles of loudspeakers.

8. Complex AC Circuits

This section addresses complex alternating current (AC) circuits. It covers series and parallel connections of resistors, capacitors, and inductors, including simulations of RLC series and parallel circuits, and power in AC circuits. Compensation circuits for single-phase operation are also discussed. The behavior of resonant circuits (LC circuits), including series and parallel resonance, quality factor, bandwidth, and simulations of real components, is analyzed. Various filter circuits, such as CL band-pass and band-stop filters, critical band filters, simple LC and CL elements, T and pi filters, and m-filters, are presented. Phase shifter circuits, including RC low-pass and high-pass phase shifters, RC band-pass and band-stop filters, and phase shifter bridges, are also detailed. Finally, band filters, including inductively coupled and capacitively coupled filters, are covered.