the WiFi controller must be running FortiOS firmware version 5.0 or higher. ... Bluetooth Low Energy scan. Bluetooth Low Energy scan. For FortiAPs with built ...
Configuration Guide
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3
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May 16, 2025 FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide 01-763-1145772-20250516
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Change log What's new in this release Introduction
Wireless network equipment FortiAP units FortiGate units FortiWiFi units
Wireless management topologies Integrated wireless management Cloud AP management Dedicated wireless controller
Related products for wireless networks FortiManager FortiAnalyzer
Getting started with FortiAP management Configuring the FortiGate interface to manage FortiAP units Discovering, authorizing, and deauthorizing FortiAP units Discovering a FortiAP unit AC actions when a FortiAP attempts to get discovered Authorize a discovered FortiAP De-authorize a managed FortiAP FortiAP diagnostics and tools Setting up a mesh connection between FortiAP units Data channel security: clear-text, DTLS, and IPsec VPN
Wireless network configuration SSIDs on FortiWiFi units Reserved VLAN IDs
Wireless network configuration tasks Setting your geographic location Configuring the network interface for the AP unit
Understanding FortiWiFi aplink interface Creating a FortiAP profile Defining a wireless network interface (SSID)
Configuring DHCP for WiFi clients Configuring DNS for local standalone NAT VAPs Changing SSID to VDOM only Airtime fairness Configuring security WPA2 Security WPA3 Security MPSK profiles Captive Portal Security Adding a MAC filter
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32 33 33 34 35 36 38 38 43 46 47 47 49 52 53 60 67 73 91
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Limiting the number of clients Enabling multicast enhancement Replacing WiFi certificate Configuring WiFi with WSSO using Windows NPS and user groups Enabling Beacon Protection Configuring the RADIUS Called Station ID setting Defining SSID groups Configuring dynamic user VLAN assignment VLAN assignment by RADIUS VLAN assignment by Name Tag VLAN assignment by FortiAP group VLAN assignment by VLAN pool Configuring wireless NAC support Example Configuring user authentication WPA2 and WPA3 Enterprise authentication WiFi single sign-on (WSSO) authentication Assigning WiFi users to VLANs dynamically MAC-based authentication User self-registration of MPSKs through FortiGuest Authenticating guest WiFi users Configuring 802.1X supplicant on LAN Configure NAS-Filter-Rule attribute to set up dACL Configuring firewall policies for the SSID Configuring the built-in access point on a FortiWiFi unit Enforcing UTM policies on a local bridge SSID Configuring a Syslog profile Understanding Distributed Radio Resource Provisioning Channel Planning Channel Quality Monitoring Configuring Distributed Radio Resource Provisioning Translating WiFi QoS WMM marking to DSCP values Configuring Layer 3 roaming Configuring L3 Roaming for Tunnel Mode SSIDs Configuring L3 Roaming for Bridge Mode SSIDs Advanced Wireless Features Operations Profiles Entry Connectivity Profiles Entry Protection Profiles Entry Advanced SSID options Advanced WiFi Settings options Configuring UNII-4 5GHz radio bands Configuring Agile Multiband Operation
Access point configuration Network topology of managed APs Discovery and authorization of APs Pre-authorizing a FortiAP unit
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196 197 199 200
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Enabling and configuring a discovered AP Disabling the automatic discovery of unknown FortiAPs Enabling the automatic authorization of extension devices Assigning the same FortiAP profile to multiple FortiAP units Overriding the FortiAP profile Register a FortiAP to FortiCloud FortiAP CLI access Accessing the FortiAP CLI through the FortiAP Ethernet port Accessing the FortiAP CLI through the FortiGate FortiAP Configuration mode Resetting FortiAP to enter the Configuration mode Accessing the GUI of the FortiAP Configuration mode Accessing the CLI of the FortiAP Configuration mode FortiAP unit firmware upgrade Checking the FortiAP unit firmware version Enabling automatic FortiAP upgrade after authorization Enabling automatic firmware updates Upgrading FortiAP firmware from the FortiGate unit Upgrading FortiAP firmware from the FortiAP unit Enabling Hitless Rolling AP upgrade Advanced WiFi controller discovery Controller discovery methods Configure automatic AP reboot Wireless client load balancing for high-density deployments Access point handoff Frequency handoff or band-steering Handoff configuration FortiAP groups LAN port options Configuring a port to WAN-LAN operation mode Bridging a LAN port with the WAN port Bridging a LAN port with an SSID Configuring FortiAP LAN ports Verifying wired clients connected to FortiAP LAN ports MAC Authentication for LAN port hosts LAN port aggregation and redundancy Enabling LACP LAN port uplink redundancy without LACP CAPWAP IP fragmentation of packets in CAPWAP tunnels CAPWAP bandwidth formula CAPWAP Offloading Improve CAPWAP stability over NAT LED options Configure Energy Efficient Ethernet Configure FortiAP MIMO values Configure Fortinet external antenna parameters for specific FortiAPs
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Configure third-party antennas in select FortiAP models Configure FortiAP USB port status Wireless mesh configuration Wireless mesh deployment modes Firmware requirements Types of wireless mesh Fast-roaming for mesh backhaul link Configuring a meshed WiFi network
Creating the mesh root SSID Creating the FortiAP profile Configuring the mesh root AP Configuring the mesh leaf FortiAPs Authorizing leaf APs Creating security policies Viewing the status of the mesh network Configuring a point-to-point bridge Hotspot 2.0 ANQP configuration Configure hotspot profile Configure 3GPP public land mobile network (PLMN) Configure IP address type availability Configure network access identifier (NAI) realm Configure network authentication type Configure roaming consortium Configure venue name duple Configure venue URL Configure advice of charge (AOC) Configure connection capability Configure operator friendly name Configure online sign up (OSU) provider Network Access Identifier (NAI) list Configure online sign up (OSU) provider list Configure terms and conditions Configure WAN metrics Configure Online Sign Up (OSU) provider icon Configure Quality of Service (QoS) map set Configuring OpenRoaming on FortiAP Wireless network with wired LAN configuration How to combine a wireless network and wired LAN with a software switch VLAN configuration Additional configuration How to configure a FortiAP local bridge (private cloud-managed AP) Continued FortiAP operation when WiFi controller connection is down How to increase the number of supported FortiAPs How to implement multi-processing for large-scale FortiAP management Configuring multiple cw_acd processes Configuring multiple wpad_ac processes
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Remote WLAN FortiAPs Configuring the FortiGate for remote FortiAPs Enable split tunneling options Apply split tunneling Configure split tunneling behavior Enable split tunneling on SSIDs Configure a FortiAP unit to connect to FortiGate Preauthorize a FortiAP unit for automatic authorization
Features for high-density deployments Upgrading the firmware for multiple FortiAPs Controlling the power save feature 11n radio powersave optimization Configuring the broadcast packet suppression Converting multicast streams to unicast Ignoring weak or distant clients Turning off the 802.11b protocol Configuring data rates Enabling the automatic TX power control Enabling the frequency band load-balancing Setting the handoff RSSI threshold Enabling the AP load balancing Setting the AP load balance threshold Setting the Application Control feature Managing the FortiAP group and assigning a dynamic VLAN Sharing tunnel SSIDs within a single managed FortiAP Enabling the manual quarantine of devices on FortiAP (tunnel mode) Locating a FortiAP with LED blinking Uploading a FortiAP image on the wireless controller Configuring control message off-loading Enabling Dynamic Radio Mode Assignment (DRMA) RADIUS Change of Authorization (CoA) support
Wireless network protection Wireless Intrusion Detection System Rogue AP detection WIDS client de-authentication rate for DoS attacks WiFi data channel encryption Configuring encryption on a FortiGate unit Configuring encryption on a FortiAP unit Protected Management Frames and Opportunistic Key Caching support Preventing local bridge traffic from reaching the LAN FortiAP-S and FortiAP-U bridge mode security profiles DHCP snooping and option-82 data insertion DHCP address enforcement Disabling FortiAP port access Suppressing phishing SSID
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Wireless network monitoring Monitoring wireless health and clients Monitoring rogue APs On-wire rogue AP detection technique Rogue AP scanning as a background activity Configuring rogue scanning Suppressing rogue APs Monitoring wireless clients Understanding client health Monitoring wireless clients over IPv6 traffic Tunnel mode SSID IPv6 traffic Local bridge mode SSID IPv6 traffic CLI commands for IPv6 rules Monitoring application usage for clients connected to bridge mode SSIDs Monitoring FortiAP with SNMP FortiAP SNMP implementation Downloading the FortiAP MIB and Fortinet Core MIB files FortiAP SNMP trap messages FortiAP SNMP queries Monitoring FortiAP temperatures Enabling spectrum analysis Disable dedicated scanning on FortiAP F-Series profiles Enabling AP scan channel lists to optimize foreground scanning Optimizing memory storage by limiting monitoring data CLI commands
Wireless network examples Basic wireless network example Configuring authentication for wireless users Configuring the SSID Adding the SSID to the FortiAP Profile Configuring security policies Connecting the FortiAP units Wireless network example with FortiSwitch Configuring FortiLink Connecting the FortiSwitch Configuring a wireless VLAN Connecting the FortiAP units Complex wireless network example Scenario example Configuration example Configuring authentication for employee wireless users Configuring authentication for guest wireless users Configuring the SSIDs Configuring the FortiAP profile Configuring firewall policies Connecting the FortiAP units FortiGate WiFi controller 1+1 fast failover example
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CAPWAP hitless failover using FGCP
373
Diagnose commands
376
Wireless network with segregated WLAN traffic
378
Example configuration
378
FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client
382
Configuring a FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client
383
Controlled AP selection support in FortiWiFi client mode
386
Configuring a FortiWiFi unit to run in concurrent AP and wireless client mode
386
Enabling EAP/TLS authentication on a FortiWiFi unit in client mode
388
Configuring WPA3 security modes on FortiWiFi units operating in client mode
392
WiFi maps
394
Bluetooth Low Energy scan
397
Override BLE profiles from WTP profiles and group
398
BLE Real-Time-Location Services
398
Eddystone BLE beacon profile integration
402
Location-based services
404
Pole Star location-based services
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Configuring location tracking
404
Automatic deletion of outdated presence data
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Viewing device location data on a FortiGate unit
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Example output
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Configuring FortiPresence
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FortiPresence push REST API
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Configuring FortiPresence server IP
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Support for Electronic Shelf Label systems
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Hanshow integration
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SES-Imagotag
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Remote TACACS user access for FortiAP management
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Troubleshooting
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FortiAP shell command
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Signal strength issues
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Asymmetric power issue
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Frequency interference
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Throughput issues
419
Link testing
419
Performance testing
420
IP packet fragmentation prevention in CAPWAP tunnels
420
Slow DTLS response
420
Client connection issues
421
Debugging client connection issues
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Checking the WiFi password
422
FortiAP connection issues
423
Debugging FortiAP connection issues
423
Testing wireless network health with SAM
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Captive portal authentication in service assurance management (SAM) mode
430
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Determining the coverage area of a FortiAP
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Best practices for OSI common sources of wireless issues
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Best practices for Layer 1
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Best practices for Layer 2
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Best practices for Layer 3 and above
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Extended logging
437
Packet sniffer
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CAPWAP packet sniffer
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Wireless traffic packet sniffer
449
Debug commands
451
Sample outputs
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Extension information support
452
Disabling 802.11d for client backward compatibility
453
FortiAP CLI configuration and diagnostics commands
456
Configuration commands
456
Diagnostics commands
461
FortiAP API
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API Schema and documentation
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Enable API for Location Based Services station info
465
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Change log
Date 2025-04-17 2025-05-16
Change description Initial release. See What's new in this release on page 12. Updated Operations Profiles Entry on page 170 and Advanced SSID options on page 184.
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What's new in this release
FortiOS 7.6.3 wireless includes the following changes: l Updated the CLI text for ESL integration for SES-Imagotag.
For more information about the FortiOS 7.6.3 wireless features, see the FortiOS Release Notes and New Features Guide. For more information about new FortiAP, FortiAP-S, and FortiAP-W2 features, see their respective release notes in the FortiAP Documentation Library.
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Introduction
This guide describes how to configure a wireless network and access points using FortiGate (or FortiWiFi) units and FortiAP units.
Wireless network equipment
This section includes an overview of Fortinet wireless network equipment: l FortiAP units on page 13 l FortiGate units on page 13 l FortiWiFi units on page 14
FortiAP units
FortiAP units are thin wireless access points (AP) supporting the latest Wi-Fi technologies (multi-user MIMO 802.11ac Wave 1 and Wave 2, 4x4) as well as 802.11n, 802.11AX, and the demand for plug and play deployment. FortiAP units come in various form factors (desktop, indoor, outdoor, or wall jack). Indoor and outdoor units can have internal or external antennas. For large deployments, some FortiAP models support a mesh mode of operation in which control and data backhaul traffic between APs and the controller are carried on a dedicated wireless network. Users can roam seamlessly from one AP to another. In dual-radio models, each radio can function as an AP or as a dedicated monitor. The monitoring function is also available during AP operation, subject to traffic levels. FortiAP, FortiAP-C, FortiAP-S, FortiAP-W2, and FortiAP-U units are available in a variety of models to address specific use cases and management modes. For detailed information about the various models currently available, see the Fortinet website. For assistance in choosing an AP, visit the AP product selector.
FortiGate units
A FortiGate unit is an industry leading enterprise firewall. In addition to consolidating all the functions of a network firewall, IPS, anti-malware, VPN, WAN optimization, Web filtering, and application control in a single platform, FortiGate also has an integrated Wi-Fi controller. With this integrated Wi-Fi controller, a FortiGate unit can configure and manage FortiAP units. For detailed information about FortiGate models currently available, see the Fortinet website.
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Introduction
FortiWiFi units
A FortiWiFi unit is a FortiGate with a built-in Wi-Fi. A FortiWiFi unit can: l Provide an access point for clients with wireless network cards. This default mode is called the Access Point mode. or l Connect to another wireless network. This is called Client mode. A FortiWiFi unit operating in client mode can only have one wireless interface. or l Monitor access points within radio range. This is called Monitoring mode. You can designate the detected access points as Accepted or Rogue for tracking purposes. No access point or client operation is possible in this mode. However, you can enable monitoring as a background activity while the unit is in Access Point mode.
For detailed information about FortiWiFi models currently available, see the Fortinet website.
Wireless management topologies
This section includes the following three topologies available for the management of access points: l Integrated wireless management on page 14 l Cloud AP management on page 15 l Dedicated wireless controller on page 15
Integrated wireless management
For the integrated wireless management of access points, you can: l Use a FortiWiFi unit which is a FortiGate with a built-in Wi-Fi module (also called local Wi-Fi radio) that works as an access point. l Connect external access points (FortiAP) to a FortiWiFi or a FortiGate. l Connect external FortiAP units to a FortiSwitch, and then to a FortiWiFi or a FortiGate.
The integrated wireless management topology leverages the Wireless LAN and Switch controller built into the operating system of the FortiGate (or FortiWiFi) to provide secure Wi-Fi and easily configure and manage your access points. The integrated wireless management topology is a good choice for a small to medium enterprise deployment. The FortiWiFi is well suited for small sites of less than 40 users and an area no larger than 3,000 square feet. A deployment with a FortiGate managing external APs can range from small sites of less than 40 users to large sites with hundreds of users and with an area greater than 3,000 square feet. With a FortiGate or FortiWiFi unit, you can configure and manage FortiAP units.
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Introduction
Cloud AP management
FortiEdge Cloud offers management capabilities for standalone FortiAPs that scale from individual organizations managing a handful of APs, to large enterprises managing several thousand APs. FortiEdge Cloud allows you to provision, monitor, troubleshoot, and optimize your FortiAP deployment through a simple, intuitive, and easy-to-use cloud interface that is accessible from anywhere. With zero-touch deployment options, FortiEdge Cloud eliminates the need for costly on-site technical expertise. With the FortiEdge Cloud provisioning and management portal, you can manage and configure FortiAP units. For more details about FortiEdge Cloud, see the FortiEdge Cloud documentation.
Dedicated wireless controller
Some wireless deployments require high mobility with high performance and the Fortinet Wireless Controller can provide enterprise-class secure Wi-Fi to large and high-density environments. Dedicated WLAN controllers deliver seamless mobility, quick deployment, and easy capacity expansion with radio frequency virtualization for large numbers of access points. The FortiWLC (wireless LAN controller) and FortiWLM (wireless LAN manager) platforms deliver seamless mobility and superior reliability with optimized client distribution and channel utilization. Both single- and multi-channel deployment options are supported, maximizing efficiency to make the most of available wireless spectrum. The FortiWLC platform can manage FortiAP-U units. For more details about the FortiWLC dedicated wireless LAN controller platform, see the FortiWLC and FortiWLM documentation.
Related products for wireless networks
This section discusses wireless network related products offered by Fortinet.
FortiManager
FortiManager is the full-featured central management solution for Fortinet products. To centrally manage wireless networks, FortiManager includes the following features:
l Global wireless management and monitoring l Centralized SSID and radio policy configuration l Centralized AP firmware upgrades l Centralized rogue AP suppression For more details about FortiManager, see the Fortinet website and FortiManager documentation.
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Introduction
FortiAnalyzer
FortiAnalyzer delivers critical insight into threats across the entire attack surface and provides instant visibility, situation awareness, real-time threat intelligence and actionable analytics, along with Network Operation Center and Security Operation Center (NOC-SOC) security analysis and operations perspective for the Fortinet Security Fabric. FortiAnalyzer provides the following features:
l Centralized logs, searches, and reports l Automated indicators of compromise (IOC) l Real-time and historical views into network activity l Advanced compliance reporting For more details about FortiAnalyzer, see the Fortinet website and FortiAnalyzer documentation.
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Getting started with FortiAP management
Getting started with FortiAP management
This section contains topics to get you started with using FortiGate's Wireless Controller to manage FortiAP units. l Configuring the FortiGate interface to manage FortiAP units on page 17 l Discovering, authorizing, and deauthorizing FortiAP units on page 18 l FortiAP diagnostics and tools on page 23 l Setting up a mesh connection between FortiAP units on page 25 l Data channel security: clear-text, DTLS, and IPsec VPN on page 30
Configuring the FortiGate interface to manage FortiAP units
This guide describes how to configure a FortiGate interface to manage FortiAPs.
Based on the above topology, this example uses port16 as the interface used to manage connection to FortiAPs.
1. Enable a DHCP server on port16: a. From FortiGate, go to Network > Interfaces. b. Edit port16. c. In the IP/Network Mask field, enter an IP address for port16. d. Enable DHCP Server, keeping the default settings.
2. As it is a minimum management requirement that FortiAP establish a CAPWAP tunnel with the FortiGate, you must enable CAPWAP access on port16 to allow it to manage FortiAPs: a. Go to Network > Interfaces. b. Double-click port16. c. Under Administrative Access, select Security Fabric Connection. d. Click OK.
3. If required, you can enable the VCI-match feature using the CLI. When VCI-match is enabled, only devices with a VCI name that matches the preconfigured string can acquire an IP address from the DHCP server. To configure VCI-match, run the following commands: config system dhcp server edit 1 set interface port16
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Getting started with FortiAP management
set vci-match enable set vci-string "FortiAP" next end 4. To create a new FortiAP entry automatically when a new FortiAP unit is discovered, run the following command. By default, this option is enabled. config system interface edit port16 set allow-access fabric set ap-discover enable next end 5. To allow FortiGate to authorize a newly discovered FortiAP to be controlled by the FortiGate, run the following command. By default, this option is disabled. config system interface edit port16 set allow-access fabric set auto-auth-extension-device enable next end
For more information, see Configuring the network interface for the AP unit on page 36.
Discovering, authorizing, and deauthorizing FortiAP units
In order for FortiGate to manage a FortiAP unit, it must first discover the FortiAP and then authorize it. For more information about discovery, authorization, and ways to pre-authorize FortiAPs, see Discovery and authorization of APs on page 199
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Getting started with FortiAP management
Discovering a FortiAP unit
For a FortiGate acting as an AP controller (AC) to discover a FortiAP unit, the FortiAP must be able to reach the AC. A FortiAP with the factory default configuration has various ways of acquiring an AC's IP address to reach it.
AC discovery type Description
Auto
The FortiAP attempts to be discovered in the below ways sequentially within an endless loop.
Static
The FortiAP sends discover requests to a preconfigured IP address that an AC owns.
DHCP
The FortiAP acquires the IP address of an AC in DHCP option 138 (the factory default) of a DHCP offer, which the FortiAP acquires its own IP address from.
DNS
The FortiAP acquires the AC's IP address by resolving a preconfigured FQDN.
FortiCloud
FortiGate Cloud discovers the FortiAP.
Broadcast
FortiAP is discovered by sending broadcasts in its local subnet.
Multicast
FortiAP is discovered by sending discovery requests to a multicast address of 224.0.1.140, which is the factory default.
See Advanced WiFi controller discovery on page 216 for more information on WiFi controller discovery methods.
AC actions when a FortiAP attempts to get discovered
Enable ap-discover on the AC for the interface designed to manage FortiAPs: config system interface
edit "lan" set ap-discover enable
next end
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Getting started with FortiAP management
The ap-discover command allows the AC to create an entry in the managed FortiAPs table when it receives the FortiAP's discovery request. The ap-discover command is enabled by default. When the FortiAP entry is created automatically, it is marked as discovered status, and is pending for an administrator's authorization, unless the following setting is present: config system interface
edit "lan" set auto-auth-extension-device enable
next end The auto-auth-extension-device command will allow AC authorize an new discovered FortiAP automatically without an administrator's manual authorization operation. The auto-auth-extension-device command is disabled by default.
Authorize a discovered FortiAP
Once the FortiAP discovery request is received by AC, a FortiAP entry will be added to the managed FortiAP table and shown in WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs.
To authorize the specific AP, select the FortiAP entry, and then right-click and select Authorize from the context menu.
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Getting started with FortiAP management Authorization can also be granted from the FortiAP details panel under the Actions menu.
Authorization can also be granted through the following CLI commands: config wireless-controller wtp
edit "FP423E3X16000320" set admin enable
next end
When you authorize a FortiAP unit, it is configured by default to use the default FortiAP profile (determined by model). The FortiAP profile defines the entire configuration for the AP (see Creating a FortiAP profile on page 38). You can assign a different profile, if needed, by rightclicking the authorized FortiAP and selecting Assign Profile.
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Getting started with FortiAP management
De-authorize a managed FortiAP
To de-authorize a managed FortiAP, select the FortiAP entry, and then click Deauthorize on the top of the table or rightclick and select Deauthorize from the context menu.
You can also de-authorize from the FortiAP details panel under the Action menu.
You can also de-authorize with the following CLI commands:
config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP423E3X16000320" set admin discovered next
end
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Getting started with FortiAP management
FortiAP diagnostics and tools
On the Managed FortiAPs page, you can use the Diagnostics and Tools option to view all available details of a FortiAP, including:
l FortiAP system information. l Dynamic health and performance information. l Dynamic radio and client details. l Relevant links such as location of the FortiAP in the location map.
Sample configuration
In WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs, right-click a FortiAP and select Diagnostics and Tools.
The Diagnostics and Tools pane show the following information: l The top left shows a summary of configuration and connection status for the AP. The Actions button enables you to Authorize/Deauthorize, Upgrade, Restart, and flash the LED lights on the FortiAP. The Edit button opens the Edit Managed AP pane. The Show in WiFi Maps button is shown if the FortiAP is on a WiFi Map. l The top right shows the general health assessment of the AP and the health assessment based on radio band. l The bottom section includes tabs to show the Radios summary, Clients list, and a filtered Logs view of all logs of the FortiAP.
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Getting started with FortiAP management
If a FortiAP is on a WiFi Map, click the Show in WiFi Maps button and that FortiAP is highlighted with a flashing blue circle on the WiFi Map.
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Getting started with FortiAP management On the WiFi Map, click a FortiAP icon to open it's Diagnostics and Tools pane.
Setting up a mesh connection between FortiAP units
The access points of a WiFi network are usually connected to the WiFi controller through Ethernet wiring. A wireless mesh eliminates the need for Ethernet wiring by connecting WiFi access points to the controller by radio. For more information about wireless mess configurations, see Wireless mesh configuration on page 249. To set up a WiFi mesh connection, a minimum of three devices are required: 1. A FortiGate as the AP Controller (AC) 2. A FortiAP as the Mesh Root AP (MRAP) 3. A FortiAP as a Mesh Leaf AP (MLAP).
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Getting started with FortiAP management
Configuring the AC
These instructions assume that the Mesh Root AP (MRAP) is already being managed by the AC (see Configuring the FortiGate interface to manage FortiAP units on page 17 and Discovering, authorizing, and deauthorizing FortiAP units on page 18).
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Getting started with FortiAP management
To configure the AC: 1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and create a mesh SSID.
2. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs, edit the MRAP, and assign the mesh SSID to the MRAP, and
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Getting started with FortiAP management wait for a connection.
Configuring the MLAP
The Mesh Leaf AP (MLAP) can be configured to use the mesh link as its Main uplink or a Backup link for Ethernet connections.
To configure the MLAP: 1. Go to the GUI interface of the FortiAP by entering the FortiAP IP in your web browser.
Note: You can find the FortiAP IP address in Managed WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs.
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Getting started with FortiAP management
2. Under Local configuration, locate the Connectivity section.
3. Set Uplink to Mesh or Ethernet with mesh backup support. 4. In Mesh AP SSID, enter the SSID name used for the mesh. 5. In Mesh AP Password, enter the Mesh AP password. 6. Optionally, select Ethernet Bridge (see Main uplink on page 29).
This option is not available if Uplink is set to Ethernet with mesh backup support. Once the MLAP has joined the AC, it can be managed in the same way as a wired AP. A mesh SSID can also be assigned to an MLAP for other downstream MLAPs, creating a multi-hop WiFi mesh network. The maximum hop count has a default value of 4, and can be configured in the FAP console with the following commands:
cfg -a MESH_MAX_HOPS=n cfg -c
Main uplink
When a mesh link is set as the main uplink of the MLAP, the Ethernet port on the MLAP can be set up as a bridge to the mesh link. This allows downstream wired devices to use the mesh link to connect to the network.
To enable a mesh Ethernet bridge, select Ethernet Bridge in the FortiAP Connectivity section in the GUI, or use the following console commands:
cfg -a MESH_ETH_BRIDGE=1 cfg -c
Backup link for Ethernet connections
When a mesh link is set to be the backup link for an Ethernet connection, the mesh link will not be established unless the Ethernet connection goes offline. When a mesh link is in this mode, the Ethernet port cannot be used as a bridge to the mesh link.
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Getting started with FortiAP management
Data channel security: clear-text, DTLS, and IPsec VPN
After the FortiAP joins a FortiGate, a CAPWAP tunnel is established between the FortiGate and FortiAP. There are two channels inside the CAPWAP tunnel:
l The control channel for managing traffic, which is always encrypted by DTLS. l The data channel for carrying client data packets, which can be configured to be encrypted or not. The default setting for dtls-policy is clear-text, meaning it is non-encrypted. The following settings are available to encrypt the data channel: l dtls-enabled l ipsec-vpn l ipsec-vpn-sn config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FortiAP-profile-name"
set dtls-policy clear-text|dtls-enabled|ipsec-vpn|ipsec-vpn-sn next end Of these settings, clear-text has the highest possible data throughput. Furthermore, FortiGates with hardware acceleration chips can offload CAPWAP data traffic in clear-text and achieve much higher throughput performance (see CAPWAP Offloading on page 237).
You can only configure the data channel using the CLI.
When data security is not a major concern, we recommend that you set the data channel to non-encrypted. For example, when the FortiGate and FortiAP are operating in an internal network.
To set the data channel to non-encrypted using the CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FortiAP-profile-name" set dtls-policy clear-text next
end
Encrypting the data channel
There are data channel encryption settings on both the FortiGate unit and the FortiAP units. The settings must agree or the FortiAP unit will not be able to join the WiFi network. For more instructions on how to configure encryption on a FortiAP unit, see WiFi data channel encryption on page 305
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When the FortiGate and FortiAP are in different networks, and the data channel might transit through a public network, we recommend that you encrypt the data channel to protect your data with either DTLS or IPsec VPN.
DTLS
To encrypt the data channel with DTLS using the CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FortiAP-profile-name" set dtls-policy dtls-enabled set dtls-in-kernel disable|enable next
end
set dtls-in-kernel is only available after dtls-policy is set to dtls-enabled. When you enable dtls-inkernel, the FortiAP OS kernel processes the traffic encryption and decryption, which could provide better throughput performance. DTLS encryption cannot be hardware-accelerated on the FortiGate so when DTLS is enabled, data throughput performance is significantly lower than with clear-text.
IPsec VPN
To encrypt the data channel with IPsec VPN using the CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FortiAP-profile-name" set dtls-policy ipsec-vpn|ipsec-vpn-sn next
end
This automatically establishes an IPsec VPN tunnel between the FortiGate and FortiAP that carries CAPWAP data packets. FortiGates with NP6 chips can offload CAPWAP data traffic in IPsec, so this encryption option has better throughput performance than DTLS. Because there is no built-in hardware acceleration chip, the FortiAP is considered the performance bottleneck in this scenario. Optionally, you can use the ipsec-vpn-sn policy instead. It also establishes an IPsec VPN tunnel between the FortiGate and FortiAP that carries CAPWAP data packets, but it includes the FortiAP serial number within this tunnel.
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Wireless network configuration
When working with a FortiGate WiFi controller, you can configure your wireless network before you install any access points. If you are working with a standalone FortiWiFi unit, the access point hardware is already present but the configuration is quite similar. Both are covered in this section.
The FortiGate WiFi controller configuration is composed of three types of object: the SSID, the AP Profile and the physical Access Point.
l An SSID (service set identifier) defines a virtual wireless network interface, including security settings. One SSID is sufficient for a wireless network, regardless how many physical access points are provided. However, you may want to create multiple SSIDs to provide different services or privileges to different groups of users. Each SSID has separate firewall policies and authentication. Each radio in an access point can support up to eight SSIDs. A more common use of the term SSID is for the identifier that clients must use to connect to the wireless network. Each SSID (wireless interface) that you configure will have an SSID field for this identifier. In Managed Access Point configurations, you choose wireless networks by SSID values. In firewall policies, you choose wireless interfaces by their SSID name.
l An AP Profile defines the radio settings, such as band (802.11n for example) and channel selection. The AP Profile identifies the SSIDs to which it applies. Managed APs can use automatic profile settings or the settings of the AP profiles that you create.
l Managed Access Points represent local wireless APs on FortiWiFi units and FortiAP units that the FortiGate unit has discovered. There is one managed access point definition for each AP device. An access point definition can use automatic AP profile settings or select a FortiAP Profile. When automatic profile settings are used, the managed AP definition also selects the SSIDs to be carried on the AP.
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Wireless network configuration Conceptual view of FortiGate WiFi controller configuration
SSIDs on FortiWiFi units
FortiWiFi units have a default SSID (wireless interface) named wlan. You can modify or delete this SSID as needed. As with external APs, the built-in wireless AP can be configured to carry any SSID. The AP settings for the built-in wireless access point are located at WiFi Controller > Local WiFi Radio. The available operational settings are the same as those for external access points which are configured at WiFi Controller > Managed FortiAPs.
Reserved VLAN IDs
The following table lists the VLAN IDs reserved for internal use only. Do not use those VLAN IDs in FAP management VLAN, SSID static VLAN, and dynamically assigned VLAN.
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FortiAP model
FAP-C24JE FAP-S221E, FAP-S223E, FAP-221E, FAP-222E, FAP-223E, FAP-224E, and FAP-231E
VLAN ID reserved for internal use 898 and 899 97 and 98
Wireless network configuration tasks
To configure a wireless network, perform the following tasks: 1. Setting your geographic location on page 35 2. Configuring the network interface for the AP unit on page 36 3. Creating a FortiAP profile on page 38 4. Defining a wireless network interface (SSID) on page 43 5. Configuring security on page 52 6. Defining SSID groups on page 107 7. Configuring dynamic user VLAN assignment on page 107 8. Configuring user authentication on page 120 9. Configuring firewall policies for the SSID on page 140 10. Configuring the built-in access point on a FortiWiFi unit on page 141 11. Enforcing UTM policies on a local bridge SSID on page 142 For AP configuration details, see Access point configuration on page 196.
On FortiGate model 30D, GUI configuration of the WiFi controller is disabled by default. To enable it, enter the following CLI commands: config system global
set gui-wireless-controller enable end
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The WiFi and Switch Controllers are enabled through the Feature Store (under System > Feature Visibility). However, they are separately enabled and configured to display in the GUI via the CLI. To enable both WiFi and Switch Controllers, enter the following CLI commands: config system global
set wireless-controller enable set switch-controller enable end To enable the GUI display for both controllers, enter the following CLI commands:: config system settings set gui-wireless-controller enable set gui-switch-controller enable end
Setting your geographic location
The maximum allowed transmitter power and permitted radio channels for WiFi networks depend on the region in which the network is located. By default, the WiFi controller is configured for the United States. If you are located in any other region, set your geographic location before you begin the wireless network configuration.
To change the location setting - CLI:
To change the country to France, for example, enter config wireless-controller setting
set country FR end To see the list of country codes, enter a question mark ('?') instead of a country code.
Before changing the country setting, you must remove all FortiAP Profiles. To do this, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles.
To view all country and region codes, and regulatory domains - CLI:
The following CLI command can be entered to view a list of the country and region codes, and regulatory domains supported by Fortinet: cw_diag -c all-countries Below is a table showing a sample of the list displayed by entering this command:
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Countrycode 0 8 12 16 ...
Regioncode A W W A ...
Domain
FCC3 & FCCA NULL1 & WORLD NULL1 & WORLD FCC3 & FCCA ...
ISOname NA AL DZ AS ...
Name
NO_COUNTRY_SET ALBANIA ALGERIA AMERICAN SAMOA ...
Configuring the network interface for the AP unit
The interface to which you connect your wireless access point needs an IP address. No administrative access, DNS Query service or authentication should be enabled. In this example, the FortiAP units connect to port3 and are controlled through IP addresses on the 10.10.70.0/24 network.
To configure the interface for the AP unit - GUI:
1. Go to Network > Interfaces, and edit the interface to which the AP unit connects (in this example, port3). 2. In Addressing mode, select Manual. 3. In IP/Network Mask, enter an IP address and netmask for the interface (in this example, 10.10.70.1/255.255.255.0). 4. In the Administrative Access section, go to IPv4 and select the Security Fabric Connection checkbox. 5. When FortiAP units are connected to the interface on FortiGate (directly or through a switch), you can go to the Edit
Interface section and set the Role to LAN. Selecting the LAN role loads the DHCP Server toggle. If you enable DHCP Server, the GUI can automatically set the DHCP IP range based on the interface IP address. 6. Click OK. If you enable DHCP Server, you can also specify the Wireless controller IP address from under the Advanced section.
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To configure the interface for the AP unit - CLI:
In the CLI, you must configure the interface IP address and DHCP server separately.
config system interface edit "port3" set mode static set ip 10.10.70.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess fabric next
end config system dhcp server
edit 3 set interface "port3" config ip-range edit 1 set start-ip 10.10.70.2 set end-ip 10.10.70.254 next end set default-gateway 10.10.70.1 set netmask 255.255.255.0 set vci-match enable
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set vci-string "FortiAP" next end The optional vci-match and vci-string fields ensure that the DHCP server will provide IP addresses only to FortiAP units.
Understanding FortiWiFi aplink interface
The aplink link interface is an interface unique to certain FortiWiFi models, including, but not limited to, FWF-80F-2R and FWF-81F-2R. It acts as an internal trunk interface between the FortiAP and FortiGate. The aplink1 and aplink2 members are physical interfaces between the FortiAP and the FortiGate.
You can edit the aplink interface to change the subnet IP, however, the DHCP server should not be edited as it can cause the internal AP to stop working and lead to loss of WiFi capability on the AP.
To configure the aplink interface - CLI:
config system interface edit "aplink" set vdom "root" set ip 192.168.80.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping fabric set type aggregate set member "aplink1" "aplink2" set device-identification enable next
end
Creating a FortiAP profile
A FortiAP profile defines radio settings for a particular platform (FortiAP model). The profile also selects which SSIDs (virtual APs) the APs will carry. Depending on the model, FortiAP units contain two or more radio transceivers, making it possible to provide 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ax, 5 GHz 802.11a/n/ac/ax/be, or 6 GHz 802.11ax/be service from the same access point. The radios can also be used for monitoring accepted or rogue APs through the Rogue AP detection feature.
You can modify existing FortiAP profiles or create new ones of your own.
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To configure a FortiAP profile - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and select Create New. 2. Enter a Name for the FortiAP Profile. 3. Configure the following options:
Platform
Select the FortiWiFi or FortiAP model to which this profile applies.
If you selected a WiFi 6E capable model, select a Platform mode: l Single 5G - Only one radio operates on the 5GHz 802.11ax/ac/n/a band. l Dual 5G - Two radios operate on the 5GHz 802.11ax/ac/n/a band and dedicated scanning is always disabled.
Dedicated scan
For select FortiAP models, the AP supports two radios while a third radio performs dedicated scans at all times. However, due to wireless chipset limitations on the third radio, some of the data packets cannot be scanned, which may impact the detection capabilities for FortiPresence and other related solutions.
You can disable dedicated scanning which then allows background scanning using the WIDS profile to be enabled on Radios 1 and 2.
Indoor/Outdoor
Select where the FortiAP is being installed. You can override the default designation of the FortiAP to change the available channels based on your region.
Country/Region
Select the country or region to apply the Country Code for where the FortiAP will be used.
Split Tunneling Subnets If split tunneling is used, enter a comma-separated list all of the destination IP address ranges that should not be routed through the FortiGate WiFi controller.
AP login password
Select if you want set a new AP login password or leave the password unchanged.
Administrative access
Select which types of administrative access you want to allow for the FortiAP: l HTTPS l SSH l SNMP
Client load balancing
Select a handoff type as needed (see Wireless client load balancing for high-density deployments on page 222).
802.1X authentication
Enable if you want to configure the FortiAP to act as a 802.1x supplicant to authenticate against the server using EAP-FAST, EAP-TLS or EAP-PEAP (see Configuring 802.1X supplicant on LAN on page 134).
UNII-4 5GHz band channels
Only available on G-series models. Enable if you want to use UNII-4 5GHz band channels (see Configuring UNII-4 5GHz radio bands on page 189).
4. For each radio, enter:
Mode
Select the type of mode: l Disabled The radio is disabled. l Access Point The platform is an access point. l Dedicated Monitor The platform is a dedicated monitor. See Wireless network monitoring on page 314.
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WIDS profile Radio resource provision Band
Channel width Channel plan
Channels
Short guard interval Transmit power mode
Transmit power SSIDs
Optionally, select a Wireless Intrusion Detection (WIDS) profile. See Wireless Intrusion Detection System on page 300.
Select to enable the distributed radio resource provisioning (DARRP) feature. This feature measures utilization and interference on the available channels and selects the clearest channel at each access point. The measurement can be repeated periodically to respond to changing conditions. See Understanding Distributed Radio Resource Provisioning on page 145.
Select the wireless protocols that you want to support. The available choices depend on the radio's capabilities. Where multiple protocols are supported, the letter suffixes are combined: "802.11g/b" means 802.11g and 802.11b. Note that on two-radio units such as the FortiAP-221C it is not possible to put both radios on the same band.
Select channel width for 802.11n/ac/ax/be on 5 and 6 GHz radios.
Select if you want to automatically configure a Channel plan or if want to select custom channels.
l Three Channels Automatically selects channel 1, 6, and 11. l Four Channels Automatically selects channels 1, 4, 8, and 11. l Custom Select custom channels.
Select the channel or channels to include. The available channels depend on which IEEE wireless protocol you selected in Band. By default, all available channels are enabled. For 5 and 6 GHz radios, clicking Set Channels loads a channel selector panel where you can select individual channels.
l Toggle DFS Channels Select DFS channels. l Toggle Weather Radar Channels Select Weather Radar channels. The channel chart also shows channel availability for 40MHz or 80MHz channelbonding. On 6 GHz radio with 802.11be on a 320MHz channel width, you can select a channel extension.
Select to enable the short guard interval for 802.11ac or 802.11n on 5 GHz.
Select how you want to determine transmit power: l Percent Transmit power is determined by multiplying set percentage with maximum available power determined by region and FortiAP device. l dBm Transmit power is set using a dBm value. l Auto Specify a range of dBm values and the power is set automatically.
Specify either the minimum and maximum Transmit power levels in dBm or as a percentage.
Select a traffic mode for SSIDs. l Tunnel Available tunnel-mode SSIDs are automatically assigned to this radio. l Bridge Available bridge-mode SSIDs are automatically assigned to this radio. This option is not available for FortiWiFi local radio platforms. l Manual Manually select which available SSIDs and SSID groups to assign to
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Monitor channel utilization
this radio. Select to enable monitoring channel utilization.
Radio 2 and 3 settings are available for FortiAP models with multiple radios. 5. In Syslog profile, enable if you want your FortiAPs to send logs to a syslog server (see Configuring a Syslog profile
on page 142). 6. Click OK.
To configure a FortiAP profile - CLI:
Some FortiAP profile configuration options are only available in the CLI. For a full list of available CLI options, refer to the FortiOS CLI Reference Guide.
This example configures a FortiAP-220B to carry all SSIDs on Radio 1 but only SSID example_wlan on Radio 2.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "guest_prof" config platform set type 220B end config radio-1 set mode ap set band 802.11g set vap-all enable end config radio-2 set mode ap set band 802.11g set vaps example_wlan end end
To configure a FortiAP profile with Wi-Fi 7 - CLI:
This example configures a FAP-441K to broadcast 802.11be on Radios 2 and 3. Radio 2 and 3 have manual VAPs selected with the "sae-trans-akm" and "sae-akm24" VAPs applied respectively. Radio 3 also has a channel-bonding extension of 320MHz selected.
1. Create a WPA3-SAE security VAP with akm24-only enabled.
config wireless-controller vap edit "sae-akm24" set ssid "sae-akm24" set security wpa3-sae set pmf enable set beacon-protection enable set sae-h2e-only enable set akm24-only enable set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" set sae-password ENC
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next end
akm24-only
WPA3 SAE using group-dependent hash only (default = disable). l disable: Disable WPA3 SAE using group-dependent hash only. l enable: Enable WPA3 SAE using group-dependent hash only.
akm24-only is only supported for Wi-Fi7 clients and there is no backward compatibility. If you know that all the clients are Wi-Fi7 capable, then the VAPs can be configured with akm24-only enabled. Note: WPA3-SAE SSID allows configuring either of the akm24-only and additionalakms features.
2. Create a WPA3-SAE-Transition security VAP with additional-akms enabled.
config wireless-controller vap edit "sae-trans-akm" set ssid "sae-trans-akm" set security wpa3-sae-transition set pmf optional set beacon-protection enable set additional-akms akm24 set passphrase ENC set sae-h2e-only enable set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" set sae-password ENC next
end
additional-akms
Additional AKMs. l akm6: Use AKM suite employing PSK_SHA256. l akm24: Use AKM suite employing SAE_EXT.
When additional-akms is enabled in the VAP, clients are given a choice to pick the highest akm they support. WPA3-SAE-Transition SSID allows backward compatibility and supports clients with mixed mode, so additional-akms has akm6 and akm24 options.
3. Create a FortiAP profile for a FortiAP K-series model with Wi-Fi 7 enabled on the radio. This example uses FAP441K.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP441K-profile" config platform set type 441K set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set allowaccess ssh config radio-1 set band 802.11ax-2G set vap-all manual end config radio-2 set band 802.11be-5G set channel-bonding 40MHz
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set vap-all manual set vaps "sae-trans-akm" set channel "44" "48" end config radio-3 set band 802.11be-6G set channel-bonding 320MHz set channel-bonding-ext 320MHz-1 set vap-all manual set vaps "sae-akm24" set channel "45" "49" "65" "69" "73" "77" "81" "85" "89" "93" "97" "101" "105" "109" "113" "117" "121" "125" end config radio-4 set mode monitor end next end
channelbonding-ext
Channel bandwidth extension: 320 MHz-1 and 320 MHz-2 (default = 320 MHz-2). l 320MHz-1: 320 MHz channel with channel center frequency numbered 31, 95, and 159. l 320MHz-2: 320 MHz channel with channel center frequency numbered 63, 127, and 191.
Defining a wireless network interface (SSID)
You begin configuring your wireless network by defining one or more SSIDs to which your users can connect. When you create an SSID, a virtual network interface is also created with the Name you specified in the SSID configuration.
If a software switch interface contains an SSID (but only one), the WiFi SSID settings are available in the switch interface settings.
To create a new SSID:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select Create New > SSID. 2. Fill in the following SSID fields as needed:
Name Type Traffic Mode
Enter a name for the SSID interface.
WiFi SSID.
Tunnel -- (Tunnel to Wireless Controller) Data for WLAN passes through WiFi Controller. This is the default. Bridge -- (Local bridge with FortiAP Interface) FortiAP unit Ethernet and WiFi interfaces are bridged. Mesh -- (Mesh Downlink) Radio receives data for WLAN from mesh backhaul SSID.
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Address
IP/Network Mask
Enter the IP address and netmask for the SSID.
IPv6 Address/Prefix
Enter the IPv6 address. This is available only when IPv6 has been enabled on the unit.
Secondary IP Address Optionally, enable and define secondary IP addresses. Administrative access can be enabled on secondary interfaces.
Administrative Access
IPv4
If you have IPv4 addresses, select the permitted IPv4 administrative access types for this SSID.
IPv6
If you have IPv6 addresses, select the permitted IPv6 administrative access types for this SSID.
DHCP Server
To assign IP addresses to clients, enable DHCP server. You can define IP address ranges for a DHCP server on the FortiGate unit or relay DHCP requests to an external server. Note: If the unit is in transparent mode, the DHCP server settings will be unavailable.
For more information, see Configuring DHCP for WiFi clients on page 46.
Network
Device Detection
Detect connected device type. Enabled by default.
WiFi Settings
SSID
Enter a name for SSID. This is the name that is shown when the SSID is broadcast. By default, this field contains fortinet.
Client limit
Limit the number of clients allowed in the SSID.
Broadcast SSID
Enable or disable broadcast of SSID. By default, the SSID is broadcast.
Beacon advertising
Enable to advertise specified vendor specific elements over beacon frames containing information about the FortiAP name, model and serial number. This can be used to determine the coverage area of a FortiAP.
l Name The FortiAP name. l Model The FortiAP model. l Serial Number The FortiAP serial number. For more information, see Determining the coverage area of a FortiAP on page 432.
Security Mode
Select the security mode for the wireless interface. Wireless users must use the same security mode to be able to connect to this wireless interface. Additional security mode options are available in the CLI. For more information, see Configuring security on page 52.
Captive Portal
Select if you want to configure a Captive Portal to authenticate users through a customizable web page. For more information, see Captive Portal Security on page 73
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Captive Portal is not supported for WPA/WPA2-Enterprise or WPA3Enterprise Security modes.
Authentication
Available only when Security Mode is WPA2-Enterprise or WPA3 Enterprise Only. Select one of the following: RADIUS Server -- Select the RADIUS server that will authenticate the clients. Local Select the user group(s) that can authenticate.
Pre-shared Key
Available only when Security Mode is WPA2-Personal. Select between Single or Multiple encryption key modes that clients must use. Setting multiple pre-shared keys will enable dynamic VLAN assignment.
Additional Settings
Schedule
Select when the SSID is enabled. You can choose any schedule defined in Policy & Objects > Objects > Schedules.
Block intra-SSID traffic Select to enable the unit to block intra-SSID traffic.
Optional VLAN ID
Enter the ID of the VLAN this SSID belongs to. Enter 0 for non-VLAN operation. See Reserved VLAN IDs on page 33.
Broadcast suppression
Enable and add broadcasts you want to suppress.
Quarantine host
Enable so you can quarantine clients connected to the SSID.
Split Tunneling
Select to enable some subnets to remain local to the remote FortiAP. Traffic for these networks is not routed through the WiFi Controller. Specify splittunnel networks in the FortiAP Profile. See Remote WLAN FortiAPs on page 281.
Enable Explicit Web Proxy
Select to enable explicit web proxy for the SSID.
Listen for RADIUS
Enable if you are using RADIUS-based single sign-on (SSO).
Accounting Messages
Comments
Enter a description or comment for the SSID.
3. Click OK to save.
To edit the settings of an existing SSID:
1. Either l Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs. or l Go to Network > Interfaces. WiFi interfaces list the SSID beside the interface Name.
2. Edit the SSID fields, as needed.
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To configure a virtual access point (VAP)/SSID - CLI:
The example below creates an access point with SSID "example" and WPA2-Personal security. The wireless interface is named example_wlan.
WiFi SSIDs include a schedule that determines when the WiFi network is available. The default schedule is Always. You can choose any schedule (but not schedule group) that is defined in Policy & Objects > Objects > Schedules.
config wireless-controller vap edit example_wlan set ssid "example" set broadcast-ssid enable set security wpa2-only-personal set passphrase "hardtoguess" set schedule always set vdom root end
config system interface edit example_wlan set ip 10.10.120.1 255.255.255.0 end
Configuring DHCP for WiFi clients
Wireless clients need to have IP addresses. If you use RADIUS authentication, each user's IP address can be stored in the Framed-IP-Address attribute. Otherwise, you need to configure a DHCP server on the WLAN interface to assign IP addresses to wireless clients.
To configure a DHCP server for WiFi clients - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and edit your SSID entry. 2. In DHCP Server select Enable. 3. In Address Range, select Create New. 4. In the Starting IP and End IP fields, enter the IP address range to assign.
By default an address range is created in the same subnet as the wireless interface IP address, but not including that address. 5. Set the Netmask to an appropriate value, such as 255.255.255.0. 6. Set the Default Gateway to Same as Interface IP. 7. Set the DNS Server to Same as System DNS. 8. If you want to restrict access to the wireless network by MAC address, see Adding a MAC filter on page 91. 9. Select OK.
To configure a DHCP server for WiFi clients - CLI:
In this example, WiFi clients on the example_wlan interface are assigned addresses in the 10.10.120.2-9 range to connect with the WiFi access point on 10.10.120.1.
config system dhcp server edit 0 set default-gateway 10.10.120.1 set dns-service default set interface example_wlan
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set netmask 255.255.255.0 config ip-range
edit 1 set end-ip 10.10.120.9 set start-ip 10.10.120.2
end end
You cannot delete an SSID (wireless interface) that has DHCP enabled on it.
Configuring DNS for local standalone NAT VAPs
For SSIDs in local standalone NAT mode, up to three DNS servers can be defined and assigned to wireless endpoints through DHCP. Wireless endpoints can then receive these DNS server IPs through DHCP when connecting to the SSID.
To configure the DNS servers:
In this example, an SSID (wifi.fap.01) is configured in local standalone mode with local standalone NAT enabled. Two DNS servers, 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4, are specified. config wireless-controller vap
edit "wifi.fap.01" set ssid "wifi-ssid.fap.01" set passphrase ********** set local-standalone enable set local-standalone-nat enable set local-standalone-dns enable set local-standalone-dns-ip 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 set local-bridging enable set local-authentication enable
next end
You can check the configured DNS server with the following commands: l On FortiGate: # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wlan wifi.fap.01 l On the managed FortiAP: FortiAP-431F # vcfg FortiAP-431F # dhcpconf
Changing SSID to VDOM only
You can change the wireless-controller VAP (for SSID configuration) from a global object to a VDOM object, simplifying tracking the object reference count. It also removes the vdom setting from VAP configuration. When multi-vdom is enabled on a FortiGate, the wireless-controller VAP can be added, edited, or deleted only inside of a VDOM.
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To create a VAP entry:
l When vdom-mode is no-vdom:
# config wireless-controller vap (vap) # edit new
new entry 'new' added (new) # set ssid new (new) # set passphrase 12345678 (new) # set vdom
command parse error before 'vdom' (new) # end # show wireless-controller vap new
config wireless-controller vap edit "new" set ssid "new" set passphrase ENC ****** next
end
l When vdom-mode is multi-vdom: l A VAP cannot be created in global:
# config global (global) # config wireless-controller vap command parse error before 'vap' Command fail. Return code 1
l A VAP can be created in a VDOM:
# config vdom (vdom) # edit vdom2
current vf=vdom2:1 (vdom2) # config wireless-controller vap (vap) # edit new
new entry 'new' added (new) # set ssid new (new) # set passphrase 12345678 (new) # set vdom
command parse error before 'vdom' (new) # end (vdom2) # sh wireless-controller vap new
config wireless-controller vap edit "new" set ssid "new" set passphrase ENC ****** next
end
To check multi-vdom VAP entry authentication:
l When vdom-mode is multi-vdom, references to user-group and radius can be checked correctly when they are used by a VAP interface: l A VAP interface with security-mode set to WPA2-Enterprise and RADIUS authentication:
(vdom2) # show wireless-controller vap new config wireless-controller vap edit "new"
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set ssid "new" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth radius set radius-server "peap" next end (vdom2) # diagnose sys cmdb refcnt show user.radius.name peap entry used by table wireless-controller.vap:name 'new'
l A VAP interface with security-mode set to WPA2-Enterprise and User-group authentication:
(vdom2) # show wireless-controller vap new config wireless-controller vap edit "new" set ssid "new" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth usergroup set usergroup "group-radius" next end
(vdom2) # diagnose sys cmdb refcnt show user.group.name group-radius entry used by child table usergroup:name 'group-radius' of table wireless-
controller.vap:name 'new'
Airtime fairness
WiFi has a natural tendency for clients farther away or clients at lower data rates to monopolize the airtime and slow down overall performance. Airtime fairness helps to improve the overall network performance in these conditions.
Airtime fairness has the following characteristics:
l Only applies to downlink traffic. l Can be set on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz radio bands. l Can be set per-SSID. Each VAP is granted airtime according to the percentage assigned to the VAP. l Can apply to all kinds of VAP (Bridge, Tunnel, or Mesh) and all kinds of authentication (Open, PSK, or Enterprise). l Only applies to data and is not for control or management.
Airtime fairness is balanced from the TX side of the AP to the client since that's the only direction under the control of AP.
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For example, there are two Bridge mode SSIDs with a wireless client and an airtime fairness weight of 80% and 20%. When traffic travels from the Ethernet to the wireless client, the traffic for each SSID matches the airtime fairness weight assigned to them.
Airtime fairness is not related to SSID type or authentication type. The following example uses Bridge mode SSID and Open Authentication security.
To set the airtime fairness weight in SSID - GUI:
To set airtime fairness weight from the GUI, you must enable Advanced Wireless Features viability (see Advanced Wireless Features on page 169).
1. Ensure Advanced Wireless Features is enabled. 2. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select the SSID you want to apply airtime fairness weight to. 3. Scroll down to Advanced Settings. 4. In Airtime weight, enter the weight you want. 5. When you are finished, click OK.
To set the airtime fairness weight in SSID - CLI:
The default atf-weight is 20 so there is no need to set this option for atf_br2.
config wireless-controller vap edit "atf_br1" set atf-weight 80 set ssid "atf_br1" set security open set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" next
end
config wireless-controller vap edit "atf_br2" set ssid "atf_br2"
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set security open set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" next end
To enable airtime fairness in radio:
This example uses one FAP-S423E unit with airtime fairness enabled on the 5 GHz radio band.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "S423E_atf" config platform set type S423E end config radio-1 set mode disabled end config radio-2 set band 802.11ac set airtime-fairness enable set vap-all disable set vaps "atf_br1" "atf_br2" set channel "149" end set ext-info-enable enable next
end
config wireless-controller wtp edit "PS423E3X16000029" set admin enable set wtp-profile "S423E_atf" config radio-2 end next
end
To verify the airtime fairness weight from FortiAP:
PS423E3X16000029 # cw_diag -c atf Airtime Fairness Info:
interface Radio 0 ATF disabled Radio 1 ATF enabled wlan10 wlan11
ssid
atf_ssid1 atf_ssid2
configured-atf
80 20
applied-atf
80 20
PS423E3X16000029 # wlanconfig wlan10 showatfinfo
SHOW RADIO ATF TABLE
WLAN:SSID/Client(MAC Address)
Air time(%)
wlan10:atf_ssid1
80.0
wlan11:atf_ssid2
20.0
------:Unallocated Airtime
0.0
Config ATF(%%) 80.0 20.0
Assoc
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Verify the airtime fairness weight from real traffic
When two similar clients connect with two SSIDs, downlink traffic is passed from Ethernet to the wireless client with the same bit rate. This example shows that tx_bytes from atf_br1 is almost four times higher than atf_br2.
To view traffic statistics from SSID1:
PS423E3X16000029 # cw_diag -d vap 90:6C:AC:8A:66:10
VAP extension info
Radio 1 VAP 0:
tx_packets
: 60543
tx_bytes
: 70608777
tx_data_packets
: 60543
tx_data_bytes
: 70608777
tx_datapyld_bytes
: 68308143
tx_ucast_data_packets
: 57462
tx_mbcast_data_packets
: 3081
tx_discard
: 94193
To view traffic statistics from SSID2:
PS423E3X16000029 # cw_diag -d vap 90:6C:AC:8A:66:11
VAP extension info
Radio 1 VAP 1:
tx_packets
: 18839
tx_bytes
: 19731946
tx_data_packets
: 18839
tx_data_bytes
: 19731946
tx_datapyld_bytes
: 19016064
tx_ucast_data_packets
: 15760
tx_mbcast_data_packets
: 3079
tx_discard
: 84924
Configuring security
You can secure access to your wireless network by configuring the following security modes on an SSID:
l Open -- Unsecured. l Wi-Fi Protected Access version 2 (WPA2), WPA2-Personal and WPA2-Enterprise
o WPA2-Personal WPA2 is WiFi Protected Access version 2. Users use a pre-shared key (password) to obtain access.
o WPA2-Enterprise similar to WPA2-Personal, but is best used for enterprise networks. Each user is separately authenticated by user name and password.
l WPA3 Security on page 60 o WPA3-Enterprise o WPA3-Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) o WPA3-SAE Transition
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o Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) o OWE Transition l OSU Server -- Only Authenticated L2 Encryption Network (OSEN) l MPSK profiles on page 67 -- Multiple pre-shared keys profile. l Captive portal-- Users connect to an open web portal defined in replacement messages. To navigate to any location beyond the web portal, the user must pass FortiGate user authentication.
You can also secure your network by:
l Adding a MAC filter l Limiting the number of clients that can connect to an SSID l Enabling multicast enhancement and IGMP Snooping l Configuring WiFi with WSSO using Windows NPS and user groups on page 97 l Enabling Beacon Protection on page 103 l Configuring the RADIUS Called Station ID setting on page 106
WPA2 Security
WPA2 security with pre-shared keys (PSK) for authentication is called WPA2-Personal. This can work well for one person or a group of trusted people. But, as the number of users increases, it is difficult to distribute new keys securely and there is increased risk that the key could fall into the wrong hands.
A more secure form of WPA2 security is WPA2-Enterprise. Users each have their own authentication credentials, verified through an authentication server, usually RADIUS. FortiOS can also authenticate WPA2-Enterprise users through its built-in user group functionality. FortiGate user groups can include RADIUS servers and can select users by RADIUS user group. This makes Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) possible.
This section contains the following topics:
l Configuring WPA2-Personal security on page 54 l Configuring WPA2-Enterprise SSID on page 56
By default, WPA2 security encrypts communication using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). But some older wireless clients support only Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). You can change the encryption to TKIP or negotiable TKIP-AES in the CLI. For example, to accommodate clients with either TKIP or AES, enter:
config wireless-controller vap edit example_wlan set security wpa-personal set passphrase "hardtoguess" set encrypt TKIP-AES end
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Configuring WPA2-Personal security
WPA2-Personal security setup requires a pre-shared key (PSK) that you provide to clients. You can select between creating a single PSK or batch generating multiple pre-shared keys (MPSK). This section provides configuration instructions for deploying WPA2-Personal SSID with FortiAP. The steps include creating an SSID with a PSK, selecting the SSID for the FortiAP, and creating a policy from the SSID to the Internet. For information on generating MPSKs, see MPSK profiles on page 67 The following shows a simple network topology:
To deploy WPA2-Personal SSID to FortiAP units - GUI:
1. Create a WPA2-Personal SSID: a. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs, select SSID, then click Create New. b. Enter the desired interface name. For Traffic mode, select Tunnel. c. In the Address > IP/Network Mask field, enter the IP address. DHCP Server is enabled by default. You can modify the DHCP IP address range manually. d. In the SSID field, enter the desired SSID name. For Security, select WPA2 Personal. e. In the Pre-Shared Key field, select Single as the pre-shared key mode. f. Enter the password. The password must be 8 to 63 characters long. g. Click OK.
2. Select the SSID on a managed FortiAP. The following configuration is based on a example using a managed FortiAP-320C and a "FAP320C-default" profile that is applied to the FortiAP-320C. Do one of the following: a. Select the SSID by editing the FortiAP: i. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. Select the FortiAP-320C and click Edit. ii. Ensure that Managed AP Status is Connected. iii. Under WiFi Setting, ensure that the configured FortiAP profile is the desired profile, in this case FAP320Cdefault. Click Edit entry. iv. To broadcast the SSID from 2.4 G radio, scroll to Radio 1 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to select the Fortinet-PSK SSID. v. To broadcast the SSID from 5 G radio, scroll to Radio 2 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to select the Fortinet-PSK SSID. vi. Click OK. b. Select the SSID by editing the FortiAP profile: i. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles. Select the FAP320C-default profile, then click Edit. ii. To broadcast the SSID from 2.4 G radio, scroll to Radio 1 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to create the Fortinet-PSK SSID. iii. To broadcast the SSID from 5 G radio, scroll to Radio 2 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to create the Fortinet-PSK SSID. iv. Click OK.
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3. Create the SSID-to-Internet firewall policy: a. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy, then click Create New. b. Enter the desired policy name. c. From the Incoming Interface dropdown list, select the source interface, such as wifi-vap. d. From the Outgoing Interface dropdown list, select the destination interface, such as wan1. e. In the Source and Destination fields, select all. In the Service field, select ALL. If desired, you can configure different values for these fields. f. Click OK.
To deploy WPA2-Personal SSID to FortiAP units - CLI:
1. Create a WPA2-Personal SSID: a. Create a VAP interface named "wifi-vap": config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi-vap" set ssid "Fortinet-psk" set security wpa2-only-personal set passphrase "fortinet" next end b. Configure an IP address and enable DHCP: config system interface edit "wifi-vap" set ip 10.10.80.1 255.255.255.0 next end config system dhcp server edit 1 set dns-service default set default-gateway 10.10.80.1 set netmask 255.255.255.0 set interface "wifi-vap" config ip-range edit 1 set start-ip 10.10.80.2 set end-ip 10.10.80.254 next end set timezone-option default next end
2. Select the SSID on a managed FortiAP. The following configuration is based on a example using a managed FortiAP-320C and a "FAP320C-default" profile that is applied to the FortiAP-320C: config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP320C3X14000640" set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP320C-default" next end config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP320C-default" config radio-1 set vap-all disable set vaps "wifi-vap"
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end config radio-2
set vap-all disable set vaps "wifi-vap" end next end 3. Create the SSID-to-Internet firewall policy: config firewall policy edit 1 set name "WiFi to Internet" set srcintf "wifi-vap" set dstintf "wan1" set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set fsso disable set nat enable next end
Configuring WPA2-Enterprise SSID
This section provides configuration instructions for deploying WPA2-Enterprise SSID with FortiAP using either FortiOS user groups or a RADIUS server for authentication. Once you configure your authentication method, the remaining steps include creating an SSID, selecting the SSID for the FortiAP, and creating a policy from the SSID to the Internet.
The following shows the network topology using RADIUS server authentication:
For instructions on how to configure user authentication with locally stored FortiOS user groups, see Basic wireless network example on page 353. Note that authentication with local groups only supports PEAP, not EAP-TLS.
To configure WPA2-Enterprise SSID to FortiAP units with RADIUS server authentication - GUI:
1. Create a RADIUS server: a. Go to User & Authentication > RADIUS Servers and click Create New. b. Enter a Name for the server. c. Under Primary Server, enter the IP address or server name. d. In the Secret field, enter the secret key used to access the server. e. Click Test Connectivity to verify the connection with the RADIUS server. f. Click Test User Credentials to verify that the user account can be authenticated with the RADIUS server.
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g. Optionally, enter the information for a secondary or backup RADIUS server. h. Click OK. 2. Create a WPA2-Enterprise SSID: a. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and click Create New > SSID. b. Enter the desired interface name. For Traffic mode, select Tunnel. c. In the Address > IP/Network Mask field, enter the IP address. DHCP Server is enabled by default. You can
modify the DHCP IP address range manually. d. In the SSID field, enter the desired SSID name. For Security, select WPA2 Enterprise. e. In the Authentication field, select RADIUS Server. From the dropdown list, select the RADIUS server created in
step 1. f. Click OK.
To configure WPA2-Enterprise SSID to FortiAP units with user group authentication - GUI:
1. Create a user group: a. Go to User & Authentication > User Groups and click Create New. b. Enter a group name. c. For Type, select Firewall. d. For Remote Groups, click the + button. In the dropdown list, select the desired RADIUS server. Click OK. e. Click OK.
2. Create a WPA2-Enterprise SSID: a. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and click Create New > SSID.. b. Enter an interface name. For Traffic mode, select Tunnel. c. In the Address > IP/Network Mask field, enter the IP address. DHCP Server is enabled by default. You can modify the DHCP IP address range manually. d. In the SSID field, enter the desired SSID name. For Security, select WPA2 Enterprise. e. In the Authentication field, select Local. From the dropdown list, select the user group(s) permitted to use the wireless network. f. Click OK.
To deploy WPA2-Enterprise SSID to FortiAP units - GUI:
Select the SSID on a managed FortiAP. The following configuration is based on a example using a managed FortiAP320C and a "FAP320C-default" profile that is applied to the FortiAP-320C. Do one of the following:
1. Select the SSID by editing the FortiAP: a. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. Select the FortiAP-320C and click Edit. b. Ensure that Managed AP Status is Connected. c. Under WiFi Setting, ensure that the configured FortiAP profile is the desired profile, in this case FAP320Cdefault. Click Edit entry. d. To broadcast the SSID from 2.4 G radio, scroll to Radio 1 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to select the Fortinet-PSK SSID. e. To broadcast the SSID from 5 G radio, scroll to Radio 2 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to select the Fortinet-PSK SSID. f. Click OK.
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2. Select the SSID by editing the FortiAP profile: a. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > FortiAP Profile. Select the FAP320C-default profile, then click Edit. b. To broadcast the SSID from 2.4 G radio, scroll to Radio 1 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to create the Fortinet-PSK SSID. c. To broadcast the SSID from 5 G radio, scroll to Radio 2 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to create the Fortinet-PSK SSID. d. Click OK.
3. Create the SSID-to-Internet firewall policy: a. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy, then click Create New. b. Enter the desired policy name. c. From the Incoming Interface dropdown list, select the source interface, such as wifi-vap. d. From the Outgoing Interface dropdown list, select the destination interface, such as wan1. e. In the Source and Destination fields, select all. In the Service field, select ALL. If desired, you can configure different values for these fields. f. Click OK.
To deploy WPA2-Enterprise SSID to FortiAP units - CLI:
1. Configure an authentication method (RADIUS server or user group): l Create a RADIUS server: config user radius edit "wifi-radius" set server "172.16.200.55" set secret fortinet next end l Create a user group: config user group edit "group-radius" set member "wifi-radius" next end
2. Create a WPA2-Enterprise SSID: l Create an SSID with authentication from the RADIUS server: config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi-vap" set ssid "Fortinet-Ent-Radius" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth radius set radius-server "wifi-radius" next end l Create an SSID with authentication from the user group: config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi-vap" set ssid "Fortinet-Ent-Radius" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth usergroup set usergroup "group-radius" next end
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a. Configure an IP address and enable DHCP: config system interface edit "wifi-vap" set ip 10.10.80.1 255.255.255.0 next end config system dhcp server edit 1 set dns-service default set default-gateway 10.10.80.1 set netmask 255.255.255.0 set interface "wifi-vap" config ip-range edit 1 set start-ip 10.10.80.2 set end-ip 10.10.80.254 next end set timezone-option default next end
3. Select the SSID on a managed FortiAP. The following configuration is based on a example using a managed FortiAP-320C and a "FAP320C-default" profile that is applied to the FortiAP-320C: config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP320C3X14000640" set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP320C-default" next end config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP320C-default" config radio-1 set vap-all disable set vaps "wifi-vap" end config radio-2 set vap-all disable set vaps "wifi-vap" end next end
4. Create the SSID-to-Internet firewall policy: config firewall policy edit 1 set name "WiFi to Internet" set srcintf "wifi-vap" set dstintf "wan1" set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set fsso disable set nat enable next end
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WPA3 Security
For full WPA3 support, we recommend you update your FortiGate and FortiAP devices to the latest supported firmware version.
l FortiGate devices running FortiOS 7.0.0 and later. l FortiAP devices running 6.4.3 and later. l FortiAP-S and FortiAP-W2 devices running 6.4.3 and later. l FortiAP-U devices running 6.2.2 and later. For more precise support information between FortiGate and FortiAP firmware versions, see each model's release notes.
You can configure the following WPA3 security modes: l WPA3 Enterprise 192-bit l WPA3 Enterprise Only l WPA3 Enterprise Transition l WPA3 Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) l WPA3 SAE Transition l Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) l OWE Transition
To configure WPA3 on an SSID - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi Controller > SSID. 2. Create a new SSID, or edit a current one. 3. In the WiFi Settings section, set the Security Mode to a WPA3 option.
4. Configure the relevant security settings as needed. If you set the security mode to either WPA3-SAE or WPA3-SAE-Transition, you can enable Hash-to-Element (H2E) only or Simultaneous Authentication of Equals Public Key (SAE-PK). l H2E only: Use hash-to-element-only mechanism for PWE derivation.
l SAE-PK: Enable or disable WPA3 SAE-PK.
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When SAE-PK authentication option is enabled, the SAE-PK private key is mandatory. The private key can be generated by FortiOS (for information on how to generate the SAE-PK password and private key, see Generating SAE-PK private key and password on page 65) or through a third-party tool. FortiOS will verify the private key and reject invalid input.
5. Click OK.
Configuring WPA3 OWE - CLI
To configure WPA3 OWE only:
Clients that support WPA3 can connect with this SSID.
config wireless-controller vap edit "80e_owe" set ssid "80e_owe" set security owe set pmf enable set schedule "always" next
end
To configure WPA3 OWE Transition:
Clients connect with normal OPEN or OWE depending on its capability. Clients which support WPA3 connect with OWS standard. Clients which cannot support WPA3 connect with Open SSID.
config wireless-controller vap edit "80e_open" set ssid "80e_open" set security open set owe-transition enable set owe-transition-ssid "wpa3_open" set schedule "always" next edit "wpa3_owe_tr" set ssid "wpa3_open" set broadcast-ssid disable set security owe set pmf enable set owe-transition enable set owe-transition-ssid "80e_open" set schedule "always" next
end
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Configuring WPA3 SAE - CLI
To configure WPA3 SAE:
Clients that support WPA3 can connect with this SSID.
config wireless-controller vap edit "80e_sae" set ssid "80e_sae" set security wpa3-sae set pmf enable set schedule "always" set sae-password ******** next
end
To configure WPA3 SAE Transition:
There are two passwords in the SSID. If passphrase is used, the client connects with WPA2 PSK. If sae-password is used, the client connects with WPA3 SAE.
config wireless-controller vap edit "80e_sae-tr" set ssid "80e_sae-transition" set security wpa3-sae-transition set pmf optional set passphrase ******** set schedule "always" set sae-password ******** next
end
To configure WPA3 SAE and enable H2E only:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi" set ssid "Example_SSID" set security wpa3-sae set pmf enable set sae-h2e-only enable set schedule "always" set sae-password ENC * next
end
To configure WPA3 SAE and enable SAE-PK:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi" set ssid "Example_SSID" set security wpa3-sae set pmf enable set sae-pk enable set sae-private-key "*******" set sae-password ENC *
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set schedule "always" next end
Note:The private key can be generated by FortiOS (see Generating SAE-PK private key and password on page 65) or through a third-party tool. FortiOS will verify the private key and reject invalid input.
Configuring WPA3 Enterprise - CLI
When using the following WPA3 Enterprise options, you can select the auth type to use either RADIUS authentication or local user authentication. When using RADIUS authentication, you can enable accounting interim updates to integrate with Cisco's Identity Services Engine (ISE).
To configure WPA3 Enterprise 192-bit:
By default, this option is not show in the GUI. When you configure this SSID from the CLI, the GUI will list the security option as WPA3 Enterprise 192-bit.
Using this option, you can set the security mode to wpa3-enterprise to use 192-bit encryption with PMF mandatory.
config wireless-controller vap edit "80e_wpa3" set ssid "80e_wpa3" set security wpa3-enterprise set pmf enable set auth radius set radius-server "wifi-radius" set schedule "always" next edit "80e_wpa3_user" set ssid "80e_wpa3_user" set security wpa3-enterprise set pmf enable set auth usergroup set usergroup "usergroup" set schedule "always" next
end
To configure WPA3 Enterprise Only:
Using this option, you can set the security mode to wpa3-only-enterprise to use WPA3 Enterprise with PMF mandatory.
config wireless-controller vap edit "wpa3" set ssid "wpa3" set security wpa3-only-enterprise set pmf enable set auth radius set radius-server "FAC" set schedule "always"
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next end
To configure WPA3 Enterprise Transition:
Using this option, you can set the security mode to wpa3-enterprise-transition to use WPA3 Enterprise with PMF optional. A WPA3-Enterprise STA shall negotiate PMF when associating with an AP using WPA3-Enterprise transition mode.
config wireless-controller vap edit "wpa3" set ssid "wpa3" set security wpa3-enterprise-transition set pmf optional set auth radius set radius-server "FAC" set schedule "always" next
end
To configure WPA3 Enterprise SSID to integrate with Cisco ISE:
Enable accounting interim updates to integrate with Cisco's ISE session stitching feature. When a wireless client roams between FortiAPs, the FortiGate creates an "Interim-Update" accounting message with the same "Acct-Session-Id" value to avoid interrupting the ISE session.
1. Create a RADIUS server with an accounting server:
config user radius edit "peap" set server "172.18.56.104" set secret ENC set nas-ip 192.168.1.10 set nas-id-type custom set nas-id "FWF-61F-AUTH" set acct-interim-interval 300 set radius-coa enable set password-renewal disable config accounting-server edit 1 set status enable set server "172.18.56.104" set secret ENC next end next
end
2. Create a WPA3 Enterprise SSID with the authentication method set to radius and the radius server set to the example you previously configured (peap).
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi4" set ssid "FOS_61F_ENT" set security wpa3-only-enterprise set auth radius
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set radius-server "peap" set schedule "always" next end 3. Enable roaming-acct-interim-update. config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi4" set ssid "FOS_61F_ENT" set security wpa3-only-enterprise set auth radius set radius-server "peap" set schedule "always" set roaming-acct-interim-update enable next end 4. Apply this SSID to the FortiAPs you want to roam between.
roaming-acct-interim-update can only be enabled when the security mode is set to a WPA2 or WPA3 Enterprise type.
Generating SAE-PK private key and password
You can use FortiOS to generate an SAE-PK private key and password in for SAE-PK authentication and WPA3 Security configuration with the following CLI command: execute wireless-controller create-sae-pk [SSID] [curve:prime256v1|secp384r1|secp521r1] Once the private key and password are generated, you can then apply them to an SSID with the security mode set to a WPA3-SAE option and SAE-PK authentication enabled.
To generate a SAE private key and password - CLI:
1. Use the SAE-PK generation command to create a SAE-PK Private Key and password. In this example, the SSID is "Example_wpa3_sae_pk" with the curve set to prime256v1. execute wireless-controller create-sae-pk Example_wpa3_sae_pk prime256v1
2. The command runs and displays the following: sae_pk_gen ssid Example_wpa3_sae_pk sec 3 curve prime256v1:
Searching for a suitable Modifier M value 12.98%Found a valid hash in 2178339 iterations: 0000006920878369f515848ab8d3047dc106a231c7ddd19e86ea1f2435d31f26 PasswordBase binary data for base32: b49049e0dabea2b848abc69829f7048d4469c7dde8cf49ba87e486bd31# SAE-PK password/M/private key for Sec=3. sae_password=wsie-tyg2-x2r4 pk =1794539622f6d39bbb54d027997243a1:MHcCAQEEIHLc/EnczHEXZ6hyleMmRb0eJ2mqgWRr4nNtJ5Agqx7goA
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oGCCqGSM49AwEHoUQDQgAE+JUkjlb3PjP44JjdmEDCuWaytDVGeyWSBEsKsnNzbnyYD65nNYWqgfcdErBX/apbh7 Fe4fo8oQcS6Xsa1m8UIA== # Longer passwords can be used for improved security at the cost of usability: # wsie-tyg2-x2rl-qsfs # wsie-tyg2-x2rl-qsfl-y2mr # wsie-tyg2-x2rl-qsfl-y2mc-t5yi # wsie-tyg2-x2rl-qsfl-y2mc-t5ye-rvc6 # wsie-tyg2-x2rl-qsfl-y2mc-t5ye-rvcg-tr6e # wsie-tyg2-x2rl-qsfl-y2mc-t5ye-rvcg-tr65-5dhj # wsie-tyg2-x2rl-qsfl-y2mc-t5ye-rvcg-tr65-5dhu-touh # wsie-tyg2-x2rl-qsfl-y2mc-t5ye-rvcg-tr65-5dhu-touh-4sdz # wsie-tyg2-x2rl-qsfl-y2mc-t5ye-rvcg-tr65-5dhu-touh-4sdl-2mpz
3. Copy the sae-password and pk values. l sae-password is the SAE Password. You can also copy one of the longer passwords instead for improved security. l pk is the SAE Private Key.
To apply the generated SAE private key and password to an SSID - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi Controller > SSID and select the SSID you want to apply the SAE-PK to. 2. In the WiFi Settings section, set the Security Mode to a WPA3 option. 3. In SAE password, paste the sae_password value you previously generated. 4. Enable SAE-PK authentication. 5. In SAE-PK private key, paste the pk value you previously generated.
6. When you are finished, click OK.
To apply the generated SAE private key and password to an SSID - CLI:
1. From the FortiOS CLI, go to the SSID you want to configure and enter the SAE-PK Private Key and Password values you copied:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wpa3-test" set ssid "Example_wpa3_sae_pk" set security wpa3-sae set sae-pk enable
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set sae-private-key "1794539622f6d39bbb54d027997243a1:MHcCAQEEIHLc/EnczHEXZ6hyleMmRb0eJ2mqgWRr4nNtJ5Agqx7goA oGCCqGSM49AwEHoUQDQgAE+JUkjlb3PjP44JjdmEDCuWaytDVGeyWSBEsKsnNzbnyYD65nNYWqgfcdErBX/apbh7 Fe4fo8oQcS6Xsa1m8UIA=="
set sae-password wsie-tyg2-x2r4 next end
2. After applying the SSID to a FortiAP, confirm the WiFi station can connect.
diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=0 mpId=0 wtp=3 rId=2 wlan=wpa3-test vlan_id=0 ip=0.0.0.0 ip6=::
mac=f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vci= host= user= group= signal=-9 noise=-89 idle=1 bw=0 use=3 chan=161 radio_type=11AC(wave2) security=wpa3_sae mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
MPSK profiles
You can batch generate or import multiple pre-shared keys (MPSK), export MPSK keys to a CSV file, dynamically assign VLANs based on used MPSK, and apply an MPSK schedule in the GUI. MPSK related configurations are managed from the MPSK profile, which is available when you enable Advanced Wireless Features (see Advanced Wireless Features on page 169). MPSK profiles support WPA2-Personal, WPA3-SAE and WPA3-SAE Transition security modes.
In the GUI, MPSK key entries are organized in different MPSK groups. An MPSK group can be created manually or imported. When MPSK is enabled, the previous single passphrase is dropped and a dynamic VLAN is automatically enabled.
In the CLI, an mpsk-profile is assigned in the VAP settings and MPSK is enabled. The dynamic VLAN is automatically enabled. Only one MPSK profile can be assigned to one VAP at a time.
To configure an MPSK profile - GUI:
1. Go to System > Feature Visibility and enable Advanced Wireless Features. 2. Click Apply. 3. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Connectivity Profiles > MPSK Profiles and click Create new to create an MPSK
profile. The New MPSK Profile window loads. 4. Enter an MPSK profile Name and select a security Type.
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5. Under MPSK group list, click Add > Create Group to create a new MPSK Group. The New MPSK Group window loads.
6. In the New MPSK Group window, enter an MPSK Group Name and click Add > Create Key to add a new key.
The New MPSK Key window loads.
l If you selected WPA3 SAE or WPA2 Personal as your MPSK Profile security type, the Type is automatically set.
l If you selected WPA3 SAE Transition, you can choose between WPA2 Personal or WPA3 SAE as the MPSK Key security type.
7. In the New MPSK Key window, enter an MPSK Key Name, SAE password or Pre-shared key, and MAC address.
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Note: If you selected WPA3-SAE Transition, you can create multiple MPSK keys with WPA2 Personal and WPA3 SAE security types. 8. When you are finished, click OK to save your MPSK profile configurations. 9. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs and select or create a new SSID. 10. Under Security Mode Settings, select the Security mode and SAE password that matches your MPSK profile. a. If your security mode is WPA3 SAE:
i. Under Pre-shared Key, enable MPSK Profile and then select the WPA3 SAE MPSK profile you configured.
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b. If your security mode is WPA3 SAE Transition or or WPA2 Personal: i. In Mode, select Multiple. ii. the MPSK profile, select the WPA3 SAE Transition or WPA2 Personal MPSK profile you configured.
11. When you are finished, click OK.
To configure an MPSK profile with WPA3 SAE security mode - CLI:
1. Create an MPSK profile with WPA3 SAE security mode:
config wireless-controller mpsk-profile edit "wifi" set mpsk-type wpa3-sae config mpsk-group edit "g1" config mpsk-key edit "p1" set key-type wpa3-sae set mac f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af set sae-password ENC next end next end
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next end
2. Apply the MPSK profile to a VAP with the security mode also set to WPA3 SAE:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi" set ssid "FOS_81F_WPA3_MPSK" set security wpa3-sae set pmf enable set schedule "always" set mpsk-profile "wifi" set dynamic-vlan enable set sae-password ENC next
end
To configure an MPSK profile with WPA3 SAE Transition security mode - CLI:
1. Create an MPSK profile with WPA3 SAE Transition security mode:
config wireless-controller mpsk-profile edit "wifi2" set mpsk-type wpa3-sae-transition config mpsk-group edit "g1" config mpsk-key edit "p1" set key-type wpa2-personal set passphrase * next edit "p2" set key-type wpa3-sae set mac f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af set sae-password * next end next end next
end
2. Apply the MPSK profile to a VAP with the security mode also set to WPA3 SAE:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi2" set ssid "FOS_81F_WPA3_Transition" set security wpa3-sae-transition set pmf optional set schedule "always" set mpsk-profile "wifi2" set dynamic-vlan enable set sae-password ENC next
end
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To configure an MPSK profile with WPA2 Personal security mode - CLI:
1. Configure the MPSK profile from the GUI or CLI.
config wireless-controller mpsk-profile edit "wifi-mpsk" config mpsk-group edit "group-a" set vlan-type fixed-vlan set vlan-id 10 config mpsk-key edit "key-a-1" set passphrase ENC set mpsk-schedules "always" next end next edit "group-b" set vlan-type fixed-vlan set vlan-id 20 config mpsk-key edit "key-b-1" set passphrase ENC set concurrent-client-limit-type unlimited set mpsk-schedules "always" next end next end next
end
2. Apply the MPSK profile to a VAP with the security mode also set to WPA2 Personal: config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi-mpsk" set ssid "wifi-mpsk" set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" set mpsk-profile "wifi-mpsk" set dynamic-vlan enable next end
3. Verify the event log after the WiFi client is connected: 1: date=2020-07-10 time=16:57:20 logid="0104043573" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="root" eventtime=1594425440439070726 tz="-0700" logdesc="Wireless client authenticated" sn="FP423E3X16000320" ap="FP423E3X16000320" vap="wifi-mpsk" ssid="wifi-mpsk" radioid=2 user="N/A" group="N/A" stamac="3c:2e:ff:83:91:33" srcip=10.0.10.2 channel=144 radioband="802.11ac" signal=-52 snr=50 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="client-authentication" reason="Reserved 0" mpsk="key-a-1" msg="Client 3c:2e:ff:83:91:33 authenticated."
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Captive Portal Security
Captive portal security provides an access point that initially appears open. The wireless client can connect to the AP with no security credentials. The AP responds to the client's first HTTP request with a web page requesting user name and password. Until the user enters valid credentials, no communication beyond the AP is permitted.
The captive portal can be hosted on the FortiGate unit, or on an external authentication server.
This section includes the following topics:
l Captive portal types on page 73 l Configuring a FortiGate captive portal on page 74 l Configuring an external captive portal on page 77 l Configuring MAC Bypass for captive portal on page 80
Captive portal types
The WiFi captive portal types are available depending on your SSID traffic mode:
Name
Description
Traffic Mode
Available in the GUI and CLI
Authentication
Until the user enters valid credentials, no communication beyond the AP is Tunnel
permitted.
Bridge
Disclaimer + Authentication
Immediately after successful authentication, the portal presents the disclaimer page--an acceptable use policy or other legal statement--to which the user must agree before proceeding.
Tunnel
Disclaimer Only
The portal presents the disclaimer page--an acceptable use policy or other legal statement--to which the user must agree before proceeding. The authentication page is not presented.
Tunnel
Email Collection
The portal presents a page requesting the user's email address, for the purpose of contacting the person in future. This is often used by businesses who provide free WiFi access to their customers. The authentication page is not presented.
To enable Email Collection, go to System > Feature Visibility, and enable Email Collection, then select Email Collection for Portal Type.
Tunnel
External Authentication
Clients are directed to an external captive portal for authentication.
Bridge
Available in CLI only
cmcc
Set the portal type to CMCC.
Bridge
cmcc-macauth
Set the portal type to CMCC and MAC authentication.
Bridge
auth-mac
When clients are authenticated and their MAC addresses are known, they are redirected to the external captive portal.
Tunnel
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Name
externalmacauth
Description Clients are directed to an external portal for MAC authentication.
Traffic Mode Bridge
Configuring a FortiGate captive portal
The built-in FortiGate captive portal is simpler than an external portal. To configure a captive portal, you need to create an SSID, apply the SSID to the FortiAP, and create a policy from the SSID to the Internet. The following shows a simple network topology for this recipe:
To configure a basic WiFi Captive Portal - GUI:
1. Create a local user: a. Go to User & Authentication > User Definition, then click Create New. b. In the Users/Groups Creation Wizard, select Local User, then click Next. c. Enter the desired values in the Username and Password fields, then click Next. d. On the Contact Info tab, fill in any information as desired, then click Next. You do not need to configure any contact information for the user. e. On the Extra Info tab, set the User Account Status to Enabled. f. If the desired user group already exists, enable User Group, then select the desired user group. g. Click Submit.
2. Create a user group: a. Go to User & Authentication > User Definition, then click Create New. b. Enter the desired group name. c. For Type, select Firewall. d. For Members, click the + button. In the dropdown list, select the local user you created in step 1 and click OK. e. Click OK.
3. Create a captive portal SSID: a. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs, click Create New and select SSID. b. Enter the desired interface name. c. Select a Traffic mode. d. In the Address > IP/Network Mask field, enter the IP address. DHCP Server is enabled by default. You can modify the DHCP IP address range manually. e. In the SSID field, enter the desired SSID name. f. Select a Security mode.
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Captive Portal is not supported for WPA/WPA2-Enterprise or WPA3-Enterprise Security modes.
g. Enable Captive Portal and configure the following:
Portal type
Authentication portal User groups Exempt sources Exempt destinations/services
Configure a captive portal type: l Authentication l Disclaimer + Authentication l Disclaimer Only l Email Collection To enable Email Collection, go to System > Feature Visibility, and enable Email Collection, then select Email Collection for Portal Type. l External Authentication (Local Bridge Mode only)
For information about each portal type, see Captive portal types on page 73.
Configure the location of the portal: l Local - the portal is hosted on the FortiGate unit. l External - enter FQDN or IP address of an external portal.
Select permitted user groups or select Use Groups from Policies, which permits the groups specified in the security policy.
Select exempt lists whose members will not be subject to captive portal authentication.
Select destinations and services lists whose members will not be subject to captive portal authentication.
Redirect after Captive Portal Select whether to have authenticated users navigate to their originally requested URL or be redirected to a specific URL.
RADIUS Server
(Bridge Mode only) Select the RADIUS authentication server you want to authenticate against.
h. Click OK. 4. Select the SSID on a managed FortiAP. The following configuration is based on a example using a managed
FortiAP-221E and a "FAP221E-default" profile that is applied to the FortiAP-221E. Do one of the following: a. Select the SSID by editing the FortiAP:
i. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. Select the FortiAP-221E and click Edit. ii. Ensure that Managed AP Status is Connected. iii. Under Wireless Settings, ensure that the configured FortiAP profile is the desired profile, in this case
FAP221E-default. Click Edit entry. iv. To broadcast the SSID from the 2.4 G radio, scroll to Radio 1 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to select
the captive portal SSID you created. v. To broadcast the SSID from the 5 G radio, scroll to Radio 2 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to select
the captive portal SSID you created. vi. Click OK.
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b. Select the SSID by editing the FortiAP profile: i. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles. Select the FAP221E-default profile, then click Edit. ii. To broadcast the SSID from the 2.4 G radio, scroll to Radio 1 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to select the captive portal SSID you created.
iii. To broadcast the SSID from the 5 G radio, scroll to Radio 2 > SSIDs. Select Manual, then click + to select the captive portal SSID you created.
iv. Click OK. 5. Create the SSID-to-Internet firewall policy:
a. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy, then click Create New. b. Enter the desired policy name. c. From the Incoming Interface dropdown list, select the source interface, such as wifi-vap. d. From the Outgoing Interface dropdown list, select the destination interface, such as wan1. e. In the Source and Destination fields, select all. In the Service field, select ALL. If desired, you can configure
different values for these fields. f. Click OK.
To deploy captive portal SSID to FortiAP units - CLI:
1. Create a local user: config user local edit "local" set type password set passwd *** next end
2. Create a user group: config user group edit "group-local" set member "local" next end
3. Create a captive portal SSID. You can assign the following portal-type:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi-vap" set ssid "Fortinet-Captive" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set portal-type {auth | auth+disclaimer | disclaimer | email-collect} set selected-usergroups "group-local" next
end
4. Configure an IP address and enable DHCP: config system interface edit "wifi-vap" set ip 10.10.80.1 255.255.255.0 next end config system dhcp server edit 1 set dns-service default set default-gateway 10.10.80.1
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set netmask 255.255.255.0 set interface "wifi-vap" config ip-range
edit 1 set start-ip 10.10.80.2 set end-ip 10.10.80.254
next end set timezone-option default next end 5. Select the SSID on a managed FortiAP. The following configuration is based on a example using a managed FortiAP-221E and a "FAP221E-default" profile that is applied to the FortiAP-221E: config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP221E3X14000640" set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP221E-default" next end config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP221E-default" config radio-1
set vap-all manual set vaps "wifi-vap" end config radio-2 set vap-all manual set vaps "wifi-vap" end next end 6. Create the SSID-to-Internet firewall policy: config firewall policy edit 1 set name "WiFi to Internet" set srcintf "wifi-vap" set dstintf "wan1" set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set fsso disable set nat enable next end
Configuring an external captive portal
An external captive portal is a web page on a web server as opposed to the built-in captive portal on FortiGate. The essential part of the web portal page is a script that gathers the user's logon credentials and sends back to the FortiGate a specifically-formatted POST message. The portal page can also contain links to local information such as legal notices, terms of service and so on. Without authenticating, the user cannot access any other information. This is sometimes called a "walled garden".
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On the captive portal page, the user submits credentials, which the script returns to the FortiGate at the URL https://<FGT_IP>:1000/fgtauth with data magic=session_id&username=<username>&password=<password>. (The magic value was provided in the initial FortiGate request to the web server.)
To ensure that credentials are communicated securely, enable the use of HTTPS for authentication:
config user setting set auth-secure-http enable
end
To configure an external WiFi Captive Portal in tunnel mode - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs. If the SSID already exists, you can edit the SSID or you can edit the WiFi interface in Network > Interfaces.
2. Select a Traffic mode. 3. In Security Mode, select a Security mode. 4. Enable Captive Portal. 5. Select the Portal type you want. 6. In Authentication portal, select External and enter the FQDN or IP address of the external portal.
Typically, this is the URL of a script. Do not include the protocol (http:// or https://) part of the URL. 7. Configure the other settings as needed. 8. When you are finished, select OK.
To configure an external WiFi Captive Portal - CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi-vap" set ssid "Fortinet-Captive" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set external-web "example.com" set selected-usergroups "Guest-group" set schedule "always" next
end
To configure an external WiFi Captive Portal in local bridge mode - CLI:
For VAPs set to bridge mode, you can upload the captive portal server's certificate to the FortiAP so user authentication is smoother and free of security warnings. You can also add a RADIUS server to authenticate wireless clients connecting to the captive portal SSID.
1. (Optional) Create a RADIUS server over TCP or TLS.
config user radius edit "radius-tls" set server "172.18.56.104" set secret ENC set radius-port 2083 set transport-protocol tls set ca-cert "CA_Cert_2" set client-cert "client_cert_1"
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set server-identity-check disable next end
2. Ensure the server certificate includes a Subject Alternative Name (SAN) field, in which either a wildcard hostname or specific hostnames can be added with the same domain, in order to validate the web server itself and the FortiAP POST process.
3. Upload the self-signed certificate (in this example, portal_server) onto the FortiGate: 4. Create a local bridge captive portal VAP, set the uploaded authentication certificate, and configure the
authentication portal address:
config wireless-controller vap edit "cap-br" set ssid "FOS_80F_cap_br_fqdn" set external-web "https://cpauth.fortinet.com/portal/index.php" set passphrase ENC set radius-server "radius-tls" set local-bridging enable set captive-portal enable set portal-type external-auth set security-redirect-url "http://www.fortinet.com" set auth-cert "portal_server" set auth-portal-addr "cppost.fortinet.com" set schedule "always" next
end
l auth-cert: Set the uploaded external portal server's certificate. l auth-portal-addr: Set the subsequent post link in the external portal page Note: The addresses you configured for external-web and auth-portal-addr should be added in the SAN field of the uploaded certificate portal_server. 5. After the wireless client connects to the SSID, the RADIUS server can authenticate the wireless clients and then they can access the portal page without certificate verification issue.
To configure an auth-mac portal in tunnel mode - CLI:
To support a MAC authentication portal (such as Cisco ISE authentication) in tunnel mode, you must set portal-type to auth-mac.
config wireless-controller vap edit wifi-cap set ssid "fortinet-guest" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set portal-type auth-mac set radius-mac-auth enable set radius-mac-auth-server "CISCO_ISE" set radius-mac-auth-usergroups "registered" set external-web "https://<ISE_Portal>:8443/portal/g?p=123456789" next
end
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To configure an external-macauth portal in bridge mode - CLI:
To support an external MAC authentication portal (such as Cisco ISE authentication) in bridge mode, you must set portal-type to external-macauth.
config wireless-controller vap edit wifi-cap set ssid "fortinet-guest" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set external-web "https://<ISE_Portal>:8443/portal/g?p=jN9z47goOJg75HpaXxV8WZPQgd" set radius-mac-auth enable set radius-mac-auth-server "ISE" set radius-mac-auth-usergroups "AuthorizedGuest" set local-bridging enable set portal-type external-macauth set schedule "always" next
end
Configuring MAC Bypass for captive portal
Captive portal security supports MAC-auth-bypass. If a client's MAC can be authenticated from local-user or a RADIUS server, then the client can bypass firewall authentication directly.
To configure MAC bypass for the captive portal SSID - CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit "cap" set ssid "fortinet-guest" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set mac-auth-bypass enable set selected-usergroups "group-radius" next
end
Configuring wildcard address in captive portal walled garden
This topic describes how to add and apply wildcard domain names to the walled garden of captive-portal SSID. Captive portal SSID supports the walled garden function where WiFi clients can access preconfigured hostnames and addresses that are exempted from portal authentication. You can configure FQDN entries using wildcard domain names, for example, *.google.*, *.facebook.com, and so on, so that one entry can have multiple matches.
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This example uses the wildcard address feature in the following ways: l A tunnel mode captive portal works with the third-party cloud based portal server cloud4wi.com. l Connected wireless clients can access Facebook and Google websites directly even before firewall authentication via FortiGate. l Connected wireless clients opens the portal page of cloud4wi.com and can access other Internet resources as soon as they pass authentication by FortiGate.
Sample configuration
To create the wildcard FQDN address - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses and click Create New > Address. 2. In the New Address page, enter the address Name, for example, facebook and google. 3. For Type, select FQDN. 4. For FQDN, enter a wildcard FQDN name, for example *.facebook.com and *.google.*. 5. Click OK.
This wildcard FQDN type firewall address is different from entries in Policy & Objects > Wildcard FQDN Addresses that cannot be used directly in firewall policy source or destination addresses.
To create a third-party cloud portal server address - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses and click Create New > Address. 2. In the New Address page, enter the address Name, for example, cloud-portal. 3. For Type, select FQDN. 4. For FQDN, enter the FQDN name, for example, cloud4wi.com. 5. Click OK.
To create a captive portal VAP with the third-party cloud portal server - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi Controller > SSID and select Create New > SSID. 2. For Traffic Mode, select Tunnel. 3. In the Address section, enter the IP/Network Mask, for example, 10.10.80.1/24. 4. Optionally, you can change the DHCP Address Range in the DHCP Server section. 5. In the WiFi Settings section:
a. Enter the SSID name, for example, Fortinet-Captive. b. For Security Mode, select a Security mode.
Note: Captive Portal is not supported for WPA/WPA2-Enterprise or WPA3-Enterprise Security modes.
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c. Enable Captive Portal. d. For Portal Type, select Authentication. e. For Authentication Portal, select External and enter cloud4wi.com. f. Click User Groups and select the created user group, for example, group-local; or click Create to create a
new user group. 6. Click OK.
To support a third-party cloud portal, use one of the following methods.
To support a third-party cloud portal using Exempt Destinations/Services - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi Controller > SSID. 2. Select the SSID you created, for example, Fortinet-Captive and click Edit. 3. In the WiFi Settings section, click Exempt Destinations/Services. 4. In the Select Entries pane Address list, select the wildcard FQDN addresses, for example, facebook and google,
and the cloud portal address, for example, cloud-portal. 5. Still in the Select Entries pane, click Service and select HTTP, HTTPS, and DNS. 6. Click OK.
To support a third-party cloud portal using firewall policy - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy and click Create New. 2. Enter the Name, for example, Exempt Service. 3. Click Incoming Interface and select wifi-vap. 4. Click Outgoing Interface and select wan1. 5. Click Source and select all. 6. Click Destination and select the wildcard FQDN addresses, for example, facebook and google, and the cloud
portal address, for example, cloud-portal. 7. Click Service and select HTTP, HTTPS, and DNS. 8. Click OK. 9. Use CLI commands to enable captive-portal-exempt. In this example, the policy_id is 2.
config firewall policy edit 2 set captive-portal-exempt enable next
end
To create the wildcard FQDN address - CLI:
config firewall address edit "facebook" set type fqdn set fqdn "*.facebook.com" next edit "google" set type fqdn set fqdn "*.google.*" next
end
<-- New support for "*" in fqdn address <-- New support for "*" in fqdn address
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To create a third-party cloud portal server address - CLI:
config firewall address edit "cloud-portal" set type fqdn set fqdn "cloud4wi.com" next
end
To create a tunnel mode captive portal VAP with the third-party cloud portal server - CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi-vap" set ssid "Fortinet-Captive" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set external-web "cloud4wi.com" set selected-usergroups "group-local" set intra-vap-privacy enable next
end
To create security-exempt-list and select it in vap - CLI:
config user security-exempt-list edit "wifi-vap-exempt-list" config rule edit 1 set dstaddr "facebook" "google" "cloud-portal" set service "HTTP" "HTTPS" "DNS" next end
end config wireless-controller vap
edit "wifi-vap" set security-exempt-list "wifi-vap-exempt-list"
next end
To create a captive-portal-exempt firewall policy and move it before the regular outgoing policy - CLI:
config firewall policy edit 2 set name "Exempt Service" set srcintf "wifi-vap" set dstintf "wan1" set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "cloud-portal" "facebook" "google" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "DNS" "HTTP" "HTTPS" set captive-portal-exempt enable set nat enable next edit 1
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set name "outgoing" set srcintf "wifi-vap" set dstintf "wan1" set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set nat enable next move 2 before 1 end Although destination-hostname-visibility is enabled by default, ensure this setting is enabled so that FQDN addresses can be resolved.
To enable destination-hostname-visibility
config system network-visibility set destination-hostname-visibility enable
end
Captive portal authentication when bridged via software switch
When a tunnel mode SSID or a VLAN sub-interface of an SSID is bridged with other interfaces via a software switch, you must set the intra-switch-policy to explicit when the switch interface is created in order to enable captive portal authentication.
When configuring a bridge mode SSID, you do not need to enable Captive Portal.
To configure captive portal authentication on an SSID or VLAN sub-interface:
1. Configure the local user:
config user local edit "user1" set passwd ********* next
end
2. Configure the user group:
config user group edit "wifi-group" set member "user1" next
end
3. Configure the VAP:
config wireless-controller vap edit "test-captive"
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set ssid "test-captive" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set portal-type auth+disclaimer set selected-usergroups "wifi-group" set schedule "always" next end
4. Create a software switch interface consisting of a tunnel VAP with captive portal security and a physical interface (port7):
config system switch-interface edit "test-ssw" set vdom "vdom1" set member "port7" "test-captive" set intra-switch-policy explicit next
end
5. Create the firewall policy:
config firewall policy edit 1 set srcintf "test-captive" "port7" set dstintf "port7" "test-captive" set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set nat disable next
end
6. Connect the external DHCP server to the physical interface. 7. Connect a WiFi client to the tunnel VAP. The client will get an IP assignment from the DHCP server and pass the
captive portal authentication. 8. Verify the authenticated firewall users list:
# diagnose firewall auth list 10.100.250.250, u1
src_mac: fc:d8:d0:9a:8b:85 type: fw, id: 0, duration: 29, idled: 12 expire: 288, allow-idle: 300 flag(100): wsso packets: in 229 out 162, bytes: in 192440 out 22887 user_id: 16777218 group_id: 2 group_name: wifi ----- 1 listed, 0 filtered ------
Captive portal authentication using SAML credentials
When a SAML user has been configured on the FortiGate, a user group containing this SAML user can be applied to a captive portal in a wireless tunnel mode SSID. You can configure both a captive portal exempt firewall policy to allow
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To configure SAML Authentication - GUI: 1. Create a SAML server on a FortiGate:
a. Go to User & Authentication > Single Sign-On and click Create new. b. Enter a Name for the SAML server (saml-fac) and configure the Service Provider details.
c. Click Next. d. Input the Identity Provider information. e. When you are finished, click Submit. 2. Create a user group with members as the SAML server you created: a. Go to User & Authentication > User Groups and click Create New. b. Enter a Name for the group (saml_grp). c. In the Remote Groups table, click Add.
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3. Select the user group in a Captive portal VAP: a. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs and click Create New > SSID. b. Enter an SSID name (_CAP_SAML). c. Ensure that Traffic mode is set to Tunnel. d. Under Security Mode Settings, enable the Captive Portal. e. In User groups, select the group you created (saml_grp).
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f. Configure other settings as needed. g. When you are finished, click OK. 4. Create a firewall policy with captive-portal-exempt enabled to ensure wireless clients can access the SAML server without authentication: a. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy and click Create New. b. Configure the following:
Incoming Interface
Source Destination Action
Select the captive portal VAP (_ CAL_SAML). all Select the saml server. ACCEPT
c. Configure other settings as needed. d. When you are finished, click OK. e. You can only configure captive-portal-exempt from the CLI:
config firewall policy edit 8 set captive-portal-exempt enable end
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5. Create a policy to let wireless clients access the outbound after passing authentication: a. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy and click Create New. b. Configure the following:
Incoming Interface Source
Destination Action
Select the captive portal VAP (_CAL_ SAML).
all Select the SAML user group (saml_grp)
all
ACCEPT
c. Configure other settings as needed. d. When you are finished, click OK.
When a wireless client connects to the SSID, it is redirected to the SAML login portal page. After the client submits the correct credentials, it can access the internet.
To configure SAML Authentication - CLI:
1. Create a SAML server on a FortiGate:
config user saml edit "saml-fac" set entity-id "http://10.40.80.1:1000/saml/metadata/" set single-sign-on-url "https://10.40.80.1:1003/saml/login/" set single-logout-url "https://10.40.80.1:1003/saml/logout/" set idp-entity-id "http://172.18.58.93:443/saml-idp/wifiqa1234/metadata/" set idp-single-sign-on-url "https://172.18.58.93:443/saml-idp/wifiqa1234/login/" set idp-single-logout-url "https://172.18.58.93:443/saml-idp/wifiqa1234/logout/" set idp-cert "REMOTE_Cert_2" set user-name "username"
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set group-name "group" set digest-method sha1 next end
2. Create a user group with members as the SAML server you created:
config user group edit "saml_grp" set member "saml-fac" next
end
3. Select the user group in a Captive portal VAP:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi4" set ssid "_CAP_SAML" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set selected-usergroups "saml_grp" set security-exempt-list "wifi4-exempt-list" set security-redirect-url "http://www.example.com" set schedule "always" next
4. Create two policies from VAP to outbound: l One policy with captive-portal-exempt enabled to ensure wireless clients can access the SAML server without authentication (firewall policy ID 8, name "exempt"). l One policy is a regular policy that lets wireless clients access the outbound after passing authentication (firewall policy ID 6, name "cap2").
The firewall policy ID is 8, the name is "exempt"
config firewall policy edit 8 set name "exempt" set uuid d8f2b572-b2fa-51ec-d3ad-3110a44be109 set srcintf "wifi4" set dstintf "wan1" set action accept set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "saml" set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set logtraffic all set nat enable set comments "Exempt policy" set captive-portal-exempt enable next edit 6 set name "cap2" set uuid 3a4f1518-7b57-55dc-f5kf-21748a5ch415 set srcintf "wifi4" set dstintf "wan1" set action accept set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all"
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set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set logtraffic all set nat enable set groups "saml_grp" next end When a wireless client connects to the SSID, it is redirected to the SAML login portal page. After the client submits the correct credentials, it can access the internet.
Adding a MAC filter
On each SSID or FortiAP, you can create a MAC address filter list to either permit or exclude a list of clients identified by their MAC addresses. This is not the most secure method as someone seeking unauthorized access to your network can obtain MAC addresses from wireless traffic and use them to impersonate legitimate users. A MAC filter list should only be used in conjunction with other security measures such as encryption.
To create and apply a MAC address filter - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses and select Create New > Address. 2. Name the address and set the Type as Device (MAC Address). 3. Enter the MAC address(es) you want to filter.
4. When you are finished, click OK. 5. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses and select Create New > Address Group. 6. Name the address group 7. Click Members and select the address you created earlier.
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8. When you are finished, click OK. 9. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs and select the SSID you want to apply the filter to. 10. Locate Client MAC Address Filtering and select an Address group policy:
l Disable: Disable MAC address filtering policy for MAC addresses that are in the address group. This is the default.
l Allow: Permit clients with MAC addresses that are in the address group. l Deny: Deny clients with MAC addresses that are in the address group. 11. Select the Address group you created.
12. When you are finished, click OK. The SSID now accepts or denies the address group you configured.
To create and apply a MAC address filter - CLI:
1. Create the firewall address entry and set the type to mac:
config firewall address edit "client-1" set uuid f35b2080-a199-51ec-7d97-00495859217e set type mac set macaddr "f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af" next
end
2. Create a firewall address group and select the address entry you just created.
config firewall addrgrp edit "mac-group" set uuid 26260750-a19a-51ec-b054-b385dab00c07 set member "client-1"
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next end
3. Under a wireless vap interface, there is a new address-group-policy option to help control the mac filter function. l To allow the connection, select the created address-group and set the address-group-policy to allow:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi.fap.01" set ssid "ExampleSSID" set passphrase ENC * set schedule "always" set address-group "mac-group" set address-group-policy allow next
end
l To deny the connection, select the created address-group and set the address-group-policy to deny:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi.fap.02" set ssid "ExampleSSID" set passphrase ENC * set schedule "always" set address-group "mac-group" set address-group-policy deny next
end
Limiting the number of clients
You might want to prevent overloading of your access point by limiting the number of clients who can associate with it at the same time. Limits can be applied per SSID, per AP, or per radio.
To limit the number of clients per SSID - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and edit your SSID. 2. Turn on Maximum Clients and enter the maximum number of clients in Limit Concurrent WiFi Clients.
To limit the number of clients per AP- GUI:
To access this setting from the GUI, you must enable Advanced Wireless Features (see Advanced Wireless Features on page 169). 1. Once you enable Advanced Wireless Features, navigate to WiFi & Switch Controller > Operation Profiles > FortiAP
Profiles. 2. Select the profile you want to limit clients on. 3. Under Advanced Settings > Maximum client count, enter the maximum number of clients you want to allow. 4. When you are finished, click OK.
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To limit the number of clients per AP- CLI:
Edit the wtp-profile (FortiAP profile): config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FAP221C-default" set max-clients 30
end
To limit the number of clients per radio - CLI:
Edit the wtp-profile (FortiAP profile), like this: config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FAP221C-default" config radio-1 set max-clients 10 end config radio-2 set max-clients 30 end
end
Enabling multicast enhancement
FortiOS can translate multicast traffic into unicast traffic to send to clients, maintaining its own multicast client through Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) snooping. You can configure this in the CLI: config wireless-controller vap
edit example_wlan set multicast-enhance enable set me-disable-thresh 32
end If the number of clients on the SSID is larger than me-disable-thresh, multicast enhancement is disabled.
Enabling IGMP Snooping
IGMP snooping on SSID can prevent WiFi clients and hosts from receiving traffic for a multicast group they have not explicitly joined. Upon detecting clients' multicast group IDs, FortiAPs join the corresponding multicast groups and the controller sends multicast packets to only CAPWAP multicast groups. Thus, the controller can prune multicast traffic from managed APs that do not contain a multicast listener (an IGMP client).
To configure IGMP snooping- GUI:
To enable IGMP snooping from the GUI, you must enable Advanced Wireless Features (see Advanced Wireless Features on page 169). 1. Once you enable Advanced Wireless Features, navigate to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs and select the SSID
you want to enable IGMP snooping on. 2. Under Advanced Settings, locate IGMP Snooping and select if you want to enable or disable it. 3. When you are finished, click OK.
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To configure IGMP snooping- CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit example_wlan set igmp-snooping {enable | disable} next
end
To debug IGMP snooping:
diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c vap-mcgrp
Replacing WiFi certificate
You can replace the built-in WiFi certificate with one you upload.
These instruction apply to FortiWiFi devices using internal WiFi radios and FortiGate/FortiWiFi devices configured as WiFi Controllers that are managing FortiAP devices, and have WiFi clients that are connected to WPA2-Enterprise SSID and authenticated with local user groups.
On FortiOS, the built-in Fortinet_Wifi certificate is a publicly signed certificate that is only used in WPA2-Enterprise SSIDs with local user-group authentication. The default WiFi certificate configuration is: config system global
set wifi-ca-certificate "Fortinet_Wifi_CA" set wifi-certificate "Fortinet_Wifi" end Consider the following factors: l The Fortinet_Wifi certificate is issued to Fortinet Inc. with common name (CN) auth-cert.fortinet.com. If a company or organization requires their own CN in their WiFi deployment, they must replace it with their own certificate. l The Fortinet_Wifi certificate has an expiry date. When it expires, it must be renewed or replaced with a new certificate.
To replace a WiFi certificate:
1. Get new certificate files, including a root CA certificate, a certificate signed by the CA, and the corresponding private key file. You can purchase a publicly signed certificate from a commercial certificate service provider or generate a selfsigned certificate.
2. Import the new certificate files into FortiOS: a. In FortiGate, go to System > Certificates. You may need to enable Certificates from System > Feature Visibility. If VDOMs are enabled, go to Global > System > Certificates. b. Click Import > CA Certificate.
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d. Click OK. The imported CA certificate is named CA_Cert_N or G_CA_Cert_N when VDOMs are enabled, where N starts from 1 and increments for each imported certificate, and G stands for global range.
e. Click Import > Local Certificate. f. Set the Type to Certificate, upload the certificate file and key file, enter the password, and enter the certificate
name.
g. Click OK. The imported certificates are listed on the Certificates page.
3. Change the WiFi certificate settings: a. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > WiFi Settings. b. In WiFi certificate, select the imported local certificate. c. In the WiFi CA certificate, select the imported CA certificate. d. Click Apply.
To replace a WiFi certificate using the CLI:
config system global set wifi-ca-certificate <name of the imported CA certificate> set wifi-certificate <name of the imported certificate signed by the CA>
end
To restore the factory default WiFi certificates using the CLI:
config system global set wifi-ca-certificate "Fortinet_CA" set wifi-certificate "Fortinet_Factory"
end
As the factory default certificates are self-signed, WiFi clients need to accept it at the connection prompt or import the Fortinet_CA certificate to validate it.
Additional Information
The Fortinet_Wifi certificate can be updated automatically through the FortiGuard service certificate bundle update.
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If the built-in Fortinet_Wifi certificate has expired and not been renewed or replaced, WiFi clients can still connect to the WPA2-Enterprise SSID with local user-group authentication by ignoring any warning messages or bypassing Validate server certificate (or similar) options.
Configuring WiFi with WSSO using Windows NPS and user groups
You can configure Wireless Single Sign-On (WSSO) using a Network Policy Server (NPS) and FortiGate user groups. In the following example, the WiFi users are students at a school. The user group belongs to a Windows Active Directory (AD) group called WiFiAccess. When the users enter their WiFi user names and passwords, the FortiGate checks the local group WiFi. Since this user group has been set up on a remote authentication dial-in user service (RADIUS) server, the FortiGate performs user authentication against the NPS or RADIUS server. If the user is successfully authenticated, the FortiGate checks for a policy that allows the WiFi group access.
To configure WSSO using Windows NPS and user groups: 1. Register the FortiGate as a RADIUS client on the NPS:
a. In the NPS, go to RADIUS Clients and Servers > RADIUS Clients. b. Right-click RADIUS Clients and select New. c. Enter the FortiGate information:
l Name l IP address (172.20.120.142) l Shared secret (password) d. Click OK.
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2. Create a connection request policy: a. Go to Policies > Connection Request Policies. b. Right-click Connection Request Policies and select New. c. Enter the policy name (WiFi) and select the type of network access server. d. Click Next. The Specify Conditions window opens. e. Click Add and under Connection Properties, select Client IPv4 Address. f. Configure the Client IPv4 Address as the FortiGate IP address. g. Keep clicking Next and leave the default settings until you can click Finish.
3. Create a network policy: a. Go to Policies > Network Policies. b. Right-click Network Policies and select New. c. Enter the policy name (WiFi-Access) and select the type of network access server. d. Click Next. The Specify Conditions window opens. e. Click Add and under Groups, select Windows Groups.
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Wireless network configuration f. Click Add Groups and enter the Windows AD group, WiFiAccess, as the object name to select. g. Click OK, then Next twice to advance to the Configure Authentication Methods window. h. For EAP Types, click Add and select Microsoft: Protected EAP (PEAP). i. Click OK. j. For Less secure authentication methods, make sure only the Microsoft Encrypted Authentication version 2 (MS-CHAP-v2) and User can change password after it has expired checkboxes are selected. k. Keep clicking Next and leave the default settings until you can click Finish. The WiFi-Access network policy conditions properties view:
The WiFi-Access network policy constraints properties view:
4. Configure the FortiGate to use the RADIUS server: a. In FortiOS, go to User & Authentication > RADIUS Servers. b. Click Create New.
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c. Enter the server information: l Name (DC-RADIUS) l Authentication method (click Specify and select MS-CHAP-v2) l Domain controller IP address l Server secret
d. Optionally, you can click Test Connectivity. After you enter the user ID and password, the result should be successful.
e. Click OK. 5. Configure the WiFi user group:
a. Go to User & Authentication > User Groups. b. Click Create New. c. Enter the user group information:
l Name l Type (select Firewall) d. Under Remote Groups, click Add. The Add Group Match pane opens. e. In the Remote Server dropdown, select the RADIUS server you just configured (DC-RADIUS). f. For Groups, click Any. g. Click OK to add the server. h. Click OK to save the user group.
6. Create an SSID with RADIUS authentication: a. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs. b. Click Create New > SSID. c. Configure the interface and enable DHCP Server.
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e. Configure the WiFi Settings section: l For Security Mode, select WPA2 Enterprise. l For Authentication, click Local and add the WiFi user group.
Local vs RADIUS Server Authentication: l Local: PEAP terminates on the FortiGate, and FortiGate uses the built-in Fortinet_ WiFi certificate for the connection by default. To select a different certificate, see Replacing WiFi certificate on page 95 for details. l RADIUS Server: PEAP is forwarded to the RADIUS Server.
f. Click OK. 7. Create a security policy:
a. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy. b. Click Create New. c. Configure the policy to have the SSID you created in step 6 as the Incoming Interface and the WiFi user group
you created in step 5 as the Source. d. Configure other settings as needed.
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To verify the WSSO authentication: 1. From the wireless client, the wireless settings may ask for the CA certificate for the PEAP connection.
l On Android devices, you can select Use system certificate since the default FortiGate_WiFi certificate is signed by a public CA. If asked to specify the domain, enter fortinet.com. See the example Android WiFi client settings:
l Alternatively, select Don't Validate to bypass validating the certificate used in the PEAP connection. 2. Use the credentials of a user that belongs to the Windows AD WiFiAccess group to verify that you have been
successful authenticated.
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3. Go to Dashboard > WiFi > Clients By FortiAP to see a list of logged on WiFi users.
4. Go to Dashboard > User & Devices > Firewall Users. The logged on user will be authenticated by Firewall Authentication and listed here.
Enabling Beacon Protection
You can enable Beacon Protection on WPA3 SSIDs which improves Wi-Fi security by protecting beacon frames. Beacon Protection was introduced in WPA3 and is designed to enhance security in Wi-Fi networks by protecting the integrity of the beacon frames, which are essential for network discovery and connection establishment. This helps devices discover and connect to legitimate networks, reducing attack risks.
Beacon Protection is supported on FortiAP K series running the "wifi7" special builds (branched out of FortiAP 7.4.x). FortiAP F and G series running 7.4.x builds do NOT support Beacon Protection.
CLI Changes:
config wireless-controller vap edit <name> set beacon-protection {enable | disable}
end Beacon Protection is disabled by default.
To enable Beacon Protection from the FortiGate:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wpa3-sae-beacon" set ssid "wpa3-sae-beacon"
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set security wpa3-only-enterprise set pmf enable set beacon-protection enable set auth radius set radius-server "peap" set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" next end
To assign Beacon Protection to a FortiAP profile:
conf wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP441K-default conf radio-2 set vaps wpa3-sae-beacon end next
end
To verify that Beacon Protection is assigned and enabled on a FortiAP:
FortiAP-441K # vcfg
-------------------------------VAP Configuration 1----------------------------
Radio Id 1 WLAN Id 0 wpa3-sae-beacon ADMIN_UP(INTF_UP) init_done 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 unknown
(-1)
vlanid=0, intf=wlan10, vap=0x28a9202c, bssid=38:c0:ea:f1:51:70
11ax high-efficiency=enabled target-wake-time=enabled
bss-color-partial=enabled
mesh backhaul=disabled
local_auth=disabled standalone=disabled nat_mode=disabled
local_bridging=enabled split_tunnel=disabled layer3_roaming=disabled
intra_ssid_priv=disabled
mcast_enhance=disabled igmp_snooping=disabled
mac_auth=disabled fail_through_mode=disabled sta_info=0/0
mac=local, tunnel=8023, cap=8ce0, qos=disabled
prob_resp_suppress=disabled
rx sop=disabled
sticky client remove=disabled
mu mimo=enabled
ldpc_config=rxtx
dhcp_option43_insertion=enabled
dhcp_option82_insertion=disabled
dhcp_enforcement=disabled
access_control_list=disabled
bc_suppression=dhcp dhcp-ucast arp
auth=WPA3 Enterprise Only, RADIUS, AES WPA keyIdx=6, keyLen=16, keyStatus=1,
gTsc=000000000000
key=92c6ab16 9239a724 bd20eaad e677d35c
pmf=required
beacon_prot=enabled
The following Beacon frame capture shows the FortiAP adds a message integrity check (MIC) element to the Beacon frames of SSID with Beacon Protection enabled:
IEEE 802.11 Wireless Management Fixed parameters (12 bytes) Tagged parameters (509 bytes)
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Tag: SSID parameter set: wpa3-sae-beacon Tag: Supported Rates 6(B), 9, 12(B), 18, 24(B), 36, 48, 54, [Mbit/sec] Tag: Traffic Indication Map (TIM): DTIM 0 of 0 bitmap Tag: Country Information: Country Code US, Environment Indoor Tag: Power Constraint: 0 Tag: TPC Report Transmit Power: 24, Link Margin: 0 Tag: Extended Supported Rates Unknown Rate, [Mbit/sec] Tag: RSN Information Tag: QBSS Load Element 802.11e CCA Version Tag: RM Enabled Capabilities (5 octets) Tag: HT Capabilities (802.11n D1.10) Tag: HT Information (802.11n D1.10) Tag: Extended Capabilities (13 octets) Tag: VHT Capabilities Tag: VHT Operation Tag: VHT Tx Power Envelope Tag: Reserved (201): Undecoded Tag: Reserved (244): Undecoded Ext Tag: HE Capabilities (IEEE Std 802.11ax/D3.0) Ext Tag: HE Operation (IEEE Std 802.11ax/D3.0) Ext Tag: Spatial Reuse Parameter Set Ext Tag: MU EDCA Parameter Set Tag: Vendor Specific: Qualcomm Inc. Tag: Vendor Specific: Fortinet Inc. Tag: Vendor Specific: Fortinet Inc. Tag: Vendor Specific: Fortinet Inc. Tag: Vendor Specific: Microsoft Corp.: WMM/WME: Parameter Element Tag: Vendor Specific: Qualcomm Inc. Tag: Vendor Specific: Qualcomm Inc. Tag: Management MIC
Tag Number: Management MIC (76) Tag length: 16 KeyID: 6 IPN: a00300000000 MIC: 0cc6d9f2580036f1
The 11th octet in "Extended Capabilities" has the Beacon Protection Flag enabled.
Tag: Extended Capabilities (13 octets) Tag Number: Extended Capabilities (127) Tag length: 13 Extended Capabilities: 0x04 (octet 1) Extended Capabilities: 0x00 (octet 2) Extended Capabilities: 0x0f (octet 3) Extended Capabilities: 0x02 (octet 4) Extended Capabilities: 0x00 (octet 5) Extended Capabilities: 0x00 (octet 6) Extended Capabilities: 0x00 (octet 7) Extended Capabilities: 0x0040 (octets 8 & 9) Extended Capabilities: 0x40 (octet 10) Extended Capabilities: 0x10 (octet 11) .... ...0 = Complete List of NonTxBSSID Profiles: False .... ..0. = SAE Password Identifiers In Use: False .... .0.. = SAE Passwords Used Exclusively: False .... 0... = Enhanced Multi-BSSID Advertisement Support: False ...1 .... = Beacon Protection Enabled: True ..0. .... = Mirrored SCS: False
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.0.. .... = OCT: False 0... .... = Local MAC Address Policy: False Extended Capabilities: 0x00 (octet 12) Extended Capabilities: 0x00 (octet 13)
Configuring the RADIUS Called Station ID setting
You can configure an AP to send a Called Station ID to a RADIUS server in the Access-Request packet when a client connects to a station. You can select if you want to send either the FortiAP MAC address, IP address, or AP Name. In a large distributed network, it can be useful to know which location a client is connected to.
To configure the called station ID:
1. Set the called station ID type. In this example, the called station ID type is set to AP name.
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi3" set ssid "FOS_81F_3G_ent" set called-station-id-type apname set security wpa2-only-enterprise set fast-bss-transition enable set auth radius set radius-server "peap" set schedule "always" next
end
called-station-id-type
Select the called station ID type you want to send to the RADIUS server: l mac: Sends the FortiAP's board MAC address and SSID name using the MAC:SSID format. l ip: Sends the FortiAP's local IP address and SSID name using the IP:SSID format. l apname: Sends the FortiAP and SSID name using the APName:SSID format.
2. Set an AP name.
config wireless-controller wtp edit "FW81FD-WIFI0" set name "FWF-81F-2R-LR" next
end
To verify, check the RADIUS request packet. The called station ID is sent in the following format: FWF-81F-2RLR:FOS_81F_3G_ent.
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Defining SSID groups
Optionally, you can define SSID groups. An SSID group has SSIDs as members and can be specified just like an SSID in a FortiAP Profile.
To create an SSID group - GUI:
Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select Create New > SSID Group. Give the group a Name and choose Members (SSIDs, but not SSID groups).
To create an SSID group - CLI:
config wireless-controller vap-group edit vap-group-name set vaps "ssid1" "ssid2" end
Configuring dynamic user VLAN assignment
Clients connecting to the WiFi network can be assigned to a VLAN. You can do this with RADIUS attributes when the user authenticates or with VLAN pooling when the client associates with a particular FortiAP. You cannot use both of these methods at the same time.
VLAN assignment methods:
l VLAN assignment by RADIUS on page 107 l VLAN assignment by Name Tag on page 109 l VLAN assignment by FortiAP group on page 112 l VLAN assignment by VLAN pool on page 113
VLAN assignment by RADIUS
You can assign each individual user to a VLAN based on information stored in the RADIUS authentication server. If the user's RADIUS record does not specify a VLAN ID, the user is assigned to the default VLAN for the SSID.
The RADIUS user attributes used for the VLAN ID assignment are:
Attribute type IETF 64 (Tunnel-Type) IETF 65 (Tunnel-Medium-Type) IETF 81 (Tunnel-Private-Group-ID)
Attributes value 13 6 14094
Note VLAN IEEE-802 One VLAN ID per user. See Reserved VLAN IDs on page 33.
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Attribute type
Attributes value
Note
You can assign via name tag. See VLAN assignment by Name Tag on page 109.
To configure dynamic VLAN assignment, you need to:
1. Configure access to the RADIUS server. 2. Create the SSID and enable dynamic VLAN assignment. 3. Create a FortiAP Profile and add the local bridge mode SSID to it. 4. Create the VLAN interfaces and their DHCP servers. 5. Create security policies to allow communication from the VLAN interfaces to the Internet. 6. Authorize the FortiAP unit and assign the FortiAP Profile to it.
To configure access to the RADIUS server:
1. Go to User & Authentication > RADIUS Servers and select Create New. 2. Enter a Name, the name or IP address in Primary Server IP/Name, and the server secret in Primary Server Secret. 3. Select OK.
To create the dynamic VLAN SSID:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs, select Create New > SSID and enter:
Name Traffic Mode SSID Security Mode Authentication
An identifier, such as dynamic_vlan_ssid. Local bridge or Tunnel, as needed. An identifier, such as DYNSSID. WPA2 Enterprise RADIUS Server. Select the RADIUS server that you configured.
2. Select OK.
3. Under Additional Settings, enable Dynamic VLAN assignment. If you do not see the toggle, you can enable from the CLI: config wireless-controller vap edit dynamic_vlan_ssid set dynamic-vlan enable set vlanid 10 end Optionally, you can also assign a VLAN ID to set the default VLAN for users without a VLAN assignment. See Reserved VLAN IDs on page 33.
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To create the FortiAP profile for the dynamic VLAN SSID:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles, select Create New and enter:
Name Platform
Radio 1 and Radio 2 SSID
A name for the profile, such as dyn_vlan_profile. The FortiAP model you are using. If you use more than one model of FortiAP, you will need a FortiAP Profile for each model.
Select the SSID you created (example dynamic_vlan_ssid). Do not add other SSIDs.
2. Adjust other radio settings as needed. 3. Select OK.
To create the VLAN interfaces:
1. Go to Network > Interfaces and select Create New > Interface. 2. Enter:
Name Interface VLAN ID Addressing mode
DHCP Server
A name for the VLAN interface, such as VLAN100. The physical interface associated with the VLAN interface. The numeric VLAN ID, for example 100. Select Manual and enter the IP address / Network Mask for the virtual interface. Enable and then select Create New to create an address range.
3. Select OK. 4. Repeat the preceding steps to create other VLANs as needed.
Security policies determine which VLANs can communicate with which other interfaces. These are the simple Firewall Address policy without authentication. Users are assigned to the appropriate VLAN when they authenticate.
To connect and authorize the FortiAP unit:
1. Connect the FortiAP unit to the FortiGate unit. 2. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 3. When the FortiAP unit is listed, double-click the entry to edit it. 4. In FortiAP Profile, select the FortiAP Profile that you created. 5. Select Authorize. 6. Select OK.
VLAN assignment by Name Tag
Typically, users can be assigned to VLANs dynamically according to the Tunnel-Private-Group-Id RADIUS attribute returned from the Access-Accept message. The value can either match a particular VLAN-ID on a VLAN interface, or a text string that matches a VLAN interface name.
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However, there is a another option to match based on a vlan-name table defined under the virtual AP. You can assign either a single VLAN ID per name, or assign multiple VLAN IDs per name, up to a maximum of 8 VLAN IDs. When assigning multiple VLAN IDs, the ID is determined by a Round-robin method to ensure optimal utilization of VLAN resources.
Example use case
In the following example scenario, the customer site has set up the following topology: l FortiAP broadcasts a bridge mode SSID with dynamc-vlan enabled; l FortiGate needs to assign VLAN-ID=100 to the client if vlan-name is "voip", and assign multiple VLAN-IDs to the client if vlan-name is "data".
VLAN Name data
voip
VLAN ID
100, 200, 300 You can assign up to 8 VLAN IDs.
100
Instead of creating VLAN interfaces on the FortiGate and naming them "data" and "voip" respectively, you can add the vlan-name table in the SSID:
To configure assigning VLAN IDs by VLAN name tag:
1. Set up an SSID with dynamic-vlan enabled, and configure vlan-name with the IDs you want to assign under vlan-id.
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi.fap.02" set ssid "Example_SSID" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set voice-enterprise disable set auth radius set radius-server "peap" set schedule "always" set dynamic-vlan enable config vlan-name
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edit "data" set vlan-id 100 200 300
next edit "voip"
set vlan-id 100 next end next end
2. Create user accounts in the Radius server with the Tunnel-Private-Group-Id matching the previously configured vlan-name.
data
Cleartext-Password := "123456" Tunnel-Type = "VLAN", Tunnel-Medium-Type = "IEEE-802", Tunnel-Private-Group-Id = data
voip
Cleartext-Password := "123456" Tunnel-Type = "VLAN", Tunnel-Medium-Type = "IEEE-802", Tunnel-Private-Group-Id = voip
Once wireless clients connect to the SSID, the FortiGate wireless controller assigns VLAN ID based on its TunnelPrivate-Group-Id. If the Tunnel-Private-Group-Id is "voip", it will be assigned to VLAN ID 100. If the TunnelPrivate-Group-Id is "data", it will be assigned to either VLAN ID 100, 200, 300.
To verify the clients connect and are assigned to the correct VLAN ID:
1. Connect four WiFi clients with user=data to verify that they can be assigned to the VLAN IDs from the VLAN Pool 100, 200, and 300 using a Round-robin method: a. Connect the first client and verify that it is assigned VLAN ID 100.
vf=2 mpId=6 wtp=2 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.02 vlan_id=100 ip=100.1.10.2 ip6=:: mac=00:0e:c9:9f:77:04 vci= host= user=data group= signal=-40 noise=-95 idle=25 bw=0 use=5 chan=48 radio_type=11N_5G security=wpa2_only_enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_ authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
b. Connect the second client and verify that it is assigned VLAN ID 200.
vf=2 mpId=6 wtp=2 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.02 vlan_id=200 ip=100.2.10.2 ip6=:: mac=00:0e:ce:2d:e0:dd vci= host= user=data group= signal=-40 noise=-95 idle=0 bw=0 use=5 chan=48 radio_type=11N_5G security=wpa2_only_enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_ authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
c. Connect the third client and verify that it is assigned VLAN ID 300.
vf=2 mpId=6 wtp=2 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.02 vlan_id=300 ip=100.3.10.2 ip6=fe80::20e:95ff:fef3:f124 mac=00:0e:95:f3:f1:24 vci= host= user=data group=peap signal=-41 noise=-95 idle=0 bw=0 use=5 chan=48 radio_type=11N_5G security=wpa2_only_ enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,1.149.24.1:39198-0-0 -0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
d. Connect the fourth client and verify that it is assigned VLAN ID 100 again.
vf=2 mpId=6 wtp=2 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.02 vlan_id=100 ip=100.1.10.3 ip6=:: mac=00:0e:44:9e:71:e5 vci= host= user=data group= signal=-40 noise=-95 idle=29 bw=0
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use=5 chan=48 radio_type=11N_5G security=wpa2_only_enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_ authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
2. As a comparison, connect two WiFi clients stations with user=voip. They are assigned VLAN ID 100 as it matches the VLAN name "voip".
vf=2 mpId=6 wtp=2 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.02 vlan_id=100 ip=100.1.10.5 ip6=fe80::20e:5cff:fe03:e411 mac=00:0e:5c:03:e4:11 vci= host= user=voip group=peap signal=-43 noise=-95 idle=14 bw=0 use=5 chan=48 radio_type=11N_5G security=wpa2_only_ enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
vf=2 mpId=6 wtp=2 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.02 vlan_id=100 ip=100.1.10.4 ip6=:: mac=f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vci= host=WiFi-Client-2 user=voip group=peap signal=-39 noise=-95 idle=4 bw=0 use=5 chan=48 radio_type=11AX_5G security=wpa2_only_enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,2.3.81.76:29193-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
3. Check the VLAN assignment count using the following diagnostic command: Diagnose wpa wpd vlan-name <SSID_NAME>.
# diagnose wpa wpad vlan-name Example_SSID No SSID is configured in hostapd. No SSID is configured in hostapd. SSID config: SSID(Example_SSID) VAP(wifi.fap.02) refcnt(2)
Vlan info (1): v100.wifi => 100 Vlan info (2): v200.wifi => 200 Vlan info (3): v300.wifi => 300 Vlan info (4): wqtn.50.wifi.fa => 4093 Vlan info (5): data => 100(2) 200(1) 300(1) Vlan info (6): voip => 100(2)
VLAN assignment by FortiAP group
VLANs can be assigned dynamically based on FortiAP groups. Dynamic VLAN assignment allows the same SSID to be deployed to many APs, avoiding the need to produce multiple SSIDs.
You can create FortiAP groups to manage multiple APs at once. Grouping an AP enables you to apply assign VLANs to all the APs in that group, simplifying the administrative workload. For example, you can group APs based on the floor or section of the office they are installed on. Each AP can belong to one group only. This feature is useful in large deployments as you can break down the broadcast domain, rather than putting all wireless clients into a single subnet. You can also apply security inspections and firewall rules based on the location of the wireless clients, providing you with more granular control over wireless traffic.
To create a FortiAP group, navigate to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and click Create New > Managed AP Group.
To assign a VLAN by FortiAP group - GUI:
1. Navigate to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs to define an SSID. 2. Enable VLAN Pooling and select Managed AP Group to assign a VLAN ID to a specified group.
You can also choose other methods of assigning VLAN IDs (see Load balancing on page 113). 3. Click Create New to enter the VLAN ID you want to assign and the AP group you want to apply the ID to.
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4. Click OK to save.
To assign a VLAN by FortiAP group - CLI:
In this example, VLAN 101, 102, or 103 is assigned depending on the AP's FortiAP group. config wireless-controller vap
edit wlan set vlan-pooling wtp-group config vlan-pool edit 101 set wtp-group wtpgrp1 next edit 102 set wtp-group wtpgrp2 next edit 101 set wtp-group wtpgrp3 end end
end
VLAN assignment by VLAN pool
You can define VLAN pooling and load balancing VLANs on the SSID configuration page. FortiGate automatically adds all load balancing VLANs to a zone based on the SSID they were defined in. VLANs are tied to the SSID interface, the zone name includes the SSID interface name followed by .zone. You must configure the network and DHCP options for each VLAN ID. In an SSID, you can define a VLAN pool. As clients associate to an AP, they are assigned to a VLAN. A VLAN pool can:
l assign a specific VLAN based on the AP's FortiAP group, usually for network configuration reasons, or l assign one of several available VLANs for network load balancing purposes (tunnel mode SSIDs only). See Reserved VLAN IDs on page 33. If the VLAN pool contains no valid VLAN ID, the SSID static VLAN ID setting is used.
Load balancing
VLAN pooling load balancing is available only for SSIDs operating in tunnel mode. There are two VLAN pooling methods available to provide load balancing options for wireless clients:
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l Round robin - Assigns the least busy VLAN (the VLAN with the smallest number of clients) to new clients from the VLAN pool.
l Hash - Identifies which VLAN to use based on the hash value of the current number of clients connected to the SSID and the number of VLANs available in the pool.
To assign a VLAN load balancing method - GUI:
1. Navigate to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs to define an SSID. 2. Enable VLAN Pooling and select a load balancing method.
l Round Robin: Assigns the next VLAN ID to each device as it is detected. l Hash: Always assigns the same VLAN ID to a specific device.
3. Click Create New to enter the VLAN ID you want to assign. 4. Click OK to save.
To assign a VLAN by round-robin selection - CLI:
In this example, VLAN 101, 102, or 103 is assigned using the round-robin method:
config wireless-controller vap edit wlan set vlan-pooling round-robin config vlan-pool edit 101 next edit 102 next edit 103 end end end
To assign a VLAN by hash-based selection - CLI:
In this example, VLAN 101, 102, or 103 is assigned using the hash method:
config wireless-controller vap edit wlan set vlan-pooling hash config vlan-pool edit 101 next edit 102 next edit 103 end
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end end
Configuring wireless NAC support
The wireless controller can support Network Access Control (NAC) profiles to onboard wireless clients into default VLANs. It can also apply NAC policies to match clients based on device properties, user groups, or EMS tags, and then assign the clients to specific VLANs. VLAN subinterfaces based on VAP interfaces are used for the VLAN assignments. When a wireless client first connects, it is assigned to the default VLAN per the NAC profile. After the client information is captured, if it matches a NAC policy, the client is disconnected and, when it reconnects, assigned to the VLAN that is specified by the SSID policy. The device properties that can be matched include: MAC address, hardware vendor, type, family, operating system, hardware version, software version, host, user, and source.
Example
When both clients first connect, they are onboarded into the vap_v100 VLAN. The client information is captured after up to two minutes and, if it matches the NAC policy, the wireless controller disconnects the client. When the client reconnects, it is assigned to the VLAN specified by the policy. In this example, NAC profiles are configured to onboard wireless Client-1 into default VLANs based on the device's MAC address, user group, or EMS tag.
To configure the VAP, interfaces, profiles, and SSID policy in the GUI:
1. Go to WiFi & and Switch Controller > NAC Policies and click Create New to create a NAC policy. 2. Enter a Name for the NAC policy and select what Category you want to base the NAC policy on (Device, User, EMS
Tag). 3. Configure the policy device patterns based on the Category you selected. 4. In the Wireless Controller Action section, enable Assign VLAN and select which VLAN you want to apply to the
policy. 5. When you are finished, click OK. 6. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select the SSID you want to apply the NAC policy to.
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7. Enable NAC profile and select the NAC policy you want to apply. 8. Click OK to apply the changes.
To configure the VAP, interfaces, profiles, and SSID policy in the CLI:
1. Create the VAP SSID:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi.fap.01" set ssid "wifi-ssid.fap.01" set passphrase ********** set schedule "always" next
end
2. Create two VLAN interfaces under the VAP:
config system interface edit "vap_v100" set vdom "vdom1" set ip 10.100.1.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping set device-identification enable set role lan set snmp-index 37 set interface "wifi.fap.01" set vlanid 100 next edit "vap_v200" set vdom "vdom1" set ip 10.101.1.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping set device-identification enable set role lan set snmp-index 40 set interface "wifi.fap.01" set vlanid 200 next
end
3. Create the wireless NAC profile:
config wireless-controller nac-profile edit "wifi-nac-profile-1" set onboarding-vlan "vap_v100" next
end
4. Select the wireless NAC profile in the VAP:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi.fap.01" set nac enable set nac-profile "wifi-nac-profile-1" next
end
5. Create the SSID policy:
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config wireless-controller ssid-policy edit "wifi-ssid-policy-1" set vlan "vap_v200" next
end
6. Create NAC policies to match clients based on Device properties, User groups, or EMS tags.
Device properties
This policy matches clients with the MAC address f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af.
To match a wireless client based on its MAC address:
1. Create a NAC policy that matches wireless clients with a specific MAC address:
config user nac-policy edit "wifi-nac-policy-1" set category device set mac "f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af" set ssid-policy "wifi-ssid-policy-1" next
end
When both clients first connect, they are onboarded into the vap_v100 VLAN:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=1 wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=100 ip=10.100.1.10 ip6=::
mac=f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vci= host=fosqa-PowerEdge-R210 user= group= signal=-45 noise=-95 idle=1 bw=2 use=6 chan=157 radio_type=11AX_5G security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2
vf=1 wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=100 ip=10.100.1.11 ip6=:: mac=48:ee:0c:23:43:d1 vci= host=wifi-qa-01 user= group= signal=-25 noise=-95 idle=14 bw=0 use=6 chan=157 radio_type=11AC security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_ authed=no online=yes mimo=2
After the client information is collected, Client-1 matches the policy. It is disconnected, then reconnects and is assigned to the vap_v200 VLAN in accordance with the NAC policy:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=1 wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=200 ip=10.101.1.10 ip6=::
mac=f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vci= host=fosqa-PowerEdge-R210 user= group= signal=-24 noise=-95 idle=0 bw=7 use=6 chan=157 radio_type=11AX_5G security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2
vf=1 wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=100 ip=10.100.1.11 ip6=:: mac=48:ee:0c:23:43:d1 vci= host=wifi-qa-01 user= group= signal=-25 noise=-95 idle=0 bw=4 use=6 chan=157 radio_type=11AC security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_ authed=no online=yes mimo=2
2. Verify that Client-1 matched the policy, and Client-2 did not:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac_hlp -c sta-nac
STA (001/002) vfid,mac: 1, 48:ee:0c:23:43:d1
ip
: 10.100.1.11
wlan
: wifi.fap.01(tunnel)
vlan-id(oper/dflt) : 100/100
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matched nac-policy : N/A
STA (002/002) vfid,mac: 1, f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af
ip
: 10.101.1.10
wlan
: wifi.fap.01(tunnel)
vlan-id(oper/dflt) : 200/100
matched nac-policy : wifi-nac-policy-1
User groups
This policy matches clients that are authenticated in the group_local user group.
To match a wireless client based on its user group:
1. Change the security mode to WPA2 enterprise only and add a user group in the VAP:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi.fap.01" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth usergroup set usergroup "group_local" "group_radius" set schedule "always" next
end
2. Create a NAC policy that matches wireless clients that are authenticated in a specific user group:
config user nac-policy edit "wifi-nac-policy-2" set category firewall-user set user-group "group_local" set ssid-policy "wifi-ssid-policy-1" next
end
When both clients first connect, they are onboarded into the vap_v100 VLAN:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=1 wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=100 ip=10.100.1.10 ip6=::
mac=f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vci= host=fosqa-PowerEdge-R210 user=local group=group_local signal=-45 noise=-95 idle=1 bw=2 use=6 chan=157 radio_type=11AX_5G security=wpa2_only_ enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2
vf=1 wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=100 ip=10.100.1.11 ip6=:: mac=48:ee:0c:23:43:d1 vci= host=wifi-qa-01 user=tester group=group_radius signal=-24 noise=-95 idle=27 bw=0 use=6 chan=157 radio_type=11AC security=wpa2_only_enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2
After the client information is collected, Client-1 matches the policy. It is disconnected, then reconnects and is assigned to the vap_v200 VLAN in accordance with the NAC policy:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=1 wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=200 ip=10.101.1.10 ip6=::
mac=f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vci= host=fosqa-PowerEdge-R210 user=local group=group_local signal=-20 noise=-95 idle=1 bw=9 use=6 chan=157 radio_type=11AX_5G security=wpa2_only_ enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2
vf=1 wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=100 ip=10.100.1.11 ip6=:: mac=48:ee:0c:23:43:d1 vci= host=wifi-qa-01 user=tester group=group_radius signal=-24
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noise=-95 idle=35 bw=0 use=6 chan=157 radio_type=11AC security=wpa2_only_enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2 3. Verify that Client-1 matched the policy, and Client-2 did not:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac_hlp -c sta-nac
STA (001/002) vfid,mac: 1, 48:ee:0c:23:43:d1
ip
: 10.100.1.11
wlan
: wifi.fap.01(tunnel)
vlan-id(oper/dflt) : 100/100
matched nac-policy : N/A
STA (002/002) vfid,mac: 1, f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af
ip
: 10.101.1.10
wlan
: wifi.fap.01(tunnel)
vlan-id(oper/dflt) : 200/100
matched nac-policy : wifi-nac-policy-2
EMS tags
This policy matches clients that have the specified EMS tag. EMS control must already be configured, refer to Synchronizing FortiClient EMS tags and configurations for details.
To match a wireless client based on its EMS tag:
1. Find the EMS tag:
# diagnose firewall dynamic list MAC_FCTEMSTA20002318_ems135_winOS_tag(total-addr: 2): ID(62)
MAC(F0:B4:D2:AB:E0:09) MAC(10:C3:7B:9C:46:AA)
2. Create a NAC policy that matches a wireless client with that tag:
config user nac-policy edit "wifi-nac-policy-3" set category ems-tag set ems-tag "MAC_FCTEMSTA20002318_ems135_winOS_tag" set ssid-policy "wifi-ssid-policy-1" next
end
When both clients first connect, they are onboarded into the vap_v100 VLAN. After the client information is collected, Client-1 matches the policy. It is disconnected, then reconnects and is assigned to the vap_v200 VLAN in accordance with the NAC policy:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=200 ip=10.101.1.11 ip6=fe80::add7:9b4a:cd39:e65c
mac=f0:b4:d2:ab:e0:09 vci=MSFT 5.0 host=DESKTOP-05HBKE1 user= group= signal=-52 noise=95 idle=6 bw=0 use=6 chan=40 radio_type=11AC(wave2) security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2
ip6=*fe80::add7:9b4a:cd39:e65c,256,
3. Verify that Client-1 matched the policy, and Client-2 did not:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac_hlp -c sta-nac
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STA (001/002) vfid,mac: 1, 48:ee:0c:23:43:d1
ip
: 10.100.1.11
wlan
: wifi.fap.01(tunnel)
vlan-id(oper/dflt) : 100/100
matched nac-policy : N/A
STA (002/002) vfid,mac: 1, f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af
ip
: 10.101.1.10
wlan
: wifi.fap.01(tunnel)
vlan-id(oper/dflt) : 200/100
matched nac-policy : wifi-nac-policy-3
Configuring user authentication
You can perform user authentication when the wireless client joins the wireless network and when the wireless user communicates with another network through a firewall policy.
You can use the following methods to authenticate connecting clients:
l WPA2 and WPA3 Enterprise authentication on page 120 o Custom RADIUS NAS-ID on page 122
l WiFi single sign-on (WSSO) authentication on page 125 l Assigning WiFi users to VLANs dynamically on page 125 l MAC-based authentication on page 126 l User self-registration of MPSKs through FortiGuest on page 131 l Authenticating guest WiFi users on page 133 l Authenticating wireless clients with SAML credentials
o You can configure SAML user groups and apply it to a captive portal through a tunnel mode SSID. Then you can configure both a captive portal exempt firewall policy to allow wireless clients to contact the SAML IDP and a firewall policy with the SAML user group applied to allow authenticated traffic. When wireless clients connect to the SSID, they will be redirected to a login page for wireless authentication using SAML. For configuration information, see Captive portal authentication using SAML credentials on page 85.
l 802.1X authentication l Configuring 802.1X supplicant on LAN on page 134 l Configure NAS-Filter-Rule attribute to set up dACL on page 138
WPA2 and WPA3 Enterprise authentication
WEP and WPA-Personal security rely on legitimate users knowing the correct key or passphrase for the wireless network. However, the more users you have, the more likely it is that the key or passphrase will become known to unauthorized people. WPA-Enterprise and captive portal security provide separate credentials for each user. User accounts can be managed through FortiGate user groups or an external RADIUS authentication server.
Enterprise authentication can be based on the local FortiGate user database or on a remote RADIUS server. Local authentication is essentially the same for WiFi users as it is for wired users, except that authentication for WiFi users occurs when they associate their device with the AP. Therefore, enterprise authentication must be configured in the
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SSID. WiFi users can belong to user groups just the same as wired users and security policies will determine which network services they can access.
WPA3 improves on WPA2 and offers some transition modes where a single SSID supports corresponding WPA3 and WPA2 devices. WPA3 is required by the Wi-Fi Alliance for Wi-Fi 6 and 7 certifications, so all Wi-Fi 6 and 7 certified devices support it. From the administrative and the end-user experiences, WPA3 Enterprise is identical to WPA2Enterprise.
If your WiFi network uses WPA2 or WPA3 Enterprise authentication verified by a RADIUS server, you need to configure the FortiGate unit to connect to that RADIUS server.
To configure a RADIUS server - GUI:
1. Go to User & Authentication > RADIUS Servers and select Create New. 2. Enter a Name for the server.
This name is used in FortiGate configurations. It is not the actual name of the server. 3. Select an Authentication method. 4. In Primary Server area:
a. IP/Name: Enter the IP address or resolvable FQDN of the RADIUS server. b. Secret: Enter the password used to connect to the RADIUS server. 5. Optionally, enter the information for a secondary or backup RADIUS server. 6. Select OK.
To configure a RADIUS server - CLI:
Advanced settings for RADIUS servers can be configured in the CLI.
config user radius edit exampleRADIUS set auth-type auto set server 10.11.102.100 set secret * next
end
You can configure RADSEC over TLS and TCP for 802.1X authentication of wireless clients. For more information, refer to Configuring a RADSEC client in the FortiOS Administration Guide.
To implement WPA2 or WPA3 Enterprise security:
1. Apply the RADIUS server you configured to a WPA2 or WPA3 Enterprise SSID. a. To configure from the GUI, see Defining a wireless network interface (SSID) on page 43. b. To configure from the CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi.fap.01" set ssid "FOS_101F_Enterprise" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth radius set radius-server "exampleRADIUS" set schedule "always" next
end
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To use the RADIUS server for authentication, you can create individual FortiGate user accounts that specify the authentication server instead of a password, and you then add those accounts to a user group. Or, you can add the authentication server to a FortiGate user group, making all accounts on that server members of the user group.
Creating a wireless user group
Most wireless networks require authenticated access. To enable creation of firewall policies specific to WiFi users, you should create at least one WiFi user group. You can add or remove users later. There are two types of user group to consider:
l A Firewall user group can contain user accounts stored on the FortiGate unit or external authentication servers such as RADIUS that contain and verify user credentials. For instructions on how to configure locally stored user groups, see Basic wireless network example on page 353.
l A Fortinet single sign-on (FSSO) user group is used for integration with Windows Active Directory or Novell eDirectory. The group can contain Windows or Novell user groups who will be permitted access to the wireless LAN.
Custom RADIUS NAS-ID
You can configure the RADIUS NAS-ID as a custom ID or the hostname. When deploying a wireless network with WPAEnterprise and RADIUS authentication, or using the RADIUS MAC authentication feature, FortiGate can use the custom NAS-ID in its Access-Request. The FortiGate can also push the RADIUS NAS-ID to a managed FortiAP in standalone mode. The FortiAP can then forward the NAS-Identifier value in an Access-Request packet when authenticating a wireless client with a remote RADIUS server.
The FortiAP must run on firmware 7.6.0 or later to receive the NAS-Identifier value from the FortiGate.
Configuring RADIUS NAS-ID CLI:
config user radius edit < server > set nas-id-type { legacy | custom | hostname } set nas-id < custom ID > next
end
You can configure nas-id-type with the following three options:
legacy custom hostname
NAS-ID value is the value previously used by each daemon. This is the default setting.
NAS-ID value is customized. Set nas-id to enter the custom ID.
NAS-ID value is the FortiGate hostname or HA group name if applicable.
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To create an SSID with WPA2-Enterprise security mode using RADIUS authentication:
1. Configure the SSID:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi7" set ssid "80F_ent_radius" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set voice-enterprise disable set auth radius set radius-server "server-55" set schedule "always" next
end
2. Configure the RADIUS server:
config user radius edit "server-55" set server "172.18.56.104" set secret ENC * set acct-interim-interval 60 set radius-coa enable config accounting-server edit 1 set status enable set server "172.18.56.104" set secret ENC * next end next
end
3. Set the nas-id-type:
config user radius edit server-55 set nas-id-type hostname
next end
config system global set hostname "FortiWiFi-80F-2R"
end
4. After the station connects to the SSID, check the radius packets to confirm the NAS-Identifier value matches the hostname FortiWiFi-80F-2R:
(64) Received Access-Request Id 35 from 172.16.200.254:63111 to 172.16.200.55:1812 length 367 (64) User-Name = "tester" (64) NAS-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0 (64) NAS-Identifier = "FortiWiFi-80F-2R"
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To create a WPA2-Personal SSID using RADIUS MAC authentication:
1. Configure the SSID:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi2" set ssid "80F_psk" set voice-enterprise disable set radius-mac-auth enable set radius-mac-auth-server "server-55" set passphrase ENC * set schedule "always" next
end
2. Set the nas-id-type:
config user radius edit server-55 set nas-id-type custom set nas-id FWF-80F-LR next
end
3. After the station connects to the SSID, check the radius packets to confirm the NAS-Identifier value matches the custom value you configured, "FWF-80F-LR":
(87) Received Access-Request Id 3 from 172.16.200.254:62884 to 172.16.200.55:1812 length 228 (87) User-Name = "F1-A4-23-75-9F-B1" (87) User-Password = "F1-A4-23-75-9F-B1" (87) Calling-Station-Id = "F1-A4-23-75-9F-B1" (87) NAS-IP-Address = 0.0.0.0 (87) NAS-Identifier = "FWF-80F-LR"
To configure and push a NAS-ID to a FortiAP in standalone mode:
1. From FortiOS, configure the RADIUS server with a NAS-ID. You can use custom or hostname NAS-IDs.
config user radius edit "wifi-radius" set server "172.16.200.55" set secret ENC set nas-ip 172.16.200.9 set nas-id-type custom
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set nas-id "AP-431F" next end
2. Apply the RADIUS server to an SSID.
config wireless-controller vap edit "stand-vap" set ssid "FOS_101F_Stand_Ent_Radius" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth radius set radius-server "wifi-radius" set local-standalone enable set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" next
end
3. When the client connects to the SSID, the NAS-Identifier attribute you configured, AP-431F, will be sent in an Access-Request packet.
WiFi single sign-on (WSSO) authentication
WSSO is RADIUS-based authentication that passes the user's user group memberships to the FortiGate. For each user, the RADIUS server must provide user group information in the Fortinet-Group-Name attribute. This information is stored in the server's database. After the user authenticates, security policies provide access to network services based on user groups.
1. Configure the RADIUS server to return the Fortinet-Group-Name attribute for each user. 2. Configure the FortiGate to access the RADIUS server, as described in WPA2 and WPA3 Enterprise authentication
on page 120. 3. Create firewall user groups on the FortiGate with the same names as the user groups listed in the RADIUS
database. Leave the groups empty. 4. In the SSID choose WPA2-Enterprise authentication. In the Authentication field, select RADIUS Server and choose
the RADIUS server that you configured. 5. Create security policies as needed, using user groups (Source User(s) field) to control access.
For configuration information see, Configuring WiFi with WSSO using Windows NPS and user groups on page 97.
When a user authenticates by WSSO, the Firewall Users widget (Dashboard > Users & Device) shows the authentication method as WSSO.
Assigning WiFi users to VLANs dynamically
Some enterprise networks use Virtual LANs (VLANs) to separate traffic. In this environment, to extend network access to WiFi users might appear to require multiple SSIDs. But it is possible to automatically assign each user to their appropriate VLAN from a single SSID. To accomplish this requires RADIUS authentication that passes the appropriate VLAN ID to the FortiGate by RADIUS attributes. Each user's VLAN assignment is stored in the user database of the RADIUS server.
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1. Configure the RADIUS server to return the following attributes for each user: l Tunnel-Type (value: "VLAN") l Tunnel-Medium-Type (value: "IEEE-802") l Tunnel_Private-Group-Id (value: the VLAN ID for the user's VLAN)
2. Configure the FortiGate to access the RADIUS server. 3. Configure the SSID with WPA2-Enterprise authentication. In the Authentication field, select RADIUS Server and
choose the RADIUS server that you will use. 4. Create VLAN subinterfaces on the SSID interface, one for each VLAN. Set the VLAN ID of each as appropriate. You
can do this on the Network > Interfaces page. 5. Enable Dynamic VLAN assignment for the SSID. For example, if the SSID interface is "office", enter:
config wireless-controller vap edit office set dynamic-vlan enable end
6. Create security policies for each VLAN. These policies have a WiFi VLAN subinterface as Incoming Interface and allow traffic to flow to whichever Outgoing Interface these VLAN users will be allowed to access.
MAC-based authentication
You can authenticate wireless clients by MAC address. A RADIUS server stores the allowed MAC address for each client and the wireless controller checks the MAC address independently of other authentication methods.
MAC-based authentication must be configured in the CLI. In the following example, MAC-based authentication is added to an existing access point "vap1" to use RADIUS server hq_radius (configured on the FortiGate):
config wireless-controller vap edit vap1 set radius-mac-auth enable set radius-mac-auth-server hq_radius end
See also Adding a MAC filter on page 91
Combined MAC and MPSK based authentication
You can also use a combined MAC and MPSK based authentication to authenticate wireless clients against a RADIUS server. Instead of statically storing the MPSK passphrase(s) on the FortiGate, it can be passed from the RADIUS server dynamically when the client MAC is authenticated by the RADIUS server. The resulting passphrase will be cached on the FortiGate for future authentication, with a timeout configured for each VAP.
When a WiFi client attempts to connect to a WPA2-Personal or WPA3-SAE SSID and inputs a password, the user is "registered" to the RADIUS server which stores the client's MAC and generates a passphrase for the user device or group.
If the user connects to the FortiAP SSID, the FortiGate wireless controller will dynamically authenticate the device's MAC address using RADIUS-based MAC authentication.
If authentication is successful, the RADIUS server will return a tunnel-password for that user device or group. If the client-provided passphrase matches this password, it can successfully connect to the SSID and be placed in a VLAN (if specified). The first time a client connects to the SSID, the tunnel password is cached in the RADIUS server as an MPSK SAE password. In subsequent connections, the cached password is retrieved, streamlining the authentication process.
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To implement MAC and MPSK based authentication, you must first configure the RADIUS server and MPSK profile. Then you can configure authentication based on how the client connects to the SSID.
To configure the RADIUS server and MPSK profile:
1. Configure a RADIUS server:
config user radius edit "peap" set server "172.16.200.55" set secret ******** next
end
2. Configure the MPSK profiles from the GUI or CLI. l From the GUI: i. Go to System > Feature Visibility and enable Advanced Wireless Features. ii. Click Apply. iii. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Connectivity Profiles > MPSK Profiles and click Create new to create an MPSK profile. iv. Enter an MPSK profile Name and select a security Type. v. Under MPSK group list, click Add > Create Group to create a new MPSK Group. vi. Enter your MPSK group and key configurations as needed. vii. Click OK to save your MPSK profile configurations. viii. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs and select or create a new SSID. ix. Under Security Mode Settings, select the Security mode and SAE password that matches your MPSK profile. x. Select the MPSK profile you created. xi. When you are finished, click OK. l From the CLI:
i. config wireless-controller mpsk-profile edit "wifi.fap.01" set ssid "wifi-ssid.fap.01" config mpsk-group edit "g1" config mpsk-key edit "p1" set passphrase ******** set mpsk-schedules "always" next end next end next edit "wifi.fap.02" set ssid "wifi-ssid.fap.02" config mpsk-group edit "g1" config mpsk-key edit "p1" set passphrase ********
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set mpsk-schedules "always" next end next end next end
3. Check that the PMK values from the RADIUS server are cached on the FortiGate:
show wireless-controller mpsk-profile edit "wifi.fap.01" set ssid "wifi-ssid.fap.01" config mpsk-group edit "g1" config mpsk-key edit "p1" set passphrase ***** set pmk ENC *** set mpsk-schedules "always" next end next end next edit "wifi.fap.02" set ssid "wifi-ssid.fap.02" config mpsk-group edit "g1" config mpsk-key edit "p1" set passphrase **** set pmk ENC *** set mpsk-schedules "always" next end next end next
end
After you've configured the RADIUS server and MPSK profile, you can configure MAC and MPSK based authentication based on how the client connects to the SSID:
l If the client connects to the SSID in tunnel mode, the MPSK key is cached on the FortiGate. l If the client connects to the SSID in bridging mode, the MPSK key is cached on the FortiAP.
To enable the RADIUS MAC Authentication - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs, and click Create New > SSID or edit an existing SSID. 2. In Security mode, select WPA2 Personal. 3. Under Pre-shared Key Mode, select Multiple.
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4. Enable RADIUS MAC authentication. The Authentication timeout field loads. You can change the timer from 1800 to 86400 seconds.
5. Enable RADIUS server and select a server. 6. When you are finished, click OK.
To configure MAC and MPSK authentication in tunnel mode:
1. Configure the wireless controller VAP, enable radius-mac-auth, and select a profile for mpsk-profile: config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi.fap.01" set ssid "wifi-ssid.fap.01" set radius-mac-auth enable set radius-mac-auth-server "peap" set radius-mac-mpsk-auth enable set radius-mac-mpsk-timeout 1800 set schedule "always" set mpsk-profile "wifi.fap.01"
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next end 2. On the RADIUS server, set a Tunnel-Password attribute in the example MAC account "F8-E4-E3-D8-5E-AF".
F8-E4-E3-D8-5E-AF Cleartext-Password := "F8-E4-E3-D8-5E-AF" Tunnel-Type = "VLAN", Tunnel-Medium-Type = "IEEE-802", Tunnel-Private-Group-Id = 100, Tunnel-Password = "111111111111", Fortinet-Group-Name = group_mac
3. Confirm the example client (MAC:f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af) can connect to the SSID using the same TunnelPassword passphrase "111111111111". # dia wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=1 wtp=7 rId=2 wlan=wifi.fap.01 vlan_id=0 ip=10.10.80.2 ip6=:: mac=f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vci= host=fosqa-PowerEdge-R210 user=F8-E4-E3-D8-5E-AF group=group_mac signal=-33 noise=-95 idle=3 bw=1 use=6 chan=149 radio_type=11AX_5G security=wpa2_only_ personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2 rad_mac_auth=allow age=12
4. Verify that the RADIUS MPSK can be cached in the FortiGate: # diagnose wpa wpad radius-mac-mpsk wifi-ssid.fap.01 SSID config: SSID(wifi-ssid.fap.01) VAP(wifi.fap.01) refcnt(1) Total RADIUS MPSK cache count: (1) mac-binding: f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vlan-id: 100 expiration: 1785 seconds
5. MAC and MPSK based authentication is successfully implemented.
To configure MAC and MPSK authentication in bridge mode:
1. Configure the wireless controller VAP, enable radius-mac-mpsk, and select a profile formpsk-profile: config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi.fap.02" set ssid "wifi-ssid.fap.02" set radius-mac-auth enable set radius-mac-auth-server "peap" set radius-mac-mpsk-auth enable set radius-mac-mpsk-timeout 1800 set local-standalone enable set local-bridging enable set local-authentication enable set schedule "always" set mpsk-profile "wifi.fap.02" next
end 2. Confirm the example client (MAC:f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af) can now connect to the above local-standalone SSID using the
same Tunnel-Password passphrase "111111111111". FortiAP-231F # sta
wlan11 (wifi-ssid.fap.02) client count 1 MAC:f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af ip:10.100.100.231 ip_proto:dhcp ip_age:74 host:fosqa-PowerEdgeR210 vci: vlanid:0 Auth:Yes channel:149 rate:48Mbps rssi:65dB idle:11s Rx bytes:6095 Tx bytes:1719 Rx rate:87Mbps Tx rate:48Mbps Rx last:11s Tx last:68s AssocID:1 Mode: Normal Flags:1000000b PauseCnt:0
3. Verify that the RADIUS MPSK can be cached on FortiAP: FortiAP-231F # h_diag radius-mac-mpsk wifi-ssid.fap.02
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SSID config: SSID(wifi-ssid.fap.02) VAP(wlan11) refcnt(1) Total RADIUS MPSK cache count: (1)
mac-binding: f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vlan-id: 100 expiration: 1660 seconds 4. MAC and MPSK based authentication is successfully implemented.
Because Dynamic VLAN is not configured on each of the VAPs, the cache returned by the RADIUS server and the station statistics show different VLAN IDs. FortiGate does not use the VLAN passed by the RADIUS server, but still caches it.
User self-registration of MPSKs through FortiGuest
You can enable users to generate Multi Pre-Shared Keys (MPSK) through the FortiGuest self-registration portal. Users can self-register their devices through the portal, receiving a unique pre-shared key (MPSK) bound to their device's MAC address. When they connect to the SSID, FortiGate sends the client's passphrase and MAC address to FortiGuest during the 4-way handshake. Based the FortiGuest response, FortiGate authenticates or de-authenticates the client. FortiGate can also generate accounting messages and send them to the FortiAP when wireless clients connect to an the SSID through the FortiGuest self-registration portal. Example Topology
To configure a FortiGuest external MPSK server - GUI: 1. Go to System > Feature Visibility and enable Advanced Wireless Features. 2. Click Apply. 3. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Connectivity Profiles > MPSK Profiles and click Create new to create an MPSK
profile. 4. Enter an MPSK profile Name and select a security Type. 5. Enable MPSK external server authentication and select an MPSK external server.
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6. When you are finished, click OK.
To configure a FortiGuest external MPSK server - GUI:
1. Create an external FortiGuest server. Optionally, you can configure an accounting RADIUS server within it.
config user radius edit "fortiguest" set server "172.16.200.117" set secret ENC config accounting-server edit 1 set status enable set server "172.16.200.55" set secret xxxxxxxxx next end next
end
2. Create an MPSK profile, enable MPSK external server authentication, and apply the external server you created.
config wireless-controller mpsk-profile edit "wifi" set mpsk-external-server-auth enable set mpsk-external-server "fortiguest" next
end
3. Apply the MPSK profile to a VAP.
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi" set ssid "FOS_81F_POE_MPSK" set schedule "always" set mpsk-profile "wifi" set dynamic-vlan enable set quarantine disable next
end
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To verify external MPSK authentication: 1. Using a wireless client, create a key in the FortiGuest self-registration portal.
l The MAC address of the device is 54:27:1E:B7:4A:95. l The PSK key is 12345678. 2. Verify that you can connect the wireless client to the SSID using the configured PSK key of 12345678.
# dia wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=0 mpId=0 wtp=4 rId=1 wlan=wifi vlan_id=0 ip=192.168.1.110
ip6=fe80::dc46:a41f:5546:f07f mac=54:27:1e:b7:4a:95 vci=MSFT 5.0 host=DESKTOP-05HBKE1 user= group= signal=-70 noise=-95 idle=1 bw=0 use=5 chan=11 radio_type=11N security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=1
ip6=*fe80::dc46:a41f:5546:f07f,26,
3. Check the WiFi event log and verify there is a log with the action as EXT-MPSK-auth-success, indicating that the 4way handshake is successful.
# exe log display date=2024-03-13 time=09:02:06 eventtime=1710345725686198360 tz="-0700" logid="0104043657" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="root" logdesc="Wireless station association failed" sn="FP433GTY22001147" ap="FP433GTY22001147" vap="wifi" ssid="FOS_QA_Starr_81F_3G_psk" radioid=1 user="N/A" stamac="54:27:1e:b7:4a:95" signal=-45 snr=50 authserver="N/A" channel=11 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="EXT-MPSK-auth-success" reason="Reserved 0" msg="External MPSK authentication was successful for client 54:27:1e:b7:4a:95"
Authenticating guest WiFi users
The FortiOS Guest Management feature enables you to easily add guest accounts to your FortiGate unit. These accounts authenticate guest WiFi users for temporary access to a WiFi network managed by a FortiGate unit.
To implement guest access, you need to
1. Go to User & Authentication > User Groups and create one or more guest user groups. 2. Go to User & Authentication > Guest Management to create guest accounts. You can print the guest account
credentials or send them to the user as an email or SMS message.
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3. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and configure your WiFi SSID to use captive portal authentication. Select the guest user group(s) that you created.
Guest users can log into the WiFi captive portal with their guest account credentials until the account expires.
Configuring 802.1X supplicant on LAN
When the FortiAP is connected to a switch port with 802.1x authentication enabled, the FortiAP can be configured to act as a 802.1x supplicant to authenticate against the server using EAP-FAST, EAP-TLS or EAP-PEAP. When the port is configured for 802.1x authentication, the switch does not allow any traffic other than 802.1x traffic to pass through the port until the device connected to the port authenticates successfully. Once the authentication is successful, FortiAP packets can pass through the switch port and join the FortiGate.
To enable 802.1X authentication - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and select the profile you want to enable 802.1X authentication on. 2. Enable 802.1X authentication and select the authentication method:
l All l EAP-FAST l EAP-TLS l EAP-PEAP
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3. Enter a Username and Password for authentication. 4. Click OK to save.
To enable 802.1X authentication on a FortiGate managed FortiAP - CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "431F" config platform set type 431F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set ap-country CA config radio-1 set band 802.11ax,n,g-only end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G end config radio-3 set mode monitor end set wan-port-auth 802.1x set wan-port-auth-usrname "tester" set wan-port-auth-password ENC *********** set wan-port-auth-methods EAP-PEAP next
end
The default setting for wan-port-auth is "none" and the default setting for wan-portauth-methods is "all"
To enable 802.1X authentication on a FortiAP not managed by FortiGate - CLI:
FortiAP-431F # cfg -a WAN_1X_ENABLE=1 cfg -a WAN_1X_USERID=tester
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cfg -a WAN_1X_PASSWD=12345678 cfg -a WAN_1X_METHOD=3
WAN_1X_ENABLE
WAN_1X_USERID WAN_1X_PASSWD WAN_1X_METHOD
Enable or Disable WAN port 802.1x supplicant: l 0: Disabled l 1: Enabled
The default setting is 0.
WAN port 802.1x supplicant user.
WAN port 802.1x supplicant password.
Select an EAP method for the WAN port 802.1x supplicant:
l 0: EAP-ALL l 1: EAP-FAST l 2: EAP-TLS l 3: EAP-PEAP The default setting is 0.
To upload certificates via the FortiAP CLI:
cw_diag -c wan1x [<get-ca-cert|get-client-cert|get-private-key> <tftp server IP> <file name>] FortiAP-431F # cw_diag -c wan1x get-ca-cert 172.16.200.100 ca.cert.pem Get "ca.cert.pem" from tftp server OK.
To verify a FortiAP is successfully authenticated from 802.1x radius:
FortiAP-431F # cw_diag -c wan1x WAN port 802.1x supplicant: EAP methods : EAP-PEAP Username : tester PasswordENC : ************ CA CERT : users Client CERT : default Private Key : default Port Status : Authorized
Media Access Control Security
Media Access Control Security (MACsec) is a network protocol that provides authenticity and integrity for the entire Ethernet frame as well as encryption of the Layer 2 data payload. Enabling MACsec on a FortiAP improves communication security of Layer 2 frames passing through wired networks.
Since MACsec is an extension to 802.1X, which provides secure key exchange and mutual authentication for MACsec nodes, FortiAPs must first be configured to pass 802.1X authentication as a supplicant. MACsec can be enabled from the FortiGate or locally on a FortiAP.
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l MACsec is only supported on FortiAP G-series models. l Only the MACsec dynamic-CAK model is supported; PSK mode is not supported, l Due to technical limitations, FortiAP only supports the MACsec policy Confidentiality
Offset value of 0 (default for most implementations) or 30. It does not support 50.
Enabling MACsec on FortiAP
In deployments where all FortiAPs are managed by a FortiGate, you can configure 802.1x and MACsec on the FortiAP profile and the configurations will be pushed to assigned FortiAPs. Then, depending on the switch used in your deployment, configure and apply 802.1x and MACsec on the switch ports to which the FortiAPs connect. The FortiAPs continue to communicate with their managing FortiGate and function as usual. In deployments where you need to connect a new FortiAP to your network before it is managed by FortiGate, you can pre-configure the FortiAP profiles while also configuring MACsec locally on the FortiAP device. Then, ensure that the switch ports to which the FortiAPs will connect have 802.1x and MACsec configured before connecting the FortiAPs.
If MACsec is enabled on a FortiAP, but the switch port that the FortiAP connects to does not have 802.1x and MACsec enabled, then authentication will fail and the FortiAP will lose network connection.
To enable MACsec from a FortiAP profile - CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <name> set wan-port-auth 802.1x set wan-port-auth-usrname "tester" set wan-port-auth-password ENC * set wan-port-auth-methods EAP-PEAP set wan-port-auth-macsec enable next
end
To enable MACsec locally from a FortiAP - CLI:
FortiAP-233G # cfg -a WAN_1X_ENABLE:=1 cfg -a WAN_1X_USERID:=tester cfg -a WAN_1X_PASSWD:=* cfg -a WAN_1X_METHOD:=3 cfg -a WAN_1X_MACSEC_POLICY:=1
To verify a FortiAP successfully passes MACsec authentication:
FP233G # cw_diag -c wan1x macsec participant_idx=0 ckn=972149b46b1ff31c11d3c1d864b0bad9 mi=94a9763a40b2905ba3ec2be9 mn=78974 active=Yes participant=No retain=No live_peers=1
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potential_peers=0 is_key_server=No is_elected=Yes TX SCI : 74:78:a6:98:dc:28@1 RX SCI : 70:35:09:21:cb:84@2 Cipher : GCM-AES-256 Tx Next PN: 298329 Distributed SAK Received : 1
Distributed_an : 0 AN : 0
tx : InUse rx : InUse Confidentiality_offset : 30 replay_protect : 0 replay_window : 0
To verify a FortiAP is registered in FortiGate with 802.1X and MACsec authentication:
FortiGate-301E (vdom1) # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wtp
WTP vd
: vdom1, 3-FP233GTF23000132 MP00
uuid
: 0d96e930-1aaf-51ef-0a3a-315f022a18d7
mgmt_vlanid
:0
region code
: E invalid
refcnt
: 3 own(1) wtpprof(1) ws(1) deleted(no)
apcfg status
: N/A,N/A cfg_ac=0.0.0.0:0 val_ac=0.0.0.0:0 cmds T 0 P 0 U 0 I 0 M 0
apcfg cmd details:
plain_ctl
: disabled
image-dl(wtp,rst): yes,no
admin
: enable
wtp-profile
: cfg(233G) override(disabled) oper(233G)
..........
SNMP
: disabled
WAN port authentication: 802.1X
WAN port 802.1x EAP method: EAP-PEAP
WAN port 802.1x Macsec: enabled
Configure NAS-Filter-Rule attribute to set up dACL
You can enable receiving the NAS-Filter-Rule attribute after successful WiFi 802.1X authentication. When a wireless client connects to a WPA2/WPA3 Enterprise SSID and gets authenticated by a RADIUS server, the server sends attributes--including the NAS-Filter-Rule attribute--with an "Access-Accept" message to the FortiGate. The FortiGate then forwards these rules to the FortiAP associated with the wireless client. The FortiAP can set up a dynamic Access Control List (dACL) using these rules, which regulates the wireless client's access to the network.
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The NAS-Filter-Rule attribute is only supported by Tunnel and Local Bridging mode SSIDs. It is not supported on Local Standalone mode.
The NAS-Filter-Rule attribute is only supported when the security mode is set to WPA2/WPA3 Enterprise with a RADIUS server as the Authentication protocol.
To enable NAS-Filter-Rule on a VAP - CLI:
1. Create a VAP with nas-filter-rule enabled.
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi3" set ssid "FOS_81F" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set fast-bss-transition enable set auth radius set radius-server "peap" set nas-filter-rule enable set schedule "always" next
end
2. Set up an example user account in the RADIUS server with NAS-Filter-Rules configuring access control.
test3
Cleartext-Password := "123456"
Tunnel-Type = "VLAN",
Tunnel-Medium-Type = "IEEE-802",
Fortinet-Group-Name = "group1",
Session-Timeout=300,
Tunnel-Private-Group-Id = 100,
Termination-Action=1,
NAS-Filter-Rule = "permit in icmp from assigned to
172.16.200.44/32\000",
NAS-Filter-Rule += "deny in tcp from assigned to 172.16.200.44/32"
3. Connect a wireless client with the authenticated example user account "test3" to the SSID and verify the NAS-FilterRules are sent to the FortiAP.
4. Verify the wireless client follows the NAS-Filter-Rules. a. The wireless client can ping the server 172.16.200.44.
root@WiFi-Client-2:/home/wpa-test# ping 172.16.200.44 PING 172.16.200.44 (172.16.200.44) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 172.16.200.44: icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=57.0 ms --- 172.16.200.44 ping statistics --1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 57.013/57.013/57.013/0.000 ms
b. The wireless client is denied access to the server 172.16.200.44 over HTTP.
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Wireless network configuration root@WiFi-Client-2:/home/wpa-test# curl http://172.16.200.44 root@WiFi-Client-2:/home/wpa-test#
Configuring firewall policies for the SSID
For users on the WiFi LAN to communicate with other networks, firewall policies are required. This section describes creating a WiFi network to Internet policy. Before you create firewall policies, you need to define any firewall addresses you will need.
To enable IPv6 addresses, go to System > Feature Visibility and enable IPv6.
To create a firewall address for WiFi users - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses. 2. Select Create New > Address and enter the following information:
Category Name Type IP/Netmask Interface
Select Address to create an IPv4 address. Enter a name for the address. For example, wifi_net. Select Subnet. Enter the subnet address. For example, 10.10.110.0/24. Select the interface where this address is used. For example, example_wifi.
3. When you are finished, click OK
To create a firewall address for WiFi users - CLI:
config firewall address edit "wifi_net" set associated-interface "example_wifi" set subnet 10.10.110.0 255.255.255.0 end
To create a firewall policy - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy and select Create New. 2. In Incoming Interface, select the wireless interface. 3. In Source Address, select the address of your WiFi network, wifi_net for example. 4. In Outgoing Interface, select the Internet interface, for example, port1. 5. In Destination Address, select All. 6. In Service, select ALL, or select the particular services that you want to allow, and then select the right arrow button
to move the service to the Selected Services list. 7. In Schedule, select always, unless you want to define a schedule for limited hours.
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8. In Action, select ACCEPT. 9. Select Enable NAT. 10. Optionally, set up UTM features for wireless users. 11. Select OK.
To create a firewall policy - CLI:
config firewall policy edit 0 set srcintf "example_wifi" set dstintf "port1" set srcaddr "wifi_net" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set nat enable end
To configure IPv6 addresses, use set srcaddr6 and set dstaddr6.
Configuring the built-in access point on a FortiWiFi unit
FortiWiFi does not support bridge mode SSIDs.
Both FortiGate and FortiWiFi units have the WiFi controller feature. If you configure a WiFi network on a FortiWiFi unit, you can also use the built-in wireless capabilities in your WiFi network as one of the access points. If Virtual Domains are enabled, you must select the VDOM to which the built-in access point belongs. You do this in the CLI. For example: config wireless-controller global
set local-radio-vdom vdom1 end
To configure the FortiWiFi unit's built-in WiFi access point: 1. Go to WiFi & and Switch Controller > Local WiFi Radio. 2. Select a FortiAP profile to apply to the FortiWiFi access point (see Creating a FortiAP profile on page 38 and select
FortiWiFi local radio as the platform).
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3. Optionally, you can override settings configured in the FortiAP profile. 4. Click Apply. If you want to connect external APs such as FortiAP units, see Access point configuration on page 196.
Enforcing UTM policies on a local bridge SSID
If a bridge mode SSID is configured for a UTM capable FortiAP, you can add security profiles to the wireless controller configuration that enables you to apply security profile features to the traffic over the bridge SSID. For information on how to configure security profiles, see FortiAP-S and FortiAP-U bridge mode security profiles on page 308 However, not all FortiAPs are UTM capable. You can use the Security Rating check to review your managed FortiAPs and check if any UTM incapable FortiAPs are broadcasting SSIDs that contain security profiles.
To run the Security Rating: 1. Go to Security Fabric > Security Rating and click Run Now to run the security rating check. 2. Select the Security Posture scorecard and search for FortiAP UTM SSID Compatibility to find the result.
If there are any UTM incapable FortiAPs broadcasting SSIDs with security profiles, the result will show as Failed.
Configuring a Syslog profile
When FortiAPs are managed by FortiGate, you can configure your FortiAPs to send logs (Event, UTM, and etc) to the syslog server. Syslog server information can be configured in a Syslog profile that is then assigned to a FortiAP profile.
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To configure a Syslog profile - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and select the profile you want to assign a syslog profile to. 2. Locate System Log and enable Syslog profile. 3. Click the Syslog profile field and click Create to create a new syslog profile.
The New Wireless Syslog Profile window loads.
4. Enter a Name for the Syslog profile. 5. Select the Server type you want to use.
l If you select IP, enter the IP address of the syslog server. l If you select FQDN, enter the FQDN address of the syslog server. 6. Select a Log level to determine the lowest level of log messages that the FortiAP sends to the server: 7. Ensure that the Status is enabled. 8. Click OK to save the Syslog profile. 9. From the FortiAP profile, select the Syslog profile you created. 10. Click OK to save the FortiAP profile.
To configure a Syslog profile - CLI:
1. Configure a syslog profile on FortiGate:
config wireless-controller syslog-profile edit "syslog-demo-1" set comment '' set server-status enable set server-addr-type ip set server-ip 192.16.9.12 set server-port 514 set log-level debugging next
end
2. Assign the syslog profile to a FortiAP profile:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP231F-default" config platform set type 231F set ddscan enable end set syslog-profile "syslog-demo-1" ...
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next end
3. Assign the FortiAP profile to a managed FortiAP unit:
config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP231FTF20026472" set uuid 183ae8c6-09de-81ec-d12e-02a3c8eb88d6 set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP231F-default" config radio-1 end config radio-2 end next
end
4. From the FortiGate console, verify that the syslog profile has been successfully adopted:
FortiGate-80E-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wtpprof FAP231F-default
WTPPROF (001/005) vdom,name: root, FAP231F-default
platform
: FAP231F.
refcnt
: 5 own(1) wlan(2) wtp(1)
deleted
: no
apcfg-profile :
ddscan
: enabled
ble-profile
:
syslog-profile : syslog-demo-1(enabled server=192.16.9.12:514 log-level=7)
led-state
: enabled
lldp
: enabled
poe-mode
: auto
...
FortiGate-80E-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c syslogprof
SYSLOG (001/001) vdom,name : root, syslog-demo-1
refcnt
: 2 own(1) wtpprof(1)
deleted
: no
server status
: enabled
server address
: 192.16.9.12
server port
: 514
server log level
:7
wtpprof cnt
:1
wtpprof 001
: FAP231F-default
5. From the FortiAP console, verify that the configurations have been successful pushed to the FortiAP unit:
FortiAP-231F # cw_diag -c syslog config Syslog configuration: en=1 addr=192.16.9.12 port=514 log_level=7
To configure a Syslog profile using a FQDN server address - CLI:
1. Configure a syslog profile on FortiGate:
config wireless-controller syslog-profile edit "syslog-demo-2" set comment '' set server-status enable set server-addr-type fqdn set server-fqdn "syslog.test.env"
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set server-port 5140 set log-level critical next end
2. Assign the FortiAP profile to a managed FortiAP unit:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP231F-default" config platform set type 231F set ddscan enable end set syslog-profile "syslog-demo-2" ... next
end
3. Assign the FortiAP profile to a managed FortiAP unit:
config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP231FTF20026472" set uuid 183ae8c6-09de-81ec-d12e-02a3c8eb88d6 set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP231F-default" config radio-1 end config radio-2 end next
end
4. From the FortiAP console, verify that the configurations have been successful pushed to the FortiAP unit:
FortiAP-231F # cw_diag -c syslog config Syslog configuration: en=1 addr=syslog.test.env(192.16.9.12) port=5140 log_level=2
Understanding Distributed Radio Resource Provisioning
To prevent interference between APs, the FortiOS WiFi Controller features Distributed Automatic Radio Resource Provisioning (DARRP). Through DARRP, each FortiAP unit autonomously and periodically determines the channel that is best suited for wireless communications. FortiAP units select their channel so that they do not interfere with each other in large-scale deployments where multiple access points have overlapping radio ranges. Channel selection is optimized by monitoring neighboring AP channels and by performing periodic background scans to collect signal strength.
DARRP has two phases:
l Channel Planing Phase o Sub-phase 1: Find channels to be excluded from consideration. o Sub-phase 2: If all channels are excluded during sub-phase 1, select a channel to use based on an assigned channel score.
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l Channel Quality Monitoring Phase: The AP monitors the channel quality using monitor-period to check for TX and RX retries and errors. If the threshold is crossed, the AP changes channels as needed.
Channel Planning
Sub-phase 1
The AP first identifies channels with AP scanning and spectral scanning. The AP then excludes channels that exceed the following configured threshold values:
l threshold-ap 250 l threshold-noise-floor "-85" l threshold-channel-load 60 l threshold-spectral-rssi "-65" DARRP will also exclude the DFS channel and weather channel if they are disabled. After excluding channels, channels are selected based on the following criteria: l If there is only one channel left, that channel is picked. l If there are multiple channels left, a random channel is picked. l It there are no channels left, the AP Controller proceeds to sub-phase 2.
Sub-phase 2
If all channels are excluded after sub-phase 1, the AP Controller calculates a channel score and selects the channel with the lowest score. The channel score is based on a combination of the following factors: channel_score = weight-managed-ap * rssi_score_managed_ap +
weight-rogue-ap * rssi_score_rogue_ap + weight-noise-floor * noise_floor + weight-channel-load * channel load + weight-spectral-rssi * spectral RSSI + The channel with the lowest score is then selected. If no channel is available, the AP disables the radio.
Channel Quality Monitoring
Once a channel is picked, the AP performance on that channel is periodically monitored by the AP and switched if required. If a channel switch occurs, the AP reports the new channel to the controller. Channel quality is calculated with the following: If (current tx-retries > threshold-tx-retries) or (current rx-errors > threshold-rx-errors), then the AP will select a new channel to use. This is similar to how channels are selected in Channel Planning sub-phase 2. The current tx-retries and current rx-errors is averaged over the configured time under monitorperiod.
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Configuring Distributed Radio Resource Provisioning
Channels are selected based on parameters including total RSSI, Noise Floor, Channel Load, Spectral RSSI, and more. Each of those parameters are multiplied by a weight value assigned by default under the arrp-profile. You can adjust the weights of each individual parameter based on the priority and importance of the parameter.
Once you enable DARRP under a radio, the default arrp-profile takes effect. You can create multiple ARRP profiles and apply them to radios under FortiAP profiles.
To configure ARRP profiles - CLI:
config wireless-controller arrp-profile edit "arrp-default" set comment '' set selection-period 3600 set monitor-period 300 set weight-managed-ap 50 set weight-rogue-ap 10 set weight-noise-floor 40 set weight-channel-load 20 set weight-spectral-rssi 40 set weight-weather-channel 0 set weight-dfs-channel 0 set threshold-ap 250 set threshold-noise-floor "-85" set threshold-channel-load 60 set threshold-spectral-rssi "-65" set threshold-tx-retries 300 set threshold-rx-errors 50 set include-weather-channel enable set include-dfs-channel enable set override-darrp-optimize disable next
end
The AP Controller uses historical data in selection-period to calculate scores based on channel load, noise floor, and spectral RSSI values.
Parameter definitions
selection-period
monitor-period weight-managed-ap weight-rogue-ap weight-noise-floor
Period in seconds to measure average channel load, noise floor, spectral RSSI (default = 3600). Period in seconds to measure average transmit retries and receive errors (default = 300) Weight in DARRP channel score calculation for managed APs (0 - 2000, default = 50). Weight in DARRP channel score calculation for rogue APs (0 - 2000, default = 10). Weight in DARRP channel score calculation for noise floor (0 - 2000, default = 40).
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weight-channel-load Weight in DARRP channel score calculation for channel load (0 - 2000, default = 20).
weight-spectral-rssi Weight in DARRP channel score calculation for spectral RSSI (0 - 2000, default = 40).
weight-weatherchannel
Weight in DARRP channel score calculation for weather channel (0 - 2000, default = 0).
weight-dfs-channel Weight in DARRP channel score calculation for DFS channel (0 - 2000, default = 0).
threshold-ap
Threshold to reject channel in DARRP channel selection phase 1 due to surrounding APs (0 500, default = 250).
threshold-noise-floor Threshold in dBm to reject channel in DARRP channel selection phase 1 due to noise floor (95 to -20, default = -85).
threshold-channelload
Threshold in percentage to reject channel in DARRP channel selection phase 1 due to channel load (0 - 100, default = 60).
threshold-spectralrssi
Threshold in dBm to reject channel in DARRP channel selection phase 1 due to spectral RSSI (-95 to -20, default = -65).
threshold-tx-retries
Threshold in percentage for transmit retries to trigger channel reselection in DARRP monitor stage (0 - 1000, default = 300).
threshold-rx-errors
Threshold in percentage for receive errors to trigger channel reselection in DARRP monitor stage (0 - 100, default = 50)
include-weatherchannel
Enable/disable use of weather channel in DARRP channel selection phase 1 (default = enable).
include-dfs-channel Enable/disable use of DFS channel in DARRP channel selection phase 1 (default = enable).
override-darrpoptimize
Enable to override setting darrp-optimize and darrp-optimize-schedules (default = disable).
To enable DARRP and apply ARRP profiles to FortiAP profiles:
The DARRP feature is disabled by default. To enable DARRP, edit the FortiAP profile and set darrp enable under each radio. The default ARRP profile, arrp-default, will then be automatically applied. Alternatively, you can customize ARRP profiles and apply them to FortiAP radios respectively. For example:
config wireless-controller arrp-profile edit "arrp-default" next edit "arrp-example" set selection-period 1800 next
end config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FAP433F-DARRP" config platform set type 433F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 config radio-1 set band 802.11ax,n,g-only
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set darrp enable set arrp-profile "arrp-default" end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set channel-bonding 40MHz set darrp enable set arrp-profile "arrp-example" end config radio-3 set mode monitor end next end
When channel-bonding is set to 20MHz (default value), 40MHz, or larger, the DARRP algorithm will consider the channel bandwidth during channel selection.
To set DARRP timing:
DARRP optimization is repeatedly run at an interval defined by the darrp-optimize setting. The date and time at which DARRP optimization is run is scheduled according to the darrp-optimize-schedules setting.
darrp-optimize
darrp-optimizeschedules <name>
Set the time interval in seconds for running Distributed Automatic Radio Resource Provisioning within your configured DARRP schedule (darrp-optimizeschedules). If the time interval exceeds the time window in the firewall schedule, DARRP optimization will only run once within the scheduled time slot. The default value is 86400 seconds (24 hours).
Select the firewall schedules for when to run DARRP. DARRP will run at intervals defined in darrp-optimize within the schedules. Separate multiple schedule names with a space. The default schedule is default-darrp-optimize.
By default, ARRP profiles use the same settings per VDOM, as shown in the following:
config firewall schedule recurring edit "default-darrp-optimize" set start 01:00 set end 01:30 set day sunday monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday saturday next
end config wireless-controller setting
set darrp-optimize 86400 set darrp-optimize-schedules "default-darrp-optimize" end
During DARRP optimization, the FortiGate may change the operating channels of managed FortiAP units and cause connected Wi-Fi clients to experience intermittent service disruption. Therefore, we do not recommend running DARRP optimization too frequently to avoid disrupting clients with unnecessary channel changes. The default value of darrpoptimize is 86400 seconds (24 hours), which means DARRP optimization is run only once per day.
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Additionally, we recommend scheduling DARRP optimization to avoid peak periods of heavy wireless traffic. The default schedule, default-darrp-optimize, runs DARRP optimization during a low-traffic period of 1:00am to 1:30am every day.
DARRP scheduling example:
The following example shows how to configure an ARRP profile to use a custom darrp-optimize and darrpoptimize-schedules:
config firewall schedule recurring edit "darrp-optimize1" set start 07:00 set end 07:30 set day monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday next edit "darrp-optimize2" set start 19:00 set end 19:30 set day monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday next
end config wireless-controller arrp-profile
edit "arrp-profile1" set override-darrp-optimize enable set darrp-optimize 43200 set darrp-optimize-schedules "darrp-optimize1" "darrp-optimize2"
next end
In this example, DARRP optimization runs twice a day at between 07:00-07:30 and 19:00-19:30. Since the configured time interval in darrp-optimize is 43200 (12 hours), DARRP optimization will only run once at 07:00 and 19:00.
Translating WiFi QoS WMM marking to DSCP values
FortiGates can preserve the WiFi Multi-Media (WMM) QoS marking of packets by translating them to Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) values when forwarding upstream. When wireless client sends QOS type packets with WMM priority categories such as AC_VO, AC_VI, AC_BE, AC_BK, FortiAP can forward these packets by translating WMM to DSCP marking and transmit the packets from the Ethernet to their destination.
Use the following QoS profile CLI commands to implement this function:
config wireless-controller qos-profile
edit qos-wifi
set wmm-dscp-marking [enable/disable]
enable
Enable WMM Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) marking.
disable Disable WMM Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) marking.
end
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wmm-dscp-marking
wmm-vo-dscp wmm-vi-dscp wmm-be-dscp wmm-bk-dscp
Enable/disable WMM Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) marking (default = disable). DSCP marking for voice access (default = 48). DSCP marking for video access (default = 32). DSCP marking for best effort access (default = 0). DSCP marking for background access (default = 8).
To configure WMM QoS marking of packets - GUI:
1. To create a QoS profile from the GUI, you must first enable Advanced Wireless Features (see Advanced Wireless Features on page 169).
2. Once you enable Advanced Wireless Features, navigate to WiFi & Switch Controller > Operation Profiles > QoS Profiles and click Create new.
3. Enable DSCP marking and configure the following:
1. Voice access
44
Video access
24
Best effort access
12
Background access
6
4. When you are finished, click OK. 5. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs and select the SSID you want to apply the QoS profile to. 6. Under Advanced Settings, enable QoS profile and select the QoS profile you configured. 7. When you are finished, click OK.
To configure WMM QoS marking of packets - CLI:
1. Create a QoS profile with wmm-dscp-marking enabled, and modify the wmm-dscp settings.
config wireless-controller qos-profile edit qos-wifi set wmm-dscp-marking enable set wmm-vo-dscp 44 set wmm-vi-dscp 24 set wmm-be-dscp 12
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set wmm-bk-dscp 6 end
2. Select the QoS profile on a VAP interface.
config wireless-controller vap edit "stability3" set qos-profile "qos-wifi" next
end
3. Verify that the wmm-dscp-marking values are pushed on FortiAP.
cw_diag -c k-qos wlan00
WLAN Kernel QoS Settings
..
....
WLAN wlan00 :
wmm
:1
wmm uapsd
:1
call admission control
:0
call capacity
:0
bandwidth admission control : 0
bandwidth capacity
:0
dscp mapping
:0
dscp marking
:1
vo dscp
: 44
vi dscp
: 24
be dscp
: 12
bk dscp
:6
4. Verify that, when sending traffic from a client with a WMM setting of VO, the FortiGate receives the packets with a DSCP TID value or 44.
5. Verify that, when sending traffic from a client with a WMM setting of VI, the FortiGate receives the packets with a DSCP TID value or 24.
6. Verify that, when sending traffic from a client with a WMM setting of BE, the FortiGate receives the packets with a DSCP TID value or 12.
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7. Verify that, when sending traffic from a client with a WMM setting of BK, the FortiGate receives the packets with a DSCP TID value or 6.
Configuring Layer 3 roaming
Roaming is client's ability to maintain its association while it roams from one AP to another with as little latency as possible. When a wireless client connects to an access point, the managed wireless controller maintains client's database or information like MAC and IP addresses, security context and associations, quality of service (QoS) , the WLAN. The controller uses this information to forward frames and manage traffic to and from the wireless client. As a wireless client roams from one department or floor to another, the design could mean that they cross an L3 boundary and experience latency. This is especially noticeable when running VoIp, Video or streaming services. To support this, you can configure a wireless network to enable Layer 3 roaming between different VLANs and subnets on the same or different Wireless Controller. A client connected to the SSID on one FortiAP can roam to the same SSID on another FortiAP managed by the same or different FortiGate Wireless Controller, and continue to use the same IP. When the client idles longer than a configurable amount of time (client-idle-rehome-timeout), the client will rehome, receive an address on the new subnet from the new FortiAP, and move to its new L3 segement. This feature supports two topologies:
l L3 roaming intra-controller In this example, there are two FortiAPs (FAP1 and FAP2) being managed by a controller. The FortiAPs are located on different floors of the same building. Each FortiAP is mapped to a different VLAN, but are on the same SSID. The client roams from FAP1 to FAP 2 and the L3 handoff is handled by the controller. The client maintains the same IP address.
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l L3 roaming inter-controller In this example, there are two controllers (Controller1 and Controller2) each managing a FortiAP (FAP1 and FAP2) respectively. The L3 client roams from Controller1's FAP1 to Controller 2's FAP2. Both FortiAPs have the same SSID, and each FAP has the SSID tied to a different VLAN. The client roams between the two FAPs and the L3 handoff is handled by Controller1 and Controller2's mobility tunnel. The client maintains the same IP address.
In addition, for the L3 roaming inter-controller topology, bridge mode SSIDs support two roaming modes: o Indirect Mode In indirect mode, the L3 handoff is handled by the mobility tunnel between the FortiGate Wireless Controllers.
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o Direct Mode In direct mode, the two FortiAPs must be able to reach each other with no NAT in the path and the L3 handoff occurs between the FortiAPs directly.
Note: Direct mode is preferred when feasible.
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Configuring L3 Roaming for Tunnel Mode SSIDs
To configure Intra-Controller L3 roaming - CLI:
1. Configure the client-idle-rehome-timeout (default is 20 seconds):
config wireless-controller timers set client-idle-rehome-timeout 20
end
2. configure the L3 roaming support SSID:
config wireless-controller vap edit "l3_rm1" set ssid "l3.roaming" set passphrase ENC set schedule "always" set l3-roaming enable next
end config system interface
edit "l3_rm1" set vdom "root" set ip 10.40.1.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping set type vap-switch set role lan set snmp-index 18
next end
3. Assign L3 roaming VAP to FAP433F:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "433F" config platform set type 433F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set allowaccess ssh config radio-1 set mode disabled end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set power-mode dBm set power-value 1 set channel "36" set vap-all manual set vaps "13_rm1" end config radio-3 set mode monitor end next
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end config wireless-controller wtp
edit "FP433FXX00000000" set uuid b04f1cca-8528-51ec-2dc0-c744cbef4179 set admin enable set wtp-profile "433F" config radio-2 end
next end
4. Assign L3 roaming VAP to FAP831F:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "831F" config platform set type 831F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set allowaccess ssh config radio-1 set mode disabled end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set channel "36" "40" set vap-all manual set vaps "13_rm1" end config radio-3 set mode disabled end next
end config wireless-controller wtp
edit "FP831FXX00000000" set uuid 23ed4966-af92-51ec-44e8-3c1318698661 set admin enable set wtp-profile "831F" config radio-2 end
next end
To configure Inter-Controller L3 roaming - CLI:
This configuration requires two FortiGate units. In order to enable L3 roaming supported VAP, both FortiGate units must have the same SSID, security, and passphrase.
The following example uses:
l AC1 as FGT40F o FAP1 as FAP433E
l AC2 as FGT81EP o FAP2 as FAP831F
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1. Configure the L3 roaming peer IP for AC1 (FGT-40F):
config system interface edit "wan" set vdom "root" set ip 10.43.1.40 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping https ssh http fabric set type physical set role wan set snmp-index 1 next
end config wireless-controller inter-controller
set l3-roaming enable config inter-controller-peer
edit 1 set peer-ip 10.43.1.81
next end end
a. Configure the client-idle-rehome-timeout (default is 20 seconds):
config wireless-controller timers set client-idle-rehome-timeout 20
end
b. configure the L3 roaming support SSID:
config wireless-controller vap edit "l3_rm1" set ssid "l3.roaming" set passphrase ENC set schedule "always" set l3-roaming enable next
end config system interface
edit "l3_rm1" set vdom "root" set ip 10.40.1.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping set type vap-switch set role lan set snmp-index 18
next end
c. Assign L3 roaming VAP to FAP433F:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "433F" config platform set type 433F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set allowaccess ssh
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config radio-1 set mode disabled
end config radio-2
set band 802.11ax-5G set power-mode dBm set power-value 1 set channel "36" set vap-all manual set vaps "13_rm1" end config radio-3 set mode monitor end next end config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP433FXX00000000" set uuid b04f1cca-8528-51ec-2dc0-c744cbef4179 set admin enable set wtp-profile "433F" config radio-2 end next end
2. Configure the L3 roaming peer IP for AC2 (FGT-81EP):
config system interface edit "wan" set vdom "root" set ip 10.43.1.81 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping https ssh http fabric set type physical set role wan set snmp-index 1 next
end config wireless-controller inter-controller
set l3-roaming enable config inter-controller-peer
edit 1 set peer-ip 10.43.1.40
next end end
a. Configure the client-idle-rehome-timeout (default is 20 seconds):
config wireless-controller timers set client-idle-rehome-timeout 20
end
b. configure the L3 roaming support SSID:
config wireless-controller vap edit "l3_rm1" set ssid "l3.roaming"
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set passphrase ENC set schedule "always" set l3-roaming enable next end config system interface edit "l3_rm1" set vdom "root" set 10.81.2.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping speed-test set type vap-switch set role lan set snmp-index 23 next end
c. Assign L3 roaming VAP to FAP831F:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "831F" config platform set type 831F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set allowaccess ssh config radio-1 set mode disabled end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set channel "36" "40" set vap-all manual set vaps "l3_rm1" end config radio-3 set mode disabled end next
end config wireless-controller wtp
edit "FP831FXX00000000" set uuid 23ed4966-af92-51ec-44e8-3c1318698661 set admin enable set wtp-profile "831F" config radio-2 end
next end
3. Check the peer status from AC1 (FGT-40F):
FortiGate-40F # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha
WC fast failover info
mode : disabled
l3r
: enabled
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peer cnt: 1 FG81EPXX00000000 10.43.1.81:5246
UP 2
4. Check the peer status from AC2 (FGT-81EP):
FortiGate-81E-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha
WC fast failover info
mode : disabled
l3r
: enabled
peer cnt: 1
FGT40FXX00000000 10.43.1.40:5246
UP 3
Understanding L3 roaming events for inter-controller L3 roaming for a tunnel mode SSID
When the wireless client is connected with "l3.roaming" on AP1 in AC1, the client receives IP 10.40.1.10 from AP1 in AC1:
FortiGate-40F # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=0 wtp=2 rId=2 wlan=l3_rm1 vlan_id=0 ip=10.40.1.10 ip6=fe80::7766:7ffe:ee4d:c396
mac=a4:c3:f0:6d:69:33 vci= host=test-wifi user= group= signal=-65 noise=-95 idle=1 bw=3 use=7 chan=36 radio_type=11AC(wave2) security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_ authed=no l3r=1,1 10.43.1.81:5247 -- 10.43.1.40:5247 33,0 online=yes mimo=2
When the client leaves AP1 and roams towards AP2, it connects with the same SSID "l3.roaming" on AP2. Wireless traffic passed from AP2 and is sent to AC2. Eventually the wireless traffic is transferred from AC2 to AC1 and traffic is maintained from AC1. The wireless client maintains the original IP of 10.40.1.10:
FortiGate-81E-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=0 wtp=3 rId=2 wlan=l3_rm1 vlan_id=0 ip=10.40.1.10 ip6=:: mac=a4:c3:f0:6d:69:33 vci=
host= user= group= signal=-66 noise=-95 idle=0 bw=2 use=7 chan=36 radio_type=11AC(wave2) security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no l3r=0,1 0.0.0.0:0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
If the wireless client idle time exceeds client-idle-rehome-timeout, it triggers the rehome event. The wireless client will send a DHCP request and obtain a new IP address from AC2 (10.81.2.20). Now the wireless client traffic is maintained from AC2:
FortiGate-81E-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=0 wtp=3 rId=2 wlan=l3_rm1 vlan_id=0 ip=10.81.2.20 ip6=:: mac=a4:c3:f0:6d:69:33 vci=
host=test-wifi user= group= signal=-65 noise=-95 idle=0 bw=0 use=6 chan=36 radio_type=11AC (wave2) security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no l3r=1,0 0.0.0.0:0 -0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
Configuring L3 Roaming for Bridge Mode SSIDs
L3 roaming inter-controller topology using bridge mode SSIDs supports two roaming modes: l Indirect Mode In indirect mode, the L3 handoff is handled by the mobility tunnel between the FortiGate Wireless Controllers.
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l Direct Mode In direct mode, the two FortiAPs must be able to reach each other with no NAT in the path and the L3 handoff occurs between the FortiAPs directly.
Direct mode is preferred if it is feasible in the topology.
The following configurations require dynamic user VLAN assignment by RADIUS to be configured for RADIUS users per the steps in VLAN assignment by RADIUS on page 107, specifically, configuring RADIUS user attributes that are used for the VLAN ID assignment.
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To configure Intra-Controller L3 roaming for a bridge mode SSID - CLI:
1. Configure the client-idle-rehome-timeout (default is 20 seconds):
config wireless-controller timers set client-idle-rehome-timeout 20
end
2. configure the L3 roaming support bridge mode SSID and related VLAN interface:
config wireless-controller vap edit "l3_br1" set ssid "L3Roaming_br1" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth radius set radius-server "wifi-radius" set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" set dynamic-vlan enable set l3-roaming enable next
end config system interface
edit "lan" set vdom "root" set ip 10.40.0.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping https ssh http fabric set type hard-switch set stp enable set role lan set snmp-index 4
next end config system interface
edit "lan_100" set vdom "root" set ip 10.43.100.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping set device-identification enable set role lan set snmp-index 10 set interface "lan" set vlanid 100
next end
3. Assign L3 roaming VAP to FAP433F:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "433F" config platform set type 433F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 config radio-1 set mode disabled end
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config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set vap-all manual set vaps "l3_br1" set channel "36"
end config radio-3
set mode disabled end next end config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP433FXX00000000" set uuid b04f1cca-8528-51ec-2dc0-c744cbef4179 set admin enable set wtp-profile "433F" config radio-2 end next end
4. Assign L3 roaming VAP to FAP831F:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "831F.1" config platform set type 831F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set allowaccess https ssh config radio-1 set mode disabled end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set power-level 99 set vap-all manual set vaps "l3_br1" set channel "36" "40" end config radio-3 set mode disabled end next
end config wireless-controller wtp
edit "FP831FXX00000000" set uuid b867ca7c-cbc5-51ec-d5ac-4a395282be68 set admin enable set wtp-profile "831F.1" config radio-2 end
next end
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To configure Inter-Controller L3 roaming for a bridge mode SSID - CLI:
This configuration requires two FortiGate units. In order to enable L3 roaming supported VAP, both FortiGate units must have the same SSID, security, and passphrase.
The following example uses:
l AC1 as FGT40F o FAP1 as FAP433E
l AC2 as FGT81EP o FAP2 as FAP831F
1. Configure the L3 roaming peer IP for AC1 (FGT-40F):
config system interface edit "wan" set vdom "root" set ip 10.43.1.40 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping https ssh http fabric set type physical set role wan set snmp-index 1 next
end config wireless-controller inter-controller
set l3-roaming enable config inter-controller-peer
edit 1 set peer-ip 10.43.1.81
next end end
a. Configure the client-idle-rehome-timeout (default is 20 seconds):
config wireless-controller timers set client-idle-rehome-timeout 20
end
b. Configure the L3 roaming support bridge mode SSID and related VLAN interface:
config wireless-controller vap edit "l3_br1" set ssid "L3Roaming_br1" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth radius set radius-server "wifi-radius" set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" set dynamic-vlan enable set l3-roaming enable set l3-roaming-mode indirect next
end config system interface
edit "lan" set vdom "root" set ip 10.40.0.1 255.255.255.0
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set allowaccess ping https ssh http fabric set type hard-switch set stp enable set role lan set snmp-index 4 next end config system interface edit "lan_100" set vdom "root" set ip 10.43.100.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping set device-identification enable set role lan set snmp-index 10 set interface "lan" set vlanid 100 next end
c. Assign L3 roaming VAP to FAP433F:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "433F" config platform set type 433F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 config radio-1 set mode disabled end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set vap-all manual set vaps "l3_br1" set channel "36" end config radio-3 set mode disabled end next
end config wireless-controller wtp
edit "FP433FXX00000000" set uuid b04f1cca-8528-51ec-2dc0-c744cbef4179 set admin enable set wtp-profile "433F" config radio-2 end
next end
2. Configure the L3 roaming peer IP for AC2 (FGT-81EP):
config system interface edit "wan1"
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set vdom "root" set ip 10.43.1.81 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping https ssh http fabric set type physical set role wan set snmp-index 1 next end config wireless-controller inter-controller set l3-roaming enable config inter-controller-peer edit 1
set peer-ip 10.43.1.40 next end end
a. Configure the client-idle-rehome-timeout (default is 20 seconds):
config wireless-controller timers set client-idle-rehome-timeout 20
end
b. Configure the L3 roaming support bridge mode SSID and related VLAN interface:
config wireless-controller vap edit "l3_br1" set ssid "L3Roaming_br1" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth radius set radius-server "wifi-radius" set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" set dynamic-vlan enable set l3-roaming enable set l3-roaming-mode indirect next
end config system interface
edit "lan_hw" set vdom "root" set ip 10.81.0.129 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping https ssh http fabric set type hard-switch set stp enable set role lan set snmp-index 52
next end config system interface
edit "lan_100" set vdom "root" set ip 10.81.100.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping set device-identification enable set role lan set snmp-index 34
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set interface "lan_hw" set vlanid 100 next end
c. Assign L3 roaming VAP to FAP831F:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "831F.1" config platform set type 831F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set allowaccess https ssh config radio-1 set mode disabled end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set power-level 99 set vap-all manual set vaps "l3_br1" set channel "36" "40" end config radio-3 set mode disabled end next
end config wireless-controller wtp
edit "FP831FXX00000000" set uuid b867ca7c-cbc5-51ec-d5ac-4a395282be68 set admin enable set wtp-profile "831F.1" config radio-2 end
next end
3. Check the peer status from AC1 (FGT-40F):
FortiGate-40F # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha
WC fast failover info
mode : disabled
l3r
: enabled
peer cnt: 1
FG81EPXX00000000 10.43.1.81:5246
UP 0
4. Check the peer status from AC2 (FGT-81EP):
FortiGate-81E-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha
WC fast failover info
mode : disabled
l3r
: enabled
peer cnt: 1
FGT40FXX00000000 10.43.1.40:5246
UP 0
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Understanding L3 roaming events for inter-controller L3 roaming for a bridge mode SSID
When the wireless client is connected with "L3Roaming_br1" on AP1 in AC1, the client receives IP 10.43.100.2 from AP1 in AC1, bridged to "lan_100" VLAN interface:
FortiGate-40F # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=0 wtp=2 rId=2 wlan=l3_br1 vlan_id=100 ip=10.43.100.2 ip6=fe80::c84:737e:2ba0:7ae2
mac=22:cf:0e:1a:7f:d2 vci= host= user=vlan0100 group=wifi-radius signal=-67 noise=-95 idle=6 bw=0 use=6 chan=36 radio_type=11AC security=wpa2_only_enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_ authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
When the client leaves AP1 and roams towards AP2, it connects with the same SSID "L3Roaming_br1" on AP2. Wireless traffic passes from AP2 and is sent to AC2. Eventually the wireless traffic is transferred from AC2 to AC1 and traffic is maintained from AC1. The wireless client maintains the original IP of 10.43.100.2:
FortiGate-81E-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=0 wtp=10 rId=2 wlan=l3_br1 vlan_id=0 ip=10.43.100.2 ip6=:: mac=22:cf:0e:1a:7f:d2 vci=
host= user=vlan0100 group=wifi-radius signal=-58 noise=-95 idle=1 bw=5 use=7 chan=36 radio_ type=11AC security=wpa2_only_enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_authed=no l3r=0,1 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
If the wireless client idle time exceeds client-idle-rehome-timeout, it triggers the rehome event. The wireless client will send a DHCP request and obtain a new IP address from AC2 (10.81.100.2). Now the wireless client traffic is maintained from AC2:
FortiGate-81E-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online L vf=0 wtp=10 rId=2 wlan=l3_br1 vlan_id=100 ip=10.81.100.2 ip6=fe80::c84:737e:2ba0:7ae2
mac=22:cf:0e:1a:7f:d2 vci= host= user=vlan0100 group=wifi-radius signal=-55 noise=-95 idle=3 bw=0 use=6 chan=36 radio_type=11AC security=wpa2_only_enterprise mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_ authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
Advanced Wireless Features
By default, the FortiGate GUI hides advanced features to simplify the site layout. You can go to System > Feature Visibility to enable different types advanced features, including Advanced Wireless Features. After enabling Advanced Wireless Features, several entries in the Navigation bar will change names.
l Operations Profiles Entry on page 170: FortiAP, QoS, and FortiAP Configuration. l Connectivity Profiles Entry on page 175: MPSK and Bonjour. l Protection Profiles Entry on page 182: WIDS and L3 Firewall (also known as L3 Access Control List configurations
for FortiAPs). l The following additional advanced wireless features under the Advanced SSID options on page 184 and Advanced
WiFi Settings options on page 187 become available. o SSIDs > Edit Interface. o WiFi Settings.
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Note that this guide is intended to be used when Advanced Wireless Features is disabled, and therefore uses the default entry names. If a topic covers a feature that requires Advanced Wireless Features to be enabled, it will specify users must first enable Advanced Wireless Features.
To enable Advanced Wireless Features - GUI: 1. From the FortiOS GUI, go to System > Feature Visibility. 2. Under the Additional Features column, locate and enable Advanced Wireless Features.
3. Click Apply. The Navigation bar reloads with the new features visible.
To enable Advanced Wireless Features - CLI: config system settings
set gui-advanced-wireless-features enable end
Operations Profiles Entry
When you enable Advanced Wireless Features, FortiAP Profiles is renamed to Operation Profiles and contains additional tabs that enable you to manage QoS and FortiAP Configuration profiles.
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FortiAP Profiles
When you create or edit a FortiAP profile, you can apply a FortiAP Configuration Profile (see FortiAP Configuration Profiles on page 174) and configure additional advanced settings:
These fields correspond to the following CLI settings under config wireless-controller wtp-profile:
DTLS Policy
Select which DTLS policy you want to apply to the profile. See WiFi data channel encryption on page 305.
set dtls-policy {option1}, {option2}, ...
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Maximum client count Handoff RSSI
Handoff threshold
LED usage
Limit the number of clients. See Limiting the number of clients on page 93.
set max-clients {integer}
Set the minimum handoff RSSI threshold for when FortiAP applies load balancing to a client. See Setting the handoff RSSI threshold on page 292.
set handoff-rssi {integer}
Set the number of clients at which AP load balancing begins. See Setting the AP load balance threshold on page 293.
set handoff-sta-thresh {integer}
Enable or disable LEDs.
When you enable LED usage, you can also assign recurring firewall schedules for illuminating the LEDs. See LED options on page 240.
set led-state [enable|disable]
set led-schedules <name1>, <name2>, ...
QoS Profiles
In the QoS Profiles tab, you can create or edit Quality of Service (QoS) profiles. A QoS profile can be added to an SSID (Virtual AP) setting for a FortiAP. It cannot be used in an SSID based on the local radio of a FortiWiFi unit.
Click Create new to create a QoS profile.
These fields correspond to the following CLI settings under config wireless-controller qos-profile:
Name
Enter a name for the profile.
Comment
Optionally, enter comments.
Maximum uplink
The maximum uplink speed (VAPs), in Kbps.
bandwidth for SSIDs
edit <name> set comment {string} set uplink {integer}
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Maximum downlink The maximum downlink speed (VAPs), in Kbps. bandwidth for SSIDs
set downlink {integer}
Maximum uplink
The maximum uplink speed (Clients), in Kbps.
bandwidth for clients
set uplink-sta {integer}
Maximum downlink The maximum downlink speed (Clients), in Kbps. bandwidth for clients
set downlink-sta {integer}
Client rate burst
Enable/disable client rate burst.
set burst [enable|disable]
WMM Control
Enable/disable WiFi Multimedia (WMM) control.
set wmm [enable|disable]
U-APSD power save mode
Enable/disable WMM Unscheduled Automatic Power Save Delivery (U-APSD) power save mode.
This option is only available if WMM Control is enabled.
set wmm-uapsd [enable|disable]
Call admission control
Enable/disable WMM call admission control. This option is only available if WMM Control is enabled.
set call-admission-control [enable|disable]
Maximum VoWLAN phones count
Maximum number of Voice over WLAN. Shown when Call admission control is enabled.
set call-capacity {integer}
Bandwidth admission control
Enable/disable WMM bandwidth admission control. This option is only available if Call admission control is enabled.
set bandwidth-admissioncontrol [enable|disable]
Maximum bandwidth capacity (Kbps)
Maximum bandwidth capacity allowed. Shown when Bandwidth admission control is enabled
set bandwidth-capacity {integer}
DSCP mapping
Enable/disable differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) mapping.
set dscp-wmm-mapping [enable|disable]
Voice access
DSCP mapping for voice access. Shown when DSCP mapping is enabled.
set dscp-wmm-vo <id1>, <id2>, ...
Video access
DSCP mapping for video access Shown when DSCP mapping is enabled.
set dscp-wmm-vi <id1>, <id2>, ...
Best effort access
DSCP mapping for best effort access. Shown when DSCP mapping is enabled.
set dscp-wmm-be <id1>, <id2>, ...
Background access
DSCP mapping for background access Shown when DSCP mapping is enabled.
set dscp-wmm-bk <id1>, <id2>, ...
DSCP marking
Enable/disable differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) marking..
set wmm-dscp-marking [enable|disable]
Voice access
DSCP marking for voice access. Shown when DSCP marking is enabled.
set wmm-vo-dscp {integer}
Video access
DSCP marking for video access.
set wmm-vi-dscp {integer}
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Best effort access Background access
Shown when DSCP marking is enabled.
DSCP marking for best effort access. Shown when DSCP marking is enabled.
DSCP marking for background access. Shown when DSCP marking is enabled.
set wmm-be-dscp {integer} set wmm-bk-dscp {integer}
FortiAP Configuration Profiles
In the FortiAP Configuration Profiles tab, you can create or edit FortiAP Configuration Profiles for managing local FortiAP configurations.
Click Create new to create a FortiAP Configuration profile. You can select which FortiAP family you want to apply local configurations to.
In Command list, you can create a list of commands you want to apply to a local FortiAP. Enter the name of the command you want to apply and the value you want to take effect. These fields correspond to the following CLI settings under config wireless-controller apcfg-profile:
Name Comment FortiAP family
Enter a name for the profile. Optionally, enter comments. FortiAP family type.
edit <name> set comment {var-string} set ap-family [fap|fap-
u|...]
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Command list > New / Edit Command
Configure FortiAP local configuration commands.
For the command names and possible values, see FortiAP CLI configuration and diagnostics commands on page 456
config command-list
ID
Enter a command ID.
edit <id>
Name
Enter the name of the FortiAP local configuration command name. For example, AC_DISCOVERY_ TYPE.
set name {string}
Type
Select the command type.
set type [nonpassword|password]
Value/Password
Set the AP local configuration command value or password depending on the command Type you selected. For example, if you entered AC_ DISCOVERY_TYPE, enter 6 for Multicast.
set value {string} / set passwd-value {password}
Waiting time
Maximum waiting time in minutes for the AP to join the wireless controller after applying AP local configuration.
set ac-timer {integer}
Type
Validation controller type: l Default: This controller is the one and only controller that the AP could join after applying AP local configuration. l Specify: Specified controller is the one and only controller that the AP could join after applying AP local configuration. l Defined by FortiAP Configuration: Any controller defined by AP local configuration after applying AP local configuration.
set ac-type [default|specify|...]
IP
IP address of the validation controller that AP must
set ac-ip {ipv4-address}
be able to join after applying AP local configuration.
Shown when Type is set to Specify.
Port
Port of the validation controller that AP must be
set ac-port {integer}
able to join after applying AP local configuration.
Shown when Type is set to Specify.
Connectivity Profiles Entry
You can access Connectivity Profiles to manage your MPSK and Bonjour profiles.
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MPSK Profiles
After you click Connectivity Profile, the MPSK Profiles tab loads by default. From there you can create or edit MPSK profiles to manage multiple pre-shared keys. Click Create new to create an MPSK profile.
From there you can make the following configurations:
l Select a security Type. l Select if you want to enable MPSK external server authentication. l Enter the Maximum concurrent client count. l Click Add to create or import MPSK groups and determine how you want to Create, Generate, or Import MPSK
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These fields correspond to the following CLI settings under config wireless-controller mpsk-profile:
Name Type
MPSK profile name. Select the security type of keys for this profile.
MPSK external
Enable/Disable MPSK external server
server authentication authentication.
MPSK external server
RADIUS server to be used to authenticate MPSK users.
Maximum concurrent Maximum number of concurrent clients that
client count
connect using the same passphrase in multiple
PSK authentication.
MPSK Group List > New/Edit MPSK Group
List of multiple PSK groups.
Name
MPSK group name.
VLAN type
MPSK group VLAN options.
VLAN ID
Optional VLAN ID. Shown when VLAN type is set to Fixed VLAN.
MPSK key list > New List of multiple PSK entries. / Edit MPSK Key
Name
Pre-shared key name.
Comment
Enter optional comment.
Type
Select the security type of the key.
edit <name> set mpsk-type [wpa2-
personal|wpa3-sae|...] set mpsk-external-server-
auth [enable|disable set mpsk-external-server
{string} set mpsk-concurrent-clients
{integer}
config mpsk-group
edit <name> set vlan-type [novlan|fixed-vlan] set vlan-id {integer}
config mpsk-key
edit <name> set comment {var-string} set key-type [wpa2personal|wpa3-sae]
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SAE password SAE-PK authentication SAE-PK private key Pre-shared key MAC address Client limit type
Client limit
MPSK schedule
WPA3 SAE password.
set sae-password {password}
Enable/disable WPA3 SAE-PK.
set sae-pk [enable|disable]
Private key used for WPA3 SAE-PK authentication.
set sae-private-key
{string}
WPA Pre-shared key.
set passphrase {password}
MAC address.
set mac {mac-address}
MPSK client limit type options. l Default: Use the value in profile configuration. l Unlimited: Unlimited number of clients. l Specified: Specify the Client limit.
set concurrent-clientlimit-type [default|unlimited|...]
Number of clients that can connect using this preshared key. Shown when Client limit type is set to Specified.
set concurrent-clients {integer}
Firewall schedule for MPSK passphrase. The passphrase will be effective only when at least one schedule is valid.
set mpsk-schedules <name1>, <name2>, ...
Bonjour Profiles
Bonjour is Apple's zero configuration networking protocol. Bonjour profiles allow FortiAPs to connect to networks using Bonjour. You can create or edit Bonjour profiles by clicking the Bonjour Profiles tab.
Click Create new to create a Bonjour profile.
From there you can create and add policies that determine which services you want to advertise across the network.
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These fields correspond to the following CLI settings under config wireless-controller bonjour-profile:
Name
Enter a name for the profile.
Comment
Optionally, enter comments.
Policy list > New/Edit Configure the policy list. Bonjour Policy
Policy ID
Enter the Policy ID.
Description
Description of the Bonjour profile policy.
Source VLAN
The VLAN ID that the Bonjour service will be advertised from.
Destination VLAN
The VLAN ID that the Bonjour service will be made available to.
Services
Select services for the VLAN.
edit <name> set comment {string} config policy-list
edit <policy-id> set description {string} set from-vlan {string}
set to-vlan {string}
set services {option1}, {option2}, ...
To apply a Bonjour profile at the FortiAP profile level - CLI:
Once you create a Bonjour profile, you can apply it at the FortiAP profile and device level.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP234F-default set bonjour-profile "Example-Bonjour-Profile" next
end
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If a Bonjour profile is applied at both the device and profile level, the configuration made at the device level takes precedence. If a Bonjour profile is applied to multiple APs, the APs execute an algorithm to determine the Bonjour Default Gateway. The AP with the highest base MAC address is selected as the primary default gateway while the other APs are designated as backup default gateways in case the primary default gateway becomes unavailable.
To verify that the Bonjour profile is successfully applied to a FortiAP:
1. From the FortiAP CLI, enter cw_diag -c bonjour:
cw_diag -c bonjour Bonjour Gateway: Controlled by AC Configured Bonjour Vlans:
10 ==> 20 services 00000001 all 101 ==> 202 services 00000001 all Total 2 Bonjour Vlans Bonjour Gateway Election Info: 1/2 e8:ed:d6:a5:2e:e8 state=cap,8825 live=16605 age=1 2/2 e8:ed:d6:a5:31:08 state=oper,8807 live=8825 age=1 ---- e0:23:ff:b2:18:68 state=cap,16609
The diagnoses output also provides details of the last election process under "Bonjour Gateway Election Info". The AP with the MAC address of 8:ed:d6:a5:31:08 is in the oper state, meaning it serves as the default gateway. The other APs are in the cap state, meaning they act as back-up gateways in case the primary gateway becomes unavailable. If there are any more APs in the same setup, they will go into a hold state.
Isolate mDNS traffic on the Bonjour profile
Bonjour profiles can isolate multicast Domain Name System (mDNS) traffic using the Micro-Location feature. MicroLocation confines mDNS traffic originating from one location so that it remains isolated from other locations. In this scenario, "location" is defined by the FortiAP group configured on the FortiGate. This enables you to confine mDNS traffic within designated areas of the network, specifically targeting the same SSID and VLAN, on a per-AP or AP group level. For example, you can segregate your FortiAPs by zones such as floor1 or floor2.
To isolate mDNS traffic with Micro-Location:
In this example, there are four FortiAP devices located in two separate locations.
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1. Configure a Bonjour profile with a policy list and enable micro-location.
config wireless-controller bonjour-profile edit "micro-loc" set micro-location enable config policy-list edit 1 set from-vlan "100" set to-vlan "200" set services airplay printers chromecast next end next
end
2. Apply the Bonjour profile to a FortiAP profile.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP231G-default" config platform set type 231G end set bonjour-profile "micro-loc" set handoff-sta-thresh 55 config radio-1 set mode disabled end config radio-2 set band 802.11a 802.11n-5G 802.11ac-5G 802.11ax-5G set channel-bonding 40MHz set vap-all manual set vaps "wifi.fap.01" "wifi.fap.02" end config radio-3 set mode disabled end next
end
3. Once the Bonjour profile is added to the FortiAP profile, the Bonjour function determines each FortiAP's location based on the FortiAP group the device belongs to. Since this example has four FortiAP units located in two places, you will need to create two FortiAP group to define each location.
config wireless-controller wtp-group edit "Loc-1" set wtps "FP231GTF23042734" "FP231GTF23045868" next edit "Loc-2" set wtps "FP231GTF23046245" "FP231GTF23041369" next
end
4. From the FortiGate, verify the configurations have been successful made with diagnose wirelesscontroller wlac -c bjprof.
5. From the FortiAPs in each location, verify the configurations have been successful made with cw_diag -c bonjour and bjallow.
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Protection Profiles Entry
When you enable Advanced Wireless Features, WIDS Profiles is renamed to Protection Profiles and contains additional tabs that enable you to manage L3 Firewall Profiles.
WIDS Profiles
After you click Protection Profiles, the WIDS Profiles tab loads by default. From there you can create or edit WIDS profiles to configure the type of security threats you want to monitor.
L3 Firewall Profile
In the L3 Firewall Profiles tab, you can create or edit L3 Firewall Profiles to configure the WiFi bridge access control list.
Click Create new to create a L3 Firewall profile.
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From there, you can create IPv4 or IPv6 rule lists to allow or deny traffic that matches the configured policy.
These fields correspond to the following CLI settings:
L3 Firewall Profiles > New/Edit L3 Firewall Profile Name Comment IPv4 rule list > New/Edit IPv4 Rule ID
Comment Source address Source port Destination address
config wireless-controller access-control-list
edit <name> set comment {string} config layer3-ipv4-rules
edit <rule-id> set comment {string} set srcaddr {user} set srcport {integer} set dstaddr {user}
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Destination port IANA protocol number Action IPv6 rule list > New/Edit IPv6 Rule
ID Comment Source address Source port Destination address Destination port IANA protocol number Action
set dstport {integer} set protocol {integer} set action [allow|deny] config layer3-ipv6-rules
edit <rule-id> set comment {string} set srcaddr {user} set srcport {integer} set dstaddr {user} set dstport {integer} set protocol {integer} set action [allow|deny]
Advanced SSID options
When you create or edit an SSID, you can configure additional advanced settings.
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These fields correspond to the following CLI settings:
802.11k assisted roaming
802.11v assisted roaming
Multiband operation
Fast BSS transition
When 802.11k is enabled, APs provide clients with a list of other neighboring APs and a site report, passively assisting roaming clients in deciding which APs to connect to.
When 802.11v is enabled, APs help clients choose the least congested AP by actively sending deauthentication frames to clients that try to connect to congested APs when other APs have better RSSI.
Enable/disable Multiband Operation (see Configuring Agile Multiband Operation on page 191
Enable/disable 802.11r Fast BSS Transition.
Probe response suppression
Multicast enhancement
Enable/disable probe response suppression.
Enable/disable converting multicast to unicast to improve performance (see Enabling multicast enhancement on page 94).
set 80211k
set 80211v
set mbo set fast-bsstransition set probe-respsuppression set multicast-enhance
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IGMP snooping
Enable/disable IGMP snooping to allow the wireless controller to detect which FortiAP(s) have IGMP clients. The wireless controller will only forward a multicast stream to the FortiAP where there is a listener for the multicast group. For more information, see Enabling IGMP Snooping on page 94.
set igmp-snooping
Radio sensitivity
Enable/disable software radio sensitivity.
set radio-sensitivity
Airtime weight
Set Airtime weight in percentage (see Airtime fairness on page set atf-weight 49).
QoS profile
Enable to select a Quality of service profile. The QoS profile can be added to an SSID setting for a FortiAP to help to set up different QoS parameters for voice, video, data wireless networks, or guest/employee wireless networks. A QoS profile cannot be used in an SSID based on the local radio of a FortiWiFi unit.
set qos-profile
L3 firewall profile
Enable to select a Layer 3 firewall profile. L3 firewall profile provides granular access control of client traffic in your wireless network. An L3 firewall profile allows or denies traffic between wireless clients based on the configured source and destination IP addresses/ports and specific protocols.
set access-controllist
Sticky client removal Enable/disable sticky client removal and configure the minimum set sticky-clientthreshold in dBM required for clients to be serviced by the AP. remove
set sticky-clientthreshold-2g
sticky-clientthreshold-5g
sticky-clientthreshold-6g
Advanced rate controls
Set allowed data rates for 802.11a and 802.11bg: l Mandatory: Clients must support this data rate in order to associate with an access point on the controller.
l Supported: Any associated clients that support this data rate may communicate with the access point using that rate. However, the clients are not required to be able to use this rate in order to associate.
l Disabled: The clients specify the data rates used for communication.
set rates-11a set rates-11bg
Set allowed data rates for each 802.11n MCS spatial stream. set rates-11n-ss12
set rates-11n-ss34
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Advanced WiFi Settings options
More options are exposed on WiFi Settings page, including Duplicate SSID, DARRP related settings, Phishing SSID detection setting, and SNMP settings.
These fields correspond to the following WiFi CLI settings under config wireless-controller setting:
Duplicate SSID
Enable/disable allowing VAPs to use the same SSID name in the same VDOM.
set duplicate-ssid [enable|disable]
DARRP optimization Time for running Distributed Automatic Radio set darrp-optimize {integer}
interval (seconds)
Resource Provisioning.
DARRP optimization schedule
Firewall schedules for DARRP running time. DARRP will run periodically based on darrpoptimize within the schedules. Separate multiple schedule names with a space.
set darrp-optimize-schedules <name1>, <name2>, ...
Phishing SSID detection setting
Enable/disable phishing SSID detection. For more information, see Suppressing phishing SSID on page 311
set phishing-ssid-detect [enable|disable]
These fields correspond to the following SNMP CLI settings under config wireless-controller snmp:
Engine ID
AC SNMP engineID string.
Contact information Contact Information.
CPU usage threshold CPU usage when trap is sent.
set engine-id {string} set contact-info {string} set trap-high-cpu-threshold
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Memory usage threshold
Memory usage when trap is sent.
User list > New/Edit SNMP User Configuration. SNMP User
Name
SNMP user name.
Current SNMP user Enable/Disable SNMP user.
Queries
Enable/disable SNMP queries for this user.
Traps
Enable/disable traps for this SNMP user.
Authentication
Authentication protocol Authentication password Privacy
Privacy password
Notify host IP Community list > New/Edit SNMP Community ID Name Current SNMP community V1 queries
Security level for message authentication and encryption:
l No privacy: Message with authentication but no privacy (encryption).
l Privacy: Message with authentication and privacy (encryption).
Select an authentication procol. Shown when Authentication is enabled Password for authentication protocol. Shown when Authentication is enabled Privacy (encryption) protocol. Shown when Authentication is enabled Password for privacy (encryption) protocol. Shown when Authentication is enabled Configure SNMP User Notify Hosts. SNMP Community Configuration
Community ID. Community name. Enable/disable this SNMP community.
Enable/disable SNMP v1 queries.
V2c queries
Enable/disable SNMP v2c queries.
V1 traps
Enable/disable SNMP v1 traps.
{integer} set trap-high-mem-threshold {integer} config user
edit <name> set status [enable|disable] set queries [enable|disable] set trap-status
[enable|disable] set security-level [no-auth-no-
priv|auth-no-priv|...]
set auth-proto [md5|sha]
set auth-pwd {password}
set priv-proto [aes|des|...]
set priv-pwd {password}
set notify-hosts {ipv4-address} config community
edit <id> set name {string} set status [enable|disable]
set query-v1-status [enable|disable]
set query-v2c-status [enable|disable]
set trap-v1-status [enable|disable]
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V2c traps
Enable/disable SNMP v2c traps.
Host list > New/Edit Host List
ID
IP
Configure IPv4 SNMP managers (hosts).
Host entry ID. IPv4 address of the SNMP manager (host).
set trap-v2c-status [enable|disable]
config hosts
edit <id> set ip {user}
Configuring UNII-4 5GHz radio bands
FortiAP G-series models operating in Single 5G mode can make use of the UNII-4 frequency band. The 5.85 GHz-5.925 GHz channels of "169", "173", and "177" become available when configuring the 5GHz radio. There are a few important points to note about UNII-4 band usage: 1. UNII-4 5GHz channels are not available when operating in Dual 5G platform mode. 2. Not all countries allow UNII-4 band usage. 3. For APs operating in Single 5G platform mode, note the following behavior changes based on Dedicated scan:
l When Dedicated scan is enabled, UNII-4 5 GHz channels are available by default. Radio 3 does not work in AP mode and Radio 2 can utilize all UNII-4 5GHz channels.
l When Dedicated scan is disabled, you are given an option to enable or disable UNII-4 5GHz. By default, FortiAP G-series models support UNII-4 5GHz channels when operating in Single 5G mode with Dedicated scan enabled; there is no need to configure anything. You can immediately select channels "169", "173", and "177" when configuring the 5GHz radio.
To configure UNII-4 5GHz band channels when the FortiAP is running in Single 5G mode with Dedicated scan disabled - GUI:
1. From the FortiGate GUI, navigate to WiFi & Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles. 2. Select if you want to create a new profile or edit an existing FAP-43xG profile. 3. Set the Platform mode to Single 5G. 4. Disable Dedicated scan. 5. Enable UNII-4 5GHz band channels.
6. Go to Radio 2 and click Set Channels and select which channels you want to use.
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Note: Enabling UNII-4 5GHz band channels will cause the UNII-5 and UNII-6 Channels to be disabled on Radio 3.
To configure UNII-4 5GHz band channels when the FortiAP is running in Single 5G mode with Dedicated scan disabled - CLI:
1. When DDSCAN is disabled, you can configure the new set unii-4-5ghz-band command in FAP-431G or FAP433G wtp-profiles.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit FAP_G
config platform
set 431G
end
set unii-4-5ghz-band ?
enable
Enable UNII-4 5Ghz band channels.
disable Disable UNII-4 5Ghz band channels.
2. When you select enable, the following notification shows:
set unii-4-5ghz-band enable Enabling UNII-4 will reset radio-3 channel lists, UNII-5 and UNII-6 channels will be
unavailable Do you want to continue? (y/n)
3. Enter y to continue. The UNII-4 5Ghz channels become available under radio-2.
config radio-2 set channel *wireless_channel
<36,40,44,48,149,153,157,161,165,169,173,177>
Note: Enabling UNII-4 5GHz band channels will cause the UNII-5 and UNII-6 Channels to be disabled on radio-3.
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Configuring Agile Multiband Operation
The Wi-Fi Alliance Agile Multiband Operation (MBO) feature enables better use of Wi-Fi network resources in roaming decisions and improves overall performance. This allows the FortiGate to push the MBO configuration to managed APs, which adds the MBO information element to the beacon and probe response for 802.11ax.
config wireless-controller vap edit <name> set mbo {enable | disable} set gas-comeback-delay <integer> set gas-fragmentation-limit <integer> set mbo-cell-data-conn-pref {excluded | prefer-not | prefer-use} next
end
mbo {enable | disable}
gas-comeback-delay <integer>
gas-fragmentation-limit <integer>
mbo-cell-data-conn-pref {excluded | prefernot | prefer-use}
Enable/disable Multiband Operation (default = disable).
GAS comeback delay in milliseconds (100 - 10000, default = 500, 0 = special).
GAS fragmentation limit (512 - 4096, default = 1024).
MBO cell data connection preference: l excluded: Wi-Fi Agile Multiband AP does not want the Wi-Fi Agile Multiband STA to use the cellular data connection. l prefer-not: Wi-Fi Agile Multiband AP prefers that the Wi-Fi Agile Multiband STA should not use cellular data connection. l prefer-use: Wi-Fi Agile Multiband AP prefers that the Wi-Fi Agile Multiband STA should use cellular data connection.
To configure MBO for an 802.11ax FortiAP:
1. Configure MBO on the VAP:
config wireless-controller vap edit "MBO-Test" set max-clients 15 set ssid "MBO-Test-01" set pmf enable set pmf-assoc-comeback-timeout 8 set mbo enable set gas-comeback-delay 0 set gas-fragmentation-limit 2048 set mbo-cell-data-conn-pref prefer-use set passphrase <somepassword> set schedule "always" set target-wake-time disable set igmp-snooping enable unset broadcast-suppression set mu-mimo disable set quarantine disable set dhcp-option82-insertion enable set qos-profile "test"
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next end
2. Enable the VAP on a WTP profile:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP234F-default" set ble-profile "new" set wan-port-mode wan-lan config lan set port-mode bridge-to-ssid set port-ssid "16sep" end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set ip-fragment-preventing tcp-mss-adjust icmp-unreachable set allowaccess https ssh snmp set poe-mode high set frequency-handoff enable set ap-handoff enable config radio-1 set band 802.11ax set short-guard-interval enable set auto-power-level enable set auto-power-high 21 set auto-power-low 1 set darrp enable set vap-all manual set vaps "MBO-Test" set channel "1" "6" "11" end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set short-guard-interval enable set auto-power-level enable set auto-power-low 1 set darrp enable set vap-all manual set vaps "MBO-Test" set channel "36" "40" "44" "48" "149" "153" "157" "161" "165" end config radio-3 set mode monitor set wids-profile "default" end config lbs set station-locate enable end next
end
3. Verify the MBO settings are pushed to the FortiAP:
# diagnose debug application wpad 255 21176.239 Received data - hexdump(len=153):
13 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 B0 01 A5 C0 7E 14 01 00 04 D5 90 E9 F4 E0 46 50 34 33 31 46 54 46 32 30 30 30 30 30 31 35 00 00 00 00 00 00
................ ~.........FP431F TF20000015......
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80 18 39 91 FF 7F 00 00 00 E2 C2 90 07 E0 32 AC ..9...........2.
FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 78 BF E1 15 00 00 00 00 ........x.......
00 00 01 00 31 00 00 00 D0 00 3C 00 04 D5 90 E9 ....1.....<.....
F4 E0 A0 51 0B 4A 84 F4 FF FF FF FF FF FF A0 03 ...Q.J..........
04 0A 00 6C 02 00 00 10 00 00 01 02 00 10 01 DD ...l............
DD 06 00 50 6F 9A 12 01 02
...Po....
21176.239 HOSTAPD: <0>192.165.1.176:5246<1-0> entering state RUN
mgmt::action
: GAS: GAS Initial Request from a0:51:0b:4a:84:f4 (dialog token 0)
ANQP: 1 Info IDs requested in Query list
ANQP: Unsupported WFA vendor type 18
ANQP: Locally generated ANQP responses - hexdump(len=0):
ANQP: Initial response (no comeback)
21176.239 Sending data - hexdump(len=141):
0C 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 B0 01 A5 C0 ................
7E 14 01 00 04 D5 90 E9 F4 D0 00 00 00 00 00 00 ~...............
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
4. On the FortiAP, verify the MBO settings are pushed from the FortiGate:
# vcfg
-------------------------------VAP Configuration 1----------------------------
Radio Id 0 WLAN Id 0 MBO-Test-01 ADMIN_UP(INTF_UP) init_done 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 unknown
(-1)
vlanid=0, intf=wlan00, vap=0x12b8018, bssid=e0:23:ff:b2:18:70
11ax high-efficiency=enabled target-wake-time=disabled bss-color=0
partial=enabled
mesh backhaul=disabled
local_auth=disabled standalone=disabled nat_mode=disabled
local_bridging=disabled split_tunnel=disabled
intra_ssid_priv=disabled
mcast_enhance=disabled igmp_snooping=enabled
mac_auth=disabled fail_through_mode=disabled sta_info=0/0
mac=local, tunnel=8023, cap=8ce0, qos=disabled
prob_resp_suppress=disabled
rx sop=disabled
sticky client remove=disabled
mu mimo=disabled
ldpc_config=rxtx
dhcp_option43_insertion=enabled
dhcp_option82_insertion=enabled,
dhcp_option82_circuit_id=disable, dhcp_option82_remote_id=disable
access_control_list=disabled
bc_suppression=
auth=WPA2, PSK, AES WPA keyIdx=4, keyLen=16, keyStatus=1, gTsc=000000000000
key=dee8be7d 3675eda2 7123f695 1d740319
pmf=required
okc=disabled, dynamic_vlan=disabled, extern_roaming=disabled
voice_ent(802.11kv)=disabled, fast_bss_trans(802.11r)=disabled mbo=enabled
airfairness weight: 20%
schedules=SMTWTFS 00:00->00:00,
ratelimit(Kbps): ul=100 dl=0 ul_user=0 dl_user=0 burst=disabled
-------------------------------VAP Configuration 2---------------------------Radio Id 1 WLAN Id 0 MBO-Test-01 ADMIN_UP(INTF_UP) init_done 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 unknown (-1)
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vlanid=0, intf=wlan10, vap=0x12b8860, bssid=e0:23:ff:b2:18:78
11ax high-efficiency=enabled target-wake-time=disabled bss-color=0
partial=enabled
mesh backhaul=disabled
local_auth=disabled standalone=disabled nat_mode=disabled
local_bridging=disabled split_tunnel=disabled
intra_ssid_priv=disabled
mcast_enhance=disabled igmp_snooping=enabled
mac_auth=disabled fail_through_mode=disabled sta_info=0/0
mac=local, tunnel=8023, cap=8ce0, qos=disabled
prob_resp_suppress=disabled
rx sop=disabled
sticky client remove=disabled
mu mimo=disabled
ldpc_config=rxtx
dhcp_option43_insertion=enabled
dhcp_option82_insertion=enabled,
dhcp_option82_circuit_id=disable, dhcp_option82_remote_id=disable
access_control_list=disabled
bc_suppression=
auth=WPA2, PSK, AES WPA keyIdx=4, keyLen=16, keyStatus=1, gTsc=000000000000
key=6042ccb8 66c18743 18cdb5d0 12f9c0fc
pmf=required
okc=disabled, dynamic_vlan=disabled, extern_roaming=disabled
voice_ent(802.11kv)=disabled, fast_bss_trans(802.11r)=disabled mbo=enabled
airfairness weight: 20%
schedules=SMTWTFS 00:00->00:00,
ratelimit(Kbps): ul=100 dl=0 ul_user=0 dl_user=0 burst=disabled
-------------------------------Total 5. Verify the beacon frames in the packet captures:
2 VAP Configurations----------------------------
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Access point configuration
This section describes how to configure access points for your wireless network. FortiAP units discover WiFi controllers. The administrator of the WiFi controller authorizes the FortiAP units that the controller can manage. In most cases, FortiAP units can find WiFi controllers through the wired Ethernet without any special configuration. Review the Network topology of managed APs on page 197 section to make sure that your method of connecting the FortiAP unit to the WiFi controller is valid. Then, you are ready to follow the procedures in Discovery and authorization of APs on page 199. If your FortiAP units are unable to find the WiFi controller, refer to Advanced WiFi controller discovery on page 216 for detailed information about the FortiAP unit controller discovery methods and how you can configure them.
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Network topology of managed APs
The FortiAP unit can be connected to the FortiGate unit in any of the following ways: l Direct connection: The FortiAP unit is directly connected to the FortiGate unit with no switches between them. This configuration is common for locations where the number of FortiAPs matches the number of internal ports available on the FortiGate. In this configuration, the FortiAP unit requests an IP address from the FortiGate unit, enters discovery mode and quickly finds the FortiGate WiFi controller. This configuration is also known as a wirecloset deployment.
Direct connection deployment
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l Switched connection: The FortiAP unit is connected to the FortiGate WiFi controller by an Ethernet switch operating in L2 switching mode or L3 routing mode. There must be a routable path between the FortiAP unit and the FortiGate unit and ports 5246 and 5247 must be open. This configuration is also known as a gateway deployment.
Switched connection deployment
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l Connection over WAN: The FortiGate WiFi controller is off-premises and connected by a VPN tunnel to a local FortiGate. In this method of connectivity, it's best to configure each FortiAP with the static IP address of the WiFi controller. Each FortiAP can be configured with three WiFi controller IP addresses for redundant failover. This configuration is also known as a data center remote management deployment.
Connection-over-WAN deployment
Discovery and authorization of APs
To complete the discovery and authorization of APs, perform the following tasks: l Pre-authorizing a FortiAP unit on page 200 l Enabling and configuring a discovered AP on page 202 l Disabling the automatic discovery of unknown FortiAPs on page 203 l Enabling the automatic authorization of extension devices on page 203 l Assigning the same FortiAP profile to multiple FortiAP units on page 203 l Overriding the FortiAP profile on page 204
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Pre-authorizing a FortiAP unit
There are two ways of pre-authorizing a FortiAP unit: l Enter an individual FortiAP unit information in advance; the unit is authorized and begins to function when it is connected. l Specify a Wildcard Serial Number to represent the model of the FortiAPs you want to authorize; the pre-configured SN is replaced by the actual SN of the FortiAP, and the FortiAP is authorized when it is connected.
Pre-authorizing an individual FortiAP unit
To pre-authorize an individual FortiAP unit:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and select Create New. On some models the WiFi Controller menu is called WiFi & Switch Controller.
2. Enter the Serial Number of the FortiAP unit. 3. Configure the Wireless Settings as required. 4. Select OK.
Pre-authorizing a FortiAP by specifying a Wildcard Serial Number
You can pre-configure and pre-authorize a template FortiAP SN to represent the SN of specific FortiAP models. When a physical FortiAP connects, the pre-configured SN is replaced by the actual SN of the FortiAP, and the FortiAP can be automatically authorized. For example, a Wildcard Serial Number of FP231F****000001 will allow the first FortiAP-231F to register to the Wireless Controller to be authorized automatically and adopt profile configurations. A Wildcard Serial Number consists of three parts:
l A six digit valid prefix for a FortiAP model, like "FP231F". l Four "*" (asterisks) to indicate that the Serial Number is a Wildcard Serial Number. l Six digits containing any valid characters. The characters do not need the match the actual Serial Number of the
FortiAP you are registering. The last six digits enable you to create multiple profiles where each new FortiAP that registers adopt one of the wildcard SN profiles in order.
To pre-authorize a FortiAP by specifying a Wildcard Serial Number - GUI:
1. Go to WiFI & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and click Create New > Managed AP. 2. In Serial number, enter a Wildcard Serial Number (example "FP231F****000001"). 3. Select a FortiAP profile you want to apply to the FortiAP.
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4. Click OK to save. 5. Connect the FortiAP unit to your topology.
Once the FortiAP is discovered by FortiGate, FortiGate will try to find a matching Wildcard SN. When FortiGate finds a matching Wildcard SN, the template Serial Number is renamed to match the newly discovered physical FortiAP SN.
To configure a Wildcard Serial Number and pre-authorize a FortiAP- CLI:
1. Pre-configure a Wildcard FortiAP SN (example "FP231F****000001").
config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP231F****000001" set uuid 47ab50f8-5f7c-51ec-0a60-4ff00a3eba2e set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP231F-test" config radio-1 end config radio-2 end next
end
2. Connect the FortiAP unit to your topology. Once the FortiAP is discovered by FortiGate, FortiGate will try to find a matching Wildcard SN. When FortiGate finds a matching Wildcard SN, the template Serial Number is renamed to match the newly discovered physical FortiAP SN.
FortiGate-80E-POE # diag debug enable FortiGate-80E-POE # diag debug cli 7 Debug messages will be on for unlimited time. FortiGate-80E-POE # 0: config wireless-controller wtp 0: rename "FP231F****000001" to "FP231FTF20026472" 0: end
The pre-configured template FortiAP SN is successfully renamed to match the FortiAP SN "FP231FTF20026472". 3. The new FortiAP is now pre-authorized and can be managed from the FortiGate without manual authorization. Note
that the UUID does not change.
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config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP231FTF20026472" set uuid 47ab50f8-5f7c-51ec-0a60-4ff00a3eba2e set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP231F-test" config radio-1 end config radio-2 end next
end
Enabling and configuring a discovered AP
1. Connect the FortiAP unit to the FortiGate unit. Within two minutes, the WiFi Controller > Managed FortiAPs page displays the discovered FortiAP unit.
2. Select the FortiAP unit and authorize that unit.
Discovered access point unit
When you authorize a FortiAP unit, it is configured by default to use the default FortiAP profile (determined by model). The FortiAP profile defines the entire configuration for the AP (see Creating a FortiAP profile on page 38). You can assign a different profile, if needed, by rightclicking the authorized FortiAP and selecting Assign Profile.
To add and configure the discovered AP unit - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. This configuration also applies to local WiFi radio on FortiWiFi models.
2. Select the FortiAP unit from the list and edit it. 3. Optionally, enter a Name. Otherwise, the unit will be identified by serial number. 4. Select Authorize. 5. Select a FortiAP Profile. 6. Select OK. The physical access point is now added to the system. If the rest of the configuration is complete, it should be possible to connect to the wireless network through the AP.
To add the discovered AP unit - CLI:
First get a list of the discovered access point unit serial numbers: get wireless-controller wtp Add a discovered unit and associate it with AP-profile1, for example: config wireless-controller wtp
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edit FAP22A3U10600118 set admin enable set wtp-profile AP-profile1
end
To view the status of the added AP unit:
config wireless-controller wtp edit FAP22A3U10600118 get
The join-time field should show a time, not "N/A". See the preceding GUI procedure for more information.
Disabling the automatic discovery of unknown FortiAPs
By default, FortiGate adds newly discovered FortiAPs to the Managed FortiAPs list, awaiting the administrator's authorization. Optionally, you can disable this automatic registration function to avoid adding unknown FortiAPs. A FortiAP will be registered and listed only if its serial number has already been added manually to the Managed FortiAPs list. AP registration is configured on each interface. To disable automatic discovery and registration, enter the following command: config system interface
edit port15 set ap-discover disable
end
Enabling the automatic authorization of extension devices
To simplify adding FortiAP or FortiSwitch devices to your network, you can enable automatic authorization of devices as they are connected, instead of authorizing each one individually. This feature is only configurable in the CLI.
To enable automatic authorization on all dedicated interfaces:
config system global set auto-auth-extension-device enable
end
To enable automatic authorization per-interface:
config system interface edit <port> set auto-auth-extension-device enable
end
Assigning the same FortiAP profile to multiple FortiAP units
The same profile can now be applied to multiple managed FortiAP units at the same time. To do this, do the following:
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1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs to view the AP list. 2. Select all FortiAP units you wish to apply the profile to. 3. Right click on one of the selected FortiAPs and select Assign Profile. 4. Choose the profile you wish to apply.
Overriding the FortiAP profile
In the FortiAP configuration WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs, there are several radio settings under Override Radio 1 and Override Radio 2. You can choose to set a value independently of the FortiAP profile setting. When each of the radios are disabled, you will see what the FortiAP Profile has each of the settings configured to.
Band Channels Transmit power mode SSIDs
The available options depend on the capability of the radio. Overriding Band also overrides Channels. Make appropriate settings in Channels.
Choose channels. The available channels depend on the Band.
Select how you want to determine transmit power. The 100% setting is the maximum power permitted in your region. See Setting your geographic location on page 35.
Select a traffic mode for SSIDs. l Tunnel available tunnel-mode SSIDs are automatically assigned to this radio. l Bridge available bridge-mode SSIDs are automatically assigned to this radio. l Manual manually select which available SSIDs and SSID groups to assign to this radio.
To override radio settings in the CLI:
In this example, Radio 1 is set to 802.11n on channel 11, regardless of the profile setting.
config wireless-controller wtp edit FP221C3X14019926 config radio-1 set override-band enable set band 802.11n set override-channel enable set channel 11 end
You can override settings for band, channel, vaps (SSIDs), and Transmit power mode.
Outside of configuring radio settings, you can also override FortiAP LED state, WAN port mode, IP Fragmentation prevention method, spectrum analysis, split tunneling, and login password settings.
Register a FortiAP to FortiCloud
After authorizing a FortiAP, you can resister that FortiAP to FortiCloud directly from the FortiGate GUI.
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 2. Select the FortiAP unit you want to register.
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Access point configuration 3. Right-click and select Registration.
The Device Registration window opens.
4. Click Register to proceed to the next step. 5. Enter your FortiCloud account information and click Submit.
It can take up to 30 minutes to register the device. 6. Once the device is registered, you can view the registration status from the FortiAP Diagnostic and Tools page.
FortiAP CLI access
This section explains how to access the FortiAP CLI through the FortiAP Ethernet port or the FortiGate.
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Accessing the FortiAP CLI through the FortiAP Ethernet port
The FortiAP unit has a CLI through which some configuration options can be set.
To access the FortiAP CLI through the FortiAP Ethernet port: 1. Connect your computer to the FortiAP Ethernet interface, either directly with a cross-over cable or through a
separate switch or hub. 2. Change your computer IP address to 192.168.1.3 3. Using SSH, connect to IP address 192.168.1.2. 4. Ensure that FortiAP is in a private network with no DHCP server for the static IP address to be accessible. 5. Login with user name admin and no password. 6. Enter commands, as needed. 7. Optionally, use the passwd command to assign an administrative password for better security. 8. Save the configuration by entering the following command:
cfg c . 9. Unplug the FortiAP and then plug it back in, in order for the configuration to take effect.
Accessing the FortiAP CLI through the FortiGate
After the FortiAP has been installed, physical access to the unit can be inconvenient. You can access the FortiAP CLI of a connected FortiAP unit through the FortiGate unit that controls it.
To access the FortiAP CLI through the FortiGate: 1. In the FortiGate GUI, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 2. Right click the row of the FortiAP that you want to connect to and then select >_ Connect to CLI.
The CLI Console window opens. 3. If the password prompt appears, then enter the required password. By default, there is no password. 4. When you are finished using the FortiAP CLI, enter exit. 5. To close the CLI Console window, click the X in the top right corner of the window.
FortiAP Configuration mode
To facilitate the initial deployment, you can reset FortiAP to enter the Configuration mode. With your Wi-Fi device, you can access the FortiAP Configuration mode GUI, and then configure FortiAP.
The FortiAP Configuration mode is available on FortiAP-S and FortiAP-W2, E models.
When FortiAP is in Configuration mode, the following behaviors apply:
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l FortiAP broadcasts its SSID as FAP-config-<serial-number>. l FortiAP does not broadcast any SSID configured by its controller. l Only one WiFi client can connect to the broadcasted SSID. l This SSID is open in NAT mode to allow internet connectivity. l The transmit power for the broadcasted SSID is tuned down to 1 dBm on each radio, so the broadcasted SSID can
only be connected to from a nearby location. l FortiAP automatically exits the Configuration mode after 30 minutes or if you reboot FortiAP.
FortiAP enters the Configuration mode when you hold the reset button for 5 to 10 seconds while FortiAP is booted up.
Reset button behavior
Reset duration (seconds) less than 5 5 to 10 more than 10
Action Reboot Configuration mode Factory reset
Resetting FortiAP to enter the Configuration mode
1. Make sure FortiAP is booted up. 2. Use a pin to push and hold the reset button for 5 to 10 seconds.
FortiAP reboots and then enters the Configuration mode. FortiAP starts to broadcast an open security SSID FAP-config-<serial-number>, for example FAPconfig-FP421E3X16000715. 3. You can now access the GUI or CLI of the FortiAP Configuration mode by performing:
l the recommended procedure, Accessing the GUI of the FortiAP Configuration mode on page 207 l or Accessing the CLI of the FortiAP Configuration mode on page 209
Accessing the GUI of the FortiAP Configuration mode
This is the recommended procedure.
1. Use only one Wi-Fi device to connect to the SSID FAP-config-<serial-number>. 2. Open a web browser and visit https://192.168.100.1. 3. In the User Name field, type admin. 4. In the Password field, type the password associated with the admin account.
The FortiAP Dashboard window opens with a CONFIG MODE red banner at the bottom. 5. Under Settings, click Local Configuration.
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FortiAP Config Mode - Local Configuration
6. Make configuration changes. 7. To save configuration changes, click OK.
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Access point configuration 8. To exit the Configuration mode, go to the admin menu at the top-right corner and click Reboot.
FortiAP Config Mode - Reboot
9. To confirm the system reboot, click Yes. 10. When the web browser displays a System Rebooting message, you can close the web browser window.
Configuration changes take effect after FortiAP restarts.
Accessing the CLI of the FortiAP Configuration mode
1. To connect to FortiAP, you can: a. start a secure shell (SSH) session with the IP address of the FortiAP, or b. start a console session, if your FortiAP has a console port.
2. Use admin, as the login user. 3. Type the password associated with the admin account. 4. Make configuration changes. For details about FortiAP CLI commands, see FortiAP CLI configuration and
diagnostics commands on page 456. 5. To save configuration changes, type:
cfg -c
6. To exit the Configuration mode, type: reboot Configuration changes take effect after FortiAP restarts.
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FortiAP unit firmware upgrade
There are multiple ways you can upgrade the FortiAP unit firmware: l You can enable newly discovered FortiAPs to be automatically upgraded to the latest compatible firmware. This happens once after the FortiAP is authorized by the WiFi controller. l You can enable automatic firmware updates on your FortiGate which checks for patch upgrades for your FortiGates, FortiSwitches, and FortiAPs. If a compatible upgrade is available, FortiGate automatically downloads and installs them at a scheduled time. l You can manually view and upgrade the FortiAP firmware from the FortiGate unit.
When upgrading multiple APs, you can enable Hitless Rolling upgrade where FortiAPs are upgraded in a staggered process so that they can continue to provide Wi-Fi service.
Checking the FortiAP unit firmware version
To view the list of FortiAP units that the FortiGate unit manages, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. The OS Version column shows the current firmware version running on each AP.
Enabling automatic FortiAP upgrade after authorization
You can enable the automatic federated upgrade of a FortiAP unit upon discovery and authorization by the WiFi controller. When you enable this feature, newly discovered FortiAPs are automatically upgraded to the latest compatible firmware from FortiGuard Distribution Service (FDS).
To enable automatic FortiAP upgrade - GUI:
1. Go to WiFI & Switch Controller > WiFi Settings and enable FortiAP auto firmware provisioning. 2. Click Apply. 3. Connect and authorize a FortiAP.
The FortiAP will be upgraded to the latest compatible firmware from FDS.
To enable automatic FortiAP upgrade - CLI:
1. Enable firmware-provision-on-authorization via the CLI: config wireless-controller setting set firmware-provision-on-authorization enable set darrp-optimize-schedules "default-darrp-optimize" end
2. Connect and authorize a FortiAP. The FortiAP will be upgraded to the latest compatible firmware from FDS.
When firmware-provision-on-authorization is enabled, any new FortiAPs that are authorized will automatically have firmware-provision-latest set to once.
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Enabling automatic firmware updates
Automatic firmware updates will upgrade your FortiGates, FortiSwitches, and FortiAPs at a scheduled time.
When you enable automatic firmware updates, it upgrades the FortiAP directly to the target version and does not follow an upgrade path. Refer to the Supported Upgrade Path documentation to ensure you follow the proper upgrade path.
To enable automatic firmware updates - GUI:
1. Go to System > Firmware & Registration and click Automatic patch upgrades disabled. 2. Select Enable automatic patch upgrades for vX.X. 3. Select a date and time for when you want to schedule your upgrade. 4. Click OK.
To enable automatic firmware updates - CLI:
Enable automatic firmware upgrade and schedule a day and time to upgrade. config system fortiguard
set auto-firmware-upgrade enable set auto-firmware-upgrade-day sunday monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday saturday set auto-firmware-upgrade-delay 0 set auto-firmware-upgrade-start-hour 17 set auto-firmware-upgrade-end-hour 19 end The auto-upgrade time is scheduled daily, between 5:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m.
Upgrading FortiAP firmware from the FortiGate unit
You can manually upgrade the FortiAP firmware using either the GUI or the CLI. Only the CLI method can update all FortiAP units at once.
To upgrade FortiAP unit firmware - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 2. Right-click the FortiAP unit in the list and select Upgrade.
or Click the row of the FortiAP that you want to upgrade, and click Edit. In Firmware, click Upgrade. 3. You can upgrade using FortiGuard, or select Browse and locate the firmware upgrade file. 4. Click Upgrade. 5. When the upgrade process completes, select OK. The FortiAP unit restarts.
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To upgrade FortiAP unit firmware - CLI:
1. Upload the FortiAP image to the FortiGate unit. For example, the Firmware file is FAP_22A_v4.3.0_b0212_fortinet.out and the server IP address is 192.168.0.100. execute wireless-controller upload-wtp-image tftp FAP_22A_v4.3.0_b0212_fortinet.out 192.168.0.100 If your server is FTP, change tftp to ftp, and if necessary add your user name and password at the end of the command.
2. Verify that the image is uploaded: execute wireless-controller list-wtp-image
3. Upgrade the FortiAP units: exec wireless-controller reset-wtp all
If you want to upgrade only one FortiAP unit, enter its serial number instead of all.
Upgrading FortiAP firmware from the FortiAP unit
You can connect to a FortiAP unit's internal CLI to update its firmware from a TFTP server on the same network. This method does not require access to the wireless controller. 1. Place the FortiAP firmware image on a TFTP server on your computer. 2. Connect the FortiAP unit to a separate private switch or hub or directly connect to your computer via a cross-over
cable. 3. Change your computer IP address to 192.168.1.3. 4. Using SSH, connect to IP address 192.168.1.2.
This IP address is overwritten if the FortiAP is connected to a DHCP environment. Ensure that the FortiAP unit is in a private network with no DHCP server. 5. Login with the username "admin" and no password. 6. Enter the following command. For example, the FortiAP image file name is FAP_22A_v4.3.0_b0212_fortinet.out.
restore FAP_22A_v4.3.0_b0212_fortinet.out 192.168.1.3
Enabling Hitless Rolling AP upgrade
When upgrading FortiAPs using the Hitless Rolling upgrade method, an algorithm considers the reach of neighboring APs and their locations. The APs are then upgraded in staggered process with some APs being immediately upgraded while others continue to provide Wi-Fi service to clients and are placed in a standby queue. Once the SSIDs on the initial upgraded APs are able to serve clients, the APs in the standby queue begin upgrading. The following CLI commands for configuring Hitless Rolling AP upgrades are available at both global settings and perVDOM settings:
Enabling Hitless Rolling Upgrade at the global level
config wireless-controller global set rolling-wtp-upgrade {Enable | disable} set rolling-wtp-upgrade-threshold <integer>
end
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rolling-wtpupgrade
rolling-wtpupgradethreshold
Enable/disable rolling WTP upgrade (default = disable). Note: Enabling this at the global-level will enforce all managed FortiAPs in all VDOMs to implement the rolling upgrade, regardless of the VDOM-level settings.
Minimum signal level/threshold in dBm required for the managed WTP to be included in rolling WTP upgrade (-95 to -20, default = -80).
Enabling Hitless Rolling Upgrade at the per-VDOM level
config wireless-controller setting set rolling-wtp-upgrade {Enable | disable}
end
rolling-wtpupgrade
Enable/disable rolling WTP upgrade (default = disable). Note: Enabling this at the VDOM-level will let managed FortiAPs in the current VDOM to implement the rolling upgrade, regardless of the global-level setting.
Executing Hitless Rolling Upgrade
exec wireless-controller rolling-wtp-upgrade <all>|<SN>|<wtp-group>
rolling-wtpupgrade
Select which APs you want to upgrade with the Hitless Rolling upgrade. You can select all APs, by their WTP serial number, or WTP group.
To configure Hitless Rolling AP upgrade - GUI
1. Before you can run Hitless Rolling AP upgrade from the GUI, you must first enable rolling-wtp-upgrade and configure the rolling-wtp-upgrade-threshold level in the CLI.
config wireless-controller global set rolling-wtp-upgrade enable set rolling-wtp-upgrade-threshold -70
end
config wireless-controller setting set rolling-wtp-upgrade enable
end
2. From the FortiGate GUI, go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 3. Select multiple FortiAPs of the same model, and then right-click and select Upgrade.
The Upgrade FortiAPs window loads. 4. Upload the FortiAP image file and click Upgrade.
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The FortiAPs are automatically upgraded using the Hitless Rolling upgrade method. 5. Some FortiAPs immediately begin upgrading while others are marked with "ISSU queued". In-Service Software
Upgrade (ISSU) indicates that these are the standby APs that continue to provide Wi-Fi service to clients and are queued to be upgraded later.
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6. Once the first batch of FortiAPs are upgraded and can provide service, the ISSU queued FortiAPs will begin upgrading.
To configure Hitless Rolling AP upgrade - CLI
1. Enable rolling-wtp-upgrade at either the global or VDOM level and configure the rolling-wtp-upgradethreshold level.
config wireless-controller global set rolling-wtp-upgrade enable set rolling-wtp-upgrade-threshold -70
end
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config wireless-controller setting set rolling-wtp-upgrade enable
end
2. Upload FortiAP images to FortiGate and check the image list. In this example, FAP231F is uploaded:
execute wireless-controller upload-wtp-image tftp /FortiAP/v7.00/images/build0626/FAP_ 231F-v7-build0626-FORTINET.out 172.18.52.254
3. Verify the uploaded FortiAP images:
execute wireless-controller list-wtp-image
WTP Images on AC:
ImageName
ImageSize(B)
...
FP231F-v7.4.2-build0626-IMG.wtp
37605058
10:39:53 2023
ImageInfo
ImageMTime
FP231F-v7.4-build0626 Mon Nov 27
4. Run the Rolling WTP Upgrade and prepare to check the FortiAP upgrade status.
exec wireless-controller rolling-wtp-upgrade all
5. The FortiAPs begin upgrading on a rolling basis. You can use diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ap-upd to check the upgrade process.
diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ap-upd
1,50,66 0-FP231FTF23037012 FP231F-v7.4-build0591 ==> FP231F-v7.4-build0626 ws (0-
10.233.10.7:5246) upd-download,3 5%
<- The image download has started (may
still be blocked by concurrent AP image downloading limit)
2,50,66 0-FP231FTF23037026 FP231F-v7.4-build0591 ==> FP231F-v7.4-build0626 ws (0-
10.233.10.3:5246) upd-download,3 6%
3,50,66 0-FP231FTF23037047 FP231F-v7.4-build0591 ==> FP231F-v7.4-build0626 ws (0-
10.233.10.24:5246) upd-download,3 6%
...
15,50,66 0-FP431FTF23000559 FP431F-v7.4-build0591 ==> FP431F-v7.4-build0626 ws (0-
10.233.30.40:5246) upd-enqueue-issu,4 0%
<- In queue for rolling AP upgrade to
avoid Wi-Fi service drop
16,50,66 0-FP431FTF23021146 FP431F-v7.4-build0591 ==> FP431F-v7.4-build0626 ws (0-
10.233.30.42:5246) upd-enqueue-issu,4 0%
...
19,50,66 0-FP433FTF21001215 FP433F-v7.4-build0591 ==> FP433F-v7.4-build0626 ws (0-
10.233.30.41:5246) upd-enqueue-issu,4 0%
...
Advanced WiFi controller discovery
A FortiAP unit can use any of six methods to locate a controller. By default, FortiAP units cycle through all six of the discovery methods. In most cases there is no need to make configuration changes on the FortiAP unit.
There are exceptions and the following section describes the WiFi controller discovery methods in more detail and provides information about configuration changes you might need to make so that discovery will work.
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Controller discovery methods
There are six methods that a FortiAP unit can use to discover a WiFi controller. When the FortiAP discovery type is set to auto, the AP Controller (AC) uses the following discovery methods in sequence: 1(static) 2(dhcp) 3(dns) 7(fortiedgecloud) 5(multicast) 6(broadcast) For every discovery type, FortiAP sends out discovery requests and sets a timer, an interval defined as a random number of seconds (between 2 and 180, default is 5 seconds), which is set via the CLI:
CLI syntax
config wireless-controller timers set discovery-interval 5
end After the timeout is reached, FortiAP sends out another discovery request, up to a maximum of 3 times. After about 3 - 15 seconds, if FortiAP has no AC connection, it will switch to another discovery type and repeat the above process until the last one (broadcast) fails, which will lead to SULKING state. After about 30 seconds, FortiAP will go into an AC_IP_DISCVER state. After the AC IP is found, it will go to IDLE state, and will eventually go to the DISCOVERY state, and repeat the above process again. Note that, while the process above is showcasing the auto discovery method, it's recommended to set the AC_ DISCOVERY_TYPE to your used method in order to reduce downtime. If FortiAP gets stuck in a discovery loop due to changes in the network, you might need to reboot the AP to detect the new changes. You can set up automatic AP reboot to reduce the need for manual intervention (see Configure automatic AP reboot on page 219).
Static IP configuration
If FortiAP and the controller are not in the same subnet, broadcast and multicast packets cannot reach the controller. The admin can specify the controller's static IP on the AP unit. The AP unit sends a discovery request message in unicast to the controller. Routing must be properly configured in both directions.
To specify the controller's IP address on a FortiAP unit:
cfg a AC_IPADDR_1="192.168.0.100" By default, the FortiAP unit receives its IP address, netmask, and gateway address by DHCP. If you prefer, you can assign these statically.
To assign a static IP address to the FortiAP unit:
cfg -a ADDR_MODE=STATIC cfg a AP_IPADDR="192.168.0.100" cfg -a AP_NETMASK="255.255.255.0" cfg a IPGW=192.168.0.1 cfg -c For information about connecting to the FortiAP CLI, see FortiAP CLI access on page 205.
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DHCP
If you use DHCP to assign an IP address to your FortiAP unit, you can also provide the WiFi controller IP address at the same time. This is useful if the AP is located remotely from the WiFi controller and other discovery techniques will not work. Since the AP sequentially goes through all the different discovery methods, DHCP has the best ratio between configuration and time for discovery. When you configure the DHCP server, configure Option 138 to specify the WiFi controller IP address(es). The most direct method is to input an IP address in hexadecimal format. For example, 192.168.0.1 converts to C0A80001. For DHCP servers that support inputting other option types, you can select the "IP" type and then input a regular IP address. You can also input multiple addresses (concatenated in hexadecimal format). The first address has the highest priority. If Option 138 is used for some other purpose on your network, you can use a different option number if you configure the AP units to match.
To change the FortiAP DHCP option code:
To use option code 139 for example, enter cfg a AC_DISCOVERY_DHCP_OPTION_CODE=139 For information about connecting to the FortiAP CLI, see FortiAP CLI access on page 205.
DNS
FortiAP can discover controllers through your domain name server (DNS) from DHCP option 15 (e.g. "example.com"), which can be configured on a 3rd-party DHCP server. By default, FortiAP has the default AC hostname of "fortinet-capwap-controller" and combines it with the AC domain suffix to form one FQDN (e.g. "fortinet-capwap-controller.example.com"). If necessary, you can customize the default AC hostname without the "." character on FortiAP.
To customize the default AC hostname:
1. From the FortiAP CLI, enter the following commands to customize the AC_HOSTNAME_1/2/3: cfg -a AC_HOSTNAME_1=<yourcompany> cfg -a AC_HOSTNAME_2=<yourcompany2> cfg -a AC_HOSTNAME_3=<yourcompany3> cfg -c
The new example DNS hostname would become "yourcompany.example.com".
FortiEdge Cloud
FortiAP can discover FortiEdge Cloud by doing a DNS lookup of the hardcoded FortEdge Cloud AP controller hostname "apctrl1.forticloud.com". The FortiAP discovers the FortiEdge Cloud AP controller via HTTPS to get the AC address. FortiEdge Cloud - APController: apctrl1.forticloud.com
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Broadcast request
The FortiAP unit broadcasts a discovery request message to the network and the controller replies. The AP and the controller must be in the same broadcast domain. No configuration adjustments are required.
Multicast request
The FortiAP unit sends a multicast discovery request and the controller replies with a unicast discovery response message. The AP and the controller do not need to be in the same broadcast domain if multicast routing is properly configured. The default multicast destination address is 224.0.1.140. It can be changed through the CLI. The address must be same on the controller and AP.
To change the multicast address on the controller: config wireless-controller global
set discovery-mc-addr 224.0.1.250 end
To change the multicast address on a FortiAP unit: cfg a AC_DISCOVERY_MC_ADDR="224.0.1.250" For information about connecting to the FortiAP CLI, see FortiAP CLI access on page 205.
Configure automatic AP reboot
You can configure FortiAPs to automatically reboot when they are stuck in an AP Controller (AC) discovery dead loop, eliminating the need to manually reboot or power cycle those FortiAP units to recover. FortiAPs have a configurable timeout period during AC discovery and can automatically reboot if they do not detect an active AC within the set time interval. Once the FortiAPs reboot, they can detect any changes made to the LAN/WAN and discover the AC.
The following CLI commands have been added to configure automatic AP reboot:
config wireless-controller timers set ap-reboot-wait-interval < integer > set ap-reboot-wait-time < hh:mm > set ap-reboot-wait-interval2 < integer >
end
ap-reboot-wait-interval1
Time in minutes to wait before the AP reboots when there is no controller detected (5 - 65535, default = 0, 0 for no reboot). Applies only to FortiAP units that have no local-standalone SSID assigned.
ap-reboot-wait-time
Time to reboot the AP when there is no controller detected and standalone SSIDs are pushed to the AP in the previous session, format hh:mm.
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This command apples to FortiAPs with at least one local-standalone SSID and ones with no local-standalone SSIDs. If both "ap-reboot-wait-interval1" and "ap-reboot-wait-time" are set, FortiAPs with standalone SSIDs will reboot at the configured "ap-reboot-wait-time" every day. However, FortiAPs without standalone SSIDs will reboot after waiting for "ap-rebootwait-interval1" or "ap-reboot-wait-time", whichever come first.
ap-reboot-wait-interval2
Time in minutes to wait before the AP reboots when there is no controller detected and standalone SSIDs are pushed to the AP in the previous session (5 - 65535, default = 0, 0 for no reboot).
Applies only to FortiAP units that have at least one local-standalone SSID assigned.
For automatic reboot to be enabled, the FortiAPs need to be managed by a FortiGate once and have an interval and wait-time set from the FortiGate side. Only then will the APs autoreboot if they cannot detect an active AC.
To configure FortiAP automatic reboot intervals - CLI:
1. Configure the FortiAP reboot interval:
config wireless-controller timers set ap-reboot-wait-interval1 5 set ap-reboot-wait-interval2 10
end
2. Assign a non-standalone SSID to FAP1:
config wireless-controller vap edit "test_bridge" set ssid "test_bridge" set passphrase ENC set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" next
end
3. Assign a standalone SSID to FAP2:
config wireless-controller vap edit "test_standalone" set ssid "test_standalone" set passphrase ENC set local-standalone enable set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" next
end
4. When the FortiAPs are disconnected from the FortiGate, they will reboot at the configured time. l The FortiAP with no standalone SSID (FAP1) reboots at the time interval configured in interval1 (5 minutes or 300 seconds).
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FortiAP-432FR # 03901.181 *****cwFwctlReboot:*****
03901.181
SSID_CNT 1,0. No AC is found in 309 sec (> 300) Rebooting...
[ 4134.665936] reboot: Restarting system
l The FortiAP with standalone SSID (FAP2) reboots at the time interval configured in interval2 (10 minutes or 600 seconds).
FortiAP-831F login: 01548.738 *****cwFwctlReboot:*****
01548.738
SSID_CNT 1,1. No AC is found in 625 sec (> 600) Rebooting...
[ 1603.673046] reboot: Restarting system
To configure FortiAP automatic reboot intervals and wait time - CLI:
When ap-reboot-wait-interval1 and ap-reboot-wait-time is configured, FortiAPs withoutstandalone SSIDs wait for ap-reboot-wait-interval1 or ap-reboot-wait-time (whichever comes first). Meanwhile FortiAPs with standalone SSIDs wait for the set time in ap-reboot-wait-time before automatically rebooting.
1. Configure the FortiAP reboot interval and wait time:
config wireless-controller timers set ap-reboot-wait-interval1 5 set ap-reboot-wait-time "15:50"
end
2. Verify that FAP1 is managed by FortiGate and has an SSID assigned with local-standalone disabled:
FortiAP-432FR # wcfg | grep fsm
fsm-state
: RUN 463
FortiAP-432FR # vcfg
-------------------------------VAP Configuration 1----------------------------
Radio Id 1 WLAN Id 0 test_bridge ADMIN_UP(INTF_UP) init_done 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 unknown
(-1)
vlanid=0, intf=wlan10, vap=0x3915502c, bssid=74:78:a6:e3:63:48
11ax high-efficiency=enabled target-wake-time=enabled
bss-color-partial=enabled
mesh backhaul=disabled
local_auth=disabled standalone=disabled nat_mode=disabled
FortiAP-432FR # cw_diag -c acs | grep "last seen" AC last seen time: 0 SSID cnt 0,0 ap reboot wait time 300,0 16:51
The cw_diag -c acs command output shows the AP reboot wait time as hh+1:mm+1. The 00:00 value is used to indicate that the reboot time is not configured, not that the reboot time is set to 00:00.
3. When the FortiAPs are disconnected from the FortiGate, they will reboot at the configured time. l The FortiAP with no standalone SSID (FAP1) reboots at the time interval configured in interval1 (5 minutes or 300 seconds).
FortiAP-432FR # 03901.181 *****cwFwctlReboot:*****
03901.181
SSID_CNT 1,0. No AC is found in 309 sec (> 300) Rebooting...
[ 4134.665936] reboot: Restarting system
l The FortiAP with standalone SSID (FAP2) reboots at the time configured in wait-time (15:50).
FortiAP-831F # date Fri Nov 17 15:50:10 GMT 2023
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FortiAP-831F # 01140.026 *****cwFwctlReboot:*****
01140.026
SSID_CNT 1,1. No AC is found in 177 sec (15:50) Rebooting...
[ 1195.218481] reboot: Restarting system
Wireless client load balancing for high-density deployments
Wireless load balancing allows your wireless network to distribute wireless traffic more efficiently among wireless access points and available frequency bands. FortiGate wireless controllers support the following types of client load balancing:
l Access point handoff - the wireless controller signals a client to switch to another access point. l Frequency handoff - the wireless controller monitors the usage of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, and signals clients to
switch to the lesser-used frequency. Load balancing is not applied to roaming clients.
Access point handoff
Access point handoff wireless load balancing involves the following: l If the load on an access point (ap1) exceeds a threshold (of for example, 30 clients) then the client with the weakest signal will be signaled by wireless controller to drop off and join another nearby access point (ap2). l When one or more access points are overloaded (for example, more than 30 clients) and a new client attempts to join a wireless network, the wireless controller selects the least busy access point that is closest to the new client and this access point is the one that responds to the client and the one that the client joins.
Frequency handoff or band-steering
Encouraging clients to use the 5 GHz WiFi band if possible enables those clients to benefit from faster interference-free 5GHz communication. The remaining 2.4 GHz clients benefit from reduced interference. The WiFi controller probes clients to determine their WiFi band capability. It also records the RSSI (signal strength) for each client on each band. If a new client attempts to join the network, the controller looks up that client's MAC address in its wireless device table and determines if it is a dual band device. If it is not a dual band device, then it is allowed to join. If it is a dual band device, then its RSSI on 5 GHz is used to determine whether the device is close enough to an access point to benefit from movement to 5 GHz frequency. If both conditions of 1) dual band device and 2) RSSI value is strong, then the wireless controller does not reply to the join request of the client. This forces the client to retry a few more times and then timeout and attempt to join the same SSID on 5 GHz. Once the Controller see this new request on 5 GHz, the RSSI is again measured and the client is allowed to join. If the RSSI is below threshold, then the device table is updated and the controller forces the client to timeout again. A client's second attempt to connect on 2.4 GHz will be accepted.
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Handoff configuration
From the GUI, edit a custom AP profile and in the Client load balancing field, select Frequency Handoff and AP Handoff as required for the AP profile.
From the CLI, you configure wireless client load balancing thresholds for each custom AP profile.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit new-ap-profile set handoff-rssi <rssi_int> set handoff-sta-thresh <clients_int> set frequency-handoff {disable | enable} set ap-handoff {disable | enable} config radio-1 end config radio-2 end end
Configuration options handoff-rssi handoff-sta-thresh
frequency-handoff ap-handoff
Description
The RSSI threshold. Clients with a 5 GHz RSSI threshold over this value are load balanced to the 5 GHz frequency band. Default is 25. Range is 20 to 30.
The access point handoff threshold. If the access point has more clients than this threshold it is considered busy and clients are changed to another access point. Default is 55, range is 5-60.
Enable or disable frequency handoff load balancing. Disabled by default.
Enable or disable access point handoff load balancing. Disabled by default.
Frequency handoff must be enabled on the 5 GHz radio to learn client capability.
FortiAP groups
FortiAP groups facilitate the management of a large numbers of FortiAPs. For example, you can group APs based on the floor or section of the office they are installed on. Each AP can belong to one group only. Grouping an AP enables you to assign VLANs to all the APs in that group, simplifying the administrative workload. This feature is useful in large deployments as you can break down the broadcast domain, rather than putting all wireless clients into a single subnet. You can also apply security inspections and firewall rules based on the location of the wireless clients, providing you with more granular control over wireless traffic.
Through the VLAN pool feature, a FortiAP group can be associated with a VLAN to which WiFi clients will be assigned. For more details about VLAN pool assignment, see VLAN assignment by FortiAP group on page 112.
Once you create a FortiAP group and add FortiAPs to it, you can filter your Managed FortiAPs view by group and easily identify which AP belongs to which areas.
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To create a FortiAP group - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and select Create New > Managed AP Group. 2. Give the group a Name. 3. Choose Members. 4. Click OK.
To create a FortiAP group - CLI:
In this example, wtp-group-1 is created for a FortiAP-221C and one member device is added. config wireless-controller wtp-group
edit wtp-group-1 set platform-type 221C config wtp-list edit FP221C3X14019926 end
end
LAN port options
FortiAPs have at least one Ethernet port that operates as a WAN port to provide management connection to a WiFi Controller such as FortiGate or FortiEdge Cloud. Some FortiAP models have multiple LAN ports that can provide wired network access. There are some differences in LAN configuration among FortiAP models:
l Some FortiAP models have one WAN port and one or more LAN ports. By default, the LAN ports are offline. You can directly configure LAN port operation via the web UI of a WiFi Controller, or in the FortiGate CLI (config wireless-controller wtp-profile > config lan).
l Other FortiAP models have two ports, labeled LAN1 and LAN2. By default, LAN1 and LAN2 are direct pass-through ports, and can work as the WAN interface. When necessary, the LAN1 and LAN2 ports can be re-configured for WAN-LAN operation.
For information on which FortiAP models have configurable WAN/LAN ports, refer to the FortiAP product data sheet. This section covers the following topics:
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l Configuring a port to WAN-LAN operation mode on page 225 l Bridging a LAN port with the WAN port on page 226 l Bridging a LAN port with an SSID on page 227 l Configuring FortiAP LAN ports on page 228 l Verifying wired clients connected to FortiAP LAN ports on page 230
Configuring a port to WAN-LAN operation mode
Some FortiAP models have two LAN ports instead of having both a WAN port and a LAN port. You can configure one of the LAN ports to operate in WAN-LAN mode. To do so, you must first configure the CLI in the FortiGate, and then again in the CLI of the FortiAP.
To configure a port to WAN-LAN operation:
1. From the FortiGate, set the WAN port mode to operate in WAN-LAN option. You can configure this from both the FortiGate GUI and CLI. l To configure from the FortiGate GUI: i. Ensure Advanced Wireless Features is enabled (see Advanced Wireless Features on page 169). ii. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Operation Profiles and edit or create a FortiAP profile for the FortiAP platform you want. iii. Locate the LAN Ports section and set the Port mode to Uplink & Bridge. iv. When you are finished, click OK. l To configure from the FortiGate CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <profile_name> set wan-port-mode wan-lan
end
By default, the wan-port-mode is set to wan-only. Once the wan-port-mode is set to wan-lan, LAN Port options become available in the web UI and the CLI of WiFi controller, similar to FortiAP models that have labeled WAN and LAN ports. 2. Configure the FortiAP CLI (see FortiAP CLI access on page 205) to enable WAN-LAN mode. You can configure this individually per AP, or mass apply it using the FortiAP Configuration Profiles.
If this is step is not done, then the FortiAP can still bridge wired connections, but only to the same subnet that the FortiAP is connected to (for example, always Bridge to LAN, even if the FortiAP Profile is set different).
l To enable WAN-LAN mode on individual FortiAP and FortiAP-W2 models: cfg -a WANLAN_MODE=WAN-LAN cfg -c
Note: By default, WANLAN_MODE is set to WAN-ONLY. l To enable WAN-LAN mode on individual FortiAP-U models:
cfg -a FAP_ETHER_TRUNK=3 cfg -c Note: By default, FAP_ETHER_TRUNK is set to 0. l To mass apply using a FortiAP Configuration Profile - GUI:
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i. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > Operation Profiles > FortiAP Configuration Profile and click Create new. ii. Enter a Name and set Family to FortiAP. iii. Under Command list, click Create new and configure the following:
Name Type Value
WANLAN_MODE Non-password WAN-LAN
iv. When you are finished, click OK to commit the entry, and the click OK again to save the Profile. l To mass apply using a FortiAP Configuration Profile - CLI:
config wireless-controller apcfg-profile edit <profile_name> config command-list edit 1 set name 'WANLAN_MODE' set value 'WAN-LAN' next end next
end
3. Once the WiFi Controller and the FortiAP are both configured, LAN port bridging will follow the logic defined in the FortiAP Operation Profile.
The FortiAP's uplink port to the switch only allows VLANs that are configured as part of the bridge-mode SSIDs assigned to the FortiAP. For example, if two bridge-mode SSIDs are configured for the FortiAP (One for VLAN100 and one for VLAN200), then the FortiAP can only send or receive traffic tagged for VLAN100 and VLAN200.
This is useful to note in case the FortiAP is intended to be used as a bridge between two separate layer-2 switch networks.
Bridging a LAN port with the WAN port
Bridging a LAN port with the WAN port enables the FortiAP unit to be used as a hub which is also an access point.
In this configuration:
l The LAN port and the WAN port work together as a layer-2 bridge. l Wired clients are allowed to access the LAN port directly and send/receive data throughout the WAN port without
authentication. l Wired client traffic has the same VLAN ID as that of the WAN port, that is, it has no VLAN tag when AP_MGMT_
VLAN_ID is 0 (by default), or it is tagged with the same VLAN ID as the current AP_MGMT_VLAN_ID value (range 1 to 4094). l Wired LAN clients are in the same subnet as the FortiAP itself. If wired clients use DHCP address mode, they can get IP addresses assigned by a DHCP server behind the WAN port.
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Example configuration:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP231G-LAN" config platform set type 231G end set wan-port-mode wan-lan config lan set port-mode bridge-to-wan end next
end
For configuration instructions, see Configuring FortiAP LAN ports on page 228.
Bridging a LAN port with an SSID
Bridging a LAN port with an SSID on the same FortiAP combines traffic from both sources to provide a single broadcast domain for wired and wireless users.
In this configuration:
l The LAN port and the SSID interface work together as a layer-2 bridge. l The SSID security mode or wireless authentication does not apply to wired clients accessing the LAN port. Wired
clients are allowed by default, or undergo MAC-address based authentication configured per LAN port. For information on configuring MAC address authentication, see MAC Authentication for LAN port hosts on page 230 l Wired client traffic follows the VLAN ID assignment of the SSID interface. For static VLANs, wired client traffic has no VLAN tag when the SSID VLAN ID is 0 (by default), or it is tagged with the SSID VLAN ID (range 1 to 4094). l When the SSID traffic mode is Tunnel, wired LAN clients are in the same subnet of the SSID (or its subordinate VLAN) interface on the FortiGate. If wired clients use DHCP address mode, they can get IP addresses from the DHCP server as configured under the SSID (or sub VLAN) interface in the FortiGate. l When the SSID traffic mode is Bridge, wired client traffic (with or without a VLAN tag) is bridged locally to the FortiAP WAN port, while the WAN port works as a trunk port. If wired clients use DHCP address mode, they can get IP addresses assigned by a DHCP server behind the WAN port (no VLAN tag) or the corresponding VLAN segment (VLAN tagged).
Example configuration:
config wireless-controller vap edit "ssid-tunnel" set ssid "ssid-tunnel" set security wpa3-sae set sae-password ******** next edit "ssid-bridge" set ssid "ssid-bridge" set security wpa3-sae set sae-password ******** set local-bridging enable set vlanid 100 next
end
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config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP23JF-LAN" config platform set type 23JF end config lan set port1-mode bridge-to-ssid set port1-ssid "ssid-tunnel" set port2-mode bridge-to-ssid set port2-ssid "ssid-bridge" end next
end
The "port1" LAN traffic has no VLAN tag and is sent to the FortiGate through a CAPWAP-data tunnel the same way as the "ssid-tunnel" SSID traffic. The "port2" LAN traffic is bridged to the local network out of the FortiAP WAN port and has VLAN ID 100 tagged. From the perspective of wired clients, the vlanid setting carried by a local-bridging SSID is the most useful information for their local traffic bridging and VLAN ID tagging purposes, especially when the required VLAN is different from the FortiAP's own AP_MGMT_VLAN_ID. For configuration instructions, see Configuring FortiAP LAN ports on page 228.
Configuring FortiAP LAN ports
You can configure FortiAP LAN ports for APs through a FortiAP Profile. A profile applies to APs that are the same model and share the same configuration. If you have multiple models or different configurations, you might need to create several FortiAP Profiles. You can also override FortiAP Profile configurations by editing the individual AP directly.
Configuring FortiAP LAN ports using profiles
FortiAP profiles apply configurations to multiple APs of the same model.
To configure FortiAP LAN ports - GUI:
1. If your FortiAP unit has LAN ports, but no WAN ports, enable LAN port options in the CLI. See Configuring a port to WAN-LAN operation mode on page 225.
2. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles. 3. Edit the default profile for your FortiAP model or select Create New. 4. If you are creating a new profile, enter a Name and select the correct Platform (model). 5. Select SSIDs. 6. In the LAN Port section, set Mode to Bridge to and select an SSID or WAN Port as needed.
On some models with multiple LAN ports, you can set Mode to Custom and configure the LAN ports individually. Enable each port that you want to use and select an SSID or WAN Port as needed. 7. Select OK. Be sure to select this profile when you authorize your FortiAP units.
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To configure FortiAP LAN ports - CLI:
In this example, the default FortiAP-23JF profile is configured to bridge LAN port1 to the office SSID and to bridge the other LAN ports to the WAN port.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP23JF-default" config platform set type 23JF end config lan set port1-mode bridge-to-ssid set port1-ssid "office" set port2-mode bridge-to-wan set port3-mode bridge-to-wan end next
end
In this example, the default FortiAP-231G profile is configured to bridge the LAN port to the office SSID.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP231G-default" config platform set type 231G end set wan-port-mode wan-lan config lan set port-mode bridge-to-ssid set port-ssid "office" end next
end
Configuring individual FortiAP LAN ports
For an individual AP, you can override the FortiAP profile settings by editing device configurations directly.
To override FortiAP Profile LAN port configurations - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 2. Select the FortiAP unit from the list and select Edit. 3. Select the FortiAP Profile, if this has not already been done. 4. In the LAN Port section, select Override.
The options for Mode are shown. 5. Set Mode to Bridge to and select an SSID or WAN Port as needed.
On some models with multiple LAN ports, you can set Mode to Custom and configure the LAN ports individually. Enable and configure each port that you want to use. 6. Select OK.
To override FortiAP Profile LAN port configurations - GUI:
In this example, a FortiAP unit's configuration overrides the FortiAP Profile to bridge the LAN port to the office SSID.
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config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP231GTF22000022" set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP231G-default" set override-wan-port-mode enable set wan-port-mode wan-lan set override-lan enable config lan set port-mode bridge-to-ssid set port-ssid "office" end next
end
Verifying wired clients connected to FortiAP LAN ports
Once the FortiGate and FortiAP have WAN-LAN operation and LAN Port Mode options configured, you can verify and collect data about connected wired clients such as their mode of connection, Tx/Rx rate, authentication status, and OS details. The information is displayed in the FortiGate CLI using diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c lansta.
The FortiAP LAN1 port must be connected to the FortiGate. The FortiAP LAN2 port must be connected to the wired clients, either directly to the LAN2 port or through a switch connected to LAN2.
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c lan-sta
-------------------------------LAN STA 1----------------------------
LAN STA mac
: 00:24:9b:79:df:48 (0-1.1.1.2:5246)
pId
: 0 BR-TO-TUN-SSID Example_SSID
vlan
:0
macauth
: No
ip
: 95.1.1.2 ARP 48 seconds
ip6
: fe80::ddaa:41b0:4633:30dd ARP 4945 seconds 666 pkts
host info : VAN-301127-PC1
vci info : MSFT 5.0
os info
: Windows
uplink
: 226.00bps 33637 pkts 7221244 bytes 9 seconds
downlink : 31.00bps 29085 pkts 15442358 bytes 9 seconds
-------------------------------Total 1 LAN STAs----------------------------
MAC Authentication for LAN port hosts
The following models and versions support the MAC authentication on LAN port: l FAP-U 6.2.0 and later, managed by FGT running FOS 6.4.3+, without RADIUS accounting and dynamic VLAN assignment. l FAP 7.0.0 and later, FAP-W2 7.0.0 and later, FAP-C 5.4.3, managed by FGT running FOS 7.0.0+, with RADIUS accounting and dynamic VLAN assignment.
There are two methods for authenticating hosts connected to a LAN port:
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l RADIUS-based MAC authentication; and l MAC address group based from FortiGate.
To configure RADIUS-based MAC authentication:
1. On a RADIUS server, add user entries that have the same username and password as the MAC addresses of the hosts connecting through the LAN port (see Configuring user authentication on page 120). The MAC-address user entries can have additional RADIUS attributes added for dynamic VLAN ID assignment (see Configuring dynamic user VLAN assignment on page 107).
2. Prepare a VAP with the "radius-mac-auth" feature enabled, and then set the MAC authentication of the LAN port to the RADIUS method. config wireless-controller vap edit "port-mac" set ssid "lan-bridge-port-mac" set security open set radius-mac-auth enable set radius-mac-auth-server "peap" set schedule "always" set port-macauth radius set port-macauth-timeout 300 set port-macauth-reauth-timeout 180 set dynamic-vlan enable next end
3. Assign the VAP to a LAN port with the "bridge-to-ssid" mode in an AP profile. Note: In order for the LAN authentication to take effect, the same VAP must be set under an AP radio at the same time. config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "AP profile" config platform set type 23JF end config lan set port1-mode bridge-to-ssid set port1-ssid "port-mac" end config radio-1 set band 802.11ax,n,g-only set vap-all manual set vaps "port-mac" end ... ... ... ... next end
To configure address group based MAC authentication:
1. On FortiGate WiFi controller, add an address group containing MAC addresses with either an allow or deny policy (see Adding a MAC filter on page 91). config wireless-controller address edit "001" set mac 01:02:03:0a:0b:0c
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set policy allow next edit "002"
set mac 01:02:03:0a:0b:0d set policy deny next end config wireless-controller addrgrp edit "mac-group" set default-policy deny set addresses "001" "002" next end 2. In a VAP, first select the address group for the "MAC filter" feature, and then set the MAC authentication of the LAN port to address-group. config wireless-controller vap edit "port-mac" set ssid "lan-bridge-port-mac" set security open set address-group "mac-group" set port-macauth address-group next end 3. Assign the VAP to a LAN port with the "bridge-to-ssid" mode in an AP profile. Note: In order for the LAN authentication to take effect, the same VAP must be set under an AP radio at the same time. config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "AP profile" config platform
set type 23JF end config lan
set port1-mode bridge-to-ssid set port1-ssid "port-mac" end config radio-1 set band 802.11ax,n,g-only set vap-all manual set vaps "port-mac" end ... ... ... ... next end
LAN port aggregation and redundancy
Some FortiAP models have dual Ethernet ports, labeled LAN1 and LAN2. These ports can be reconfigured to support Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) and uplink/POE redundancy.
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For information on which FortiAP models have ports that support being reconfigured, refer to the FortiAP product data sheet.
Enabling LACP
Such FortiAP LAN1 and LAN2 ports can be re-configured to function as one aggregated link, per IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP), allowing data traffic across both ports to increase the overall throughput and support redundancy. LACP enables you to bind two or more physical interfaces together to form an aggregated (combined) link. This new link has the bandwidth of all the links combined. If a link in the group fails, traffic is transferred automatically to the remaining interfaces. The only noticeable effect is reduced bandwidth.
You can only enable the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) from the FortiAP CLI. The commands for enabling LACP differ depending on the FortiAP model type.
To enable LACP on a FortiAP, FortiAP-S, or FortiAP-W2 model - CLI: 1. Access the CLI of your FortiAP (see FortiAP CLI access on page 205). 2. In the FortiAP CLI, set the WANLAN_MODE parameter to AGGREGATE by entering the following command:
cfg -a WANLAN_MODE=AGGREGATE Note: By default, WANLAN_MODE is set to WAN-ONLY. 3. Save the changes to the device flash with the following command: cfg -c
To enable LACP on a FortiAP U model - CLI: 1. Access the CLI of your FortiAP (see FortiAP CLI access on page 205). 2. In the FortiAP CLI, set the FAP_ETHER_TRUNK parameter to 2 by entering the following command:
cfg -a FAP_ETHER_TRUNK=2 Note: By default, FAP_ETHER_TRUNK is set to 0. 3. Save the changes to the device flash with the following command: cfg -c
LAN port uplink redundancy without LACP
In a redundant interface, traffic only travels over one interface at any time. This differs from an aggregated interface where traffic travels over all interfaces for increased bandwidth. FortiAP models with dual LAN1 and LAN2 ports can support Layer 2 redundant uplink without configuring LACP. One way to achieve redundancy is to isolate both ports with two different management VLANs.
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The preceding figure shows an example uplink configuration:
l On Switch A, VLAN10 is configured as the untagged management VLAN and connects from the FortiAP LAN 1 port to Switch A. On Switch B, VLAN20 has been configured as the untagged management VLAN and connects from the FortiAP LAN 2 port to Switch B.
l Having different management VLANs prevent L2 loops. There are no routing or policies between these VLANs/subnets so the FortiAP cannot discover a management interface outside of its subnet. This prevents routing loops if multicast policies or Bonjour are configured later.
l On the FortiAP, AC1 is set to the VLAN10 management IP and AC2 to the VLAN20 management IP. l If the uplink on VLAN10 and Switch A fails, the FortiAP will reboot and come online using VLAN20 on Switch B.
Note that even if VLAN10 becomes reachable again, the FortiAP will not switch back to VLAN 10. l The FortiAP does not check for AC reachability and only checks to see if the DHCP is available. It gets the IP from
either VLAN10 or VLAN20 depending on which DHCP server replies first. It may take a few minutes for the FortiAP to give up on the old AC and rediscover the new one.
For FortiAP models where both LAN ports support POE, this configuration can also achieve POE redundancy. Due to POE sharing, the AP will not reboot when it experiences an uplink failure.
CAPWAP
This section contains topics related to CAPWAP management and configuration. l IP fragmentation of packets in CAPWAP tunnels on page 235 l CAPWAP bandwidth formula on page 236
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l CAPWAP Offloading on page 237 l Improve CAPWAP stability over NAT on page 239
IP fragmentation of packets in CAPWAP tunnels
A common problem with controller-based WiFi networks is reduced performance due to IP fragmentation of packets in the CAPWAP tunnel.
Fragmentation can occur because of CAPWAP tunnel overhead increasing packet size. If the original wireless client packets are close to the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size for the network (usually 1500 bytes for Ethernet networks unless jumbo frames are used) the resulting CAPWAP packets may be larger than the MTU, causing the packets to be fragmented. Fragmenting packets can result in data loss, jitter, and decreased throughput.
The FortiOS/FortiAP solution to this problem is to cause wireless clients to send smaller packets to FortiAP devices, resulting in 1500-byte CAPWAP packets and no fragmentation. The following options configure CAPWAP IP fragmentation control:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP321C-default set ip-fragment-preventing {tcp-mss-adjust | icmp-unreachable} set tun-mtu-uplink {0 | 576 | 1500} set tun-mtu-downlink {0 | 576 | 1500} end
end
By default, tcp-mss-adjust is enabled, icmp-unreachable is disabled, and tun-mtu-uplink and tun-mtudownlink are set to 0.
To set tun-mtu-uplink and tun-mtu-downlink, use the default TCP MTU value of 1500. This default configuration prevents packet fragmentation because the FortiAP unit limits the size of TCP packets received from wireless clients so the packets don't have to be fragmented before CAPWAP encapsulation.
The tcp-mss-adjust option causes the FortiAP unit to limit the maximum segment size (MSS) of TCP packets sent by wireless clients. The FortiAP does this by adding a reduced MSS value to the SYN packets sent by the FortiAP unit when negotiating with a wireless client to establish a session. This results in the wireless client sending packets that are smaller than the tun-mtu-uplink setting, so that when the CAPWAP headers are added, the CAPWAP packets have an MTU that matches the tun-mtu-uplink size.
The icmp-unreachable option affects all traffic (UDP and TCP) between wireless clients and the FortiAP unit. This option causes the FortiAP unit to drop packets that have the "Don't Fragment" bit set in their IP header and that are large enough to cause fragmentation and then send an ICMP packet -- type 3 "ICMP Destination unreachable" with code 4 "Fragmentation Needed and Don't Fragment was Set" back to the wireless controller. This should cause the wireless client to send smaller TCP and UDP packets.
Overriding IP fragmentation settings on a FortiAP
If the FortiAP Profile settings for IP fragmentation are not appropriate for a particular FortiAP, you can override the settings on that specific unit.
config wireless-controller wtp edit FAP321C3X14019926 set override-ip-fragment enable set ip-fragment-preventing {tcp-mss-adjust | icmp-unreachable} set tun-mtu-uplink {0 | 576 | 1500}
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set tun-mtu-downlink {0 | 576 | 1500} end end
CAPWAP bandwidth formula
The following section provides information on how to calculate the control plane CAPWAP traffic load in local bridging. The formula provided can help estimate the approximate package bandwidth cost. This is important for knowing precisely how much bandwidth is required on a WAN link for a centralized FortiGate managing hundreds of access points.
There are multiple factors that might affect the volume of CAPWAP control traffic, including the number of stations there are and large WiFi events.
The Ethernet/IP/UDP/CAPWAP uplink header cost should be approximately 66 bytes.
The tables below depict basic and commonly used optional CAPWAP bandwidth costs, on a per-AP basis.
Note the following:
l STA: The number of stations associated with the FortiAP. l ARP scan: Finds hidden devices in your network. l VAP: The number of VAPS held by the FortiAP. l Radio: The number of radios (maximum of two) enabled by the FortiAP.
Basic per-AP CAPWAP bandwidth costs
Content
Echo Req STA scan ARP scan STA CAP STA stats VAP stats Radio stats Total:
Time (seconds) 30 30 30 30 1 15 15
Payload (byte) 16 25+20*sta 25+18*sta 25+19*sta 25+41*sta 40+18*vap 25+25*radio
Package bandwidth cost (bps)
(66+16)*8/30=21.86 (66+25+20*sta)*8/30=24.26+5.3*sta (66+25+18*sta)*8/30=24.26+4.8*sta (66+25+19*sta)*8/30=24.26+5.1*sta (66+25+41*sta)*8/1=728.0+328.0*sta (66+40+18*vap)*8/15=56.53+9.6*vap (66+25+25*radio)*8/15=48.53+13.3*radio 908.7+343.2*sta+9.6*vap+13.3*radio
Commonly used optional per-AP CAPWAP bandwidth costs
Content AP scan Total:
Time (seconds)
30
Payload (byte) Package bandwidth cost (bps)
25+63*scanned-ap (66+25+63*scanned-ap)*8/30=24.26+16.8*scanned-ap 932.96+343.2*sta+9.6*vap+13.3*radio+16.8*scanned-ap
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Enabling WIDS features, LLDP, MESH, FortiPresence, and Client Station Locating Service can lead to additional bandwidth consumption.
Example:
There are 100 FortiAPs, with 187 stations distributed among them. Each FortiAP holds five VAPs among their radios, and each enables two radios. The basic CAPWAP bandwidth cost would be:
908.7*100+343.2*187+9.6*5*100+13.3*2*100 = 162.51 kbps Additionally, if two FortiAPs enabled "AP scan", and suppose one scans 99 APs in each scan and the other scans 20 APs in each scan, the additional CAPWAP bandwidth cost would be:
(24.26+16.8*99)+(24.26+16.8*20) = 2 kbps
LLDP protocol
The LLDP protocol is enabled by default when you create a new FortiAP profile. Each FortiAP using that profile can then send back information about the switch and port that it is connected to. You can also manage the LLDP protocol in the FortiAP Profile via the CLI. To enable LLDP, enter the following: config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit <profile-name> set lldp enable
end
CAPWAP Offloading
Offloading over CAPWAP traffic is supported on mid-range to high-end FortiGates with traffic from tunnel mode virtual APs. The WTP data channel DTLS policy (dtls-policy) must be set to clear-text or ipsec-vpn in the WTP profile (wireless-controller wtp-profile). Traffic is not offloaded if it is fragmented. Session fast path requirements: 1. Enable offloading managed FortiAP and FortiLink CAPWAP sessions:
config system npu set capwap-offload enable
end 2. Enable offloading security profile processing to CP processors in the policy:
config firewall policy edit 1 set auto-asic-offload enable next
end
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Verify the system session for offloading:
l Check the system session, when dtls-policy=clear-text to verify npu info: flag=0x81/0x89, offload=8/8
FG1K2D3I16800192 (vdom1) # diagnose sys session list session info: proto=6 proto_state=01 duration=21 expire=3591 timeout=3600
flags=00000000 sockflag=00000000 sockport=0 av_idx=0 use=5 origin-shaper= reply-shaper= per_ip_shaper= class_id=0 ha_id=0 policy_dir=0 tunnel=/ vlan_cos=0/255 state=log may_dirty npu f00 statistic(bytes/packets/allow_err): org=16761744/11708/1 reply=52/1/1 tuples=2 tx speed(Bps/kbps): 0/0 rx speed(Bps/kbps): 0/0 orgin->sink: org pre->post, reply pre->post dev=57->37/37->57
gwy=172.16.200.44/10.65.1.2 hook=post dir=org act=snat 10.65.1.2:50452->172.16.200.44:5001(172.16.200.65:50452) hook=pre dir=reply act=dnat 172.16.200.44:5001->172.16.200.65:50452(10.65.1.2:50452) pos/(before,after) 0/(0,0), 0/(0,0) misc=0 policy_id=1 auth_info=0 chk_client_info=0 vd=1 serial=00009a97 tos=ff/ff app_list=0 app=0 url_cat=0 rpdb_link_id = 00000000 dd_type=0 dd_mode=0 npu_state=0x000c00 npu info: flag=0x81/0x89, offload=8/8, ips_offload=0/0, epid=158/216, ipid=216/158,
vlan=0x0000/0x0000 vlifid=216/158, vtag_in=0x0000/0x0000 in_npu=2/2, out_npu=2/2, fwd_en=0/0, qid=4/2
total session 1
l Check the system session, when dtls-policy=ipsec-vpn to verify npu info: flag=0x81/0x82, offload=8/8
FG1K2D3I16800192 (vdom1) # diagnose sys session list session info: proto=6 proto_state=01 duration=7 expire=3592 timeout=3600
flags=00000000 sockflag=00000000 sockport=0 av_idx=0 use=5 origin-shaper= reply-shaper= per_ip_shaper= class_id=0 ha_id=0 policy_dir=0 tunnel=/wlc-004100_0 vlan_cos=0/255 state=log may_dirty npu f00 statistic(bytes/packets/allow_err): org=92/2/1 reply=92/2/1 tuples=2 tx speed(Bps/kbps): 0/0 rx speed(Bps/kbps): 0/0 orgin->sink: org pre->post, reply pre->post dev=57->37/37->57
gwy=172.16.200.44/10.65.1.2 hook=post dir=org act=snat 10.65.1.2:50575->172.16.200.44:5001(172.16.200.65:50575) hook=pre dir=reply act=dnat 172.16.200.44:5001->172.16.200.65:50575(10.65.1.2:50575) pos/(before,after) 0/(0,0), 0/(0,0) misc=0 policy_id=1 auth_info=0 chk_client_info=0 vd=1 serial=0000a393 tos=ff/ff app_list=0 app=0 url_cat=0 rpdb_link_id = 00000000 dd_type=0 dd_mode=0 npu_state=0x000c00 npu info: flag=0x81/0x82, offload=8/8, ips_offload=0/0, epid=158/216, ipid=216/158,
vlan=0x0000/0x0000 vlifid=216/158, vtag_in=0x0000/0x0000 in_npu=2/2, out_npu=2/2, fwd_en=0/0, qid=0/0
total session 1
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Improve CAPWAP stability over NAT
To minimize downtime caused by unstable Network Address Translation (NAT) device networks, you can customize an interval at which keep-alive messages are sent from FortiAPs to their managing FortiGate. Once the keep-alive message is sent, FortiAPs will not disconnect from the FortiGate even if there is a session timeout configured on the NAT device. This improves CAPWAP stability for FortiAPs that are managed by a FortiGate behind a NAT device.
CLI syntax
config wireless-controller timers set nat-session-keep-alive <integer>
end
set nat-sessionkeep-alive
Maximal time in seconds between control requests sent by the managed WTP, AP, or FortiAP (0 - 255 seconds, default = 0).
To configure NAT session keep-alive message - CLI
1. Configure the interval at which NAT session keep-alive messages are sent in seconds.
config wireless-controller timers set nat-session-keep-alive 10
end
2. Verify the configurations on the FortiAP.
FortiAP-231F # cw_diag -c acs
WTP Configuration
name
: FortiAP-231F
loc
: N/A
ap mode
: thin AP
led state
: enable
PWR LED state
: GREEN
REASON: ACS 0 changed in DATA_CHECK state.
poe mode cal
: full
poe mode oper
: full
allowaccess
:
lldp enable
: enable
extension info enable: enable
radio cnt
:3
sta info
: 0/0
echo-interval
: 30
nat-sess-keep-alive : 10
keep-alive-interval : 30
...
From the cwWtpd deamon output, you can see that a FTNT_WTP_NOTIF message is sent every 10 seconds to keep the connection alive if there is no ECHO_REQ sent. The timer of FTNT_WTP_NOTIF is 10 seconds while the timer
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of ECHO_REQ is 30 seconds.
[12/5/2023 7:17:46 PM] 15290.608 AC0 10.40.29.57:5246
[12/5/2023 7:17:56 PM] 15300.609 AC0 10.40.29.57:5246
[12/5/2023 7:18:02 PM] 15306.680 AC0 10.40.29.57:5246
[12/5/2023 7:18:12 PM] 15316.608 AC0 10.40.29.57:5246
[12/5/2023 7:18:22 PM] 15326.609 AC0 10.40.29.57:5246
[12/5/2023 7:18:32 PM] 15336.608 AC0 10.40.29.57:5246
[12/5/2023 7:18:32 PM] 15336.677 AC0 10.40.29.57:5246
[12/5/2023 7:18:46 PM] 15350.609 AC0 10.40.29.57:5246
msgType msgType msgType msgType msgType msgType msgType msgType
: 3163149 FTNT_WTP_NOTIF
0
: 3163149 FTNT_WTP_NOTIF
0
: 13 ECHO_REQ
163
: 3163149 FTNT_WTP_NOTIF
0
: 3163149 FTNT_WTP_NOTIF
0
: 3163149 FTNT_WTP_NOTIF
0
: 13 ECHO_REQ
164
: 3163149 FTNT_WTP_NOTIF
0
LED options
Optionally, the status LEDs on FortiAP can be kept dark. This is useful in dormitories, classrooms, hotels, medical clinics, and hospitals where lights can distract or annoy occupants.
On FortiGate, the LED state is controlled in the FortiAP Profile. By default the LEDs are enabled. The setting can be configured from the CLI and GUI.
For example, to disable the LEDs on FortiAP-221C units controlled by the FAP221C-default profile, enter:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP221C-default set led-state disable end
To disable the LEDs from the GUI you must enable Advanced Wireless Features (see Advanced Wireless Features on page 169).
1. Once you enable Advanced Wireless Features, navigate to WiFi & Switch Controller > Operation Profiles > FortiAP Profiles.
2. Select the profile you want. 3. Under Advanced Settings, locate LED usage and disable the setting. 4. When you are finished, click OK.
You can override the FortiAP Profile LED state setting on an individual FortiAP using the CLI. For example, to make sure the LEDs are disabled on one specific unit, enter:
config wireless-controller wtp edit FAP221C3X14019926 set override-led-state enable set led-state disable end
The LED state is also controllable from the FortiAP unit itself. By default, the FortiAP follows the FortiAP Profile setting.
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LED schedules
Use the command below (led-schedule) to assign recurring firewall schedules for illuminating LEDs on the FortiAP. This entry is only available when led-state is enabled, at which point LEDs will be visible when at least one of the schedules is valid. Separate multiple schedule names with a space, as configured under config firewall schedule group and config firewall schedule recurring.
To configure LED schedules - GUI:
1. Once you enable Advanced Wireless Features, navigate to WiFi & Switch Controller > Operation Profiles > FortiAP Profiles.
2. Select the profile you want. 3. Under Advanced Settings, locate LED usage and enable the setting. 4. Click the LED usage field and select the schedules you want to associate LED illumination with. 5. When you are finished, click OK.
Syntax
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit {name} set led-state {enable | disable} set led-schedules <name> next
end
Configure Energy Efficient Ethernet
FortiAPs support Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE), an IEEE 802.3az standard that is designed to reduce power consumption in Ethernet networks during idle periods. When enabled, FortiAPs save power by entering Low Power Idle (LPI) mode during periods of low utilization. During LPI mode, systems on both ends of the link can save power by shutting down certain services.
To configure 802.3az:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAPS423E set energy-efficient-ethernet enable next
end
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Configure FortiAP MIMO values
You can configure Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) values on select FortiAP and FortiAP-U models, offering more flexibility when using a third-party antenna connected to a limited number of AP ports.
MIMO mode configuration is supported on the following:
Family FortiAP FortiAP-U
Series F and G series models EV and F series models
MIMO values can be set under radio configuration when creating or editing a FortiAP profile. The value range available is confined within each AP platform and radio's MIMO specifications (default, 1x1, 2x2, 3x3, 4x4, 8x8).
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit < profile_name > config radio-< number > set mimo-mode [ actual modes supported depend on AP platform ] end next
end
For example, FAP-231G radios support a maximum of 2x2 MIMO, so you can select between 1x1 or 2x2. Meanwhile FAP-831F radios support a maximum of 8x8 MIMO, so you can select between 1x1, 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 or 8x8.
To configure MIMO mode values:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP431G-default config radio-1 set mimo-mode 3x3 end config radio-2 set mimo-mode 3x3 end config radio-3 set mimo-mode 2x2 end end
To verify that the MIMO mode settings have been applied:
FortiAP-431G # rcfg | grep mimo mimo,chainmask : 3, 0x7 (mimo) 0xf (power) 0x7/0x7 (oper) mimo,chainmask : 3, 0x70 (mimo) 0xf0 (power) 0x70/0x70 (oper) mimo,chainmask : 2, 0x3 (mimo) 0xf (power) 0x3/0x3 (oper)
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Configure Fortinet external antenna parameters for specific FortiAPs
You can install Fortinet external antennas on FAP-432F, FAP-433F, FAP-U432F, and FAP-U433F models. Fortinet external antennas can help optimize coverage and overall wireless performance in various installation settings. On supported FortiAP models, you can configure a new FortiAP profile setting and choose from a list of supported Fortinet external antenna models. This setting allows antenna gains specific to the Fortinet external antenna model and the Wi-Fi band (2.4 GHz or 5 GHz) to be taken into consideration by the FortiGate Wireless controller when setting transmit power for a managed FortiAP device. To see which external antenna and predefined types correspond to which SKU, refer to the Fortinet Antenna Portfolio Data Sheet.
To configure supported external antenna - GUI
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and select Create New. 2. From Platform, select a FortiAP model that supports external antennas. 3. Under the Radio section, enable External antenna and select the antenna that you want to install.
4. When you are finished, click OK.
To configure supported external antenna - CLI
1. Create a FortiAP profile and select a platform that supports external antennas. In set optional-antenna, enter the antenna model. config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FP432F"
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config platform set type 432F
end config radio-2
set optional-antenna FANT-04ABGN-1414-P-N end next end
2. Verify the settings have been applied:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wtpprof FP432F | grep antenna
..
opt antenna
: FANT_04ABGN_1414_P_N
3. From the FortiAP CLI, check that antenna configurations have been applied:
FortiAP-432F # rcfg
......
Radio 1: AP
country
: cfg=US oper=US
countryID
: cfg=841 oper=841
802.11d enable : enabled
sta info
: 0/0
radio type
: 11AX_5G
mimo,chainmask : 4, 0xf0 (mimo) 0xf0 (power) 0xf0/0xf0 (oper)
airtime fairness : disabled
ps optimize : 0
tx optimize : f
11g prot mode : 0
HT20/40 coext : 1
beacon intv : 100
opt antenna : FANT_04ABGN_1414_P_N
txpwr mode
: set by percentage (100%)
......
Configure third-party antennas in select FortiAP models
You can install third-party antennas on select FortiAP models and customize their antenna gain. On FortiAP models that support third-party antennas, you can enable a FortiAP profile external antenna setting and customize the antenna gain in dB. Third-party antennas can help optimize coverage and overall wireless performance in various installation settings.
The following table shows which FortiAP models support third-party antennas:
FortiAP F models
FAP-432F FAP-432FR FAP-433F
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FortiAP G models FortiAP-U F models
FAP-233G FAP-432G FAP-433G FAP-U432F FAP-U433F
The following CLI commands are used to configure third-party antenna parameters:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <name> config platform set type [432F|432FR|...] end config radio-2 set optional-antenna [none|custom|FANT-04ABGN-0606-O-R|...] set optional-antenna-gain {integer} end next
end
set optionalantenna
set optionalantenna-gain
Set which optional antenna you want to use on the FAP (default = none). Set the optional antenna gain in dBi (0 to 20, default = 0).
When configuring your antenna, the antenna gain values (in dBi) must remain within regulatory EIRP limits. Consult your external antenna documentation and regulatory authority standards for details.
To configure FortiAP to use third-party antennas - GUI
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and select Create New. 2. In Platform, select a FortiAP model that supports external antennas. 3. Under the Radio section, enable External antenna and select Custom.
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4. In External antenna gain (dB), configure a value between 0 to 20. 5. When you are finished, click OK.
To configure FortiAP to use third-party antennas - CLI
1. Create a FortiAP profile and select a platform that supports third-party antennas. Set optional-antenna to custom and configure an optional-antenna-gain value between 0 to 20.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FP433G" config platform set type 433G end config radio-2 set optional-antenna custom set optional-antenna-gain "10" end next
end
2. Verify the settings have been applied:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wtpprof FP433G | grep antenna
opt antenna
: Custom
opt antenna gain : 10
3. From the FortiAP CLI, check that antenna configurations have been applied:
FortiAP-433G # rcfg
......
Radio 1: AP
country
: cfg=US oper=US
countryID
: cfg=841 oper=841
802.11d enable : enabled
sta info
: 0/0
radio type
: 11AX_5G
mimo,chainmask : 4, 0xf0 (mimo) 0xf0 (power) 0xf0/0xf0 (oper)
airtime fairness : disabled
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ps optimize tx optimize 11g prot mode HT20/40 coext beacon intv opt antenna opt ant gain ......
:0 :f :0 :1 : 100 : Custom : 10
Configure FortiAP USB port status
You can enable or disable the USB port on applicable FortiAP models provided the FortiAP is operating in Full Power mode. If the FortiAP lacks sufficient power supply to operate in Full Power mode, the USB is enforced to turn off.
CLI commands:
conf wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <name> set usb-port {enable | disable} next
end
By default, usb-port is set to enable.
To configure the FortiAP USB port status:
1. From the FortiGate, set the USB port status on a FortiAP profile:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP231G-default set usb-port enable next
end
2. Apply the FortiAP profile to a FortiAP:
config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP231GTF23046245" set wtp-profile FAP231G-default next
end
To verify the FortiAP USB port status:
1. Check that the USB port status matches the configurations you applied.
diag wireless-controller wlac -c wtp FP231GTF23046245 | grep usb
usb port
: enabled(enabled from AC)
usb port oper : enabled
2. From the FortiAP, check the profile is successfully applied and that the AP is operating in full power mode.
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FortiAP-231G # cw_diag power Power Detection Data: dc=0 ps1=1 af1=0 at1=1 psv1=0 bt1=0 ps2=0 af2=0 at2=0 psv2=0 bt2=0
Budget lldp 0,0 poe 25,0 (dc=99 af=13 at=25 psv=60 bt=50 full=24.9 low=24.9) Current Power Mode: full (2) Oper Power Mode: full (2)
Radio 1: MaxTxpower 50 TxChainMask 0x03 RxChainMask 0x03 Radio 2: MaxTxpower 50 TxChainMask 0x03 RxChainMask 0x03 Radio 3: MaxTxpower 50 TxChainMask 0x03 RxChainMask 0x03
USB: enabled full:usb,txpower full; low:txpower 17,disable radio-3
3. Use the wcfg command to show the USB port status.
FortiAP-231G # wcfg | grep usb
usb port
: enabled(enabled from AC)
usb port oper
: enabled
4. Verify that you can successfully plug in a USB device to the FortiAP.
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Wireless mesh configuration
The access points of a WiFi network are usually connected to the WiFi controller through Ethernet wiring. A wireless mesh eliminates the need for Ethernet wiring by connecting WiFi access points to the controller by radio. This is useful where installation of Ethernet wiring is impractical. Wireless mesh topology
A wireless mesh is a multiple access point (AP) network in which only one FortiAP unit is connected to the wired network. The other FortiAPs communicate with the controller over a separate backhaul SSID that isn't available to regular WiFi clients. The AP connected to the network by Ethernet is called the mesh root node. The backhaul SSID carries CAPWAP discovery, configuration, and other communications that would usually be carried on an Ethernet connection.
The root node can be a FortiAP unit or the built-in AP of a FortiWiFi unit. APs that serve regular WiFi clients are called leaf nodes. Leaf APs also carry the mesh SSID for more distant leaf nodes. A leaf node can connect to the mesh SSID directly from the root node or from any of the other leaf nodes. This provides redundancy in case of an AP failure.
All access points in a wireless mesh configuration must have at least one of their radios configured to provide mesh backhaul communication. As with wired APs, when mesh APs start up, they can be discovered by a FortiGate or FortiWiFi unit WiFi controller and authorized to join the network.
The backhaul SSID delivers the best performance when it is carried on a dedicated radio. On a two-radio FortiAP unit, for example, the 5 GHz radio could carry only the backhaul SSID while the 2.4 GHz radio carries one or more SSIDs that serve users. You can configure background WiFi scanning in this mode.
The backhaul SSID can also share the same radio with SSIDs that serve users. Performance is reduced because the backhaul and user traffic compete for the available bandwidth. Background WiFi scanning isn't available in this mode. One advantage of this mode is that a two-radio AP can offer WiFi coverage on both bands.
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Wireless mesh deployment modes
There are two common wireless mesh deployment modes:
Wireless mesh
Access points are connected to a FortiGate or FortiWiFi unit WiFi controller. WiFi users connect to wireless SSIDs in the same way as on non-mesh WiFi networks.
Wireless bridging
Two LAN segments are connected together over a wireless link (the backhaul SSID). On the leaf AP, the Ethernet connection can be used to provide a wired network. Both WiFi and wired users on the leaf AP are connected to the LAN segment to which the root AP is connected.
Firmware requirements
All FortiAP units that are part of the wireless mesh network must be upgraded to FortiAP firmware version 5.0, build 003, or higher. FortiAP-222B units must have their BIOS upgraded to version 400012. The FortiWiFi or FortiGate unit used as the WiFi controller must be running FortiOS firmware version 5.0 or higher.
Types of wireless mesh
A WiFi mesh can provide access to widely-distributed clients. The mesh root AP which is directly connected to the WiFi controller can be either a FortiAP unit or the built-in AP of a FortiWiFi unit that is also the WiFi controller. FortiAP units used as both mesh root AP and leaf AP
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Wireless mesh configuration FortiWiFi unit as mesh root AP with FortiAP units as leaf APs
An alternate use of the wireless mesh is as a point-to-point relay. Both wired and WiFi users on the leaf AP side are connected to the LAN segment on the mesh root side. Point-to-point wireless mesh
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Fast-roaming for mesh backhaul link
Mesh implementations for leaf FortiAP can perform background scanning when the leaf AP is associated with the root. Various options for background scanning can be configured with the CLI. For more details about the mesh variables available in the FortiAP CLI, see Mesh variables on page 459
Configuring a meshed WiFi network
To configure a mesh WiFi network, perform the following tasks: l Creating the mesh root SSID on page 252 l Creating the FortiAP profile on page 253 l Configuring the mesh root AP on page 253 l Configuring the mesh leaf FortiAPs on page 254 l Authorizing leaf APs on page 255 l Creating security policies on page 256 l Viewing the status of the mesh network on page 256
This section assumes that the end-user SSIDs already exist.
Creating the mesh root SSID
The mesh route SSID is the radio backhaul that conveys the user SSID traffic to the leaf FortiAPs.
To configure the mesh root SSID - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select Create New > SSID. 2. Enter a Name for the WiFi interface. 3. In Traffic Mode, select Mesh. 4. Enter the SSID. 5. Select a Security Mode. You can choose between the following:
l WPA2 Personal. If you select WPA2 Personal, you must enter a Pre-shared key. Remember the key because you need to enter it for the leaf FortiAP configuration.
l WPA3 SAE. If you select WPA3 SAE, you must enter an SAE password. Hash-to-Element (H2E) only is enabled by default and cannot be disabled as it is mandatory for WiFi 6E technology.
6. When you are finished, click OK.
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To configure the mesh root SSID - CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit "MESHROOT" set mesh-backhaul enable set ssid "fortinet.mesh.root" set security wpa3-sae set pmf enable set sae-h2e-only enable set schedule "always" set sae-password ENC * next
end You can set the security mode to WPA3-SAE when using the CLI. WPA3-SAE (with Hash-to-Element only enabled) is mandatory in Wi-Fi 6E technology, so you must select it if you want to use Wi-Fi 6E FortiAPs to set up mesh connections over the 6GHz band.
By default, sae-h2e-only is enabled when you set the security mode to wpa3-sae.
Creating the FortiAP profile
Create a FortiAP profile for the meshed FortiAPs. If more than one FortiAP model is involved, you need to create a profile for each model. Typically, the profile is configured so that Radio 1 (5GHz) carries the mesh backhaul SSID while Radio 2 (2.4GHz) carries the SSIDs to which users connect. For Radio 1, use the Select SSIDs option and choose only the backhaul SSID. The radio that carries the backhaul traffic must not carry other SSIDs. Radio 2 carries user SSIDs and shouldn't carry the backhaul. Use the Select SSIDs option and choose the networks that you want to provide. For more information, see Creating a FortiAP profile on page 38.
Configuring the mesh root AP
The mesh root AP can be either a FortiWiFi unit's built-in AP or a FortiAP unit.
To enable a FortiWiFi unit's local radio as mesh root:
1. On the FortiWiFi unit, go to WiFi & and Switch Controller > Local WiFi Radio. 2. Select Enable WiFi Radio. 3. In SSID, select Select SSIDs, then select the mesh root SSID. 4. Optionally, adjust Transmit power amount or select Auto. 5. Select Apply.
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In a network with multiple wireless controllers, make sure that each mesh root has a unique SSID. Other controllers using the same mesh root SSID may be detected as fake or rogue APs. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs to change the SSID.
To configure a network interface for the mesh root FortiAP unit:
1. On the FortiGate unit, go to Network > Interfaces, and edit the interface to which the AP unit connects. 2. In Addressing mode, select Manual. 3. In IP/Network Mask, enter an IP address and netmask for the interface. 4. In the Administrative Access section, go to IPv4 and select the Security Fabric Connection checkbox. 5. When FortiAP units are connected to the interface on FortiGate (directly or through a switch), you can go to the Edit
Interface section and set the Role to LAN. Selecting the LAN role loads the DHCP Server toggle. If you enable DHCP Server, the GUI can automatically set the DHCP IP range based on the interface IP address. 6. Click OK. At this point you can connect the mesh root FortiAP (see below). If you are planning to configure leaf FortiAPs through the wireless controller (see Configuring the mesh leaf FortiAPs on page 254), then connect the root unit later.
To enable the root FortiAP unit:
1. Connect the root FortiAP unit's Ethernet port to the FortiGate network interface that you configured. 2. On the FortiGate unit, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs.
If the root FortiAP unit is not listed, wait 15 seconds and select Refresh. Repeat if necessary. If the unit is still missing after a minute or two, power cycle the root FortiAP unit and try again. 3. Right-click the FortiAP entry and choose your profile from the Assign Profile submenu. 4. Right-click the FortiAP entry and select Authorize. Initially, the State of the FortiAP unit is Offline. Periodically click Refresh to update the status. Within about two minutes, the state changes to Online. 5. Select OK.
Configuring the mesh leaf FortiAPs
The FortiAP units that serve as leaf nodes must be preconfigured. This involves changing the FortiAP unit's internal configuration. You can do this by direct connection or through the FortiGate wireless controller.
Method 1: Direct connection to the FortiAP:
1. Configure the computer IP as 192.168.1.3. 2. Connect the computer to the FortiAP unit's Ethernet port and use the default IP address, 192.168.1.2. 3. Log in to the FortiAP as admin. By default, no password is set. 4. Enter the following commands:
a. If you are using the GUI, go to Connectivity > Uplink and select the Mesh option. Then enter the Mesh AP SSID and Mesh AP Password (pre-shared key).
b. If you are using the FortiAP CLI (SSH), enter the following commands, substituting your own SSID, password (pre-shared key), and security mode:
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Wireless mesh configuration
cfg -a MESH_AP_TYPE=1 cfg -a MESH_AP_SSID=fortinet.mesh.root cfg -a MESH_AP_PASSWD=hardtoguess cfg -a MESH_AP_SECURITY=2 cfg -c exit Note: By default, MESH_AP_SECURITY is set to 0 (Open network). Depending on the security mode of your mesh backhaul SSID, you must explicitly set it to either 1 (WPA/WPA2-Personal) or 2 (WPA3-SAE). 5. Disconnect the computer. 6. Power down the FortiAP. 7. Repeat the preceding steps for each leaf FortiAP.
Method 2: Connecting through the FortiGate unit:
1. Connect the Ethernet port on the leaf FortiAP to the FortiGate network interface that you configured for FortiAPs. Connect the FortiAP unit to a power source unless PoE is used.
2. On the FortiGate unit, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. If the FortiAP unit is not listed, wait 15 seconds and select Refresh. Repeat if necessary. If the unit is still missing after a minute or two, power cycle the FortiAP unit and try again.
3. Select the discovered FortiAP unit and authorize it. Click Refresh every 10 seconds until the State indicator changes to Online.
4. Right-click the FortiAP and select >_Connect to CLI. The CLI Console window opens. Log in as "admin". 5. Enter the following commands, substituting your own SSID, password (pre-shared key), and security mode:
cfg -a MESH_AP_TYPE=1 cfg -a MESH_AP_SSID=fortinet.mesh.root cfg -a MESH_AP_PASSWD=hardtoguess cfg -a MESH_AP_SECURITY=2 cfg -c exit Note: By default, MESH_AP_SECURITY is set to 0 (Open network). Depending on the security mode of your mesh backhaul SSID, you must explicitly set it to either 1 (WPA/WPA2-Personal) or 2 (WPA3-SAE). 6. Disconnect the FortiAP and delete it from the Managed FortiAP list. 7. Repeat the preceding steps for each leaf FortiAP.
Authorizing leaf APs
When the root FortiAP is connected and online, apply power to the preconfigured leaf FortiAPs. The leaf FortiAPs will connect themselves wirelessly to the WiFi Controller through the mesh network. You must authorize each unit.
1. On the FortiGate unit, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. Periodically select Refresh until the FortiAP unit is listed. This can take up to three minutes. The State of the FortiAP unit should be Waiting for Authorization.
2. Right-click the FortiAP entry and choose your profile from the Assign Profile submenu. 3. Right-click the FortiAP entry and select Authorize.
Initially, the State of the FortiAP unit is Offline. Periodically click Refresh to update the status. Within about two minutes, the state changes to Online.
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Wireless mesh configuration
Creating security policies
To permit traffic to flow from the end-user WiFi network to the network interfaces for the Internet and other networks, you need to create security policies and enable NAT. See Configuring firewall policies for the SSID on page 140.
Viewing the status of the mesh network
On the FortiGate unit, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs to view the list of APs.
The SSIDs column lists the SSID of each FortiAP radio and uses icons to show the Traffic mode of each radio.
Bridge
Mesh
Tunnel
To see more information about each radio, hover over the SSIDs information.
Configuring a point-to-point bridge
To connect two wired network segments using a WiFi link, you can create a point-to-point bridge. The effect is the same as connecting the two network segments to the same wired switch. You need to:
l Configure a mesh-backhaul SSID and a mesh root AP as described in Configuring the mesh root AP on page 253. Note: The mesh root AP for a point-to-point bridge must be a FortiAP unit, not the internal AP of a FortiWiFi unit.
l Configure a mesh leaf FortiAP as described in Configuring the mesh leaf FortiAPs on page 254 and add these steps to configure the Ethernet bridge: l If you are using the FortiAP GUI, select Ethernet Bridge. l If you are using the FortiAP CLI, insert the following command before the line reading cfg -c: cfg -a MESH_ETH_BRIDGE=1
l Connect the local wired network to the Ethernet port on the mesh leaf FortiAP unit. Users are assigned IP addresses from the DHCP server on the wired network connected to the mesh root FortiAP unit.
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Wireless mesh configuration
In general, the mesh-Ethernet bridge automatically detects VLAN ID tags in data packets and allows them to pass. When necessary, you can configure VLAN IDs for permanent support in a mesh-Ethernet bridge. To do this, enter the following commands in the mesh leaf FortiAP CLI: cfg -a MESH_ETH_BRIDGE_VLANS=100,200,300 cfg -c
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Hotspot 2.0 ANQP configuration
Hotspot 2.0 Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP) is a query and response protocol that defines seamless roaming services offered by an AP. FortiGate configurations are available up Hotspot 2.0 Release 3.
To configure Hotspot 2.0 ANQP, use the CLI commands available under config wireless-controller hostspot20.
A hotspot profile needs to be attached to VAP, and can only be attached to an enterprise security VAP. You can configure the security type and attach the hotspot profile with the following commands:
config wireless-controller vap edit {name} set security wpa2-only-enterprise set hotspot20-profile {string} next
end
Configure hotspot profile
config wireless-controller hotspot20 hs-profile
edit <name> set 3gpp-plmn {string} set access-network-asra [enable|disable]
set access-network-esr [enable|disable] set access-network-internet [enable|disable] set access-network-type {option} set access-network-uesa [enable|disable]
set advice-of-charge {string} set anqp-domain-id {integer} set bss-transition [enable|disable]
set conn-cap {string}
Hotspot profile name. 3GPP PLMN name. Enable/disable additional step required for access (ASRA). Enable/disable emergency services reachable (ESR). Enable/disable connectivity to the Internet.
Access network type. Enable/disable unauthenticated emergency service accessible (UESA). Advice of charge. ANQP Domain ID. Enable/disable basic service set (BSS) transition Support. Connection capability name.
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set deauth-request-timeout {integer} set dgaf [enable|disable]
set domain-name {string} set gas-comeback-delay {integer} set gas-fragmentation-limit {integer} set hessid {mac-address} set ip-addr-type {string} set l2tif [enable|disable] set nai-realm {string} set network-auth {string} set oper-friendly-name {string} set oper-icon {string} set osu-provider <name1>, <name2>, ...
set osu-provider-nai {string} set osu-ssid {string} set pame-bi [disable|enable]
set proxy-arp [enable|disable] set qos-map {string} set release {integer} set roaming-consortium {string} set terms-and-conditions {string} set venue-group {option} set venue-name {string} set venue-type {option} set venue-url {string} set wan-metrics {string} set wnm-sleep-mode [enable|disable]
Deauthentication request timeout (in seconds). Enable/disable downstream group-addressed forwarding (DGAF). Domain name. GAS comeback delay. GAS fragmentation limit. Homogeneous extended service set identifier (HESSID). IP address type name. Enable/disable Layer 2 traffic inspection and filtering. NAI realm list name. Network authentication name. Operator friendly name. Operator icon. Manually selected list of Online Sign Up (OSU) provider (s). OSU provider name. Online Sign Up (OSU) Provider NAI. Online sign up (OSU) SSID. Enable/disable Pre-Association Message Exchange BSSID Independent (PAME-BI). Enable/disable Proxy ARP. QoS MAP set ID. Hotspot 2.0 Release number. Roaming consortium list name. Terms and conditions. Venue group. Venue name. Venue type. Venue name. WAN metric name. Enable/disable wireless network management (WNM) sleep mode.
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set roaming-consortium <string>
set wba-open-roaming [enable|disable] set wba-financial-clearing-provider <string> set wba-data-clearing-provider <string> set wba-charging-currency <string> set wba-charging-rate <integer>
Enable/disable Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) OpenRoaming support. WBA ID of financial clearing provider. WBA ID of data clearing provider.
Three letter currency code. Number of currency units per kilobyte (0 to 4294967295). Enable/disable Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) OpenRoaming support.
Configure 3GPP public land mobile network (PLMN)
config wireless-controller hotspot20 anqp-3gpp-cellular
edit <name> config mcc-mnc-list
edit <id> set set id {integer} set mcc {string} set mnc {string}
3GPP PLMN name. Mobile Country Code and Mobile Network Code configuration. ID. ID. Mobile country code. Mobile network code.
Configure IP address type availability
config wireless-controller hotspot20 anqp-ip-address-type
edit <name> set ipv6-address-type {option} set ipv4-address-type {option}
IP type name. IPv6 address type. IPv4 address type.
Configure network access identifier (NAI) realm
config wireless-controller hotspot20 anqp-nai-realm
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edit <name> config nai-list edit <name> set encoding {enable | disable}
set nai-realm {string}
config eap-method edit <index> set method {option} config auth-param edit <index> set id {option} set val {option}
NAI realm list name. NAI list. NAI realm name. Enable/disable format in accordance with IETF RFC 4282. Configure NAI realms (delimited by a semi-colon character). EAP Methods. EAP method index. EAP method type. EAP auth param. Param index. ID of authentication parameter. Value of authentication parameter.
Configure network authentication type
config wireless-controller hotspot20 anqp-network-auth-type
edit <name> set auth-type {option} set url {string}
Authentication type name. Network authentication type. Redirect URL.
Configure roaming consortium
config wireless-controller hotspot20 anqp-roaming-consortium
edit <name> config oi-list edit <index> set oi {string} set comment {string}
Roaming consortium name. Organization identifier list. OI index. Organization identifier. Comment.
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Configure venue name duple
config wireless-controller hotspot20 anqp-venue-name
edit <name> config value-list edit <index> set lang {string} set value {string}
Name of venue name duple. Name list. Value index. Language code. Venue name value.
Configure venue URL
config wireless-controller hotspot20 anqp-venue-url
edit <name> config value-list edit <index> set number {integer} set value {string}
Name of venue url. URL list. URL index. Venue number. Venue URL value.
Configure advice of charge (AOC)
config wireless-controller hotspot20 h2qp-advice-of-charge
edit <name> config aoc-list edit <name> set type {option} set nai-realm-encoding {string} set nai-realm {string} config plan-info edit <name>
Plan name. AOC list. Advice of charge ID. Usage charge type. NAI realm encoding. NAI realm list name. Plan info. Plan name.
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set lang {string} set currency {string} set info-file {string}
Language code. Currency code. Info file.
Configure connection capability
config wireless-controller hotspot20 h2qp-conn-capability
edit <name> set icmp-port {option} set ftp-port {option} set ssh-port {option} set http-port {option} set tls-port {option} set pptp-vpn-port {option}
set voip-tcp-port {option} set voip-udp-port {option} set ikev2-port {option} set ikev2-xx-port {option}
set esp-port {option}
Connection capability name. Set ICMP port service status. Set FTP port service status. Set SSH port service status. Set HTTP port service status. Set TLS VPN (HTTPS) port service status. Set Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) VPN port service status. Set VoIP TCP port service status. Set VoIP UDP port service status. Set IKEv2 port service for IPsec VPN status. Set UDP port 4500 (which may be used by IKEv2 for IPsec VPN) service status. Set ESP port service (used by IPsec VPNs) status.
Configure operator friendly name
config wireless-controller hotspot20 h2qp-operator-name
edit <name> config value-list edit <index> set lang {string} set value {string}
Friendly name ID. Name list. Value index. Language code. Friendly name value.
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Configure online sign up (OSU) provider Network Access Identifier (NAI) list
config wireless-controller hotspot20 h2qp-osu-provider-nai
edit <name> config nai-list edit <name> set osu-nai {string}
OSU provider NAI ID. Name list. OSU NAI ID. OSU NAI.
Configure online sign up (OSU) provider list
config wireless-controller hotspot20 h2qp-osu-provider
edit <name> config friendly-name edit <index> set lang {string} set friendly-name {string} set server-uri {string} set osu-method {option} set osu-nai {string} config service-description edit <service-id> set lang {string} set service-description {string} set icon {string}
OSU provider ID. OSU provider friendly name. OSU provider friendly name index. Language code. OSU provider friendly name. Server URI. OSU method list. OSU NAI. OSU service name. OSU service ID. Language code. Service description. OSU provider icon.
Configure terms and conditions
config wireless-controller hotspot20 h2qp-terms-and-conditions
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edit <name> set filename {string} set timestamp {integer} set url {string}
Terms and Conditions ID. File name. Timestamp. URL.
Configure WAN metrics
config wireless-controller hotspot20 h2qp-wan-metric
edit <name> set link-status {option} set symmetric-wan-link {option} set link-at-capacity {enable | disable} set uplink-speed {integer} set downlink-speed {integer} set uplink-load {integer} set downlink-load {integer} set load-measurement-duration {integer}
WAN metric name. Link status. WAN link symmetry. Link at capacity. Uplink speed (in kilobits/s). Downlink speed (in kilobits/s). Uplink load. Downlink load. Load measurement duration (in tenths of a second).
Configure Online Sign Up (OSU) provider icon
config wireless-controller hotspot20 icon
edit <name> config icon-list edit {name} set lang {string} set file {string} set type {option} set width {integer} set height {integer}
Icon list ID. Icon list. Icon name. Language code. Icon file. Icon type. Icon width. Icon height.
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Configure Quality of Service (QoS) map set
config wireless-controller hotspot20 qos-map
edit <name> config dscp-except edit <index> set dscp {integer} set up {integer} config dscp-range edit <index> set up {integer} set low {integer} set high {integer}
QOS-MAP name. Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) exceptions. DSCP exception index. DSCP value. User priority. Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) ranges. DSCP range index. User priority. DSCP low value. DSCP high value.
Configuring OpenRoaming on FortiAP
FortiGate supports the Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) OpenRoaming Standards on FortiAPs. OpenRoaming enhances Wi-Fi management and user experience by automating guest Wi-Fi onboarding, enabling seamless and secure roaming between Wi-Fi and LTE/5G networks, and providing you with insightful customer analytics. For example, when implemented in a city, tourists can roam between Wi-Fi networks throughout the city without manual authentication, enabling them to stay connected while traveling.
The following CLI configuration settings are used to configure OpenRoaming:
config wireless-controller hotspot20 hs-profile edit <name> set roaming-consortium <string> set wba-open-roaming [enable | disable] set wba-financial-clearing-provider <string> set wba-data-clearing-provider <string> set wba-charging-currency <string> set wba-charging-rate <integer> next
end
set wba-open-roaming
set wba-financialclearing-provider
Enable/disable Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) OpenRoaming support. WBA ID of financial clearing provider.
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set wba-data-clearingprovider
set wba-chargingcurrency
set wba-charging-rate
WBA ID of data clearing provider. Three letter currency code. Number of currency units per kilobyte (0 to 4294967295).
To enable OpenRoaming on FortiAP - CLI:
1. Create a Hotspot 2.0 Access Network Query Protocol (ANQP) Roaming Consortium profile, and specify the Organization Identifier (OI) for the device's service provider.
config wireless-controller hotspot20 anqp-roaming-consortium edit "openroaming" config oi-list edit 1 set oi "BAA2D00000" next end next
end
2. Create a Hotspot 2.0 profile and apply the ANQP Roaming Consortium profile you created, and then configure OpenRoaming options.
config wireless-controller hotspot20 hs-profile edit "openroaming" set roaming-consortium "openroaming" set wba-open-roaming enable set wba-financial-clearing-provider "RBC" set wba-data-clearing-provider "444444" set wba-charging-currency "CAN" set wba-charging-rate 135 next
end
3. Apply the Hotspot 2.0 profile to a FortiAP Virtual AP.
config wireless-controller vap edit "40f.ent.radius" set ssid "radius.openroaming" set security wpa2-only-enterprise set auth radius set radius-server "radius-wifi" set schedule "always" set hotspot20-profile "openroaming" next
end
4. Apply the Virtual AP to a FortiAP profile.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "831F" config platform set type 831F end
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config radio-2 set vap-all manual set vaps "40f.ent.radius"
end next end
5. Apply the FortiAP profile to a FortiAP.
config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP831FTF21000074" set admin enable set wtp-profile "831F" next
end
6. Using a packet capture tool, verify that OpenRoaming configurations have been successfully applied. When the client connects to the SSID, the Access-Request from the FortiGate to the RADIUS server includes the following example OpenRoaming information:
WBA-Offered-Service (Type:26, Vendor ID:14122, Subtype:12), WBA_FINANCIAL_CLEARING_PROVIDER (Type: 26, Vendor ID:14122, Subtype:13), WBA_DATA_CLEARING_PROVIDER (Type:26, Vendor ID:14122, Subtype:14), WBA-Linear-Volume-Rate (Type:26, Vendor ID:14122, Subtype:15),
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This section includes the following topics:
l How to combine a wireless network and wired LAN with a software switch on page 269 l How to configure a FortiAP local bridge (private cloud-managed AP) on page 271 l How to increase the number of supported FortiAPs on page 274 l How to implement multi-processing for large-scale FortiAP management on page 275
How to combine a wireless network and wired LAN with a software switch
A wireless network can be combined with a wired LAN so that wireless and wired clients are on the same subnet. This is a convenient configuration for users.
Software switches are only available if your FortiGate is in Interface mode.
Wireless Mesh features cannot be used in conjunction with this configuration because they enable the FortiAP Local Bridge option.
To create the wireless network and wired LAN configuration, you need to:
l Configure the SSID so that traffic is tunneled to the WiFi controller. l Configure a software switch interface on the FortiGate unit with the wireless and internal network interface as
members. l Configure Captive Portal security for the software switch interface.
To configure the SSID - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select Create New. 2. Complete the following fields:
Interface name Traffic Mode SSID Security Mode Pre-shared Key
A name for the new wireless interface. Local bridge with FortiAP interface. The SSID visible to users. Configure security as you would for a regular wireless network. A network access key for the SSID.
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3. Click OK. 4. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs, select the FortiAP unit for editing. 5. Authorize the FortiAP unit.
The FortiAP unit can carry regular SSIDs in addition to the Bridge SSID.
To configure the SSID - CLI:
This example creates a wireless interface "homenet_if" with SSID "homenet" using WPA-Personal security, passphrase "Fortinet1234".
config wireless-controller vap edit "homenet_if" set vdom "root" set ssid "homenet" set security wpa-personal set passphrase "Fortinet1234" end
config wireless-controller wtp edit FAP22B3U11005354 set admin enable set vaps "homenet_if" end
To configure the FortiGate software switch - GUI:
1. Go to Network > Interfaces and select Create New > Interface. 2. Complete the following fields:
Interface Name Type Physical Interface Members Addressing mode
DHCP Server Security Mode
A name for the new interface. For example, homenet_nw. Software Switch Add homenet_if and the internal network interface. Select Manual and enter an address, for example 172.16.96.32/255.255.255.0 Enable and configure an address range for clients. Select Captive Portal. Add the permitted User Groups.
3. Select OK.
To configure the FortiGate software switch - CLI:
config system interface edit homenet_nw set ip 172.16.96.32 255.255.255.0 set type switch set security-mode captive-portal set security-groups "Guest-group" end
config system interface edit homenet_nw set member "homenet_if" "internal" end
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VLAN configuration
If your environment uses VLAN tagging, you assign the SSID to a specific VLAN in the CLI. See Reserved VLAN IDs on page 33. For example, to assign the homenet_if interface to VLAN 100, enter: config wireless-controller vap
edit "homenet_if" set vlanid 100
end
Additional configuration
The configuration described above provides communication between wireless and wired LAN users only. To provide access to other networks, create appropriate firewall policies between the software switch and other interfaces.
How to configure a FortiAP local bridge (private cloud-managed AP)
A FortiAP unit can provide WiFi access to a LAN, even when the wireless controller is located remotely. This configuration is useful for the following situations:
l Installations where the WiFi controller is remote and most of the traffic is local or uses the local Internet gateway l Wireless-PCI compliance with remote WiFi controller l Telecommuting, where the FortiAP unit has the WiFi controller IP address pre-configured and broadcasts the office
SSID in the user's home or hotel room. In this case, data is sent in the wireless tunnel across the Internet to the office and you should enable encryption using DTLS.
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On the remote FortiGate wireless controller, the WiFi SSID is created with the Bridge with FortiAP Interface option selected. In this mode, no IP addresses are configured. The WiFi and Ethernet interfaces on the FortiAP behave as a switch. WiFi client devices obtain IP addresses from the same DHCP server as wired devices on the LAN.
The local bridge feature cannot be used in conjunction with Wireless Mesh features.
Block-Intra-SSID Traffic is available in Bridge mode. This is useful in hotspot deployments managed by a central FortiGate, but would also be useful in cloud deployments. Previously, this was only supported in Tunnel mode.
To configure a FortiAP local bridge - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select Create New > SSID. 2. Complete the following fields:
Interface name Traffic Mode SSID Security Mode Pre-shared Key
A name for the new WiFi interface. Local bridge with FortiAP interface. The SSID visible to users. Configure security as you would for a regular WiFi network. A network access key for the SSID.
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3. Click OK. 4. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and select the FortiAP unit for editing. 5. Authorize the FortiAP unit.
The FortiAP unit can carry regular SSIDs in addition to the Bridge SSID.
SSID configured for local bridge operation:
To configure a FortiAP local bridge - CLI:
This example creates a WiFi interface "branchbridge" with SSID "LANbridge" using WPA-Personal security, passphrase "Fortinet1234".
config wireless-controller vap edit "branchbridge" set vdom "root" set ssid "LANbridge" set local-bridging enable set security wpa-personal set passphrase "Fortinet1234" end
config wireless-controller wtp edit FAP22B3U11005354 set admin enable set vaps "branchbridge" end
l Disabling local-bridging forcefully disables local-standalone. Also, disabling either local-bridging or local-standalone forcefully disables intra-vapprivacy.
l Enabling intra-vap-privacy forcefully disables local-standalone. l Enabling local-standalone forcefully enables local-bridging.
Continued FortiAP operation when WiFi controller connection is down
The wireless controller, or the connection to it, might occasionally become unavailable. During such an outage, clients already associated with a bridge mode FortiAP unit continue to have access to the Wi-Fi and wired networks.
The FortiAP unit can continue to authenticate users if the SSID meets the following conditions:
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l Traffic mode is set to Bridge with the FortiAP Interface. In this mode, the FortiAP unit does not send traffic back to the wireless controller.
l Security mode is set to one of the following modes: o Open o WPA/WPA2-Personal o WPA/WPA2-Enterprise o WPA3-Enterprise o WPA3-SAE o WPA3-SAE Transition o WPA3-OWE
l Captive Portal with external authentication portal is enabled. l Local standalone mode is enabled.
This allows new Wi-Fi client connections when the controller is down. This field is available only if the other conditions have been met. By default, this option is disabled. The "LANbridge" SSID example would be configured like this in the CLI: config wireless-controller vap edit "branchbridge"
set vdom "root" set ssid "LANbridge" set local-bridging enable set security wpa-personal set passphrase "Fortinet1234" set local-authentication enable end
How to increase the number of supported FortiAPs
You can increase the number of FortiAP units supported by the FortiGate wireless controller if you configure the FortiAPs to run in local Bridge mode instead of in Tunnel mode.
For each FortiGate model, there are two maximum values that represent the number of FortiAP units that can be supported:
l The number of FortiAPs that can be supported while operating in Tunnel mode; and l The number of FortiAPs that can be supported while operating in Bridged mode. To see the maximum number of FortiAPs that can be supported, go to the Managed FortiAP page (WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs) and look at the top right for Managed. The number by Managed represents the number of FortiAPs currently being managed.
Hold the pointer over the number to see the maximum number of FortiAPs that can be supported.
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Label 1 2
3 4
5 6
Description
The total number of Tunnel and Bridged FortiAPs currently being managed.
The maximum number of Tunnel and Bridged FortiAPs that can be supported by this FortiGate. For more detailed information, consult the Maximum Values Table.
The number of Tunnel FortiAPs currently being managed.
The maximum possible number of Tunnel FortiAPs that can be supported currently. This number may change if you add or remove Bridged FortiAPs, but has an upper limit.
The number of Bridged FortiAPs currently being managed.
The maximum possible number of Bridged FortiAPs that can be supported currently. This number changes if you add or remove Tunnel FortiAPs.
To configure FortiAP units for Bridge mode operation via the GUI:
1. Create at least one SSID with Traffic Mode set to Local bridge with FortiAP's Interface. 2. Create a custom AP profile that includes only local bridge SSIDs. 3. Configure the designated FortiAP unit to use the custom AP profile.
The FortiAP unit automatically switches to Bridge mode.
To configure FortiAP units for Bridge mode operation via the CLI:
1. Create at least one SSID with Traffic Mode set to Local bridge with FortiAP's Interface. 2. Create a custom AP profile that includes only local bridge SSIDs. 3. Use the following CLI example to manually select the custom AP profile for the FortiAP unit:
config wireless-controller wtp edit FP221E3X16000017 set wtp-profile 221E_bridge end
How to implement multi-processing for large-scale FortiAP management
You can configure multiple processors for wireless daemons to scale large numbers of FortiAP per FortiGate Controller. For FortiGate managed APs, it splits the total number of FortiAPs into smaller groups where each daemon manages a group. The processes won't be as overloaded, and if one child daemon has an issue, it only affects that group of FortiAPs instead of all the FortiAPs managed by the FortiGate.
The number of processors you can assign varies by FortiGate model and is based on the number of FortiAPs it is allowed to manage. The maximum value you can specify in varies according to the wireless-controller.wtp in table size from different platforms.
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wireless-controller.wtp
8192 4096 512-1024 128-256 16-64
Maximum acd-processcount 32 16 8 4 2
You can configure the following processors: l cw_acd l wpad_ac
Configuring multiple cw_acd processes
The acd-process-count option allows you to specify the number of cw_acd processes to manage FortiAPs.
To configure multiple cw_acd processes:
In this example, there are about 1300 FortiAPs managed by a FortiGate with 16 cw_acd processes to handle all the FortiAPs.
1. Set the acd-process-count to 0 in wireless-controller global:
config wireless-controller global set acd-process-count 16
end
2. Verify the number of FortiAPs managed per cw_acd:
# diagnose wireless wlac -c mpmt
acd main process pid
: 321
acd child process count : 16
idx=01 pid= 321 sl=N/A
sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_mngr sh=
idx=02 pid= 376 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_data sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_data sh=
* idx=03 pid= 377 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt
ws_cnt=1305 1283(RUN) 86(cfg) 1189(oper)
idx=04 pid= 401 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_1 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_1
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_1 ws_cnt=80
77(RUN) 4(cfg) 70(oper)
idx=05 pid= 402 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_2 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_2
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_2 ws_cnt=78
77(RUN) 5(cfg) 72(oper)
idx=06 pid= 403 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_3 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_3
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_3 ws_cnt=91
89(RUN) 6(cfg) 83(oper)
idx=07 pid= 404 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_4 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_4
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_4 ws_cnt=93
92(RUN) 6(cfg) 84(oper)
idx=08 pid= 405 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_5 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_5
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_5 ws_cnt=92
91(RUN) 7(cfg) 84(oper)
idx=09 pid= 406 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_6 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_6
sh= sh=/tmp/hasync_ sh=/tmp/hasync_ sh=/tmp/hasync_ sh=/tmp/hasync_ sh=/tmp/hasync_ sh=/tmp/hasync_
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to_cw_acd_unix_sock_6 ws_cnt=92
91(RUN) 10(cfg) 81(oper)
idx=10 pid= 407 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_7 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_7 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_7 ws_cnt=78
77(RUN) 4(cfg) 73(oper)
idx=11 pid= 408 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_8 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_8 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_8 ws_cnt=76
74(RUN) 5(cfg) 69(oper)
idx=12 pid= 409 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_9 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_9 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_9 ws_cnt=82
79(RUN) 9(cfg) 70(oper)
idx=13 pid= 410 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_10 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_10 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_10 ws_cnt=76
74(RUN) 4(cfg) 70(oper)
idx=14 pid= 411 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_11 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_11 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_11 ws_cnt=80
77(RUN) 6(cfg) 70(oper)
idx=15 pid= 412 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_12 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_12 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_12 ws_cnt=78
78(RUN) 5(cfg) 72(oper)
idx=16 pid= 413 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_13 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_13 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_13 ws_cnt=76
76(RUN) 5(cfg) 71(oper)
idx=17 pid= 414 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_14 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_14 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_14 ws_cnt=78
78(RUN) 5(cfg) 73(oper)
idx=18 pid= 415 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_15 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_15 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_15 ws_cnt=76
75(RUN) 1(cfg) 74(oper)
idx=19 pid= 416 sl=/tmp/cwCwAcSocket_16 sm=/tmp/cwAcSock_mpmt_16 sh=/tmp/hasync_
to_cw_acd_unix_sock_16 ws_cnt=79
78(RUN) 4(cfg) 73(oper)
Curr Time: 683
Each cw_acd process handles a small number of FortiAPs, about 90. 3. Verify the CPU used by cw_acd:
# diagnose system top 5 30
Run Time: 0 days, 0 hours and 11 minutes
5U, 0N, 4S, 91I, 0WA, 0HI, 0SI, 0ST; 16063T, 8236F
csfd
340
R
87.5
1.3 8
cw_acd
377
S
12.9
6.5 6
flpold
336
S
1.9
0.0 1
cu_acd
325
S
1.4
0.1 0
cw_acd
402
S
0.9
0.9 6
cw_acd
401
S
0.9
0.9 2
cw_acd
412
S
0.4
1.2 8
cw_acd
404
S
0.4
1.0 10
cw_acd
405
S
0.4
1.0 4
cw_acd
403
S
0.4
1.0 2
cw_acd
409
S
0.4
0.9 4
cw_acd
408
S
0.4
0.9 6
cw_acd
414
S
0.4
0.9 2
cw_acd
413
S
0.4
0.9 8
node
275
S
0.4
0.3 4
miglogd
295
S
0.4
0.3 10
cid
345
S
0.4
0.2 6
miglogd
391
S
0.4
0.2 6
miglogd
389
S
0.4
0.2 8
forticron
282
S
0.4
0.1 6
flcfgd
326
S
0.4
0.1 9
fortilinkd
324
S
0.4
0.0 0
cw_acd
376
S
0.0
2.8 3
cw_acd
406
S
0.0
1.0 6
cw_acd
411
S
0.0
0.9 10
cw_acd
416
S
0.0
0.9 8
cw_acd
407
S
0.0
0.9 2
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cw_acd
415
S
cw_acd
410
S
cmdbsvr
237
S
0.0
0.9 0
0.0
0.8 4
0.0
0.7 0
# get system performance status CPU states: 5% user 3% system 0% nice 92% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU0 states: 6% user 4% system 0% nice 90% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU1 states: 0% user 5% system 0% nice 95% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU2 states: 2% user 2% system 0% nice 96% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU3 states: 0% user 2% system 0% nice 98% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU4 states: 1% user 6% system 0% nice 93% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU5 states: 0% user 0% system 0% nice 100% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU6 states: 37% user 2% system 0% nice 61% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU7 states: 1% user 0% system 0% nice 99% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU8 states: 9% user 13% system 0% nice 78% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU9 states: 0% user 0% system 0% nice 100% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU10 states: 1% user 2% system 0% nice 97% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq CPU11 states: 0% user 0% system 0% nice 100% idle 0% iowait 0% irq 0% softirq Memory: 16448692k total, 7867592k used (47.8%), 8208572k free (49.9%), 372528k freeable (2.3%) Average network usage: 1710 / 942 kbps in 1 minute, 18999 / 19647 kbps in 10 minutes, 15826 / 16285 kbps in 30 minutes Maximal network usage: 2804 / 1473 kbps in 1 minute, 27949 / 27754 kbps in 10 minutes, 31749 / 32829 kbps in 30 minutes Average sessions: 2864 sessions in 1 minute, 2262 sessions in 10 minutes, 1995 sessions in 30 minutes Maximal sessions: 2941 sessions in 1 minute, 2945 sessions in 10 minutes, 2945 sessions in 30 minutes Average session setup rate: 1 sessions per second in last 1 minute, 5 sessions per second in last 10 minutes, 7 sessions per second in last 30 minutes Maximal session setup rate: 20 sessions per second in last 1 minute, 214 sessions per second in last 10 minutes, 278 sessions per second in last 30 minutes Average NPU sessions: 48 sessions in last 1 minute, 45 sessions in last 10 minutes, 40 sessions in last 30 minutes Maximal NPU sessions: 52 sessions in last 1 minute, 59 sessions in last 10 minutes, 94 sessions in last 30 minutes Average nTurbo sessions: 0 sessions in last 1 minute, 0 sessions in last 10 minutes, 0 sessions in last 30 minutes Maximal nTurbo sessions: 0 sessions in last 1 minute, 0 sessions in last 10 minutes, 0 sessions in last 30 minutes Virus caught: 0 total in 1 minute IPS attacks blocked: 0 total in 1 minute Uptime: 0 days, 0 hours, 12 minutes
Each cw_acd uses about 1% of the CPU.
Configuring multiple wpad_ac processes
The wpad-process-count allows you to configure multiple wpad_ac processes to handle WPA authentication requests. You can set the wpad-process-count to a non-zero value such as 4, so the FortiGate will have four child wpad daemons where each process can handle a small group of SSIDs.
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To configure multiple wpad processes:
This example uses a FGT-101F that has a maximum wpad-process-count of 4.
1. Set the wpad-process-count under wireless-controller global:
config wireless-controller global set wpad-process-count 4
end
Note that both wpad_ac and cw_acd processes are restarted when wpad-process-count is configured. 2. Verify the number of child wpad daemons created:
# diagnose wpa wpad mp main process pid: child process num: [1]: [2]: [3]: [4]:
2221 4 2223 2225 2226 2227
3. Verify that VAPs with security modes of WPA-PSK, WPA-Enterprise, or radius-mac-auth are enabled and can be added to different wpad child daemons:
# diagnose wpa wpad vap
-------------------------- wpad[1] -------------------------
VAP number: 2
VAP 0-10.10.24.20:35276-0-0 e0:22:ff:b2:19:30 state IDLE
AC socket: /tmp/cwCwAcSocket_1
Radius MAC Auth:0
wpa version: WPA2
preauth: 1
ssid: FOS_101f.br1
key_mgmt: WPA-PSK WPA-FT-PSK
rsn_pairwise: CCMP
rsn_group: CCMP
VAP 0-10.10.24.20:35276-1-0 e0:22:ff:b2:19:38 state IDLE
AC socket: /tmp/cwCwAcSocket_1
Radius MAC Auth:0
wpa version: WPA2
preauth: 1
ssid: FOS_101f.br.ent
key_mgmt: WPA-EAP WPA-FT-EAP
rsn_pairwise: CCMP
rsn_group: CCMP
auth: radius, server: wifi-radius
Radius Auth NAS-IP: 0.0.0.0
Radius Auth NAS-ID-TYPE: legacy
Radius Auth NAS-ID: 10.10.24.20/35276-br2
VAP number: 2
Radius VAP number: 1
-------------------------- wpad[2] -------------------------
There is no any WPA enabled VAP!
-------------------------- wpad[3] -------------------------
VAP number: 3
VAP 0-10.6.30.254:25246-1-0 04:d5:90:b5:d7:e7 state IDLE
AC socket: /tmp/cwCwAcSocket_3
Radius MAC Auth:0
wpa version: WPA2
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preauth: 1
ssid: FOS_101f.ssid1
key_mgmt: WPA-PSK
rsn_pairwise: CCMP
rsn_group: CCMP
VAP 0-10.6.30.254:5246-0-0 00:0c:e6:de:6f:31 state IDLE
AC socket: /tmp/cwCwAcSocket_3
Radius MAC Auth:0
wpa version: WPA2
preauth: 1
ssid: FOS_101f.br1
key_mgmt: WPA-PSK WPA-FT-PSK
rsn_pairwise: CCMP
rsn_group: CCMP
VAP 0-10.6.30.254:5246-1-0 00:0c:e6:de:6f:41 state IDLE
AC socket: /tmp/cwCwAcSocket_3
Radius MAC Auth:0
wpa version: WPA2
preauth: 1
ssid: 101f.ssid.ent
key_mgmt: WPA-EAP
rsn_pairwise: CCMP
rsn_group: CCMP
auth: radius, server: wifi-radius
Radius Auth NAS-IP: 0.0.0.0
Radius Auth NAS-ID-TYPE: legacy
Radius Auth NAS-ID: 10.5.30.252/5246-101f.ssid.ent
VAP number: 3
Radius VAP number: 1
-------------------------- wpad[4] -------------------------
There is no any WPA enabled VAP!
4. Connect clients to the SSIDs and verify that each wpad child daemon can handle the authentication separately.
# diagnose wpa wpad sta -------------------------- wpad[1] ------------------------VAP number: 2
STA=48:ee:0c:23:43:d1, state: PTKINITDONE -------------------------- wpad[2] ------------------------There is no any WPA enabled VAP! -------------------------- wpad[3] ------------------------VAP number: 3
STA=f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af, state: PTKINITDONE -------------------------- wpad[4] ------------------------There is no any WPA enabled VAP!
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Remote WLAN FortiAPs
Remote WLAN FortiAP models enable you to provide a pre-configured WiFi access point to a remote or traveling employee. Once plugged in at home or in a hotel room, the FortiAP automatically discovers the enterprise FortiGate WiFi controller over the Internet and broadcasts the same wireless SSID used in the corporate office. Communication between the WiFi controller and the FortiAP is secure, eliminating the need for a VPN. By default, all traffic from the remote FortiAP is sent to the FortiGate WiFi controller. If you want to use split tunneling, you can configure which traffic is routed to the FortiGate. Other general Internet traffic is routed directly through the local gateway. Split tunneling avoids loading the FortiGate with unnecessary traffic and allows direct access to local private networks at the location of the FortiAP even if the connection to the WiFi controller goes down.
Configuring the FortiGate for remote FortiAPs
This section assumes that you have already defined SSIDs and now want to make them available to remote FortiAPs. 1. Create FortiAP profiles for the Remote LAN FortiAP models.
If you were not already using Remote LAN FortiAP models, you will need to create FortiAP profiles for them. In the FortiAP profile, you specify the SSIDs that the FortiAP will broadcast. For more information, see Creating a FortiAP profile on page 38. 2. If you want to configure split tunneling, you must do the following: a. enable split tunneling in the FortiGate GUI b. apply split tunneling to a FortiAP profile c. configure split tunneling behavior in the FortiAP CLI d. enable split tunneling in the SSID 3. Configure a FortiAP to connect to FortiGate 4. Preauthorize a FortiAP for automatic authorization.
Enable split tunneling options
By default, split tunneling options are not visible in the FortiGate GUI. You can make these options visible using the following CLI command: config system settings
set gui-fortiap-split-tunneling enable end Once you enable split tunneling, you can apply it via the FortiAP profile.
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Apply split tunneling
To apply split tunneling - FortiGate GUI:
Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and edit your SSID. In the WiFi Settings section, enable Split Tunneling. Go to WiFi Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the FortiAP Profile(s) that apply to the AP types used in the WiFi network. In the Split Tunneling section, enable Include Local Subnet and Split Tunneling Subnet(s). You can enter a list of the destination IP address ranges.
l Depending on how you configure split tunneling behavior in the CLI (see Configure split tunneling behavior on page 282), you can decide if you want the listed IP addresses to be tunneled to the FortiGate, or if you want to avoid tunneling these IP addresses to the FortiGate.
Configure split tunneling behavior
There are two methods the FortiAP can use to tunnel networks from the remote AP:
l Tunnel: Define the subnets in the profile that you want to tunnel to the FortiGate. These are usually the IP subnets that contain internal corporate applications such as file shares. If you want the remote wireless client to be able to communicate with internal devices at their home/remote site, clear the Include Local Subet checkbox in the FortiAP profile.
l Local: Define the subnets that you do not want to be tunneled back to the FortiGate. Use this method if you want all traffic to be inspected by the FortiGate, including traffic destined for the internet. This method is more secure but can add latency to the user's internet browsing. If you want the remote wireless client to be able to communicate with internal devices at their home/remote site, select the Include Local Subnet checkbox in the FortiAP profile.
From the FortiGate CLI, enter the following commands to change the split tunneling behavior in a FortiAP profile:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <profile_name> set split-tunneling-acl-path {tunnel | local} end
end
To configure split tunneling addresses:
In this example, split tunneling is configured on the example-ssid WiFi network. On FortiAP model 21D, traffic destined for the 192.168.x.x range will not be routed through the FortiGate WiFi controller. This private IP address range is typically used as a LAN by home routers.
config wireless-controller vap edit example-ssid set split-tunneling enable end
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP21D-default set split-tunneling-acl-local-ap-subnet enable config split-tunneling-acl edit 1 set dest-ip 192.168.0.0 255.255.0.0
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end end To enter multiple subnets, create a split-tunneling-acl entry for each one.
To override the split tunneling settings on a FortiAP:
If the FortiAP Profile split tunneling settings are not appropriate for a particular FortiAP, you can override the settings on that unit. config wireless-controller wtp
edit FAP321C3X14019926 set override-split-tunnel enable set split-tunneling-acl-local-ap-subnet enable config split-tunneling-acl edit 1 set dest-ip 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 end end
Enable split tunneling on SSIDs
Once you create your FortiAP profile, you need to enable split tunneling on the SSIDs you want to use on the remote APs. 1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and edit the SSIDs the remote AP will use. 2. Enable Split tunneling. 3. Click OK.
Configure a FortiAP unit to connect to FortiGate
Prior to providing a remote WLAN FortiAP unit to an employee, you need to preconfigure the FortiAP to connect to your FortiGate WiFi controller.
To pre-configure a FortiAP - GUI:
1. Plug the FortiAP you want to deploy into a port or VLAN that has DHCP configured. l If no DHCP server is available, the default IP information to log in to the AP is: IP Address: 192.168.1.2 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 DGW: 192.168.1.1
2. Look for the assigned IP Address on the router or DHCP server. If no DHCP server is available, use a cross-over cable to connect your Ethernet port directly to the LAN port on the AP. Note: You might need a power adapter for the FortiAP if POE is not available.
3. From a web browser, access your FortiAP at https://<FAP-IP> where <FAP-IP> is the IP address of the FortiAP.
4. Log in with username admin and no password.
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5. From the FortiAP page, click Local Configuration. 6. In the AC Discovery Type field, select how you want the FortiAP to discover the controller and complete any
required fields: For more information on discovery methods, refer to Advanced WiFi controller discovery on page 216.
l Auto: Automatically cycle through all six of the discovery methods until it establishes an AC connection. l Static: Provide up to three Static IP Addresses (most likely the public facing IP addresses for remote workers). l DHCP: Use DHCP Option 138. l DNS: Provide up to three FQDN entries that are resolvable by the FortiAP. l FortiAP Cloud: Enter your FortiCloud username and password. 7. In the AP Data Channel Security field, select IPsec Enabled. 8. Click OK to save your changes.
To pre-configure a FortiAP - CLI:
1. Connect the FortiAP to the FortiGate unit. 2. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and wait for the FortiAP to be listed. Click Refresh
periodically to see the latest information. Note the Connected Via IP address. 3. Right click the row of the FortiAP that you want to connect to and then select >_ Connect to CLI.
The CLI Console window opens. 4. If the password prompt appears, then enter the required password. By default, no password is set. 5. Enter the following commands to set the FortiGate WiFi controller IP address. This IP address is the FortiGate
Internet-facing IP address, in this example 172.20.120.142. cfg -a AC_IPADDR_1=172.20.120.142 cfg -c 6. To log out of the FortiAP CLI, enter exit.
Applying configurations to multiple FortiAPs
If you have multiple FortiAPs that you need to configure, you can save a backup configuration file and use the restore function to apply these configurations to other FortiAPs. In order for this method to work, the firmware version of all your FortiAPs must match.
To apply configurations to multiple FortiAPs:
1. From your FortiAP page, in the top right corner, click to expand the admin menu.
2. Click Backup Configuration to save a configuration file. 3. Log in to the FortiAP page that you want to apply to configuration to.
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4. Click to expand the admin menu. 5. Click Restore Configuration and select the configuration file you created.
Preauthorize a FortiAP unit for automatic authorization
By preauthorizing FortiAP units, you facilitate their automatic authorization on the network. Also, you can assign each unit a unique name, such as the employee name, for easier tracking. 1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and create a new entry. 2. Enter the Serial Number of the FortiAP unit and give it a Name. 3. Select the appropriate FortiAP Profile. 4. Click OK. 5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for each FortiAP.
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Features for high-density deployments
High-density environments such as auditoriums, classrooms, and meeting rooms present a challenge to WiFi providers. When a large number of mobile devices try to connect to a WiFi network, difficulties arise because of the limited number of radio channels and interference between devices.
FortiOS and FortiAP devices provide several tools to mitigate the difficulties when deploying in high-density environments.
l Upgrading the firmware for multiple FortiAPs l Controlling the power save feature l Configuring the broadcast packet suppression
l Converting multicast streams to unicast
l Ignoring weak or distant clients l Turning off the 802.11b protocol l Configuring data rates l Enabling the automatic TX power control l Enabling the frequency band load-balancing l Enabling the AP load balancing
l Setting the Application Control feature l Managing the FortiAP group and assigning a dynamic VLAN l Sharing tunnel SSIDs within a single managed FortiAP l Enabling the manual quarantine of devices on FortiAP (tunnel
mode) l Locating a FortiAP with LED blinking l Uploading a FortiAP image on the wireless controller l Configuring control message off-loading l Enabling Dynamic Radio Mode Assignment (DRMA) l Setting the Application Control feature l RADIUS Change of Authorization (CoA) support on page 299
Upgrading the firmware for multiple FortiAPs
Administrators can upgrade the firmware for multiple FortiAPs; they don't need to upgrade each AP individually. From WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs, you can select a FortiAP Group and right-click to select Upgrade. This will upgrade all the APs in that group.
Controlling the power save feature
Occasionally, voice calls can become disrupted. One way to alleviate this issue is by controlling the power save feature, or to disable it altogether. Manually configure packet transmit optimization settings by entering the following command: config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit <name> config <radio-1> | <radio-2> set transmit-optimize {disable | power-save | aggr-limit | retry-limit | sendbar}
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Transmit optimization options disable power-save aggr-limit retry-limit send-bar
Description
Disable transmit optimization. Mark a client as power save mode if excessive transmit retries happen. Set aggregation limit to a lower value when data rate is low. Set software retry limit to a lower value when data rate is low. Do not send BAR frame too often.
11n radio powersave optimization
The following powersave-optimize parameters (under config radio) are used for 11n radios to optimize system performance for specific situations.
l tim:Set traffic indication map (TIM) bit for client in power save mode. TIM bit mask indicates to any sleeping listening stations if the AP has any buffered frames present. If enabled, the AP will always indicate to the connected client that there is a packet waiting in the AP, so it will help to prevent the client from entering a sleep state.
l ac-vo: Use Access Category (AC) Voice (VO) priority to send packets in the power save queue. AC VO is one of the highest classes/priority levels used to ensure quality of service (QoS). If enabled, when a client returns from a sleep state, the AP will send its buffered packet using a higher priority queue, instead of the normal priority queue.
l no-obss-scan: Do not put Overlapping Basic Service Set (OBSS), or high-noise (i.e. non-802.11), scan IE into a Beacon or Probe Response frame.
l no-11b-rate: Do not send frame using 11b data rate. l client-rate-follow: Adapt transmitting PHY rate with receiving PHY rate from client. If enabled, the AP will integrate
the current client's transmission PHY rate into its rate adaptation algorithm for transmitting.
Configuring the broadcast packet suppression
You can use broadcast packet suppression to reduce the traffic on your WiFi networks. In addition, some broadcast packets are unnecessary or even potentially detrimental to the network and should be suppressed. To configure broadcast suppression for each virtual access point, enter the following commands:
config wireless-controller vap edit <name> set broadcast-suppression {dhcp-up | dhcp-down | dhcp-starvation | arp-known | arpunknown | arp-reply | arp-poison | arp-proxy | netbios-ns | netbios-ds | ipv6 | all-other-mc | all-other-bc} end
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Broadcast suppression Description options
dhcp-up
Suppress DHCP discovery and request packets broadcast by WiFi clients. Forward DHCP packets to the Ethernet uplink only. Prevent malicious WiFi clients from acting as DHCP servers. Default setting.
dhcp-down
Suppress DHCP packets broadcast by the Ethernet downlink to WiFi clients. Prevent malicious WiFi clients from acting as DHCP servers.
dhcp-starvation
Suppress DHCP starvation attacks from malicious WiFi clients. Prevent malicious WiFi clients from depleting the DHCP address pool.
arp-known
Suppress ARP request packets broadcast to known WiFi clients. Instead, forward ARP packets as unicast packets to the known clients. Default setting.
arp-unknown
Suppress ARP request packets broadcast to unknown WiFi clients.
arp-reply
Suppress ARP reply packets broadcast by WiFi clients. Instead, forward the ARP packets as unicast packets to the clients with target MAC addresses.
arp-poison
Suppress ARP poison attacks from malicious WiFi clients. Prevent malicious WiFi clients from spoofing ARP packets.
arp-proxy
Suppress ARP request packets broadcast by the Ethernet downlink to known WiFi clients. Instead, send ARP reply packets to the Ethernet uplink, as a proxy for WiFi clients.
netbios-ns netbios-ds ipv6 all-other-mc all-other-bc
The arp-known option must be set for arp-proxy to work. Suppress NetBIOS name services packets with UDP port 137. Suppress NetBIOS datagram services packets with UDP port 138. Suppress IPv6 broadcast packets. Suppress multicast packets not covered by any of the specific options. Suppress broadcast packets not covered by any of the specific options.
The default configuration enables both the dhcp-up and arp-known options. The following example leaves the default settings in place and also configures a virtual access point to suppress:
l unnecessary DHCP down link broadcast packets l broadcast ARP requests for unknown WiFi clients l other broadcast packets not specifically identified config wireless-controller vap
edit <name> set broadcast-suppression dhcp-up arp-known dhcp-down arp-unknown all-other-bc
end
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Converting multicast streams to unicast
FortiOS provides a multicast enhancement option (disabled by default) that converts multicast streams to unicast and improves performance in WiFi networks. Multicast data, such as streaming audio or video, is sent at a low data rate in WiFi networks. A unicast stream is sent to each client at high data rate that makes more efficient use of air time. To enable multicast-to-unicast conversion, enter the following commands: config wireless-controller vap
edit <vap_name> set multicast-enhance enable
end
Ignoring weak or distant clients
Clients beyond the intended coverage area can have some impact on your high-density network. Your APs will respond to these clients' probe signals, consuming valuable air time. You can configure your WiFi network to ignore weak signals that most likely come from beyond the intended coverage area. The settings are available in the CLI: config wireless-controller vap
edit <vap_name> set probe-resp-suppression enable set probe-resp-threshold <level_int>
end vap_name is the SSID name. probe-resp-threshold is the signal strength in dBm below which the client is ignored. The range is -95 to -20dBm. The default level is -80dBm.
Turning off the 802.11b protocol
By disabling support for the obsolete 802.11b protocol, you can reduce the air time that data frames occupy. These signals will now be sent at a minimum of 6 Mbps, instead of 1 Mbps. You can set this for each radio in the FortiAP profile, using the CLI: config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit <name_string> config radio-1 set powersave-optimize no-11b-rate end
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Configuring data rates
Each of the 802.11 protocols supports several data rates. By disabling the lowest rates, air time is conserved, allowing the channel to serve more users. You can set rate control on the VAP level based on the number of spatial streams. You can configure data rates on up to 8 spatial streams under the VHT (802.11ac) and HE (802.11ax) standards.
The 802.11n and ac protocols are specified by the Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) Index and the number of spatial streams. Enabling MCS data rate with MCS index 9 will automatically enable data rate with MCS index 8.
Data rate commands
Example
set rates-11ac-mcs-map
Comma separated list of max supported VHT
MCS for spatial streams 1 through 8, max
supported mcs option:
-
spatial streams not supported.
7
support for VHT-MCS 0-7 for n
spatial streams.
8
support for VHT-MCS 0-8 for n
spatial streams.
9
support for VHT-MCS 0-9 for n
spatial streams.
11
support for VHT-MCS 0-11 for n
spatial streams.
For example, mcs5/1 is converted to 7 to represent VHTMCS 0-7 for n spatial streams:
set rates-11ac-mcs-map "7"
set rates-11ax-mcs-map
Comma separated list of max supported HE
MCS for spatial streams 1 through 8, max
supported mcs option:
-
spatial streams not supported.
7
support for HE-MCS 0-7 for n
spatial streams.
9
support for HE-MCS 0-9 for n
spatial streams.
11
support for HE-MCS 0-11 for n
spatial streams.
For example, mcs8/2 is converted to 9 to represent HEMCS 0-9 for n spatial streams:
set rates-11ax-mcs-map "9"
To set data rates in VAP - GUI:
1. Enable Advanced Wireless Features on page 169. 2. Navigate to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs and create or edit an SSID. 3. Under Advanced Settings, make you configurations in Advanced rate controls (see Advanced SSID options on
page 184). Note that you can only configure the following data rates from the GUI:
l 802.11a. l 802.11b/g.
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l 802.11n with 1 or 2 spatial streams. l 802.11n with 3 or 4 spatial streams.
To set data rates in VAP - CLI:
The following example configuration on a 4x4 AP shows how to set data rates for four streams where stream 5-8 are not supported. The numbers used in this example are separated by commas that correspond to MCS values in the 802.11ax and 802.11ac WiFi standards.
1. Set data rates in the wireless controller VAP.
config wireless-controller vap edit "new_rate_test" set ssid "newratetest" set security wpa-personal set passphrase ENC ****** set rates-11ac-mcs-map "7,8,9,8" set rates-11ax-mcs-map "7,9,11,7" next
end
2. Apply the SSID to the wtp-profile.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "431F_rate" config platform set type 431F set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set allowaccess https ssh snmp config radio-1 set band 802.11ax,n,g-only set vap-all manual set vaps "new_rate_test" end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set vap-all manual set vaps "new_rate_test" set channel "108" end config radio-3 set mode monitor end next
end
Enabling the automatic TX power control
High-density deployments usually cover a small area that has many clients. Maximum AP signal power is usually not required. Reducing the power reduces interference between APs. Fortinet recommends that you use FortiAP automatic
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power control which can be set from the FortiAP profile. 1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the profile for your AP model. 2. For each radio, set Transmit power mode to Auto and set the minimum and maximum range for Transmit power
levels. The default range of 10 to 17 dBm is recommended.
Enabling the frequency band load-balancing
In a high-density environment, it is important to make the best use of the two WiFi bands, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The 5 GHz band has more non-overlapping channels and receives less interference from non-WiFi devices, but not all devices support it. Clients that are capable of 5 GHz operation should be encouraged to use 5 GHz rather than the 2.4 GHz band. To load-balance the WiFi bands, you enable Frequency Handoff in the FortiAP profile. In the FortiGate GUI, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the relevant profile to set Client Load Balancing to Frequency Handoff. Or, you can use the CLI: config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit FAP221C-default set frequency-handoff enable
end The FortiGate WiFi controller continuously scans all clients in the area and records their signal strength (RSSI) on each band. When Frequency Handoff is enabled, the AP does not reply to clients on the 2.4 GHz band that have sufficient signal strength on the 5 GHz band. These clients can associate only on the 5 GHz band. Devices that support only 2.4 GHz receive replies and associate with the AP on the 2.4 GHz band.
Setting the handoff RSSI threshold
The FortiAP applies load balancing to a client only if the client has a sufficient signal level on 5GHz. The minimum signal strength threshold is set in the FortiAP profile. config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit FAP221C-default set handoff-rssi 25
end handoff-rssi has a range of 20 to 30. RSSI is a relative measure; the higher the number, the stronger the signal.
Enabling the AP load balancing
The performance of an AP degrades if it attempts to serve too many clients. In high-density environments, multiple access points are deployed with some overlap in their coverage areas. The WiFi controller can manage the association of new clients with APs to prevent overloading. To load-balance between APs, enable AP Handoff in the FortiAP profile.
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In the FortiGate GUI, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the relevant profile to set Client Load Balancing to AP Handoff. Or, you can use the CLI: config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit FAP221C-default set ap-handoff enable
end When an AP exceeds the threshold (the default is 30 clients), the overloaded AP does not reply to a new client that has a sufficient signal at another AP.
Setting the AP load balance threshold
The thresholds for AP handoff are set in the FortiAP profile, and is accessible only through the GUI and CLI: To configure Handoff RSSI and threshold from the GUI, you must enable Advanced Wireless Features (see Advanced Wireless Features on page 169). 1. Once you enable Advanced Wireless Features, navigate to WiFi & Switch Controller > Operation Profiles > FortiAP
Profiles. 2. Select the profile you want. 3. Under Advanced Settings, locate Handoff RSSI and enter the signal strength threshold. 4. In Handoff threshold, enter the number of clients at which AP load balancing begins. 5. When you are finished, click OK. config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit FAP221C-default set handoff-sta-thresh 30 set handoff-rssi 25
end handoff-sta-thresh sets the number of clients at which AP load balancing begins. It has a range of 5 to 35. handoff-rssi sets the minimum signal strength that a new client must have at an alternate AP for the overloaded AP to ignore the client. It has a range of 20 to 30. RSSI is a relative measure. The higher the number, the stronger the signal.
Setting the Application Control feature
To prevent particular application types from consuming too much bandwidth, you can use the FortiOS Application Control feature. 1. Go to Security Profiles > Application Control. You can use the default profile or create a new one. 2. Click the category, select Traffic Shaping and then select the priority for the category.
Repeat for each category to be controlled. 3. Select Apply. 4. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy and edit your Firewall policy. 5. In the Security Profiles section, enable Application Control and select the security profile that you edited. 6. Click OK.
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Managing the FortiAP group and assigning a dynamic VLAN
You can create FortiAP groups to manage multiple APs at once. Grouping an AP enables you to apply specific profile settings and assign VLANs to all the APs in that group, simplifying the administrative workload. Each AP can belong to one group only. To create a FortiAP group, navigate to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and click Create New > Managed AP Group. In addition, VLANs can be assigned dynamically based on FortiAP groups. Dynamic VLAN assignment allows the same SSID to be deployed to many APs, avoiding the need to produce multiple SSIDs. 1. Navigate to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs to define an SSID. 2. Enable VLAN Pooling and select Managed AP Group to assign a VLAN ID to a specified group.
You can also choose other methods of assigning VLAN IDs: l Round Robin: Assigns the next VLAN ID to each device as it is detected. l Hash: Always assigns the same VLAN ID to a specific device.
3. Under VLAN pooling, click Create New to enter the VLAN ID you want to assign and the AP group you want to apply the ID to.
4. Click OK to save.
Sharing tunnel SSIDs within a single managed FortiAP
This feature enables you to move a tunnel mode virtual AP (VAP) into a VDOM, similar to an interface/VLAN in VDOMs. FortiAP is registered into the root VDOM. Within a customer VDOM, customer VAPs can be created or added. In the root VDOM, the customer VAP can be added to the registered FortiAP. Any necessary firewall rules and interfaces can be configured between the two VDOMs.
Syntax:
config wireless-controller global set wtp-share {enable | disable}
end
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Enabling the manual quarantine of devices on FortiAP (tunnel mode)
You can only quarantine an SSID that is in Tunnel Mode.
Quarantined MAC addresses are blocked on the connected FortiAP from the network and the LAN. When a tunnel VAP is created, a sub-interface named wqtn is automatically created under tunnel interface. This sub-interface is added under a software switch. When a host is put into quarantine VLAN, it will get its IP from the quarantine VLAN's DHCP server, and become part of the quarantined network.
To enable quarantine - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select the SSID. 2. Enable Quarantine Host. 3. Click OK.
To quarantine a wireless client- GUI:
1. You can quarantine a client from multiple locations: l Go to Dashboard > WiFi > Clients by FortiAP. l Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > WiFi Clients.
2. Select the wireless client and then click Quarantine.
To enable quarantine - CLI:
1. Under global quarantine settings, enable quarantine: config wireless-controller vap edit <name> set quarantine {enable | disable} next end
2. Under virtual access point (VAP) settings, enable quarantine: config wireless-controller vap edit wifi-vap set ssid "Fortinet-psk" set security wpa2-only-personal set passphrase ******** set quarantine enable next end
3. Quarantine a wireless client. The example client has the MAC address b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72: config user quarantine config targets edit "DESKTOP-Surface" config macs edit b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72
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set description "Surface" next end next end end This feature consolidates previous CLI syntax for quarantining a host, so that the host does not need to be configured in multiple places (FortiAP and FortiSwitch). Host endpoints can be entered in a single place and the host will be quarantined throughout the access layer devices on the Fortinet Security Fabric.
Syntax - Software Switch, DHCP, and User Quarantine
config system switch-interface edit "wqt.root" set vdom "root" set member "wqtn.26.AV-Qtn" next
end
config system dhcp server edit <id> set interface "AV-Qtn" config ip-range edit <id> set start-ip 10.111.0.2 set end-ip 10.111.0.254 next ...
config user quarantine set quarantine {enable | disable}
end
To list stations in quarantine, use the following diagnose command: diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c sta-qtn
Locating a FortiAP with LED blinking
If you have an environment that contains numerous APs it can be difficult to locate a specific AP that you need to monitor. To help you locate specific APs, you can configure the AP lights to blink, making it easier to find.
To start or stop LED blinking of a managed FortiAP, using the GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 2. Right-click in the row of the device you want to control. 3. In the dialog box, scroll down to LED Blink and select Start or Stop. The following models support LED blink control through the GUI, operating on FortiAP software 6.0.1, or later:
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l FortiAP-112D, 221C, 223C, 224D, 320C, 321C l FortiAP-S/W2
To start or stop LED blinking of a managed FortiAP, using the CLI: execute wireless-controller led-blink <wtp-id> {on | on 10 | off}
The following models support LED blink control through the CLI, operating on FortiAP software 5.6.2, or later: l FortiAP-112D, 221C, 223C, 224D, 320C, 321C l FortiAP-S/W2
Uploading a FortiAP image on the wireless controller
Using the CLI to upgrade the FortiAP image is the preferred method especially for large deployments. Use the following CLI command to upload the desired FortiAP image on the wireless controller: execute wireless-controller upload-wtp-image
After entering the command, reboot the FortiAP devices. This feature allows the administrator to configure all FortiAP devices to download the image from the controller at join time.
Syntax config wireless-controller global
set image-download {enable | disable} end
To fine-tune this process, in order to deploy FortiAP image upgrades to a subset of devices for pilot testing, use the following command: config wireless-controller wtp
edit <name> set image-download {enable | disable}
next end
Configuring control message off-loading
Users can configure control message off-loading to optimize performance. This is especially useful in environments where the AP count is from 300 to 350 (with a device count between 1500 and 3000), where existing users are disconnected and unable to reauthenticate due to high CPU usage. This feature includes aeroscout enhancements.
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Syntax
config wireless-controller global set control-message-offload {evp-frame | areoscout-tag | ap-list | sta-list | sta-caplist | stats | aeroscout-mu}
end
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <name> set control-message-offload {enable | disable} config lbs set ekahau-blink-mode {enable | disable} set aeroscout {enable | disable} set aeroscout-server-ip <address> set aeroscount-server-port <UDP listening port> set aeroscout-mu {enable | disable} end
end
Enabling Dynamic Radio Mode Assignment (DRMA)
In deployments with a high AP density, there can be redundant coverage and strong radio interference. Dynamic Radio Mode Assignment (DRMA) allows FortiAP devices to calculate the Network Coverage Factor (NCF) based on radio interference and reassign the AP mode.
When DRMA is enabled in the WTP profile or on the specific AP, the APs run in automatic mode. The AC assigns the radio mode to the APs based on the DRMA NCF value that is calculated at each configured interval.
The NCF value is calculated based on overlapping coverage in a radio coverage area. If a radio is determined to be redundant based on the configured NCF threshold, then it switches from AP mode to monitor mode. When the NCF is next calculated, if the value is below the threshold then the radio switches back to AP mode.
To configure the DRMA interval:
config wireless-controller timers set drma-interval <integer>
end
drma-interval
Dynamic radio mode assignment (DRMA) schedule interval, in minutes (1 - 1440, default = 60).
To configure DRMA in a WTP profile:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <profile> config <2.4Ghz radio> set drma enable set drma-sensitivity {low | medium | high} end next
end
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DRMA is disabled by default. The sensitivity options are:
low medium high
Consider a radio as redundant when its NCF is 100% (default). Consider a radio as redundant when its NCF is 95%. Consider a radio as redundant when its NCF is 90%.
To manually configure DRMA on a specific AP device:
config wireless-controller wtp edit <id> config <2.4Ghz radio> set drma-manual-mode {ap | monitor | ncf | ncf-peek} end next
end
Manual mode options include:
ap monitor ncf ncf-peek
Set the radio to AP mode. Set the radio to monitor mode. Select and set the radio mode based on the NCF score (default). Select the radio mode based on the NCF score, but do not apply it.
RADIUS Change of Authorization (CoA) support
The CoA feature enables the FortiGate to receive a client disconnect message from the RADIUS server. This is used to disconnect clients when their time, credit or bandwidth had been used up. Enable this on the RADIUS server using the CLI: config user radius
edit <name> set radius-coa enable
end
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Wireless network protection
This section includes the following topics:
l Wireless Intrusion Detection System on page 300 l WiFi data channel encryption on page 305 l Protected Management Frames and Opportunistic Key Caching support on page 307 l Preventing local bridge traffic from reaching the LAN on page 308 l FortiAP-S and FortiAP-U bridge mode security profiles on page 308 l DHCP snooping and option-82 data insertion on page 309 l DHCP address enforcement on page 310 l Disabling FortiAP port access on page 310 l Suppressing phishing SSID on page 311
Wireless Intrusion Detection System
The FortiGate Wireless Intrusion Detection System (WIDS) monitors wireless traffic for a wide range of security threats by detecting and reporting on possible intrusion attempts. When an attack is detected the FortiGate unit records a log message.
You can create a WIDS profile to enable these types of intrusion detection:
Intrusion Type
Description
Asleap Attack
ASLEAP is a tool used to perform attacks against LEAP authentication.
Association Frame Flooding
A Denial of Service attack using a large number of association requests. The default detection threshold is 30 requests in 10 seconds.
Authentication Frame Flooding
A Denial of Service attack using a large number of association requests. The default detection threshold is 30 requests in 10 seconds.
Broadcasting Deauthentication
This is a type of Denial of Service attack. A flood of spoofed de-authentication frames forces wireless clients to de-authenticate, then re-authenticate with their AP.
EAPOL Packet Flooding
Extensible Authentication Protocol over LAN (EAPOL) packets are used in WPA and WPA2 authentication. Flooding the AP with these packets can be a denial of service attack. Several types of EAPOL packets are detected: EAPOL-FAIL, EAPOL-LOGOFF, EAPOL-START, EAPOL-SUCC.
Invalid MAC OUI
Some attackers use randomly-generated MAC addresses. The first three bytes of the MAC address are the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI), administered by IEEE. Invalid OUIs are logged.
Long Duration Attack To share radio bandwidth, WiFi devices reserve channels for brief periods of time.
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Intrusion Type
Null SSID Probe Response Spoofed Deauthentication Weak WEP IV Detection
Wireless Bridge
Description
Excessively long reservation periods can be used as a denial of service attack. You can set a threshold between 1000 and 32 767 microseconds. The default is 8200.
When a wireless client sends out a probe request, the attacker sends a response with a null SSID. This causes many wireless cards and devices to stop responding.
Spoofed de-authentication frames are a denial of service attack. They cause all clients to disconnect from the AP.
A primary means of cracking WEP keys is by capturing 802.11 frames over an extended period of time and searching for patterns of WEP initialization vectors (IVs) that are known to be weak. WIDS detects known weak WEP IVs in on-air traffic.
WiFi frames with both the fromDS and ToDS fields set indicate a wireless bridge. This will also detect a wireless bridge that you intentionally configured in your network.
You can also enable advanced WIDS options from the CLI:
Advanced WIDS category
Ad Hoc Network Detection
CLI command adhoc-network
Ad Hoc Network Using a Valid SSID Detection
AirJack Detection
adhoc-validssid
air-jack
AP Impersonation Detection
apimpersonation
AP Spoofing Detection
Beacon Frame Flooding
ap-spoofing bcn-flood
Beacon Frame Spoofing
beacon-wrongchannel
*Block Ack Flood Detection
block_ack-flood
Channel-Based Man- chan-based-mitm
Description
Detects ad hoc networks that are uncontrolled and can expose clients to viruses and other security vulnerabilities. An Ad hoc network is a chain of wireless devices connected to each other without the use of an AP.
Detects unauthorized ad hoc networks mimicking a valid SSID that try to trick your wireless clients into connecting.
Detects AirJack attacks. AirJack is a suite of device drivers that can force all users off an AP.
Detects AP impersonation by checking the Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID) and Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID) from the AP beacon to ensure this it is valid.
Detects AP spoofing where an intruder sends forged frames pretending to come from a legitimate AP.
Detects beacon frame flooding where an attacker floods the network with a large amount of beacon frames to increase the amount of processing needed on client operating systems.
Detects spoofed beacon packets that are modified so that the channel is different from what's advertised in the beacon frame of the AP.
Detects Block Ack Flood, which is when an attacker sends spoofed Add Block Acknowledgment (ADDBA) request frames to an AP causing the AP to ignore valid traffic from clients.
Channel-based Man-in-the-Middle detection involves checking the
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Advanced WIDS category
in-the-Middle Detection
*Invalid Client Flooding
CLI command client-flood
*CTS Flooding Detection
cts-flood
Disassociation Broadcast Monitor
disassocbroadcast
Disconnect Attack Monitor
EAPOL Key Overflow Detection
disconnectstation
eapol-keyoverflow
FATA-JACK Detection
fata-jack
Fuzzed Beacon Detection
fuzzed-beacon
Fuzzed Probe Request Detection
Fuzzed Probe Response Detection
Hotspotter Attack Detection
fuzzed-proberequest
fuzzed-proberesponse
hotspotterattack
High Throughput 40MHz Intolerance Check
ht-40mhzintolerance
Description
Channel Switch Announcement (CSA) beacon frame to make sure it comes from a legitimate AP.
Detects Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks to WIDS where an attacker generates a large number of invalid clients to flood and overwhelm the WIDS with fake information.
Detects Clear to Send (CTS) flooding where attackers send CTS frames to flood the system and prevent channel access to legitimate users.
Monitors authorized clients within the network for frequent associations and disassociations that may indicate potential network dangers.
Monitors station activity for frequent connects and disconnects that may indicate a disconnect attack.
Detects EAPOL-Key packets with a key field length over the limit. Malicious actors can overflow the key fields to trigger a DoS or to execute code.
Detects FATA-JACK attacks. FATA-JACK is an 802.11 client DoS tool that uses spoofed authentication frames with invalid authentication algorithm numbers to disconnect targeted stations.
Detects fuzzed beacon frames with malformed Information Elements (IE). When the modified frames are retransmitted, it can cause devices to experience driver and operating system crashes, or stackbased overflows. This can leave the affected system vulnerable to arbitrary code executions.
Detects probe request frames with malformed IE's.
Detects probe response frames with malformed IE's
Detects Hotspotter attacks which are a type of an evil-twin attack where attackers set up a fraudulent AP broadcasting an SSID similar to a legitimate one to lure a client into connecting. Once a client connects to the fraudulent AP, they can launch security attacks on the client.
Checks if a client has an 40MHz intolerance bit and is unable to participate in a 40 MHz BSS. The AP may have to use lower data rates instead, which can impact network performance.
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Advanced WIDS category
High Throughput Greenfield Check
CLI command ht-greenfield
Invalid Address Combination Detection
Malformed Association Detection
Malformed Authentication Detection
Malformed HT IE Detection
*NetStumbler Detection
invalid-addrcombination malformedassociation
malformed-auth
malformed-ht-ie
netstumbler
Omerta Detection
omerta-attack
Overflow Information overflow-ie Elements
*Probe Frame Flooding
*PS-Poll Flood Detection
probe-flood pspoll-flood
Power Save DoS Attack Detection
pwsave-dosattack
Description
Checks if 802.11 client beacons are advertising High Throughput (HT) Greenfield mode as they cannot share the same channel as other 802.11a/b/g clients or communicate with legacy devices. These incompatibilities can cause collisions, errors, and retransmissions.
Detects attacks were intruders use invalid broadcast or multicast MAC addresses in the source address field to make an AP transmit deauthentication and disassociation frames to its clients.
Detects Malformed Association attacks by checking association request frames for SSID IE tags with a null length SSID or an overflow SSID length. These malicious requests can trigger a DoS or code execution.
Detects Malformed Authentication attacks by checking for unexpected values in 802.11 authentication algorithm, sequence and status code.
Detects Malformed HT IE attacks by checking the 802.11 management frame for malformed HT IEs which can crash some client implementations and leave them vulnerable to exploitation.
Detects devices using NetStumbler, a popular wardriving tool that scans for networks using the 802.11b, 802.11a and 802.11g WLAN standards. It probes nearby networks and attempts to authenticate and associate with unsecured APs
Detects Omerta attacks. Omerta is an 802.11 DoS tool that sends disassociation frames to all clients on a channel in response to data frames.
Detects association request sent to an AP containing an IE with an inappropriately long length. Malicious actors can overflow the IE length to trigger a DoS or to execute code.
A probe flood is when an attacker floods the network with a large amount of probe requests frames to exhaust network resources.
Detects PS-poll flood attacks. In a PS-poll attack, an attacker spoofs the MAC address of a wireless client and floods an AP with a large number of PS-poll frames. The AP is tricked into thinking the actual wireless client is in power save mode, so the AP starts buffering frames destined to that client, which results in the client missing those data frames and becoming partially disconnected from the network. PS-Poll is the power save mode used in legacy IEEE 802.11 standards.
Monitors the power save status of clients in order to validate their state and check for abnormal behavior.
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Advanced WIDS category *Reassociation Frame Flooding
Risky Encryption Detection *RTS Flooding Detection
Unencrypted Mode Detection Valid Client Misassociation
Valid SSID Misuse Detection *Wellenreiter Detection
Windows Bridge Detection
Fast Transition Attack
CLI command reassoc-flood
riskyencryption rts-flood
unencryptedvalid valid-clientmisassociation
valid-ssidmisuse wellenreiter
windows-bridge
wpa-ft-attack
Description
A reassociation flood is a DoS attack where a large number of client association frames are sent to an AP, exhausting the AP's resources and causing legitimate clients to not be able to associate with the AP.
Detects networks using WEP encryption, a retired security algorithm that is considered risky and insecure.
Detects Requests-To-Send (RTS) flood attacks, a type of DoS attack where an attacker sends RTS frames prevent channel access to legitimate users.
Detects if an authorized client is passing traffic in unencrypted mode.
Monitors valid (authorized) wireless clients for misassociation in the network. Misassociations occur when a valid client connects to an unsafe AP such as a rogue, external, or honeypot AP.
Detects if an unauthorized AP is using the same SSID as an authorized network.
Detects devices using Wellenreiter, a wireless network discovery and auditing tool that probes nearby networks and reveals AP and client information.
Detects if a Windows Bridge occurs. A Windows Bridge is when a client associated to an AP is also connected to the wired network, and has enabled bridging between these two interfaces.
Detects Fast Transition (FT) attacks. An FT attack happens when an attacker intercepts the communication between a client and an AP during the FT handshake. The attacker decrypts and forges packets that are then sent back to the client.
*These options can be configured with a detection window period time and a threshold value.
To create a WIDS Profile - GUI:
You can enable WIDS by enabling and selecting a WIDS Profile on a designated radio from a FortiAP profile. 1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > WIDS Profiles. 2. Select a profile to edit or select Create New. 3. Under Intrusion Detection Settings, enable the intrusion types you want protect against. 4. When you are finished, click OK.
Once you create a WIDS profile, you can enable WIDS Profile on a specified radio under a FortiAP profile.
To create a WIDS Profile - CLI:
config wireless-controller wids edit example-WIDS set rts-flood enable
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set rts-flood-time 5 set rts-flood-thresh 10 next end
To apply a WIDS Profile to a FortiAP - CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "example-FAP-profile" config platform set type <FAP-model-number> end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set ap-country US config radio-1 set band 802.11n set wids-profile "example-wids-profile" set vap-all disable end config radio-2 set band 802.11ac set vap-all disable end next
end
Rogue AP detection
The WIDS profile includes settings for detection of unauthorized (rogue) access points in your wireless network. For more information, see Monitoring rogue APs on page 315.
WIDS client de-authentication rate for DoS attacks
As part of mitigating a Denial of Service (DoS) attack, the FortiGate sends de-authentication packets to unknown clients. In an aggressive attack, this de-authentication activity can prevent the processing of packets from valid clients. A WIDS Profile option in the CLI limits the de-authentication rate. config wireless-controller wids-profile
edit default set deauth-unknown-src-thresh <1-65535>
end The value set is a measure of the number of de-authorizations per second. 0 means no limit. The default is 10.
WiFi data channel encryption
Optionally, you can apply DTLS encryption to the data channel between the wireless controller and FortiAP units to enhance security.
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There are data channel encryption settings on both the FortiGate unit and the FortiAP units. At both ends, you can enable Clear Text, DTLS encryption, or both. The settings must agree or the FortiAP unit will not be able to join the WiFi network. By default, both Clear Text and DTLS-encrypted communication are enabled on the FortiAP unit, allowing the FortiGate setting to determine whether data channel encryption is used. If the FortiGate unit also enables both Clear Text and DTLS, Clear Text is used. Data channel encryption settings are located in the FortiAP profile. By default, only Clear Text is supported.
Data channel encryption is software-based and can affect performance. Verify that the system meets your performance requirements with encryption enabled.
Configuring encryption on a FortiGate unit
You can configure data channel encryption from a FortiAP profile. For more information about encryption options, see Data channel security: clear-text, DTLS, and IPsec VPN on page 30
To enable encryption - CLI: In the CLI, the wireless wtp-profile command contains a dtls-policy field, with the following options
l clear-text (non-encrypted) l dtls-enabled l ipsec-vpn l ipsec-vpn-sn To enable encryption in profile1 for example, enter: config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit profile1 set dtls-policy dtls-enabled
end
To enable encryption - GUI: To configure encryption from the GUI, you must enable Advanced Wireless Features (see Advanced Wireless Features on page 169). 1. Once you enable Advanced Wireless Features, navigate to WiFi & Switch Controller > Operation Profiles > FortiAP
Profiles. 2. Select the profile you want to enable encryption on. 3. Under Advanced Settings, select the DTLS policy you want to apply to the profile. 4. When you are finished, click OK.
Configuring encryption on a FortiAP unit
The FortiAP unit has its own settings for data channel encryption.
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To enable CAPWAP encryption - FortiAP GUI: 1. On the System Information page, in WTP Configuration > AC Data Channel Security, select one of:
l Clear Text l DTLS Enabled l Clear Text or DTLS Enabled (default) 2. Select Apply.
To enable encryption - FortiAP CLI: You can set the data channel encryption using the AP_DATA_CHAN_SEC variable: 'clear', 'ipsec', 'ipsec-sn, or 'dtls'. For example, to set security to DTLS and then save the setting, enter: cfg -a AP_DATA_CHAN_SEC=dtls cfg -c
Protected Management Frames and Opportunistic Key Caching support
Protected Management Frames (PMF) protect some types of management frames like deauthorization, disassociation and action frames. This feature, now mandatory on WiFi certified 802.1ac devices, prevents attackers from sending plain deauthorization/disassociation frames to disrupt or tear down a connection/association. PMF is a Wi-Fi Alliance specification based on IEEE 802.11w. To facilitate faster client roaming, you can enable Opportunistic Key Caching (OKC) on your WiFi network. When a client associates with an AP, its PMK identifier is sent to all other APs on the network. This eliminates the need for an alreadyauthenticated client to repeat the full EAP exchange process when it roams to another AP on the same network. Use of PMF and OKC on an SSID is configurable only in the CLI: config wireless-controller vap
edit <vap_name> set pmf {disable | enable | optional} set pmf-assoc-comeback-timeout <integer> set pmf-sa-query-retry-timeout <integer> set okc {disable | enable}
next end When pmf is set to optional, it is considered enabled, but will allow clients that do not use PMF. When pmf is set to enable, PMF is required by all clients.
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Preventing local bridge traffic from reaching the LAN
The following command can be enabled so that when a client connects to a VAP, and its traffic is not tunneled to the controller, the admin can control whether the client can access the local network.
Note that this entry is only available when local-standalone-nat is set to enable.
Syntax:
config wireless-controller vap edit <name> set local-lan {allow | deny} next
end
FortiAP-S and FortiAP-U bridge mode security profiles
If a bridge mode SSID is configured for a managed FortiAP-S or FortiAP-U, you can add security profiles to the wireless controller configuration that allows you to apply the following security profile features to the traffic over the bridge SSID:
l AntiVirus l Scan Botnets l Intrusion Prevention l Application Control l Web Filter
Configure security profiles - GUI:
1. Go to System > Feature Visibility to enable the Security Features you want to apply to your SSID, and then click Apply. You can enable the AntiVirus, Application Control, Intrusion Prevention, and Web Filter features.
2. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select the bridge mode SSID assigned to the FortiAP Profile that you want to configure.
3. In the selected SSID, enable Security Profiles option. 4. Enable the security profiles you want to apply to the SSID. You can choose from AntiVirus, Web Filter, Application
Control, and Intrusion Prevention. You can either use or edit an existing default profile, or click Create to make a new one. To see what each default profile does, hover your mouse over the profile for a brief description. 5. In the Scan Botnets field, select if you want to Block or Monitor botnets. Botnet scanning is enabled by default. To disable this feature, select Disable. 6. Enable or disable Logging.
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7. Click OK to save your SSID changes. Once you save your changes, you can check to the SSID page to see which security profiles are attached to an SSID in the Security Profiles column.
Configure security profiles - CLI:
You can configure security profiles on managed FortiAP-S and FortiAP-U under config wireless-controller vap, after local-bridging and utm-status are set to enable. To view all available profiles that you can assign, type "?". For example, "set ips-sensor ?". config wireless-controller vap
edit "utm_ssid1" set ssid "utm_ssid1" set local-bridging enable set utm-status enable set ips-sensor "wifi-default" set application-list "wifi-default" set antivirus-profile "wifi-default" set webfilter-profile "wifi-default" set scan-botnet-connections monitor
next end
Debug configurations:
To debug wireless-controller configurations related to security profiles, use the following diagnose command: diagnose wireless-controller wlac_hlp
DHCP snooping and option-82 data insertion
Commands are available to enable or disable (by default) DHCP option-82 data insertion for wireless access points. DHCP snooping is used to prevent rogue DHCP servers from offering IP addresses to DHCP clients. This feature adds the Circuit ID and Remote ID sub-option onto the DHCP packets, which helps the user identify which FortiAP makes the request and for which SSID it requests.
Syntax
config wireless-controll vap edit wifi set dhcp-option82-insertion {enable | disable} set dhcp-option82-circuit-id-insertion {style-1 | style-2 | Style-3 | disable} set dhcp-option82-remote-id-insertion {style-1 | disable} next
end
The circuit-id option includes information specific to the cirtcuit the request came from. This option is an identifier that identifies the FortiAP.
The remote-id option includes information on the remote host end of the circuit. This option usually contains information that identifies the station.
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Options Circuit-ID style-1 Circuit-ID style-2 Circuit-ID Style-3
Remote-ID Style-1
Description An ASCII string composed of AP-MAC;SSID;SSID-TYPE An ASCII string composed of AP-MAC An ASCII string composed of NETWORK-TYPE:WTPPROF-NAME:VLAN:SSID:APMODEL:AP-HOSTNAME:AP-MAC An ASCII string composed of the Station-MAC
This feature is only supported in Bridge mode, Tunnel mode, and Mesh SSIDs.
DHCP address enforcement
DHCP address enforcement ensures that clients who connect must complete the DHCP process to obtain an IP address. Otherwise they are disconnected from the SSID. This prevents access from users using static addresses which may conflict with the DHCP address scheme, or users that fail to obtain DHCP IP assignment.
To configure DHCP address enforcement:
config wireless-controller vap edit "test-tunnel" set ssid "test-tunnel" set passphrase ******** set schedule "always" set dhcp-address-enforcement enable next
end
By default, dhcp-address-enforcement is set to disabled.
Disabling FortiAP port access
If your FortiAP is located in an easily accessible location, you can disable the serial console port and USB port to prevent intruders from physically accessing the FortiAP.
To disable console login:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <profile>
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set console-login disable next end
By default, console login is enabled in WTP profiles. When the console access is changed, all managed FortiAPs using the profile are rebooted.
You can confirm console login is disabled by logging into the FortiAP with the SSH connection. FortiAP-433F # wcfg | grep console-login
console-login : disabled
To disable the USB port:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <profile> set usb-port disable next
end
The USB port can be disabled when the FortiAP input power mode status is full. Use cw_diag power to check the power mode status.
You can confirm the USB port is disabled with the following diagnostics command: diag wireless-controller wlac -c wtp FP433GTY22002014 | grep usb
usb port : disabled(enabled from AC) usb port oper : disabled
Suppressing phishing SSID
You can enable FortiAPs to log and suppress phishing SSIDs. Phishing SSIDs are defined as:
l An SSID defined on FortiGate that is broadcast from an uncontrolled AP. l A pre-defined pattern for an offending SSID pattern. For example, you can define any SSID that contains your
company name to be a phishing SSID.
To configure phishing SSID functions:
config wireless-controller setting set phishing-ssid-detect enable|disable set fake-ssid-action log|suppress config offending-ssid edit 1 set ssid-pattern "OFFENDING*" set action log|suppress next end
end
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set phishing-ssid-detect Enable or disable the phishing SSID detection function. The default is enable. enable|disable
set fake-ssid-action log|suppress
Specify the FortiGate action after detecting a fake SSID. The default is log and can be set to either one or both.
set ssid-pattern "OFFENDING*"
Specify the criteria to match an offending SSID. This example shows all SSID names with a leading string OFFENDING (not case-sensitive).
set action log|suppress Specify the FortiGate action after detecting the offending SSID pattern entry. The default setting is log and can be set to either one or both.
Log examples
WiFi event log sample for fake SSID detection
The following is a sample of the log that is generated when a fake SSID is first detected:
1: date=2019-03-01 time=14:53:23 logid="0104043567" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="root" eventtime=1551480803 logdesc="Fake AP detected" ssid="CORP_ WIFI_ACCESS" bssid="08:5b:0e:18:1b:d0" aptype=0 rate=130 radioband="802.11n-5G" channel=149 action="fake-ap-detected" manuf="Fortinet, Inc." security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" signal=-41 noise=-95 live=173397 age=0 onwire="no" detectionmethod="N/A" stamac="N/A" apscan="N/A" sndetected="FP321C3X15001615" radioiddetected=1 stacount=0 snclosest="FP321C3X15001615" radioidclosest=1 apstatus=0 msg="Detected Fake AP CORP_WIFI_ACCESS 08:5b:0e:18:1b:d0 chan 149 live 173397 age 0"
The following is a sample of the log that is periodically generated when a fake SSID is continuously detected:
1: date=2019-03-01 time=14:58:53 logid="0104043568" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="root" eventtime=1551481133 logdesc="Fake AP on air" ssid="CORP_ WIFI_ACCESS" bssid="08:5b:0e:18:1b:d0" aptype=0 rate=130 radioband="802.11n-5G" channel=149 action="fake-ap-on-air" manuf="Fortinet, Inc." security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" signal=-41 noise=-95 live=173728 age=330 onwire="no" detectionmethod="N/A" stamac="N/A" apscan="N/A" sndetected="N/A" radioiddetected=0 stacount=0 snclosest="FP321C3X15001615" radioidclosest=1 apstatus=0 msg="Fake AP Onair CORP_WIFI_ACCESS 08:5b:0e:18:1b:d0 chan 149 live 173728 age 330"
WiFi event log sample for fake SSID suppression
The following is a sample of the log that is generated when a fake SSID is suppressed:
1: date=2019-03-01 time=14:53:23 logid="0104043569" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="root" eventtime=1551480803 logdesc="Rogue AP suppressed" ssid="CORP_WIFI_ACCESS" bssid="08:5b:0e:18:1b:d0" aptype=0 rate=130 radioband="802.11n-5G" channel=149 action="rogue-ap-suppressed" manuf="Fortinet, Inc." security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" signal=-41 noise=-95 live=173397 age=0 onwire="no" detectionmethod="N/A" stamac="N/A" apscan="N/A" sndetected="N/A" radioiddetected=0 stacount=0 snclosest="FP321C3X15001615" radioidclosest=1 apstatus=0 msg="AP CORP_WIFI_ACCESS 08:5b:0e:18:1b:d0 chan 149 live 173397 age 0"
WiFi event log sample for offending SSID detection
The following a sample of the log that is generated when an offending SSID is first detected:
1: date=2019-03-01 time=14:53:33 logid="0104043619" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="root" eventtime=1551480811 logdesc="Offending AP detected"
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ssid="OFFENDING_SSID" bssid="1a:5b:0e:b5:f3:bf" aptype=0 rate=130 radioband="802.11n5G" channel=153 action="offending-ap-detected" manuf="Fortinet, Inc." security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" signal=-41 noise=-95 live=173406 age=8 onwire="no" detectionmethod="N/A" stamac="N/A" apscan="N/A" sndetected="FP321C3X15001615" radioiddetected=1 stacount=0 snclosest="FP321C3X15001615" radioidclosest=1 apstatus=0 msg="Detected Offending AP OFFENDING_SSID 1a:5b:0e:b5:f3:bf chan 153 live 173406 age 8"
The following is a sample of a log that is periodically generated when an offending SSID is continuously detected:
1: date=2019-03-01 time=14:55:54 logid="0104043620" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="root" eventtime=1551480952 logdesc="Offending AP on air" ssid="OFFENDING_SSID_TEST" bssid="9a:5b:0e:18:1b:d0" aptype=0 rate=130 radioband="802.11n-5G" channel=149 action="offending-ap-on-air" manuf="N/A" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" signal=-41 noise=-95 live=173548 age=150 onwire="no" detectionmethod="N/A" stamac="N/A" apscan="N/A" sndetected="N/A" radioiddetected=0 stacount=0 snclosest="FP321C3X15001615" radioidclosest=1 apstatus=0 msg="Offending AP On-air OFFENDING_SSID_TEST 9a:5b:0e:18:1b:d0 chan 149 live 173548 age 150"
WiFi event log sample for offending SSID suppression
The following is a sample of the log that is generated when an offending SSID is suppressed:
1: date=2019-03-01 time=14:53:33 logid="0104043569" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="root" eventtime=1551480811 logdesc="Rogue AP suppressed" ssid="OFFENDING_SSID" bssid="1a:5b:0e:b5:f3:bf" aptype=0 rate=130 radioband="802.11n5G" channel=153 action="rogue-ap-suppressed" manuf="Fortinet, Inc." security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" signal=-41 noise=-95 live=173406 age=8 onwire="no" detectionmethod="N/A" stamac="N/A" apscan="N/A" sndetected="N/A" radioiddetected=0 stacount=0 snclosest="FP321C3X15001615" radioidclosest=1 apstatus=0 msg="AP OFFENDING_ SSID 1a:5b:0e:b5:f3:bf chan 153 live 173406 age 8"
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This section includes topics related to monitoring your wireless network.
l Monitoring wireless health and clients on page 314 l Monitoring rogue APs on page 315 l Suppressing rogue APs on page 319 l Monitoring wireless clients on page 320 l Monitoring application usage for clients connected to bridge mode SSIDs on page 328 l Monitoring FortiAP with SNMP on page 333 l Monitoring FortiAP temperatures on page 337 l Enabling spectrum analysis on page 338 l Disable dedicated scanning on FortiAP F-Series profiles on page 343 l Enabling AP scan channel lists to optimize foreground scanning on page 346 l Optimizing memory storage by limiting monitoring data on page 349
Monitoring wireless health and clients
You can see an overview of your FortiGate or FortiWiFi unit by navigating to Dashboard > WiFi. The WiFi dashboard provides a comprehensive view of the health of your network's wireless infrastructure.
The following widgets are displayed on the dashboard:
Dashboard widget Channel Utilization Clients By FortiAP FortiAP Status Historical Clients Interfering APs Login Failures Rogue APs Signal Strength
Description Monitor FortiAPs per radio channel utilization. Monitor the number of clients per FortiAP. Monitor FortiAP status. Real-time number of WiFi clients over the selected time frame. Monitor FortiAPs that are reporting interfering APs. Monitor WiFi login failures. Monitor rogue APs. Monitor the signal strength of WiFi clients.
To add a new widget, click + Add Widget and select from a list of predefined widget categories.
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Monitoring rogue APs
The access point radio equipment can scan for other available access points, either as a dedicated monitor or in idle periods during AP operation. To see all the rogue APs detected by your managed FortiAP or FortiWiFi unit, go to Dashboard > WiFi > Rogue APs.
The Rogue AP widget shows three charts containing rogue AP statistic information in different categories. l The Interfering FortiAPs chart shows the amount of rogue APs detected by each managed FortiAP unit or FortiWiFi local radio. l The SSID chart shows the amount of SSID names detected as rogue APs. l The Vendor Info chart shows the vender information of the detected rogue APs.
All the rogue APs are listed in a table, where you can mark each one as either Accepted or Rogue access points. You can click the Show Offline or Show Accepted button to toggle views for seeing offline rogue APs and accepted rogue APs.
Column Name MAC Address SSID State
Description
The MAC address of the Wireless interface.
The wireless service set identifier (SSID) or network name for the wireless interface.
Accepted AP -- Use this status for APs that are an authorized part of your network or are neighboring APs that are not a security threat. To see accepted APs in the list, select Show Accepted.
Rogue AP -- Use this status for unauthorized APs that the On-wire status indicates are attached to your wired networks.
Suppressed Rogue AP -- Use this status to suppress unauthorized APs. Unclassified -- This is the initial status of a discovered AP. You can change an AP back to unclassified if you have mistakenly marked it as Rogue or Accepted.
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Column Name Online Status
Signal Interference Vendor Info Detected By Channel On-wire Security Type First Seen Last Seen Rate
Description
Active AP Inactive AP Active ad-hoc WiFi device Inactive ad-hoc WiFi device The relative signal strength of the AP. Hover over the symbol to view the signal-to-noise ratio. The name of the vendor. The name or serial number of the AP unit that detected the signal. The wireless radio channel that the access point uses. A green up-arrow indicates a suspected rogue, based on the on-wire detection technique. A red down-arrow indicates AP is not a suspected rogue. The type of security currently being used. How long ago this AP was first detected. How long ago this AP was last detected. Data rate in bps.
Changing a rogue AP state
1. In the table of rogue APs, select the AP you want and hover over the State column until an Edit icon appears 2. Click the Edit icon and select a state from the drop-down list.
3. Click Apply. You can use this to suppress rogue APs, see Suppressing rogue APs on page 319.
On-wire rogue AP detection technique
Other APs that are available in the same area as your own APs are not necessarily rogues. A neighboring AP that has no connection to your network might cause interference, but it is not a security threat. A rogue AP is an unauthorized AP connected to your wired network. This can enable unauthorized access. When rogue AP detection is enabled, the Onwire column in the Rogue APs widget shows a green up-arrow on detected rogues.
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Rogue AP monitoring of WiFi client traffic builds a table of WiFi clients and the Access Points that they are communicating through. The FortiGate unit also builds a table of MAC addresses that it sees on the LAN. The FortiGate unit's on-wire correlation engine constantly compares the MAC addresses seen on the LAN to the MAC addresses seen on the WiFi network. There are two methods of Rogue AP on-wire detection operating simultaneously: Exact MAC address match and MAC adjacency.
Exact MAC address match
If the same MAC address is seen on the LAN and on the WiFi network, this means that the wireless client is connected to the LAN. If the AP that the client is using is not authorized in the FortiGate unit configuration, that AP is deemed an 'onwire' rogue. This scheme works for non-NAT rogue APs.
MAC adjacency
If an access point is also a router, it applies NAT to WiFi packets. This can make rogue detection more difficult. However, an AP's WiFi interface MAC address is usually in the same range as its wired MAC address. So, the MAC adjacency rogue detection method matches LAN and WiFi network MAC addresses that are within a defined numerical distance of each other. By default, the MAC adjacency value is 7. If the AP for these matching MAC addresses is not authorized in the FortiGate unit configuration, that AP is deemed an 'on-wire' rogue.
Limitations
On-wire rogue detection has some limitations. There must be at least one WiFi client connected to the suspect AP and continuously sending traffic. If the suspect AP is a router, its WiFi MAC address must be very similar to its Ethernet port MAC address.
Logging
Information about detected rogue APs is logged and uploaded to your FortiAnalyzer unit, if you have one. By default, rogue APs generate an alert level log, unknown APs generate a warning level log. This log information can help you with PCI-DSS compliance requirements.
Rogue AP scanning as a background activity
Each WiFi radio can perform monitoring of radio channels in its operating band while acting as an AP. It does this by briefly switching from AP to monitoring mode. By default, a scan period starts every 300 seconds. Each second a different channel is monitored for 20ms until all channels have been checked. During heavy AP traffic, it is possible for Spectrum Analysis background scanning to cause lost packets when the radio switches to monitoring. To reduce the probability of lost packets, you can set the CLI ap-bgscan-idle field to delay the switch to monitoring until the AP has been idle for a specified period. This means that heavy AP traffic may slow background scanning.
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The following CLI example configures default background rogue scanning operation except that it sets ap-bgscanidle to require 100ms of AP inactivity before scanning the next channel.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit ourprofile config radio-1 set wids-profile ourwidsprofile set spectrum-analysis enable end end
config wireless-controller wids-profile edit ourwidsprofile set ap-scan enable set rogue-scan enable set ap-bgscan-period 300 set ap-bgscan-intv 1 set ap-bgscan-duration 20 set ap-bgscan-idle 100 end
Configuring rogue scanning
All APs using the same FortiAP Profile share the same rogue scanning settings, unless override is configured.
To enable rogue AP scanning with on-wire detection - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > WIDS Profiles. 2. Select an existing WIDS Profile and edit it, or select Create New. 3. Select a Sensor mode, you can choose either Foreign Channels Only or Foreign and Home Channels.
On-wire detection is automatically enabled when you select both a sensor mode and enable rogue AP detection. 4. Select Enable rogue AP detection. 5. Optionally, enable Auto Suppress Rogue APs in Foreground Scan. 6. Click OK.
You can then apply the WIDS profile to a FortiAP profile.
To enable the rogue AP scanning feature in a custom AP profile - CLI:
1. Create a WIDS profile: config wireless-controller wids-profile edit "example-wids-profile" set ap-scan enable set rogue-scan enable end
2. Select the WIDS profile for the managed FortiAP: config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "example-FAP-profile" config platform set type <FAP-model-number> end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set ap-country US
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config radio-1 set band 802.11n set wids-profile "example-wids-profile" set vap-all disable
end config radio-2
set band 802.11ac set vap-all disable end next end
Exempting an AP from rogue scanning
By default, if Rogue AP Detection is enabled, it is enabled on all managed FortiAP units. Optionally, you can exempt an AP from scanning. You should be careful about doing this if your organization must perform scanning to meet PCI-DSS requirements.
To exempt an AP from rogue scanning:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > WIDS Profiles. 2. Create a new WIDS profile and disable Rogue AP detection. 3. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the profile you wish to exempt from rogue scanning. 4. Assign the WIDS profile created in step 2.
MAC adjacency
You can adjust the maximum WiFi to Ethernet MAC difference used when determining whether a suspect AP is a rogue.
To adjust MAC adjacency:
For example, to change the adjacency to 8, enter config wireless-controller global
set rogue-scan-mac-adjacency 8 end
Suppressing rogue APs
In addition to monitoring rogue APs, you can actively prevent your users from connecting to them. When suppression is activated against an AP, the FortiGate WiFi controller sends deauthentication messages to the rogue AP's clients, posing as the rogue AP, and also sends deauthentication messages to the rogue AP, posing as its clients. This is done using the monitoring radio.
Before enabling this feature, verify that operation of Rogue Suppression is compliant with the applicable laws and regulations of your region.
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To enable rogue AP suppression, you must enable monitoring of rogue APs with the on-wire detection technique (see Configuring rogue scanning on page 318). The monitoring radio must be in the Dedicated Monitor mode.
To activate AP suppression against a rogue AP: 1. Go to Dashboard > WiFi > Rogue APs. 2. In the table of rogue APs, select the AP you want to suppress and hover your mouse over the State column. 3. Click the Edit icon and select Suppressed Rogue AP. 4. Click Apply.
To deactivate AP suppression: 1. Go to Dashboard > WiFi > Rogue APs. 2. In the table of rogue APs, select the AP you want to suppress and hover your mouse over the State column. 3. Click the Edit icon and select another state. 4. Click Apply.
You can change the state of multiple APs by selecting multiple rows.
To activate AP suppression against a rogue AP - CLI:
config wireless-controller ap-status edit 1 set bssid 90:6c:ac:da:a7:f1 set ssid "example-SSID" set status suppressed next
end
Monitoring wireless clients
You can view detailed information about the health of individual WiFi connections from WiFi and Switch Controller > WiFi Clients. You can also Quarantine or Disassociate a wireless client from there.
To view connected clients on a FortiGate or FortiWiFi unit:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > WiFi Clients. The following information is displayed by default on both the FortiGate and FortiWiFi units:
Column headers Association Time Bandwidth Tx/Rx
Description How long the client has been connected to this access point. Client received and transmitted bandwidth, in Kbps.
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Column headers Channel Device FortiAP IP MAC Address
Signal Strength Signal Strength / Noise SSID User
Description WiFi radio channel in use. The name of the device. The serial number of the FortiAP unit to which the client connected. The IP address assigned to the wireless client. The MAC address of the device. Note: This column is available on the FortiGate only. The current signal strength and health. The signal-to-noise ratio in decibels calculated from signal strength and noise level.
The SSID that the client is connected to. The user name associated with the device.
You can hover over the columns and click the Settings icon to add more columns to the table.
You can also click each row and drill down for a summary about the applications, destinations, policies, and logs on each client. From the summary page, you can also choose to Quarantine or Disassociate the host.
To quarantine the host:
You can block a specific host for your network by quarantining it. 1. From the WiFi Clients page, double-click the client you want to quarantine.
The client summary page loads. 2. Click Quarantine to open the Quarantine Host dialog. 3. Click OK to quarantine the selected wireless client, and close the dialog.
To disassociate a host:
You can remove a specific host from your network by disassociating it. 1. From the WiFi Clients page, double-click the client you want to disassociate.
The client summary page loads. 2. Click Disassociate.
The Confirm dialog opens. 3. Click OK to disassociate the selected wireless client, and close the dialog.
Understanding client health
From the summary page, the Health section displays the overall health for the wireless connection. The overall health of the connection is:
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l Good if the value range for all three conditions are Good l Fair or Poor if one of the three conditions is Fair or Poor.
Condition Signal Strength
Signal Strength/Noise
Band
Value Range
l Good > -56dBm l -56dBm > Fair > -75dBm l Poor < -75dBm
l Good > 39dBm l 20dBm < Fair < 39dBm l Poor < 20dBm
l Good = 5G band l Fair = 2.4G band
Monitoring wireless clients over IPv6 traffic
Wireless client IPv6 traffic is supported from both tunnel and local bridge mode SSID in FortiOS. To configure and monitor wireless clients on IPv6:
l Tunnel mode SSID IPv6 traffic on page 322 l Local bridge mode SSID IPv6 traffic on page 325 l CLI commands for IPv6 rules on page 327
Tunnel mode SSID IPv6 traffic
In the following example, FortiAP S221E is managed by FortiGate 100D and broadcasts tunnel mode SSID:FOS_QA_ 100D-IPv6.
To configure a WiFi client accessing IPv6 tunnel mode traffic:
1. In FortiOS, create a tunnel mode VAP:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi4" set ssid "FOS_QA_100D-IPv6" set passphrase ********
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set schedule "always" next end
2. Create an IPv6 address for the VAP with DHCP enabled:
config system interface edit "wifi4" set vdom "vdom1" set ip 10.40.80.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping https http set type vap-switch set alias "vdom1:" set device-identification enable set role lan set snmp-index 36 config ipv6 set ip6-address 2001:10:40:80::1/64 set ip6-allowaccess ping https http set ip6-send-adv enable set ip6-manage-flag enable set ip6-other-flag enable end next
end
config system dhcp6 server edit 1 set subnet 2001:10:40:80::/64 set interface "wifi4" config ip-range edit 1 set start-ip 2001:10:40:80::1000 set end-ip 2001:10:40:80::1100 next end next
end
3. Create an IPv6 policy from the VAP to WAN1:
config firewall policy6 edit 1 set name "ipv6" set srcintf "wifi4" set dstintf "wan1" set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set logtraffic all set nat enable next
end
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4. Verify the IPv6 address in the station list: a. In the FortiGate CLI:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=4 wtp=3 rId=1 wlan=wifi4 vlan_id=0 ip=10.40.80.2 ip6=2001:10:40:80::1000
mac=b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72 vci=MSFT 5.0 host=DESKTOP-DO33HQP user= group= signal=-29 noise=-93 idle=1 bw=48 use=5 chan=6 radio_type=11N security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk=default encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2
ip6=fe80::c5c5:6c09:8021:d2d0,88, *2001:10:40:80::1000,8,
b. In the FortiAP CLI:
FortiAP-S221E # sta wlan00 (FOS_QA_100D-IPv6) client count 1
MAC:b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72 ip:10.40.80.2 ip_proto:dhcp ip_age:84 host:DESKTOP-DO33HQP vci:MSFT 5.0
ip6:fe80::c5c5:6c09:8021:d2d0 ip6_proto:arp ip6_age:2 ip6_ rx:101
ip6:2001:10:40:80::1000 ip6_proto:dhcp ip6_age:82 ip6_rx:20 vlanid:0 Auth:Yes channel:6 rate:130Mbps rssi:65dB idle:0s Rx bytes:256951 Tx bytes:53947 Rx rate:130Mbps Tx rate:130Mbps Rx last:0s Tx last:0s AssocID:1 Mode: Normal Flags:f PauseCnt:0 KEY type=aes_ccm pad=0 keyix=65535 keylen=16 flags=3(xmit recv) RSC=0 TSC=0
e7 6f 05 ce 06 e1 4a 9b 3a d4 4f 43 1f 57 bb 49 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 KEY type=aes_ccm pad=0 keyix=1 keylen=16 flags=83(xmit recv dflt) RSC=0 TSC=0 01 47 6f 21 9b ac 73 4b 7c ae 07 66 7e 5a c6 7e 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FortiAP-S221E #
FortiAP-S221E # usta
WTP daemon STA info:
1/1 b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72 00:00:00:00:00:00 vId=0 type=wl----sta, vap=wlan00,FOS_ QA_100D-IPv6(0) mpsk=default ip=10.40.80.2/1 host=DESKTOP-DO33HQP vci=MSFT 5.0 os=Windows
ip6=fe80::c5c5:6c09:8021:d2d0/2 rx=101 ip6=2001:10:40:80::1000/1 rx=21 replycount=0000000000000002
Total STAs: 1
c. In the FortiOS GUI, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > WiFi Clients. The address is displayed in the IPv6 Global Unicast Address and IPv6 Unique Local Address columns.
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Local bridge mode SSID IPv6 traffic
In the following example, FortiAP S221E is managed by FortiGate 100D through a local NATed switch and broadcasts local bridge mode SSID:FOS_QA_100D-LB-IPv6.
To configure a WiFi client accessing IPv6 local bridge mode traffic:
1. In FortiOS, create a local bridge mode VAP:
config wireless-controller vap edit "test1" set ssid "FOS_QA-100D-LB-IPv6" set passphrase ******** set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" next
end
2. Create an IPv6 DHCP server for the local NATed switch (FortiWiFi 60E is used in this example):
config system interface edit "internal6" set vdom "vdom1" set ip 2.2.3.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess ping https http fabric set type physical set snmp-index 18 config ipv6 set ip6-address 2001:100:122:130::1/64 set ip6-allowaccess ping https http fabric set ip6-send-adv enable set ip6-manage-flag enable set ip6-other-flag enable end next
end
config system dhcp6 server edit 1 set subnet 2001:100:122:130::/64 set interface "internal6"
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config ip-range edit 1 set start-ip 2001:100:122:130::200 set end-ip 2001:100:122:130::300 next
end next end
3. Create an IPv6 policy for the local NATed switch:
config firewall policy6 edit 2 set name "ipv6" set uuid 56368fc6-3268-51ea-a791-91a6ab82a109 set srcintf "internal6" set dstintf "internal7" set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set logtraffic all set nat enable next
end
4. Verify the IPv6 address in the station list: a. In the FortiGate CLI:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=4 wtp=3 rId=2 wlan=test1 vlan_id=0 ip=2.2.3.3 ip6=2001:100:122:130::200
mac=f0:98:9d:76:64:c4 vci= host=iPhoneX user= group= signal=-41 noise=-105 idle=18 bw=0 use=5 chan=36 radio_type=11AC security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk=default encrypt=aes cp_authed=no online=yes mimo=2
ip6=fe80::82a:9eba:69c5:5454,13, *2001:100:122:130::200,2,
b. In the FortiAP CLI:
FortiAP-S221E # sta wlan10 (FOS_QA-100D-LB-IPv6) client count 1
MAC:f0:98:9d:76:64:c4 ip:2.2.3.3 ip_proto:dhcp ip_age:8 host:iPhoneX vci: ip6:fe80::82a:9eba:69c5:5454 ip6_proto:arp ip6_age:1 ip6_
rx:12 ip6:2001:100:122:130::200 ip6_proto:dhcp ip6_age:8 ip6_rx:2
vlanid:0 Auth:Yes channel:36 rate:173Mbps rssi:64dB idle:0s Rx bytes:26654 Tx bytes:27949 Rx rate:78Mbps Tx rate:173Mbps Rx last:0s Tx last:0s AssocID:1 Mode: Normal Flags:1000000b PauseCnt:0 KEY type=aes_ccm pad=0 keyix=65535 keylen=16 flags=3(xmit recv) RSC=0 TSC=0
83 25 7e 72 d2 b1 d2 ef 30 9f 6e 9f 50 e5 6f 5a 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 KEY type=aes_ccm pad=0 keyix=1 keylen=16 flags=83(xmit recv dflt) RSC=0 TSC=0 1f 25 64 3e 02 4d e2 f1 2c b0 5e 03 ed 99 a4 47 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FortiAP-S221E #
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FortiAP-S221E # usta
WTP daemon STA info:
1/1 f0:98:9d:76:64:c4 00:00:00:00:00:00 vId=0 type=wl----sta, vap=wlan10,FOS_ QA-100D-LB-IPv6(0) mpsk=default ip=2.2.3.3/1 host=iPhoneX vci= os=iOS
ip6=fe80::82a:9eba:69c5:5454/2 rx=12 ip6=2001:100:122:130::200/1 rx=2 replycount=0000000000000002
Total STAs: 1 c. In the FortiOS GUI, go to WiFi and Switch Controller > WiFi Clients. The address is displayed in the IPv6 Global
Unicast Address and IPv6 Unique Local Address columns.
CLI commands for IPv6 rules
The following IPv6 rules can be used in VAP configurations:
Command drop-icmp6ra
drop-icmp6rs drop-llmnr6 drop-icmp6mld2 drop-dhcp6s drop-dhcp6c ndp-proxy drop-ns-dad drop-ns-nondad
Description Drop ICMPv6 router advertisement (RA) packets that originate from wireless clients. Drop ICMPv6 router solicitation (RS) packets to be sent to wireless clients. Drop Link-Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) packets. Drop ICMPv6 Multicast Listener report V2 (MLD2) packets. Drop DHCPv6 server generated packets that originate from wireless clients. Drop DHCPv6 client generated packets to be sent to wireless clients. Enable IPv6 NDP proxy; send back NA on behalf of the client and drop the NS. Drop ICMPv6 NS DAD when target address is not found in the NDP proxy cache. Drop ICMPv6 NS non-DAD when target address is not found in the NDP proxy cache.
To configure IPv6 rules on a VAP in FortiOS:
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi4" set ssid "FOS_QA_100D-IPv6" set passphrase ********
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set schedule "always" set ipv6-rules drop-icmp6ra drop-icmp6rs drop-llmnr6 drop-icmp6mld2 drop-dhcp6s drop-dhcp6c ndp-proxy drop-ns-dad drop-ns-nondad next end
The IPv6 rules settings can be pushed to a FortiAP when the VAP is broadcast.
To view the pushed settings on the FortiAP:
FortiAP-S221E # iwpriv wlan00 get_bmcs6
wlan00 get_bmcs6:991 (0x3df)
00000001 icmp6-ra
: yes
00000002 icmp6-rs
: yes
00000004 dhcp6-server
: yes
00000008 dhcp6-client
: yes
00000010 llmnr
: yes
00000040 icmp6-mld2
: yes
00000080 ndp-proxy
: yes
00000100 ns-dad
: yes
00000200 ns-nondad
: yes
Monitoring application usage for clients connected to bridge mode SSIDs
FortiAPs must be running firmware version 7.2.0 and later. WiFi clients must be connected to a bridge mode SSID.
You can monitor the application usage data for clients that are connected on bridge mode IDs by using the CLI command "diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta <mac-address of wireless station>". FortiGate receives the wireless client application information from FortiAPs and analyzes the traffic information on each application.
The following CLI commands can be configured under config wireless-controller vap:
l set application-detection enable | disable: Enable or disable the reporting of wireless client application information for the bridge mode SSID that it is configured for. Application reporting is disabled by default.
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l set application-report-intv <seconds>: Configure the time interval for the FortiAP to collect and report the application traffic information to the FortiGate. The default interval is 120 seconds.
To enable application-detection in VAP:
config wireless-controller vap edit "vap-ndpi" set ssid "SSID_NDPI" set passphrase ENC set local-bridging enable set schedule "always" set application-detection-engine enable set application-report-intv 60 next
end
To check the application detection attribute from FortiAP:
FortiAP-231F # vcfg
-------------------------------VAP Configuration 1----------------------------
Radio Id 1 WLAN Id 0 SSID_NDPI ADMIN_UP(INTF_UP) init_done 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 unknown (-1)
vlanid=0, intf=wlan10, vap=0x3db5702c, bssid=e0:23:ff:d7:74:b0
11ax high-efficiency=enabled target-wake-time=enabled
bss-color-partial=enabled
mesh backhaul=disabled
local_auth=disabled standalone=disabled nat_mode=disabled
local_bridging=enabled split_tunnel=disabled
intra_ssid_priv=disabled
mcast_enhance=disabled igmp_snooping=disabled
mac_auth=disabled fail_through_mode=disabled sta_info=1/0
mac=local, tunnel=8023, cap=8ce0, qos=disabled
prob_resp_suppress=disabled
rx sop=disabled
sticky client remove=disabled
mu mimo=enabled
ldpc_config=rxtx
dhcp_option43_insertion=enabled
dhcp_option82_insertion=disabled
dhcp_enforcement=disabled
access_control_list=disabled
bc_suppression=dhcp dhcp-ucast arp
auth=WPA2, PSK, AES WPA keyIdx=1, keyLen=16, keyStatus=1, gTsc=000000000000
key=f4cf7fd6 32dbced5 6d9fb25c 8894ad9b
pmf=disable
okc=disabled, dynamic_vlan=disabled, extern_roaming=disabled
voice_ent(802.11kv)=disabled, fast_bss_trans(802.11r)=disabled mbo=disabled
port_macauth=disable
airfairness weight: 20%
schedules=SMTWTFS 00:00->00:00,
ratelimit(Kbps): ul=0 dl=0 ul_user=0 dl_user=0 burst=disabled
primary wag:
secondary wag:
application detection engine: enabled, report-interval=60, configured
-------------------------------Total 1 VAP Configurations----------------------------
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Station 00:c0:ca:87:07:50 flow stats list:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
AID TX total TX new
RX total RX new
Application/Protocol Name
----- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------------------------
0
992 B
0 B 3.821 KB
0 B ukn
7 2.056 KB
0 B 1.888 KB
0 B twitter
12
342 B
0B
62 B
0 B icloud
28 68.553 KB 7.416 KB 11.400 KB 3.879 KB youtube
139 6.281 KB
0 B 1.841 KB
0 B yahoo
609 4.847 KB
0 B 1.734 KB
0 B new-relic
632 20.167 KB
0 B 4.310 KB
0 B google-services
664 6.080 KB
0 B 13.842 KB
0 B microsoft-services
728 18.324 KB
0 B 12.785 KB
0 B amazon-services
765 2.031 MB
0 B 345.697 KB
0 B service_amazon
768 70.786 KB 70.497 KB 7.094 KB 7.031 KB service_google
786 3.927 KB
0 B 1.992 KB
0 B service_microsoft
866 5.842 KB
0 B 2.656 KB
0 B spotxchange
889
359 B
0B
63 B
0 B goodreads
1032
480 B
480 B
58 B
58 B imdb
1090 23.201 KB
0 B 7.608 KB
0 B adobeanalytics
1141 7.160 KB
0 B 2.030 KB
0 B casale
1218 5.226 KB
0 B 2.002 KB
0 B rubiconproject
1397 5.411 KB 5.411 KB 1.938 KB 1.938 KB exelate
1788 25.110 KB 25.110 KB 6.503 KB 6.503 KB bing
1838 12.417 KB 12.417 KB 2.830 KB 2.830 KB delicious
1861 6.106 KB 6.106 KB 2.008 KB 2.008 KB pubmatic
1968
753 B
0B
406 B
0 B http
1974 11.720 KB 11.375 KB 1.826 KB 1.757 KB dns
1979 475.727 KB
0 B 66.211 KB
0 B ssl
2012
357 B
0B
0B
0 B dhcp
2182 1.033 MB
0 B 152.760 KB
0 B quic
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
To check the application detection information from FortiGate:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta <mac-address of wireless station> STA:
vf : 0 wtp id : AP-2 wtp index : 786 rId : 2 wlan : !1qcadpi vlan_id : 0 ssid : !!1qcadpi-kv essid : !!1qcadpi-kv bssid : 74:78:a6:98:47:f8 assoc time : 2024-03-13 12:01:51 ip : 192.168.250.23 ip6 : fe80::c01:3236:b69f:b18b mac : 16:8c:c6:3a:3e:32 vci :
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host : user : group : signal : -26 noise : -77 atf val : 0 maxrate : 1201 Mbps rxrate : 216 Mbps rxrate_mcs : 4 rxrate_score : 18% txrate : 258 Mbps txrate_mcs : 10 txrate_score : 21% idle : 1 bw : 209 use : 5 chan : 149 radio_type : 11AX_5G security : WPA2_PERSONAL mpsk : encrypt : aes cp_authed : no online : yes mimo : 2 handoff time : 0 STA extension data : rx_bytes : 5057186 rx_data : 26952 rx_rate : 216 Mbps rx_throughput : 47.03 Kbps rx_dup : 0 rx_noprivacy : 0 rx_wepfail : 0 rx_demicfail : 0 rx_tkipmic : 0 rx_ccmpmic : 0 rx_wpimic : 0 rx_tkipicv : 0 rx_decap : 0 rx_defrag : 0 rx_decryptcrc : 0 rx_unauth : 0 rx_unencrypted : 0 rx_err : 0 tx_bytes : 119997874 tx_frames : 94270 tx_rate : 258 Mbps tx_throughput : 162.43 Kbps tx_discard : 0 current tx_discard_percentage: 0% tx_target_discard : 0 tx_host_discard : 0 tx_retries : 22957 current tx_retry_percentage: 24% sounding_count : 0 explicit_compbf : off
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explicit_noncompbf : off implicit_bf : off SU Beamformer support : off SU Beamformee support : on MU Beamformer support : off MU Beamformee support : off Capabilities : WMM RSSI : 51 dB
rx_ucast_bytes : 5006071 rx_mcast_bytes : 51115 rx_ucast_pkts : 26584 rx_mcast_pkts : 368 rx_decrypt_succeeds : 0 rx_ratemcs : 0x4 rx_pkts_retried : 8056 rx_mic_err : 0 rx_qos_pkts[0] : 25194 rx_qos_bytes[0] : 0 rx_qos_pkts[1] : 1514 rx_qos_bytes[1] : 0 rx_qos_pkts[2] : 35 rx_qos_bytes[2] : 0 rx_qos_pkts[3] : 1158 rx_qos_bytes[3] : 0 rx_ampdu_mpdu : 0 tx_ucast_bytes : 119997874 tx_mcast_bytes : 0 tx_ucast_pkts : 94270 tx_mcast_pkts : 0 tx_ratemcs : 0xa tx_pkts_retried : 22957 tx_qos_pkts[0] : 63962 tx_qos_bytes[0] : 0 tx_qos_pkts[1] : 19 tx_qos_bytes[1] : 0 tx_qos_pkts[2] : 17846 tx_qos_bytes[2] : 0 tx_qos_pkts[3] : 12574 tx_qos_bytes[3] : 0 STA Recent Top Applications : 2024-03-13 13:58:16 (7 seconds ago) 1. Application ID : 28 - "youtube"
Tx Bytes : 1401807 Rx Bytes : 42790 2. Application ID : 12 - "icloud" Tx Bytes : 138353 Rx Bytes : 66468 3. Application ID : 139 - "yahoo" Tx Bytes : 38742 Rx Bytes : 19002 4. Application ID : 1979 - "ssl" Tx Bytes : 20190 Rx Bytes : 8004 5. Application ID : 128 - "edk" Tx Bytes : 1228 Rx Bytes : 6890
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6. Application ID : 1974 - "dns" Tx Bytes : 2281 Rx Bytes : 1178
7. Application ID : 20 - "amazon-cloud" Tx Bytes : 1957 Rx Bytes : 878
8. Application ID : 768 - "service_google" Tx Bytes : 941 Rx Bytes : 602
9. Application ID : 1805 - "imrworldwide" Tx Bytes : 630 Rx Bytes : 216
10. Application ID : 1218 - "rubiconproject" Tx Bytes : 510 Rx Bytes : 219
Monitoring FortiAP with SNMP
You can enable SNMP directly on FortiAP by implementing a SNMPD daemon/subagent on the FortiAP side.
To configure SNMP operation settings per VDOM:
config wireless-controller snmp set engine-id "fap-fortinet" set contact-info "user@example.com" set trap-high-cpu-threshold 80 set trap-high-mem-threshold 80 config community edit 1 set name "fap-comm-1" set status enable set query-v1-status enable set query-v2c-status enable set trap-v1-status enable set trap-v2c-status enable config hosts edit 1 set ip 192.168.1.168 255.255.255.0 next end next end config user edit "fap" set status enable set queries enable set trap-status enable set security-level no-auth-no-priv set notify-hosts 192.168.1.168 next end
end
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To allow SNMP access in FortiAP profiles or per FortiAP device:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP423E-default append allowaccess snmp next
end
To disallow SNMP access in FortiAP profiles or per FortiAP device:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP423E-default unselect allowaccess snmp next
end
FortiAP SNMP implementation
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) queries and trap messages based on wireless-controller SNMP settings configured on FortiGate is supported on the following:
l FortiAP-S and FortiAP-W2 version 6.2.0 and later. l FortiAP 6.4.3 and later. l FortiAP-U 6.0.4 and later. All SNMP versions (v1, v2, and v3) are supported.
The local standalone mode does not support FortiAP direct SNMP. The SNMP manager requires the following management information base (MIB) files:
l FortiAP MIB l Fortinet Core MIB
Downloading the FortiAP MIB and Fortinet Core MIB files
To download the FortiAP SNMP MIB and Fortinet Core MIB files, perform the following steps: 1. Go to the Fortinet Support website. 2. Log in to your account. If you do not have an account, create one and then log in. 3. From the top banner, select Support > Firmware Download. 4. From Select Product drop-down, select FortiAP-S or FortiAP-W2, as applicable. 5. Click the Download tab. 6. Locate the v6.00 folder (or later) and then the 6.2 (or later) folder to match the firmware release running on your
FortiAP-S or FortiAP-W2 device. 7. Navigate through the folders to find and then download the FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB-buildxxxx.mib file. 8. From the Select Product drop-down, select FortiGate. 9. Click the Download tab. 10. Locate the v6.00 folder (or later) and then 6.2 (or later) folder to match the firmware release running on your
FortiGate device.
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11. Navigate through the folders to find and then download the FORTINET-CORE-MIB-buildxxxx.mib file. 12. Load the MIB files into your SNMP manager.
FortiAP SNMP trap messages
FortiAP-S and FortiAP-W2 can send the following trap messages to an SNMP manager or trap receiver:
Trap message fapDevUp fapCpuOverload fapMemOverload
fapDevDown fapAcConnected
Description The specified FortiAP device is up. The CPU usage of the specified FortiAP has exceeded the configured threshold. The memory usage of the specified FortiAP has exceeded the configured threshold. The specified FortiAP device is down. FortiAP has connected to the specified AP controller (AC).
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The following screenshot shows an SNMP trap receiver (SnmpB) that has received one fapDevUp trap message from a FortiAP unit (serial number: FP222E3X17000000).
FortiAP SNMP queries
From your SNMP manager, you can use the SNMP GET and SNMP WALK commands to query FortiAP for status information, variables values, SSID configuration, radio configuration, and so on. You can also use the SNMP SET command to configure local FortiAP variables. Here is an example of polling FortiAP data using the snmpwalk command from a Linux OS computer:
$ snmpwalk -v2c -c public 10.0.28.2 .1
SNMPv2-MIB::sysDescr.0 = STRING: FortiAP-S223E
SNMPv2-MIB::sysObjectID.0 = OID: FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapHostName
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DISMAN-EXPRESSION-MIB::sysUpTimeInstance = Timeticks: (27486) 0:04:34.86 SNMPv2-MIB::sysContact.0 = STRING: user@example.com SNMPv2-MIB::sysName.0 = STRING: FortiAP-S223E SNMPv2-MIB::sysLocation.0 = STRING: N/A IF-MIB::ifNumber.0 = INTEGER: 25 ... FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapVersion.0 = STRING: PS223E-v6.2-build0229 FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapSerialNum.0 = STRING: PS223E3X170000001 FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapHostName.0 = STRING: FortiAP-S223E FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapRegionCode.0 = STRING: E FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapBaseMacAddr.0 = STRING: 70:4c:a5:43:7b:8 FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapBiosVer.0 = STRING: 04000002 FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapBiosDataVer.0 = INTEGER: 3 FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapSysPartNum.0 = STRING: 20155-03 FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapWtpWanMode.0 = INTEGER: wanOnly(0) FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapWtpApAddrMode.0 = INTEGER: dhcp(0) FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapWtpApIpAddr.0 = STRING: "192.168.1.2" FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapWtpApIpNetmask.0 = STRING: "255.255.255.0" FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapWtpApIpGateway.0 = STRING: "192.168.1.1" FORTINET-FORTIAP-MIB::fapWtpApMode.0 = INTEGER: thinAp(0) ...
Monitoring FortiAP temperatures
You can obtain the operating temperature of FortiAP models with built-in temperature sensors.
Operating temperature measures the junction temperature of the CPU. It is not a measurement of the ambient temperature for the FortiAP.
To obtain the temperature value of a FortiAP - FortiGate: # get wireless-controller wtp-status <serial number> | grep Temp
Temperature in Celsius: 1 (52)
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wtp <serial number> | grep Temp Temperature in Celsius: 3 (55,57,54)
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To obtain the temperature value of a FortiAP - FortiAP: # cw_diag -c temperature
Temperature in Celsius: 3 (52,52,52)
Enabling spectrum analysis
Spectrum analysis is visible in the FortiOS GUI through the Managed FortiAPs page for select FortiAP models. Spectrum analysis can also be performed in the FortiOS CLI. To start or stop the spectrum analysis: execute wireless-controller spectral-scan <wtp-id> <radio-id > <on | off> <duration> <channel> <report-interval> To verify the results: diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c rf-sa <wtp-id> <radio-id> <channel> get wireless-controller spectral-info <wtp-id> <radio-id>
To view spectrum analysis in the FortiOS GUI: 1. Change the radio mode:
a. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and double-click the FortiAP to edit the profile. b. In the Radio 1 and Radio 2 sections for Mode, select Dedicated Monitor.
c. Click OK. 2. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 3. In the table, hover over the AP so the context menu appears and click Diagnostics and Tools.
The summary pane appears. 4. Click Spectrum Analysis. 5. Select a band frequency to view the analysis for: Signal Interference, Signal Interference Spectrogram, Duty Cycle,
Duty Cycle Spectrogram, and Detected Interference (list). Analysis for 2.4 GHz:
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6. Click Close.
To change the radio mode in the FortiOS CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "421E" config platform set type 421E end config radio-1 set mode monitor end config radio-2 set mode monitor end next
end
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To view spectrum analysis for radio 1 in the FortiOS CLI:
1. Start the spectrum analysis on channel 1:
# execute wireless-controller spectral-scan FP421ETF19000000 1 on 30 1 1000
2. View the analysis results:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c rf-sa FP421ETF19000000 1 1
-------------------------------RF Spectrum Data 1----------------------------
rId: 1 Age: 24 gen 27
rssi: 11 nf: -96 bw: 1 Freq: 2412 Chan: 1 Cnt bin 256
Interf: 0 (idx,duty_max,duty,pwr_max,pwr)
0 45 14 -67 -89
1 45 14 -60 -89
2 44 14 -63 -89
3
44 13 -57 -83 -
4 44 13 -61 -89
5 43 12 -67 -89
6 43 11 -67 -89
7
42 11 -67 -89
8 42 10 -67 -89
9 42 10 -67 -89
10 41 10 -67 -83 - 11
41 10 -67 -89
12 41 10 -67 -89
13 42 10 -67 -89
14 41 10 -67 -83 - 15
41 10 -67 -89
16 41 10 -61 -89
17 41 10 -67 -89
18 41 10 -67 -89
19
41 9 -67 -89
20 41 10 -67 -89
21 41 10 -67 -89
22 41 10 -67 -89
23
42 10 -67 -79 -
# get wireless-controller spectral-info FP421ETF19000000 1
==============================================================================
Spectrum info for band freq [2402, 2482] chan [1,13]: (idx,age,gen,duty_max,duty,pwr_
max,pwr)
2402
0
1
7 19 19 -21 -83 -
1
1
7 18
18 -33 -83 -
2
1
7 18 18 -35 -83 -
3
1
7 17
17 -39 -83 -
4
1
7 17 17 -43 -83 -
5
1
7 16
16 -47 -83 -
6
1
7 15 15 -33 -83 -
7
1
7 15
15 -45 -83 -
8
1
7 14 14 -59 -83 -
9
1
7 14
14 -53 -83 -
10
1
7 14 14 -59 -83 -
11
1
7 14
14 -59 -83 -
3. Stop the spectrum analysis on radio 1:
# execute wireless-controller spectral-scan FP421ETF19000000 1 off
4. Verify the analysis has stopped:
# get wireless-controller spectral-info FP421ETF19000000 1 ============================================================================== No spectrum info is found for band freq [2402, 2482] chan [1,13] ============================================================================== No spectrum info is found for band freq [5170, 5330] chan [36,64] ============================================================================== No spectrum info is found for band freq [5490, 5710] chan [100,140] ============================================================================== No spectrum info is found for band freq [5735, 5835] chan [149,165] FortiGate-80E-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c rf-sa FP421ETF19000000 1 1 -------------------------------Total 0 RF Spectrum Datas----------------------------
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To view spectrum analysis for radio 2 in the FortiOS CLI:
1. Start the spectrum analysis on all channels:
# execute wireless-controller spectral-scan FP421ETF19000000 2 on
2. View the analysis results:
# get wireless-controller spectral-info FP421ETF19000000 2
==============================================================================
No spectrum info is found for band freq [2402, 2482] chan [1,13]
==============================================================================
Spectrum info for band freq [5170, 5330] chan [36,64]: (idx,age,gen,duty_max,duty,pwr_
max,pwr)
5170
0
24
90 0
-92 -94
1
24
90
0
-92 -94
2
24
90 0
-92 -94
3
24
90
0
-92 -94
4
24
90 0
-92 -94
5
24
90
0
-92 -94
6
24
90 0
-92 -94
7
24
90
0
-92 -94
8
24
90 0
-92 -94
9
24
90
0
-92 -94
10
24
90 0
-92 -94
11
24
90
0
-92 -94
12
24
90 0
-92 -94
13
24
90
0
-92 -94
14
24
90 0
-92 -94
15
24
90
0
-92 -94
3. Check the spectrum analysis results on specific channels:
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c rf-sa FP421ETF19000000 2 36
-------------------------------RF Spectrum Data 1----------------------------
rId: 2 Age: 6 gen 7
rssi: 2 nf: -96 bw: 1 Freq: 5180 Chan: 36 Cnt bin 256
Interf: 0 (idx,duty_max,duty,pwr_max,pwr)
0 0 0 -92 -94
1 0 0 -92 -94
2 0 0 -92 -94
3
0 0 -92 -94
4 0 0 -92 -94
5 0 0 -92 -94
6 0 0 -92 -94
7
0 0 -92 -94
8 0 0 -92 -94
9 0 0 -92 -94
10 0 0 -92 -94
11
0 0 -92 -94
12 0 0 -92 -94
13 0 0 -92 -94
14 0 0 -92 -94
15
0 0 -92 -94
16 0 0 -92 -94
17 0 0 -92 -94
18 0 0 -92 -94
19
0 0 -92 -94
20 0 0 -92 -94
21 0 0 -92 -94
22 0 0 -92 -94
23
0 0 -92 -94
24 0 0 -92 -94
25 0 0 -92 -94
26 0 0 -92 -94
27
0 0 -92 -94
28 0 0 -92 -94
29 0 0 -92 -94
30 0 0 -92 -94
31
0 0 -92 -94
# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c rf-sa FP421ETF19000000 2 165
-------------------------------RF Spectrum Data 1----------------------------
rId: 2 Age: 22 gen 6
rssi: 11 nf: -96 bw: 1 Freq: 5825 Chan: 165 Cnt bin 256
Interf: 0 (idx,duty_max,duty,pwr_max,pwr)
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0 0 0 -90 -90
1 0 0 -90 -90
2 0 0 -90 -90
3
0 0 -90 -90
4 0 0 -90 -90
5 0 0 -90 -90
6 0 0 -90 -90
7
0 0 -90 -90
8 0 0 -90 -90
9 0 0 -90 -90
10 0 0 -90 -90
11
0 0 -90 -90
12 0 0 -90 -90
13 0 0 -90 -90
14 0 0 -90 -90
15
0 0 -90 -90
16 0 0 -90 -90
17 0 0 -90 -90
18 0 0 -90 -90
19
0 0 -90 -90
20 0 0 -90 -90
21 0 0 -90 -90
22 0 0 -90 -90
23
0 0 -90 -90
24 0 0 -90 -90
25 0 0 -90 -90
26 0 0 -90 -90
27
0 0 -90 -90
28 0 0 -90 -90
29 0 0 -90 -90
30 0 0 -90 -90
31
0 0 -90 -90
4. Stop the spectrum analysis on radio 2:
# execute wireless-controller spectral-scan FP421ETF19000000 2 off
5. Verify the analysis has stopped:
# get wireless-controller spectral-info FP421ETF19000000 2 ============================================================================== No spectrum info is found for band freq [2402, 2482] chan [1,13] ============================================================================== No spectrum info is found for band freq [5170, 5330] chan [36,64] ============================================================================== No spectrum info is found for band freq [5490, 5710] chan [100,140] ============================================================================== No spectrum info is found for band freq [5735, 5835] chan [149,165]
Disable dedicated scanning on FortiAP F-Series profiles
The FortiAP F-series product family supports two radios while a third radio performs dedicated scans at all times. However, due to wireless chipset limitations on the third radio, some of the data packets cannot be scanned which may impact the detection capabilities for FortiPresence and other related solutions. You can disable dedicated scan which will allow background scanning using WIDS profile to be enabled on Radios 1 and 2.
To disable dedicated scanning and enable background scanning - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and select the FortiAP F-series profile you want to disable dedicated scanning for.
2. Disable Dedicated scan.
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After you disable Dedicated scan, the WIDS profile option becomes available under Radio 1 and Radio 2 configuration. 3. Set the Mode of the Radio to Access Point. 4. Enable WIDS profile and select a WIDS profile to perform background scanning. 5. Go to Dashboard > WiFi > Rogue APs to verify that the Rogue AP list is on the same channel as the Radio you configured.
To disable dedicated scanning and enable background scanning - CLI: When you create a new FortiAP F-series profile, dedicated scanning is automatically enabled.
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1. Disable dedicated scanning and assign a WIDS profile:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit 433F config platform set type 433F set ddscan disable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 config radio-1 set band 802.11ax,n,g-only set wids-profile "default-wids-apscan-enabled" end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set wids-profile "default-wids-apscan-enabled" end config radio-3 set mode disabled end next
end
2. Configure the WIDS profile to enable background scan:
config wireless-controller wids-profile edit "default-wids-apscan-enabled" set ap-scan enable set ap-bgscan-period 60 set ap-bgscan-intv 1 set ap-bgscan-duration 20 set ap-bgscan-idle 0 next
end
3. Assign the wtp-profile to a managed FortiAP:
config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP433FTF20000002" set uuid e3beadf4-6fdf-51ec-d2ed-cd489ee341cb set admin enable set wtp-profile "433F" config radio-1 end config radio-2 end next
end
4. Check managed FortiAP Channel and background scan status:
FortiGate-80E-POE # diag wire wlac -c wtp FP433FTF20000002
-------------------------------WTP 1----------------------------
WTP vd
: root
vfid
:0
id
: FP433FTF20000002
...
Radio 1
: AP
...
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bgscan oper : enabled
bgscan period : oper 60 cfg 60
bgscan intv : 1
bgscan dur
: 20
bgscan idle : 0
bgscan rptintv : 30
...
Radio 2
: AP
...
bgscan oper : enabled
bgscan period : oper 60 cfg 60
bgscan intv : 1
bgscan dur
: 20
bgscan idle : 0
bgscan rptintv : 30
...
-------------------------------Total
1 WTPs----------------------------
5. Check the Rogue AP list on FortiGate:
FortiGate-80E-POE # diag wire wlac -c ap-rogue
CMWP AP: vf
bssid ssid
ch rate sec
signal noise age
sta mac
wtp cnt
ici bw sgi band
UNNN AP: 0
08:5b:0e:17:91:1f fortinet-30d-... 11 130 WPA2 Personal
-
39 -95 8
00:00:00:00:00:00
1 /1 56->0 20 0 11NGHT20
N
FP433FTF20000002 fortinet-30d-... 11 130 WPA2 Personal
-
39 -95 8
10.43.1.18:25246-0 1
UNNN AP: 0
08:5b:0e:4c:2b:6c fortinet
11 130 WPA2 Personal
-
67 -95 18
00:00:00:00:00:00
1 /1 28->0 20 0 11NGHT20
N
FP433FTF20000002 fortinet
11 130 WPA2 Personal
-
67 -95 18
10.43.1.18:25246-0 1
...
C - Configured (G:accept, B:rogue, S:suppress, U:unconfigured)
M - AC managed (V:vdom, C:AC, N:unmanaged)
W - On wire
(Y:yes, N:no)
P - Phishing (F:fake, O:offending, N:no)
Total Rogue-AP:34 Rogue-AP-WTP(displayed):34 Rogue-AP-WTP(total):34
Total Entries: 34
Enabling AP scan channel lists to optimize foreground scanning
You can use AP scan channel lists to optimize wireless foreground scanning by limiting the number of radio channels scanned. When DAARP, location-based services (LBS) for FortiPresence, or rogue AP monitoring are configured, you can select which channels to run a wireless foreground scan on based on frequency bands. With fewer channels to scan, the overall dwell cycle time is reduced while the frequency of the reporting interval is increased.
Under the Wireless Intrusion Detection System (WIDS) profile, use the following CLI commands to configure select channels:
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config wireless-controller wids-profile edit < WIDS_profile_name > set ap-scan enable set ap-scan-channel-list-2G-5G < channel-1 > < channel-2 > ... < channel-x > set ap-scan-channel-list-6G < channel-1 > < channel-2 > ... < channel-y > next
end
ap-scan-channel-list-2G- Add the 2.4G and 5G band AP channels you want to scan. 5G
ap-scan-channel-list-6G Add the 6G band AP channels you want to scan.
To create a WIDS profile to scan for specific radio channels:
1. Create a WIDS profile and add the selected channels to the appropriate AP scan channel list:
config wireless-controller wids-profile edit "wids.test" set sensor-mode both set ap-scan enable set ap-scan-channel-list-2G-5G "1" "6" "149" "161" set ap-scan-channel-list-6G "109" "201" "217" next
end
To scan specified 2.4G and 5G channels:
1. From the FortiAP profile, enable dedicated scanning and set Radio 3 to monitor mode with the WIDS profile applied.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP431G.ddscan" config platform set type 431G set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 config radio-1 set band 802.11ax,n,g-only end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G end config radio-3 set mode monitor set wids-profile "wids.test" end next
end
Radio 3 will scan the 2.4G and 5G channels specified in ap-scan-channel-list-2G-5G. 2. Verify that the scan is only run on the specified 2.4G and 5G channels.
FortiGate-40F # diag wireless-controller wlac -c ap-rogue
CMWP AP: vf
bssid ssid
ch rate sec
signal noise age
sta mac
wtp cnt
ici bw sgi band
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freq(MHz)
UNNN AP: 0
04:d5:90:4a:19:b1 FOS_test_001_... 161 260
55 -95 562
00:00:00:00:00:00
1 /1
none
5805
WPA3 OWE
-
20 0 11ACVHT20 (wave2)
N
FP431GTY22003576 FOS_test_001_... 161 260 WPA3 OWE
-
55 -95 562
172.20.1.29:5246 -2 11
UNNN AP: 0
06:18:d6:67:29:42
6 144 WPA2 Personal
-
85 -95 958
00:00:00:00:00:00
1 /1
none 20 1 11NGHT20
2437
N
FP431GTY22003576
6 144 WPA2 Personal
-
85 -95 958
172.20.1.29:5246 -2 11
UNNN AP: 0
06:93:7c:65:49:f8
1 1181 WPA2 Personal
-
87 -95 688
00:00:00:00:00:00
1 /1
none 20 1 11AXGHE20
2412
N
FP431GTY22003576
1 1181 WPA2 Personal
-
87 -95 688
172.20.1.29:5246 -2 11
UNNN AP: 0
90:6c:ac:45:5b:8a Example_001_test 149 130
69 -95 51438 00:00:00:00:00:00
1 /1
none
5745
WPA2 Personal
-
20 0 11NAHT20 (wave2)
N
FP431GTY22003576 Example_001_test 149 130 WPA2 Personal
-
69 -95 51438 172.20.1.29:5246 -2 11
To scan specified 6G channels:
1. From the FortiAP profile, do not enable dedicated scanning. Set Radio 3 to monitor mode with the WIDS profile applied.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP431G.noddscan" config platform set type 431G end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 config radio-1 set band 802.11ax,n,g-only end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G end config radio-3 set mode monitor set wids-profile "wids.test" end next
end
Radio 3 will scan the 6G channels specified in ap-scan-channel-list-6G. 2. Verify that the scan is only run on the specified 6G channels.
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FortiGate-40F # diag wireless-controller wlac -c ap-rogue
CMWP AP: vf
bssid ssid
signal noise age
sta mac
freq(MHz)
ch rate sec
wtp cnt
ici bw sgi band
UNNN AP: 0
84:39:8f:1f:0e:c8 test01-GUI-SS... 109 1147 WPA3 SAE
-
80 -95 6
00:00:00:00:00:00
1 /1
none 20 0 11AX6HE20-6G
6495
N
FP431GTY22003576 test01-GUI-SS... 109 1147 WPA3 SAE
-
80 -95 6
172.20.1.29:5246 -2 17
Optimizing memory storage by limiting monitoring data
You can optimize memory storage in the FortiGate wireless controller and improve CAPWAP stability by limiting the data stored from rogue APs, station capabilities, rogue stations and Bluetooth devices.
CLI commands
The following CLI commands limit the amount of information stored in the FortiGate.
config wireless-controller global set max-sta-cap <integer> set max-sta-cap-wtp <integer> set max-rogue-ap <integer> set max-rogue-ap-wtp <integer> set max-rogue-sta <integer> set max-ble-device <integer>
end
max-sta-cap max-sta-cap-wtp max-rogue-ap max-rogue-ap-wtp max-rogue-sta max-ble-device
Maximum number of station cap stored on the controller (default = 0). Maximum number of station cap's wtp info stored on the controller (1 - 8, default = 8). Maximum number of rogue APs stored on the controller (default = 0). Maximum number of rogue AP's wtp info stored on the controller (1 - 16, default = 16). Maximum number of rogue stations stored on the controller (default = 0). Maximum number of BLE devices stored on the controller (default = 0).
The following CLI commands have been added to clean up data and reduce the amount of information stored in the FortiGate.
config wireless-controller timer set sta-cap-cleanup <integer> set rogue-ap-cleanup <integer>
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set rogue-sta-cleanup <integer> set ble-device-cleanup <integer> end
sta-cap-cleanup rogue-ap-cleanup rogue-sta-cleanup ble-device-cleanup
Time period in minutes to keep station capability data after it is gone (default = 0). Time period in minutes to keep rogue AP after it is gone (default = 0). Time period in minutes to keep rogue station after it is gone (default = 0). Time period in minutes to keep BLE device after it is gone (default = 60).
If 0 is set, it means there is no limit placed.
Example memory optimization configuration:
1. Using the FortiGate CLI, enter diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c stats to check the number of rogue APs.
diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c stats
cw_rbtts_sta_cap_tree
: cnt=524416
tmo=0
max_cnt=524416,524416
cw_sta_cap_wtp_tree
: cnt=668740
cw_rbtts_ap_rogue_tree
: cnt=8511
tmo=0
max_cnt=65664,65664
cw_ap_rogue_wtp_tree
: cnt=133761
cw_rbtts_sta_rogue_tree
: cnt=6177
tmo=0
max_cnt=528384,528384
cw_ble_dev_tree
: cnt=1920
tmo=60
max_cnt=131200,131200
mem=(
mem=( mem=(
mem=( mem=(
mem=(
248B,
296B, 560B,
408B, 232B,
232B,
130MB)
197MB) 4MB)
54MB) 1MB)
0MB)
The number of rogue APs is 8511. 2. Check the current amount of memory used in the FortiGate:
get system performance status ...... Memory: 49539060k total, 26111804k used (52.7%), 22613800k free (45.6%), 813456k freeable (1.7%) ......
The amount of memory used is 52.7%. 3. Configure the FortiGate CLI to set maximum limits and timers on stored data:
config wireless-controller global set max-sta-cap 10 set max-sta-cap-wtp 1 set max-rogue-ap 10 set max-rogue-ap-wtp 1 set max-rogue-sta 10 set max-ble-device 10
end config wireless-controller timer
set sta-cap-cleanup 2
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set rogue-ap-cleanup 2 set rogue-sta-cleanup 2 set ble-device-cleanup 2 end
4. Verify that rogue AP limits are successful configured by using diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c stats.
diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c stats
cw_rbtts_sta_cap_tree
: cnt=10
tmo=2
max_cnt=10,524416
cw_sta_cap_wtp_tree
: cnt=10
cw_rbtts_ap_rogue_tree
: cnt=10
tmo=2
max_cnt=10,65664
cw_ap_rogue_wtp_tree
: cnt=10
cw_rbtts_sta_rogue_tree
: cnt=3
tmo=2
max_cnt=10,528384
cw_ble_dev_tree
: cnt=10
tmo=2
max_cnt=10,131200
mem=(
mem=( mem=(
mem=( mem=(
mem=(
248B,
296B, 560B,
408B, 232B,
232B,
0MB)
0MB) 0MB)
0MB) 0MB)
0MB)
The number of rogue APs decreased to 10, the same as the maximum number set. 5. Check the current memory used:
get system performance status ...... Memory: 49539060k total, 25568512k used (51.6%), 23156900k free (46.7%), 813648k freeable (1.7%) ......
The amount of memory used decreased to 51.6%.
To verify cleanup timers:
This example verifies the cleanup timer configured for rogue-ap-cleanup. In this example, the rogue AP's data should be cleaned up after 2 minutes.
1. Verify that the cleanup timers are successfully configured with diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ap-rogue.
diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ap-rogue
CMWP AP: vf
bssid ssid
ch rate sec
signal noise age
sta mac
wtp cnt ici b
w sgi band
freq(MHz)
UNNN AP: 1
e0:23:ff:4a:83:c0 FOS_Device 6 286 WPA2 Enterprise -31 -95 2
00:00:00:00:00:00 1 /1 none 2
0 0 11AXGHE20
-
N
FP234FTF21003786 FOS_Device 6 286 WPA2 Enterprise -31 -95 2
10.131.0.120:5246 -2 11
In this example, the FortiAP was turned off after 2 seconds when the age was at 2. 2. Enter diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ap-rogue again to check the rogue AP data.
diag wir wlac -c ap-rogue
CMWP AP: vf
bssid ssid
ch rate sec
signal noise age
sta mac
wtp cnt ici b
w sgi band
freq(MHz)
UNNN AP: 1 e0:23:ff:4a:83:c0 FOS_Device 6 286 WPA2 Enterprise -31 -95 122
00:00:00:00:00:00 1 /1 none 2
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0 0 11AXGHE20
-
N
FP234FTF21003786 FOS_Device 6 286 WPA2 Enterprise -31 -95 122
10.131.0.120:5246 -2 11
The rogue AP age is now 122 (or 122 seconds). The rogue AP data was held for 2 minutes, matching the value set under rogue-ap-cleanup. After 2 minutes have elapsed, the data will no longer be stored.
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Wireless network examples
This section includes the following topics:
l Basic wireless network example on page 353 l Wireless network example with FortiSwitch on page 358 l Complex wireless network example on page 361 l FortiGate WiFi controller 1+1 fast failover example on page 371 l CAPWAP hitless failover using FGCP on page 373 l Wireless network with segregated WLAN traffic on page 378
Basic wireless network example
This example uses automatic configuration to set up a basic wireless network with locally stored FortiOS user groups. Note that authentication with local groups only supports PEAP, not EAP-TLS. To configure this wireless network, perform the following tasks:
l Configuring authentication for wireless users on page 353 l Configuring the SSID on page 354 l Adding the SSID to the FortiAP Profile on page 355 l Configuring security policies on page 355 l Connecting the FortiAP units on page 357
Configuring authentication for wireless users
You need to configure user accounts and add the users to a user group. This example shows only one account, but multiple accounts can be added as user group members.
To configure a WiFi user - GUI:
1. Go to User & Authentication > User Definition and select Create New. 2. Select Local User and then click Next. 3. Enter a User Name and Password and then click Next. 4. Click Next. 5. Make sure that Enable is selected and then click Create.
To configure the WiFi user group - GUI:
1. Go to User & Device > User Groups and select Create New. 2. Enter the following information and then select OK:
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Name Type Members
wlan_users Firewall Add users.
To configure a WiFi user and the WiFi user group - CLI:
config user user edit "user01" set type password set passwd "asdf12ghjk" end
config user group edit "wlan_users" set member "user01" end
Configuring the SSID
First, establish the SSID (network interface) for the network. This is independent of the number of physical access points that will be deployed. The network assigns IP addresses using DHCP.
To configure the SSID - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select Create New > SSID. 2. Enter the following information and select OK:
Interface Name
example_wifi_if
Traffic Mode
Tunnel to Wireless Controller
IP/Network Mask
10.10.110.1/24
Administrative Access
Ping (to assist with testing)
DHCP Server
Enable
Address Range
10.10.110.2 - 10.10.110.199
Netmask
255.255.255.0
Default Gateway
Same As Interface IP
DNS Server
Same as System DNS
SSID
example_wifi
Security Mode
WPA2 Enterprise
Authentication
Local, select wlan_users user group.
Leave other settings at their default values.
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To configure the SSID - CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit example_wifi_if set ssid "example_wifi" set broadcast-ssid enable set security wpa-enterprise set auth usergroup set usergroup wlan_users set schedule always end
config system interface edit example_wifi_if set ip 10.10.110.1 255.255.255.0 end
config system dhcp server edit 0 set default-gateway 10.10.110.1 set dns-service default set interface "example_wifi_if" config ip-range edit 1 set end-ip 10.10.110.199 set start-ip 10.10.110.2 end set netmask 255.255.255.0 end
Adding the SSID to the FortiAP Profile
The radio portion of the FortiAP configuration is contained in the FortiAP Profile. By default, there is a profile for each platform (FortiAP model). You can create additional profiles if needed. The SSID needs to be specified in the profile.
To add the SSID to the FortiAP Profile - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and edit the profile for your model of FortiAP unit. 2. In Radio 1 and Radio 2, add example_wifi in SSID. 3. Select OK.
Configuring security policies
A security policy is needed to enable WiFi users to access the Internet on port1. First you create firewall address for the WiFi network, then you create the example_wifi to port1 policy.
To create a firewall address for WiFi users - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses. 2. Select Create New > Address, enter the following information and select OK.
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Name Type Subnet / IP Range Interface Show in Address List
wlan_user_net IP/Netmask 10.10.110.0/24 example_wifi_if Enabled
To create a firewall address for WiFi users - CLI:
config firewall address edit "wlan_user_net" set associated-interface "example_wifi_if" set subnet 10.10.110.0 255.255.255.0 end
To create a security policy for WiFi users - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy and select Create New. 2. Enter the following information and select OK:
Incoming Interface
example_wifi_if
Source Address
wlan_user_net
Outgoing Interface
port1
Destination Address
All
Schedule
always
Service
ALL
Action
ACCEPT
NAT
ON. Select Use Destination Interface Address (default).
Leave other settings at their default values.
To create a firewall policy for WiFi users - CLI:
config firewall policy edit 0 set srcintf "example_wifi" set dstintf "port1" set srcaddr "wlan_user_net" set dstaddr "all" set schedule always set service ALL set action accept set nat enable end
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Connecting the FortiAP units
You need to connect each FortiAP unit to the FortiGate unit, wait for it to be recognized, and then assign it to the AP Profile. But first, you must configure the interface to which the FortiAP units connect and the DHCP server that assigns their IP addresses.
In this example, the FortiAP units connect to port3 and are controlled through IP addresses on the 10.10.70.0/24 network.
To configure the interface for the AP unit - GUI:
1. Go to Network > Interfaces, and edit the interface to which the AP unit connects (in this example, port3). 2. In Addressing mode, select Manual. 3. In IP/Network Mask, enter an IP address and netmask for the interface (in this example, 10.10.70.1/255.255.255.0). 4. In the Administrative Access section, go to IPv4 and select the Security Fabric Connection checkbox. 5. When FortiAP units are connected to the interface on FortiGate (directly or through a switch), you can go to the Edit
Interface section and set the Role to LAN. Selecting the LAN role loads the DHCP Server toggle. If you enable DHCP Server, the GUI can automatically set the DHCP IP range based on the interface IP address. 6. Click OK.
To configure the interface for the AP unit - CLI:
config system interface edit "port3" set mode static set ip 10.10.70.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess fabric next
end
To configure the DHCP server for AP units - CLI:
config system dhcp server edit 3 set interface "port3" config exclude-range edit 1 set start-ip 10.10.70.1 set end-ip 10.10.70.1 next end config ip-range edit 1 set start-ip 10.10.70.2 set end-ip 10.10.70.254 next end set default-gateway 10.10.70.1 set netmask 255.255.255.0 set vci-match enable set vci-string "FortiAP" next
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end
To connect a FortiAP unit - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 2. Connect the FortiAP unit to port 3. 3. Periodically select Refresh while waiting for the FortiAP unit to be listed.
Recognition of the FortiAP unit can take up to two minutes. If FortiAP units are connected but cannot be recognized, try disabling VCI-Match in the DHCP server settings. 4. When the FortiAP unit is listed, select the entry to edit it. The Edit Managed Access Point window opens. 5. In State, select Authorize. 6. In FortiAP Profile, select the default profile for the FortiAP model. 7. Select OK. 8. Repeat Steps 2 through 7 for each FortiAP unit.
To connect a FortiAP unit - CLI:
1. Connect the FortiAP unit to port 3. 2. Enter
config wireless-controller wtp 3. Wait 30 seconds, then enter get. 4. Retry the get command every 15 seconds or so until the unit is listed, like this:
== [ FAP22B3U10600118 ] wtp-id: FAP22B3U10600118 5. Edit the discovered FortiAP unit like this: edit FAP22B3U10600118 set admin enable end 6. Repeat Steps 2 through 5 for each FortiAP unit.
Wireless network example with FortiSwitch
This example uses automatic configuration to set up a basic network using a FortiGate <-> FortiSwitch <-> FortiAP topology.
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To configure this network, perform the following tasks: 1. Configure FortiLink on your FortiGate unit. 2. Physically connect your FortiSwitch to the FortiGate. 3. Configure a wireless VLAN for your APs. 4. Connect your FortiAPs to the FortiSwitch and authorize your FortiAPs from the FortiGate.
Configuring FortiLink
FortiLink is a management protocol that enables FortiGates to manage any FortiSwitches connected to the FortiGate. Before connecting the FortiSwitch to the FortiGate unit, ensure the switch controller feature is enabled on the FortiGate. Once the feature is enabled, you can configure the FortiLink interface by assigning FortiGate interfaces as the designated FortiLink port.
Enable the switch controller feature:
1. Go to System > Feature Visibility. 2. From the Core Features list, enable the Switch Controller toggle. 3. Click Apply.
The WiFi & Switch Controller menu option now shows in the FortiGate navigation menu.
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Configure the FortiLink interface:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiLink Interface. 2. In the Interface members field, click + and select the interface(s) you want to designate as FortiLink interface
members. Note: If you do not see any interfaces listed in the Select Entries pane, it means there are no available unused or unreferenced physical interfaces and you must free up an interface from other configurations. 3. Configure the IP/Network Mask for your network. 4. Click Apply. For more detailed instructions, refer to the FortiSwitch FortiLink guide.
Connecting the FortiSwitch
Some FortiSwitch models provide designated ports for the FortiLink connection, check the hardware manual to see which port is the designated FortiLink port.
Connect the FortiSwitch:
1. Connect the FortiSwitch to the FortiGate unit via the FortiLink interface you assigned earlier. 2. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiSwitch and locate your switch.
Note: It may take a few minutes for the switch to show up. 3. Once the FortiSwitch shows up, right-click the switch and select Authorize.
Configuring a wireless VLAN
Once the FortiSwitch is connected to the FortiGate and authorized, you can use a default VLAN or create a FortiSwitch VLAN to place your FortiAPs in. A new VLAN sub-interface is created under the FortiLink interface, and it will manage the IP address assignment of your FortiAPs.
Create a FortiSwitch VLAN:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiSwitch VLANs and click Create New. 2. Configure the following fields:
l Interface Name: Create a name for the VLAN. l VLAN ID: Enter a number (1-4094). l Role: Select LAN. 3. Select the Manual Address mode and input an IP/Netmask. 4. Under Administrative Access, enable Security Fabric Connection and any other access options you want. 5. Enable DHCP Server. Edit the default address range if needed. 6. When you finished, click OK. For more detailed instructions on creating a FortiSwitch VLAN, refer to the FortiSwitch FortiLink guide. Once you create a FortiSwitch VLAN, assign the VLAN to the FortiSwitch ports you want to connect a FortiAP to.
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Assign a VLAN to a FortiSwitch port: 1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiSwitch Ports and locate the port you want to connect a FortiAP to. 2. Click to select the port and click the edit icon in the Native VLAN column to change the VLAN.
The Select Entries menu loads. 3. From the Select Entries menu, select the FortiSwitch VLAN you created and click Apply.
Connecting the FortiAP units
After you apply the FortiAP VLAN to a FortiSwitch port, you can connect a FortiAP unit to that FortiSwitch Port. Wait a few minutes for the FortiAP to be recognized, and then authorize the FortiAP.
Connect a FortiAP unit: 1. Connect the FortiAP to the FortiSwitch port you've assigned the FortiAP VLAN. 2. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs and wait for the FortiAP unit to be listed.
Note: Recognition of the FortiAP unit can take up to two minutes, you can periodically click the Refresh button. 3. When the FortiAP unit is listed, right-click and select Authorize to authorize the unit.
The FortiAP can now be managed by FortiGate through a FortiSwitch. Once the FortiAP is connected and authorized by the FortiGate, you can configure SSIDs and attach profiles to allow wireless access to the AP. For instructions on setting up your wireless network, see Wireless network configuration tasks on page 34.
Complex wireless network example
This example creates multiple networks and uses custom AP profiles.
Scenario example
In this example, Example Co. provides two wireless networks, one for its employees and the other for customers or other guests of its business. Guest users have access only to the Internet, not to the company's private network. The equipment for these wireless networks consists of FortiAP units controlled by a FortiGate unit. The employee network operates in 802.11n mode on both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands. Client IP addresses are in the 10.10.120.0/24 subnet, with 10.10.120.1 the IP address of the WAP. The guest network also operates in 802.11n mode, but only on the 2.4 GHz band. Client IP addresses are on the 10.10.115.0/24 subnet, with 10.10.115.1 the IP address of the WAP. On the FortiAP units, the 802.11n mode also supports 802.11g and 802.11b clients on the 2.4 GHz band and 802.11a clients on the 5 GHz band. The guest network WAP broadcasts its SSID, the employee network WAP does not.
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The employee network uses WPA-Enterprise authentication through a FortiGate user group. The guest network features a captive portal. When a guest first tries to connect to the Internet, a login page requests logon credentials. Guests use numbered guest accounts authenticated by RADIUS. The captive portal for the guests includes a disclaimer page. In this example, the FortiAP units connect to port 3 and are assigned addresses on the 192.168.8.0/24 subnet.
Configuration example
To configure these wireless networks, perform the following tasks: l Configuring authentication for employee wireless users on page 362 l Configuring authentication for guest wireless users on page 363 l Configuring the SSIDs on page 364 l Configuring the FortiAP profile on page 366 l Configuring firewall policies on page 367 l Connecting the FortiAP units on page 369
Configuring authentication for employee wireless users
Employees have user accounts on the FortiGate unit. This example shows creation of one user account, but you can create multiple accounts and add them as members to the user group.
To configure a WiFi user - GUI:
1. Go to User & Authentication > User Definition and select Create New. 2. Select Local User and then click Next. 3. Enter a User Name and Password and then click Next. 4. Click Next. 5. Make sure that Enable is selected and then click Create.
To configure the user group for employee access - GUI:
1. Go to User & Device > User Groups and select Create New. 2. Enter the following information and then select OK:
Name Type Members
employee-group Firewall Add users.
To configure a WiFi user and the user group for employee access - CLI:
config user user edit "user01" set type password set passwd "asdf12ghjk" end
config user group
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edit "employee-group" set member "user01"
end The user authentication setup will be complete when you select the employee-group in the SSID configuration.
Configuring authentication for guest wireless users
Guests are assigned temporary user accounts created on a RADIUS server. The RADIUS server stores each user's group name in the Fortinet-Group-Name attribute. Wireless users are in the group named "wireless".
The FortiGate unit must be configured to access the RADIUS server.
To configure the FortiGate unit to access the guest RADIUS server - GUI:
1. Go to User & Authentication > RADIUS Servers and select Create New. 2. Enter the following information and select OK:
Name
guestRADIUS
Primary Server IP/Name
10.11.102.100
Primary Server Secret
grikfwpfdfg
Secondary Server IP/Name Optional
Secondary Server Secret
Optional
Authentication Scheme
Use default, unless server requires otherwise.
Leave other settings at their default values.
To configure the FortiGate unit to access the guest RADIUS server - CLI:
config user radius edit guestRADIUS set auth-type auto set server 10.11.102.100 set secret grikfwpfdfg end
To configure the user group for guest access - GUI:
1. Go to User & Device > User Groups and select Create New. 2. Enter the following information and then select OK:
Name Type Members
guest-group Firewall Leave empty.
3. Select Create new.
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4. Enter: Remote Server Groups
5. Select OK.
Select guestRADIUS. Select wireless.
To configure the user group for guest access - CLI:
config user group edit "guest-group" set member "guestRADIUS" config match edit 0 set server-name "guestRADIUS" set group-name "wireless" end end
The user authentication setup will be complete when you select the guest-group user group in the SSID configuration.
Configuring the SSIDs
First, establish the SSIDs (network interfaces) for the employee and guest networks. This is independent of the number of physical access points that will be deployed. Both networks assign IP addresses using DHCP.
To configure the employee SSID - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select Create New > SSID. 2. Enter the following information and select OK:
Interface Name
example_inc
Traffic Mode
Tunnel to Wireless Controller
IP/Netmask
10.10.120.1/24
Administrative Access
Ping (to assist with testing)
Enable DHCP
Enable
Address Range
10.10.120.2 - 10.10.120.199
Netmask
255.255.255.0
Default Gateway
Same As Interface IP
DNS Server
Same as System DNS
SSID
example_inc
Security Mode
WPA/WPA2-Enterprise
Authentication
Select Local, then select employee-group.
Leave other settings at their default values.
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To configure the employee SSID - CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit example_inc set ssid "example_inc" set security wpa-enterprise set auth usergroup set usergroup employee-group set schedule always end
config system interface edit example_inc set ip 10.10.120.1 255.255.255.0 end
config system dhcp server edit 0 set default-gateway 10.10.120.1 set dns-service default set interface example_inc config ip-range edit 1 set end-ip 10.10.120.199 set start-ip 10.10.120.2 end set lease-time 7200 set netmask 255.255.255.0 end
To configure the example_guest SSID - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > SSIDs and select Create New. 2. Enter the following information and select OK:
Name IP/Netmask Administrative Access Enable DHCP
Address Range Netmask Default Gateway DNS Server SSID Security Mode Captive Portal Portal Type Authentication Portal
example_guest 10.10.115.1/24 Ping (to assist with testing) Enable 10.10.115.2 - 10.10.115.50 255.255.255.0 Same as Interface IP Same as System DNS example_guest WPA3 SAE Enable Authentication Local
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User Groups
Select guest-group.
Leave other settings at their default values.
To configure the example_guest SSID - CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit example_guest set ssid "example_guest" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set selected-usergroups guest-group set schedule always end
config system interface edit example_guest set ip 10.10.115.1 255.255.255.0 end
config system dhcp server edit 0 set default-gateway 10.10.115.1 set dns-service default set interface "example_guest" config ip-range edit 1 set end-ip 10.10.115.50 set start-ip 10.10.115.2 end set lease-time 7200 set netmask 255.255.255.0 end
Configuring the FortiAP profile
The FortiAP Profile defines the radio settings for the networks. The profile provides access to both Radio 1 (2.4 GHz) and Radio 2 (5 GHz) for the employee virtual AP, but provides access only to Radio 1 for the guest virtual AP.
To configure the FortiAP Profile - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and select Create New. 2. Enter the following information and select OK:
Name Platform Radio 1
Mode Band Channel plan
example_AP FAP221E
Access Point 802.11n Select Three Channels.
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Transmit power mode Transmit power SSID Radio 2 Mode Band Channel Transmit power mode Transmit power SSID
Select Percent. Set the bar to 100%. Select Manual and select example_inc and example_guest.
Access Point 802.11n_5G Select All. Select Percent. Set the bar to 100%. Select Manual and select example_inc.
To configure the AP Profile - CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "example_AP" config platform set type 221E end config radio-1 set ap-bgscan enable set band 802.11n set channel "1" "6" "11" set vaps "example_inc" "example_guest" end config radio-2 set ap-bgscan enable set band 802.11n-5G set channel "36" "40" "44" "48" "149" "153" "157" "161" "165" set vaps "example_inc" end
Configuring firewall policies
Identity-based firewall policies are needed to enable the WLAN users to access the Internet on Port1. First you create firewall addresses for employee and guest users, then you create the firewall policies.
To create firewall addresses for employee and guest WiFi users:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses. 2. Select Create New, enter the following information and select OK.
Address Name Type
employee-wifi-net Subnet / IP Range
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Subnet / IP Range Interface
10.10.120.0/24 example_inc
3. Select Create New, enter the following information and select OK.
Address Name Type Subnet / IP Range Interface
guest-wifi-net Subnet / IP Range 10.10.115.0/24 example_guest
To create firewall policies for employee WiFi users - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy and select Create New. 2. Enter the following information and select OK:
Incoming Interface Source Address Outgoing Interface Destination Address Schedule Service Action NAT
example_inc employee-wifi-net port1 all always ALL ACCEPT Enable NAT
3. Optionally, select security profile for wireless users. 4. Select OK. 5. Repeat steps 1 through 4 but select Internal as the Destination Interface/Zone to provide access to the ExampleCo
private network.
To create firewall policies for employee WiFi users - CLI:
config firewall policy edit 0 set srcintf "employee_inc" set dstintf "port1" set srcaddr "employee-wifi-net" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ANY" set nat enable set schedule "always" set service "ANY" next edit 0 set srcintf "employee_inc" set dstintf "internal"
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set srcaddr "employee-wifi-net" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ANY" set nat enable set schedule "always" set service "ANY" end
To create a firewall policy for guest WiFi users - GUI:
1. Go to Policy & Objects > Firewall Policy and select Create New. 2. Enter the following information and select OK:
Incoming Interface Source Address Outgoing Interface Destination Address Schedule Service Action NAT
example_guest guest-wifi-net port1 all always ALL ACCEPT Enable NAT
3. Optionally, select UTM and set up UTM features for wireless users. 4. Select OK.
To create a firewall policy for guest WiFi users - CLI:
config firewall policy edit 0 set srcintf "example_guest" set dstintf "port1" set srcaddr "guest-wifi-net" set dstaddr "all" set action accept set schedule "always" set service "ANY" set nat enable end
Connecting the FortiAP units
You need to connect each FortiAP unit to the FortiGate unit, wait for it to be recognized, and then assign it to the AP Profile. But first, you must configure the interface to which the FortiAP units connect and the DHCP server that assigns their IP addresses.
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In this example, the FortiAP units connect to port 3 and are controlled through IP addresses on the 10.10.70.0/24 network.
To configure the interface for the AP unit - GUI:
1. Go to Network > Interfaces, and edit the interface to which the AP unit connects (in this example, port3). 2. In Addressing mode, select Manual. 3. In IP/Network Mask, enter an IP address and netmask for the interface (in this example, 10.10.70.1/255.255.255.0). 4. In the Administrative Access section, go to IPv4 and select the Security Fabric Connection checkbox. 5. When FortiAP units are connected to the interface on FortiGate (directly or through a switch), you can go to the Edit
Interface section and set the Role to LAN. Selecting the LAN role loads the DHCP Server toggle. If you enable DHCP Server, the GUI can automatically set the DHCP IP range based on the interface IP address. 6. Click OK.
To configure the interface for the AP unit - CLI:
config system interface edit "port3" set mode static set ip 10.10.70.1 255.255.255.0 set allowaccess fabric next
end
To configure the DHCP server for AP units - CLI:
config system dhcp server edit 3 set interface "port3" config ip-range edit 1 set start-ip 10.10.70.2 set end-ip 10.10.70.254 next end set default-gateway 10.10.70.1 set netmask 255.255.255.0 set vci-match enable set vci-string "FortiAP" next
end
The optional vci-match and vci-string fields ensure that the DHCP server will provide IP addresses only to FortiAP units.
To connect a FortiAP unit - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. 2. Connect the FortiAP unit to port 3. 3. Periodically select Refresh while waiting for the FortiAP unit to be listed.
Recognition of the FortiAP unit can take up to two minutes. If there is persistent difficulty recognizing FortiAP units, try disabling VCI-Match in the DHCP server settings.
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4. When the FortiAP unit is listed, select the entry to edit it. The Edit Managed Access Point window opens.
5. In State, select Authorize. 6. In the AP Profile, select [Change] and then select the example_AP profile. 7. Select OK. 8. Repeat Steps 2 through 7 for each FortiAP unit.
To connect a FortiAP unit - CLI:
1. Connect the FortiAP unit to port 3. 2. Enter:
config wireless-controller wtp 3. Wait 30 seconds, then enter get. 4. Retry the get command every 15 seconds or so until the unit is listed, like this:
== [ FAP22B3U10600118 ] wtp-id: FAP22B3U10600118 5. Edit the discovered FortiAP unit like this: edit FAP22B3U10600118
set admin enable set wtp-profile example_AP end 6. Repeat Steps 2 through 5 for each FortiAP unit.
FortiGate WiFi controller 1+1 fast failover example
This example uses a simple network topology to set up 1+1 fast failover between FortiGate WiFi controllers. The primary and secondary FortiGates must be routed into subnets and NAT must not be done on the traffic. The FortiAP must be able to reach both the primary and secondary FortiGates.
The following takes place in the event of a failover:
1. The primary FortiGate syncs the wireless configuration to the secondary FortiGate. 2. If the primary FortiGate fails, the secondary FortiGate takes over management of the FortiAP. The client can still
connect with the SSID from the FortiAP and pass traffic. 3. When the primary FortiGate is back online, it returns to managing the FortiAP.
In the following CLI example, the primary FortiGate has an IP address of 10.43.1.80, and the secondary FortiGate has an IP address of 10.43.1.62.
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To configure the primary FortiGate:
config wireless-controller inter-controller set inter-controller mode 1+1 set inter-controller key 123456 config inter-controller-peer edit 1 set peer-ip 10.43.1.62 set peer-priority secondary next end
To configure the secondary FortiGate:
config wireless-controller inter-controller set inter-controller mode 1+1 set inter-controller key 123456 set inter-controller-pri secondary config inter-controller-peer edit 1 set peer-ip 10.43.1.80 next end
To run diagnose commands:
1. On the primary FortiGate, run the diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha command. The output should resemble the following: WC fast failover info cfg iter: 1 (age=17995, size=220729, fp=0x5477e28) dhcpd_db iter: 123 (age=132, size=1163, fp=0x5435930) dhcpd_ipmac iter: 123 (age=132, size=2860, fp=0x587d848) mode: 1+1-ffo pri: primary key csum: 0x9c99 max: 10 wait: 10 peer cnt: 1 FWF60E4Q16027198: 10.43.1.62:5245 secondary UP (age=0)
2. On the secondary FortiGate, run the diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha command. The output should resemble the following: WC fast failover info mode: 1+1-ffo status: monitoring pri: secondary key csum: 0x43e max: 10 wait: 10 peer cnt: 1 FG22E1T919900557: 10.43.1.80:5246 primary UP (age=0) dfile 0 iter 1 (age=133, size=1564731/1564731) dfile 1 iter 1 (age=163, size=0/0) dfile 2 iter 1 (age=163, size=0/0)
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You cannot use FortiGate Clustering Protocol and Wireless 1+1 fast failover together. They are two different HA features and cannot be combined.
CAPWAP hitless failover using FGCP
CAPWAP hitless failover with FGCP is only available on FortiAP AX platforms and F Series models when FortiGates are running in Active-Passive mode.
This example uses a simple network topology to set up FortiGates as WLAN controllers in HA Active-Passive by using the FortiGate Clustering Protocol (FGCP). FGCP is the most commonly used HA solution. It enables two FortiGates Wireless controllers of the same type and model to be put into a cluster in Active-Passive (A-P) mode. A-P mode provides redundancy by having one or more FortiGates in hot standby in case the primary device experiences a detectable failure. If a failure occurs, CAPWAP traffic quickly fails over to a secondary device, preventing significant AP downtime with minimal impact for the wireless clients. For more information, refer to FGCP in the FortiGate Administration Guide. The FortiAP establishes two CAPWAP tunnels:
l One tunnel to an Active/Primary FortiGate. l One tunnel to a Backup/Standby FortiGate. The CAPWAP traffic is always processed by the Active FortiGate, which relays the FortiAP information to the Backup/Standby FortiGate using heartbeat interface over FGCP.
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The FortiAP forms dual CAPWAP sessions with both FortiGates:
l fsm state RUN with the Active FortiGate. l RUN_STANDBY with the Backup FortiGate.
FortiAP uses two sets of control and data channels:
l FAP------------------>5246/5247----------->Active FGT l FAP------------------>5248/5249----------->Active FGT --------------5246/5247----------->Secondary FGT
When the primary FortiGate fails, the secondary FortiGate immediately takes over as the new active FortiGate and manages the FortiAP. Wireless clients connected over tunnel/bridge SSID also maintain the connection during the failover.
The general configuration steps are:
1. Configure the primary FortiGate for HA with higher priority. 2. Configure the secondary FortiGate for HA with a lower device priority than the primary FortiGate. 3. Connect heartbeat interface to the primary FortiGate. 4. Connect the LAN interface to the network. 5. Configure the override flag in HA configuration for preemptive failover and fallback. 6. Manually configure the override and priority configuration on both FortiGates as they don't sync as part of HA sync. 7. Enable session pickup in the Active FortiGate's HA configuration. This setting ensures that existing sessions on
active firewall is synced with the backup unit and the session persists upon failover.
To configure the primary FortiGate:
For detailed instructions on setting up an HA active-passive cluster, refer to HA active-passive cluster setup in the FortiGate Administration Guide.
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config system ha set group-name "FGT-Prod" set mode a-p set password <PWD> set hbdev "ha" 0 set override disable set priority 200 set session-pickup enable set override disable
end
When session-pickup is enabled in the HA settings, existing TCP sessions are kept, and users on the network are not impacted by downtime as the traffic can be passed without reestablishing the sessions. Other sessions such as UDP, ICMP, and etc., can also be synchronized. For more information, refer to the FortiGate CLI documentation.
To configure the secondary FortiGate:
config system ha set group-name "FGT-Prod" set mode a-p set password <PWD> set hbdev "ha" 0 set override disable set priority 20 set session-pickup enable set override disable
end
When override is enabled, it ensures the FortiGate will always get the same node as the primary FortiGate.
When you are finished, confirm the cluster shows both nodes.
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Diagnose commands
FGCP debug commands
To check HA status:
Execute the following command:
diagnose sys ha status
HA information
Statistics
traffic.local = s:0 p:694553983 b:606857125628
traffic.total = s:0 p:694508998 b:606848291577
activity.ha_id_changes = 3
activity.fdb = c:0 q:0
Model=500, Mode=2 Group=0 Debug=0
nvcluster=1, ses_pickup=1, delay=0
[Debug_Zone HA information]
HA group member information: is_manage_primary=1.
FG5H0E5819905179:
Primary, serialno_prio=0, usr_priority=200, hostname=FGT-500E-1
FG5H0E5819900844: Secondary, serialno_prio=1, usr_priority=20, hostname=FGT-500E-2
[Kernel HA information]
vcluster 1, state=work, primary_ip=169.254.0.1, primary_id=0:
FG5H0E5819905179:
Primary, ha_prio/o_ha_prio=0/0
FG5H0E5819900844:
Secondary, ha_prio/o_ha_prio=1/1
To check HA sync: get sys ha status
Wireless Controller HA status
To check the status of the primary FortiGate:
On the primary FortiGate, run the diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha command. The output should resemble the following: FGT-500E-1 # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha HA info:
mode: a-p (2)
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group name: FGT-Prod master: 1
To check the status of the secondary FortiGate:
On the secondary FortiGate, run the diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha command. The output should resemble the following:
FGT-500E-2 # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ha HA info:
mode: a-p (2) group name: FGT-Prod master: 0
Troubleshooting FortiAP
To check FortiAP connectivity to the primary and secondary FortiGates:
On each FortiAP, you can check their connectivity to both the primary and secondary FortiGates with the following command:
FAP-431F # cw_diag -c ha wcha_mode: FGCP @2294596
ACS-0: 10.199.0.46:5246
10.199.0.46:5247
FG5H0E5819905179 25653 FGT-500E
ACS-1: 10.199.0.46:5248
10.199.0.46:5249
FG5H0E5819900844 23789 FGT-500E-2
RUN(25929)
9
RUN_STANDBY(23789) 9
HA M 5248 HA S 5248
HA SYNC status: vap00 1, vap01 1, vap02 1, vap03 1, vap10 1, vap11 1, vap12 1, vap14 1,
Control plane DATA plane Connection state
5246 5248
5247 5249
RUN RUN_STANDBY
You can verify the connection with the following command:
FAP-431F # cw_diag -c acs
WTP Configuration
name
: FAP-431F
loc
: N/A
ap mode
: thin AP
...
ACS 0 info
ha info
: ac=FG5H0E5819905179 master=1 ctl_port=5248
fsm-state
: RUN 264272
ac-ip-addr
: 10.199.0.46:5246,5247
MULTICAST
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ac-name ... ACS 1 info ha info fsm-state ac-ip-addr ac-name ...
: FGT-500E
: ac=FG5H0E5819900844 master=0 ctl_port=5248
: RUN_STANDBY 262132
: 10.199.0.46:5248,5249
MULTICAST
: FGT-500E-2
Debugging options from FortiAP: cw_debug on cw_diag debug ha 5
Debugging options from FortiGate: diag wireless-controller wlac debug ha 4 diag debug enable
Wireless network with segregated WLAN traffic
This example uses FortiAPs operating in WAN-LAN mode to segregate local LAN. When implemented, wired clients on the LAN port and wireless clients on the SSID remain within the same layer-2 bridge. Clients can continue to send and receive data traffic through the same VLAN segment of the FortiAP WAN port, however, their local traffic is segregated from the FortiAP's WAN side. For more information on configuring a FortiAP to operate in WAN-LAN mode, see Configuring a port to WAN-LAN operation mode on page 225
Example configuration
In this example, the customer has two separate networks: CORP and INT. They want to deploy dual LAN FortiAP units and connect the LAN1 port to the CORP network and the LAN2 port to the INT network.
l Both networks have their own switches, routers, firewalls, policies, and ingress/egress to the internet. l The FortiGate on the CORP network manages all FortiAPs, with the FortiAPs broadcasting all necessary SSIDs. l The FortiAP LAN2 port bridges to INTwifi (Standalone mode), it connects to the INT switch and INT wired network to
provide DHCP, gateway, and traffic routing.
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The CORP network is a typical WLAN and LAN network. This example focuses on configuring the INT network.
To configure a network for LAN segregation:
1. Configure the bridge-mode VAP for LAN segregation:
config wireless-controller vap edit "INT" set ssid "INTwifi" set passphrase ENC * set local-standalone enable set local-lan-partition enable set local-bridging enable set local-authentication enable set schedule "always" set vlanid 100 next
end
l local-lan-partition is only applicable when local-bridging and localstandalone mode are enabled in the VAP.
l vlanid is used to distinguish the VLAN segregated from the FortiAP WAN port. The SSID and LAN local bridge traffic has no VLAN tag.
2. Configure the FortiAP unit to operate in WAN-LAN mode, and then bridge the LAN port to the bridge mode VAP. For more information, see Configuring a port to WAN-LAN operation mode on page 225 l From the FortiGate, make the following configurations to bridge the LAN port to the bridge mode VAP:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "431F" config platform
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set type 431F set ddscan enable end set wan-port-mode wan-lan config lan set port-mode bridge-to-ssid set port-ssid "INT" end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 config radio-1 set mode disabled end config radio-2 set band 802.11a 802.11n-5G 802.11ac-5G 802.11ax-5G set channel-bonding 40MHz set vap-all manual set vaps "INT" "wifi.fap.01" set channel "40" end config radio-3 set mode monitor end next end
l From the FortiAP, configure the FortiAP to operate in WAN-LAN mode:
FortiAP-431F # cfg a WANLAN_MODE=WAN-LAN FortiAP-431F # cfg c
3. Log into the FortiAP CLI to verify the changes have been successfully made.
FortiAP-431F # wcfg
WTP Configuration
name
: FortiAP-431F
......
LAN mode
: WAN LAN, ESL
ESL ses-imagotag
: scd disabled, conn_state tcp-conn-down compliance level 2,
chan 127, power A, coex 0, apc :0, tls cert enabled fqdn disabled
LAN port cnt
:2
port1-cfg
: BR-TO-SSID(3) 0 84:39:8f:88:5d:61 ssid=INTwifi
vlan_tag=0064 flags=0000402b lsw lbr loc_auth st lan_loc
port2-cfg
: offline (0)
encrypt_key[0-15]
: 16-fa-3b-ec-f7-b5-10-2e-d7-7b-a3-f5-e9-e8-a5-10
encrypt_key[16-31]
: ca-28-cc-4f-c1-85-d9-18-0b-a8-9a-1a-cc-6e-9a-f2
syslog conf
: disabled server=0.0.0.0():0 log-level=0
4. Verify the settings from the client side:
a. Connect a Wi-Fi client (MAC 1c:87:2c:b7:bc:cc) to the INTwifi SSID. Since there is a DHCP server in the INT network, it can assign an IP address to the Wi-Fi client.
b. Connect another client (MAC 54:27:1e:e6:43:a7) to the wifi-ssid.fap.01 SSID, the traffic of which is routed through the FortiAP WAN port.
c. Verify the client status in FortiAP:
FortiAP-431F # usta
WTP daemon STA info:
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1/2 1c:87:2c:b7:bc:cc 00:00:00:00:00:00 vId=100 type=wl----sta,loc-auth vap=wlan11,INTwifi(100) mpsk= ip=10.100.101.22/1 mimo=3 host=wifi1-fap-robot vci= os=Linux
ip6=fe80::1e87:2cff:feb7:bccc/3 rx=20 replycount=0000000000000002 2/2 54:27:1e:e6:43:a7 00:00:00:00:00:00 vId=0 type=wl----sta, vap=wlan10,wifi-ssid.fap.01(0) mpsk= ip=10.10.100.22/1 mimo=1 host=wifi2-fap-robot vci= os=Linux replycount=0000000000000002
5. Verify that the connected clients can ping the correct networks. a. Log into a client on the INTwifi network, and run the following command:
wifi1-fap-robot:~# ifconfig wlan0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 10.100.101.22 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 10.100.101.255 inet6 fe80::1e87:2cff:feb7:bccc prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link> ether 1c:87:2c:b7:bc:cc txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 1421 bytes 146158 (146.1 KB) RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 346 TX packets 1931 bytes 164133 (164.1 KB) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 device interrupt 17
b. Verify that the INTwifi client can ping LAN PC in the INT network (subnet 10.100.101.0/24).
root@wifi1-fap-robot:~# ping 10.100.101.20 PING 10.100.101.20 (10.100.101.20) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 10.100.101.20: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=5.88 ms
c. Verify that the INTwifi client cannot reach CORP network (subnet 10.10.100.0/24) or the other way around.
root@wifi1-fap-robot:~# ping 10.10.100.22 PING 10.10.100.22 (10.10.100.22) 56(84) bytes of data. From 10.100.101.1 icmp_seq=1 Destination Net Unreachable
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By default, a FortiWiFi unit operates as a wireless access point. However, select FortiWiFi models can be configured to operate as a wireless client, connecting the FortiGate to another wireless network. In this client mode, the FortiWiFi unit connects to a remote WiFi access point to access other networks or the Internet. This is most useful when the FortiWiFi unit is in a location that does not have a wired infrastructure. For example, in a warehouse where shipping and receiving are on opposite sides of the building, running cables might not be an option due to the warehouse environment. The FortiWiFi unit can support wired users using its Ethernet ports and can connect to another wireless access point as a client. This connects the wired users to the network using the 802.11 WiFi standard as a backbone. For most models, the FortiWiFi unit cannot operate as an AP while also operating in client mode, so wireless clients cannot see or connect to the FortiWiFi unit. However, select models such as the FortiWiFi 80F series can support AP and client mode concurrently. Wireless client mode is supported on the following models:
Models FWF-40F, FWF-40F-3G4G, FWF-60E, FWF-60E_DSL, FWF-60E_DSLJ, FWF-60F, FWF-61E, FWF-61F, FWF-80F-2R, FWF-81F-2R, FWF-81F-2R-POE, FWF-81F-2R-3G4G-POE
Concurrent AP and wireless client mode is supported on the following models:
Models FWF-80F-2R, FWF-81F-2R, FWF-81F-2R-POE, FWF-81F-2R-3G4G-POE
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FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client FortiWiFi unit in client mode
FortiWiFi unit in AP and client mode
This section includes the following topics: l Configuring a FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client l Enabling EAP/TLS authentication on a FortiWiFi unit in client mode l Configuring WPA3 security modes on FortiWiFi units operating in client mode on page 392
Configuring a FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client
Wireless client configuration is only available on select FortiWiFi models. See FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client on page 382 for the list of supported models. For most models, the FortiWiFi unit cannot operate as an AP while also operating in client mode. However, select models such as the FortiWiFi 80F series can support AP and client mode concurrently.
Before setting up the FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client using the steps described below, make sure to remove any AP WiFi configurations such as SSIDs, DHCP servers, policies, and software switch members using the CLI or GUI.
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To configure wireless client mode - GUI: 1. Go to WiFi and Switch Controller > Local WiFi Radio and change the Mode to Wireless Client.
Note: You must remove any AP WiFi configurations such as SSIDs, DHCP servers, policies, and software switch members before you can change the mode to Wireless Client. Once you select Wireless Client, the FortiWiFi unit will reboot. 2. Click Add Network and enter the name of the SSID you want to use. 3. On 8xF/6xF/40F models, you can select a Security mode; other models will default to WPA/WPA2 Personal.
4. 5. Enter a Passphrase if needed. 6. Click OK to save the WiFi Network Connection Setting. 7. From the Local WiFi Radio page, verify that the WiFi network is connected.
8. Go to Policy & Object > Firewall Policy and click Create New to create a firewall policy.
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9. Enter the following policy information:
Incoming Interface
wifi
(srcintf)
Source Address (srcaddr) all
For FortiWiFi 80F series models, you must select "aplink" as the destination interface in the firewall policy. Older FortiWiFi models must select "wifi" as the destination interface. For more information on the aplink interface, see Understanding FortiWiFi aplink interface on page 38.
10. Configure remaining fields as needed, when you are finished, click OK.
To configure wireless client mode - CLI:
1. Change the wireless mode to client.
config system global set wireless-mode client
end
Note: You must remove any AP WiFi configurations such as SSIDs, DHCP servers, policies, and software switch members before you can change the mode to Wireless Client. Once you select Wireless Client, the FortiWiFi unit will reboot. 2. Set up a wifi-network entry under interface "wifi".
config system interface edit "wifi" config wifi-networks edit 1 set wifi-ssid "FOS_61F_psk" set wifi-passphrase * next end next
end
3. Create a firewall policy from "internal" to "wifi".
For FortiWiFi 80F series models, you must select "aplink" as the destination interface in the firewall policy. Older FortiWiFi models must select "wifi" as the destination interface.
config firewall policy edit 1 set name "lan" set srcintf "internal" set dstintf "wifi" set action accept set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all" set schedule "always" set service "ALL"
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set nat enable next end 4. Connect a wired client to the internal ports of the FortiWiFi to verify that it can pass traffic to the Internet.
Controlled AP selection support in FortiWiFi client mode
Use the following CLI commands to provide a more controlled AP selection method (supported in FortiWiFi client mode).
Syntax:
config system interface edit {name} set wifi-ap-band {any | 5g-preferred | 5g-only} next
end
Configuring a FortiWiFi unit to run in concurrent AP and wireless client mode
FortiWiFi 80F/81F-2R-XX models support concurrent AP and Client mode. When the FortiWiFi is configured to run in wireless client mode and the FortiWiFi local radio connects to a third-party SSID, the local radio can concurrently operate in AP mode to provide service to wireless clients.
To configure concurrent AP and wireless client mode - CLI:
1. Configure the FortiWiFi unit to operate in client mode. config system global set wireless-mode client end
2. Connect to a third-party SSID, in this example FOS_101F_psk. config system interface edit "wifi" config wifi-networks edit 1 set wifi-ssid "FOS_101F_psk" set wifi-passphrase * next end next end
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Optionally, you can configure the wireless client to use a static IP or DHCP by modifying the addressing mode of the WiFi interface:
config system interface edit "wifi" set vdom "root" set mode static # For static IP. Use "set mode dhcp" for DHCP set ip 10.20.80.3 255.255.255.0 # For static IP only set allowaccess ping fabric set type wireless config wifi-networks edit 1 set wifi-ssid "FOS_101F_psk" set wifi-passphrase * next end next
end
3. Verify the connection between the local radio and the third-party SSID with diag wireless-controller wlsta cfg.
FortiWiFi-81F-2R-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlsta cfg
STA intf
name: wlan17
status: up
ip: 192.168.81.2
mac: d4:76:a0:18:e0:8f
auto connect: yes
auto save: no
ap band: any
wifi network cnt: 1
1: FOS_101F_psk, 8, 1
connected: FOS_101F_ psk
4. Verify the local radio status when working in AP mode with diag wireless-controller wlac -c wtp.
FortiWiFi-81F-2R-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wtp FW81FP-WIFI0 | grep connection connection state : Connected
The FortiWiFi unit can now operate in both AP mode and client mode.
To configure VAP and SSID interfaces on the FortiWiFi local radio profile - CLI:
By default, the FortiWiFi local radio has a FWF-default profile; no other profiles can be applied to the local radio. You can modify the band, channel, and SSID selections in the FWF-default profile to apply to the local radio. Wireless clients that connect to the local radio are subject to the FortiWiFi firewall policies.
1. Create a new VAP interface and select it in the FWF-default profile.
config wireless-controller vap edit "wifi1" set ssid "FOS_lab_psk" set passphrase * next
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end config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FWF-default" config radio-1 set vap-all manual set vaps "wifi1" end config radio-2 set vap-all manual set vaps "wifi1" end
next end
The local radio applies the profile setting when broadcasting SSIDs. 2. Verify that these settings are applied with diag wireless-controller wlac -c wtp. 3. Create a firewall policy from "wifi1" to the "aplink" interface to allow wireless clients to pass traffic from the unit.
config firewall policy edit 1 set name "wifi1" set uuid e0140546-1d0d-51ee-da6c-53fb724051ac set srcintf "wifi1" set dstintf "aplink" set action accept set srcaddr "all" set dstaddr "all" set schedule "always" set service "ALL" set nat enable next
end
4. Connect a wireless client through the local radio of the FortiWiFi and verify that it has the correct IP and can pass traffic to the Internet with diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online.
FortiWiFi-81F-2R-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d sta online vf=0 mpId=0 wtp=1 rId=2 wlan=wifi1 vlan_id=0 ip=10.10.80.2 ip6=::
mac=f8:e4:e3:d8:5e:af vci= host=WiFi-Client-2 user= group= signal=-45 noise=-95 idle=0 bw=0 use=5 chan=108 radio_type=11AX_5G security=wpa2_only_personal mpsk= encrypt=aes cp_ authed=no l3r=1,0 G=0.0.0.0:0,0.0.0.0:0-0-0 -- 0.0.0.0:0 0,0 online=yes mimo=2
Enabling EAP/TLS authentication on a FortiWiFi unit in client mode
FortiWiFi 80F/60F/40F series models operating in wireless client mode can be configured to use EAP/TLS authentication. This allows the FortiWiFi local radio to connect with a WPA2/WPA3-Enterprise SSID and support PEAP and EAP-TLS authentication methods.
EAP/TLS authentication can be configured with the wpa-enterprise CLI option for the wifi-security setting under wifi-network configuration.
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config wifi-networks edit < ID > set wifi-security wpa-enterprise set wifi-eap-type [both | tls | peap] set wifi-username < username > set wifi-client-certificate < client_cert_name > set wifi-private-key < client_cert_name > next
end
When wifi-security is set to wpa-enterprise, the local radio can recognize the security mode of third-party SSIDs and automatically adapt when connecting. These security modes include WPA2-Only-Enterprise, WPA3-OnlyEnterprise, WPA3-Enterprise with 192-bit encryption, and etc.
When connecting to a WPA2/WPA3-Enterprise SSID via EAP-TLS, users must also configure the WiFi username, client certificate, private key settings, and etc as applicable.
To configure FortiWiFi to run in client mode and support EAP/TLS:
1. Change the wireless mode to client. See Configuring a FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client on page 383. 2. Set the wifi-security mode to wpa-enterprise.
config system interface edit "wifi" config wifi-networks edit 1 set wifi-ssid "FOS_101F_WPA2_ENT_PEAP" set wifi-security wpa-enterprise ...
3. After setting wpa-enterprise, configure the following as needed:
wifi-eap-type wifi-username
Select a WPA2/WPA3-ENTERPRISE EAP method. l PEAP - wifi-username and wifi-passphrase should be set as the user account's name and password. l TLS - The client certificate should be specified by following settings: o wifi-client-certificate o wifi-private-key o wifi-private-key-password:
Username for WPA2/WPA3-ENTERPRISE.
wifi-client-certificate Client certificate for WPA2/WPA3-ENTERPRISE.
wifi-private-key
Private key for WPA2/WPA3-ENTERPRISE.
wifi-private-keypassword
Password for private key file for WPA2/WPA3-ENTERPRISE.
wifi-ca-certificate
CA certificate for WPA2/WPA3-ENTERPRISE.
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Example Use Case - WPA2-Only-Enterprise SSID using the EAP-PEAP
The following example configures the local radio to connect to a WPA2-Only-Enterprise SSID using the EAP-PEAP authentication method. 1. Upload the CA certificate to verify the server certificate from the 3rd-party SSID.
The CA certificate verification is an optional setting, users can decide whether to verify the server certificate by changing wifi-ca-certificate setting. To upload the CA certificate to FortiGate, log into the GUI and go to System > Certificates. Click Create/Import > CA Certificate, and follow the onscreen instructions to import the CA certificate.
2. Configure the wifi-network entry:
config system interface edit "wifi" config wifi-networks edit 1 set wifi-ssid "FOS_101F_WPA2_ENT_PEAP" set wifi-security wpa-enterprise set wifi-eap-type peap set wifi-username "tester" set wifi-passphrase * set wifi-ca-certificate "CA_Cert_1"
Cert_1" is the imported CA certificate next
end next end
<---This is an optional setting. "CA_
3. Check the connection status:
FortiWiFi-81F-2R-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlsta cfg
STA intf
name: wlan17
status: up
ip: 10.4.1.2
mac: d4:76:a0:18:e0:8f
auto connect: yes
auto save: no
ap band: any
wifi network cnt: 1
1: FOS_101F_WPA2_ENT_PEAP, 16, 1
connected: FOS_101F_WPA2_ENT_PEAP
Example Use Case - WPA3-Only-Enterprise SSID using EAP-TLS
The following example configures the local radio to connect to a WPA3-Only-Enterprise SSID using EAP-TLS authentication method.
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1. Upload the CA certificate to verify the server certificate from the 3rd-party SSID.
The CA certificate verification is an optional setting, users can decide whether to verify the server certificate by changing wifi-ca-certificate setting. To upload the CA certificate to FortiGate, log into the GUI and go to System > Certificates. Click Create/Import > CA Certificate, and follow the onscreen instructions to import the CA certificate.
2. Upload the client certificate (with private key file), which will be sent to the 3rd-party SSID side for verification and authentication. a. To upload the client certificate with private key file to FortiGate, log into the GUI and go to System > Certificates. b. Click Create/Import > Certificate c. Click Import Certificate, select PKCS #12 Certificate or Certificate, and then follow the onscreen instructions to import the client certificate with private key file.
3. Configure the wifi-network entry:
config system interface
edit "wifi"
config wifi-networks
edit 2
set wifi-ssid "FOS_101F_WPA3_ENT_TLS"
set wifi-security wpa-enterprise
set wifi-eap-type tls
set wifi-username "81F-client"
set wifi-client-certificate "client-cert"
<----"client-cert" is the name of
imported client certificate
set wifi-private-key "client-cert"
<---It uses the same name of
imported client certificate
set wifi-private-key-password *
set wifi-ca-certificate "CA_Cert_1"
<---This is an optional setting. "CA_
Cert_1" is the imported CA certificate
next
end
next
end
l wifi-username is the "identity" of the client-mode local radio during EAP-TLS authentication.
l wifi-private-key-password is the password created when importing the client certificate on the FortiWiFi.
4. Check the connection status:
FortiWiFi-81F-2R-POE # diagnose wireless-controller wlsta cfg
STA intf
name: wlan07
status: up
ip: 10.30.80.2
mac: d4:76:a0:18:e0:87
auto connect: yes
auto save: no
ap band: any
wifi network cnt: 1
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1: FOS_101F_WPA3_ENT_TLS, 16, 1 connected: FOS_101F_WPA3_ENT_TLS
Configuring WPA3 security modes on FortiWiFi units operating in client mode
When the local radio of a FortiWiFi 8xF/6xF/40F model is operating in client mode, it can connect with third-party SSIDs with a WPA3-SAE or OWE security mode. You can configure the security mode from the GUI (see FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client on page 382) or from the CLI under config wifi-networks.
config wifi-networks edit < ID > set wifi-security [open | wpa-personal | wpa3-sae | owe] next
end
To configure WPA3 security mode SSID on a FortiWiFi running in client mode - CLI:
1. Change the wireless mode to client. See Configuring a FortiWiFi unit as a wireless client on page 383. Note: You must remove any AP WiFi configurations such as SSIDs, DHCP servers, policies, and software switch members before you can change the mode to Wireless Client. Once you select Wireless Client, the FortiWiFi unit will reboot.
2. Create a wireless network by connect to a third-party SSID and setting the security mode. In this example, the SSID is FOS_101F_WAP3_SAE and the security mode is WPA3 SAE.
config system interface edit "wifi" config wifi-networks edit 1 set wifi-ssid "FOS_101F_WAP3_SAE" set wifi-security wpa3-sae set wifi-passphrase * next end next
end
To verify the connection status:
1. Verify the connection between the local radio and the third-party SSID with diagnose wireless-controller wlsta cfg.
diagnose wireless-controller wlsta cfg
STA intf
name: wlan17
status: up
ip: 3.1.1.2
mac: d4:76:a0:18:e0:8f
auto connect: yes
auto save: no
ap band: any
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wifi network cnt: 1 1: FOS_101F_WPA3_SAE, 19, 1
connected: FOS_101F_WPA3_SAE
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WiFi maps
WiFi maps
You can place FortiAP units on a custom map that you upload, such as an office floor plan. WiFi Maps show real-time status and alerts of FortiAP units so that you can quickly see the location and status of each FortiAP unit on the map.
To configure WiFi maps on the FortiWiFi and FortiAP GUI: 1. Obtain a floor plan or map (in PNG, JPEG, or GIF format) of where FortiAP units are located. 2. Go to WiFi Controller > WiFi Maps and click Create New.
a. Enter a Map name for example, Level-2. a. Click Browse to upload the map. a. Optionally, enable Image grayscale to change a color map to grayscale. a. Set Image opacity to specify map transparency.
a. Click OK. 3. Place FortiAP units on the map you uploaded.
a. Click Unlock Map to enable editing. The list of unplaced APs loads.
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b. Drag and drop each FortiAP unit onto its location on the map.
c. When all FortiAP units have been placed on the map, click Lock Map to save. 4. To view a FortiAP unit's detailed operating data or to configure AP settings, right-click the FortiAP icon and select
Diagnostics and Tools.
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WiFi maps
5. 6. Use the filters above the map to show one or both the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz band. You can also use the dropdown lists
to show numerical operating data such as client count, channel, radio TX power, and channel utilization.
To configure WiFi maps using the FortiWiFi and FortiAP CLI:
config wireless-controller region edit <MAP_NAME> set grayscale enable <enable|disable> set opacity 40 <0-100> next
end config wireless-controller wtp
edit <FAP_SN> set region <MAP_NAME> set region-x "0.419911" <0-1> set region-y "0.349466" <0-1>
next end
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Bluetooth Low Energy scan
Bluetooth Low Energy scan
For FortiAPs with built-in Bluetooth radios, the FortiGate can configure FortiAP Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) scan and integrate with several BLE Beacon profiles. To see which FortiAP models support BLE scanning, refer to the FortiAP Data Sheets. Once a BLE profile is configured, you can then assign it to a FortiAP profile.
To assign a BLE profile to a FortiAP profile - CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <name> set ble-profile <name> next
end You can also configure BLE report intervals.
To configure BLE report intervals - CLI:
config wireless-controller timers set ble-scan-report-intv - (default = 30 sec)
end
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Override BLE profiles from WTP profiles and group
Override BLE profiles from WTP profiles and group
For FortiOS 7.2.5 and later and 7.4.1 and later, you can override the BLE major and minor IDs set in the BLE profile by making configurations directly to the WTP profile and group settings. This simplifies Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) iBeacon provisioning for RTLS deployments.
l The BLE major ID can be set in WTP settings and WTP group settings as well as in the BLE profile settings. l The BLE minor ID can be set in WTP settings and in the BLE profile settings.
To set BLE major and minor IDs from the WTP settings:
The BLE major ID set in the WTP settings overrides the ID set in the WTP group and the BLE profile. The BLE minor ID set in the WTP settings overrides the ID set in the BLE profile. config wireless-controller wtp
edit < FortiAP-serial-number > set ble-major-id < ID > set ble-minor-id < ID >
next end
To set BLE major IDs from the WTP group settings:
The BLE major ID set in the WTP group settings overrides the ID set in the BLE profile. config wireless-controller wtp-group
edit < FortiAP-group-name > set ble-major-id < ID > set wtps < FortiAP-serial-number-1 > < FortiAP-serial-number-2 > ...
next end
BLE Real-Time-Location Services
The FortiOS WiFi Controller supports BLE-based Real-Time Location Service (RTLS) for Pole Star and Evresys platforms.
l Pole Star NAO Cloud service integration Managed FortiAP units can be configured to scan Pole Star BLE asset tags and send the scanned data to the Pole Star's NAO Cloud. This enables wearable devices with BLE asset tags to communicate with FortiAPs via their builtin Bluetooth radios. The data forwarded to the cloud service is processed by Pole Star and analytics are generated to map the location of each asset.
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l Evresys RTLS solution Managed FortiAP units can be configured to support the Evresys RTLS platform.
Once you configure a BLE profile, you can apply it to a FortiAP profile. From the FortiAP profile, you can select the BLERTLS platform you want and configure RTLS settings.
To configure a BLE profile - CLI:
config wireless-controller ble-profile edit "ExampleBLEProfile" set ble-scanning enable set scan-type passive set scan-period 1000 set scan-interval 30 set scan-window 30 next
end
scan-type
scan-threshold scan-period scan-time scan-interval scan-window
There are two types of scanning; active and passive. l Active BLE scanning: Send a scan request for additional information from the advertiser. l Passive BLE scanning: Only receive data from the advertising device.
Scan Type (default = active).
Enter a minimum signal level/threshold in dBm required for the AP to report detected BLE device (-95 to -20, default = -90).
The scan period is the total time for each round. Enter an integer value from <1000> to <10000> (default = <4000>).
The scan time is the duration in which the device stays in the scanning state. Enter an integer value from <1000> to <10000> (default = <1000>).
The scan interval is the interval between the start of two consecutive scan windows. Enter an integer value from <10> to <1000> (default = <50>).
The scan window is the duration the Link layer scans on one channel. Enter an integer value from <10> to <1000> (default = <50>)
To configure BLE location-based services - CLI:
Once you configure a BLE profile, you must apply the BLE profile to a FortiAP profile and then configure BLE-RTLS settings under location-based services (LBS) in the wtp-profile.
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config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP431G-default" config platform set type 431G end set ble-profile "ExampleBLEProfile" set handoff-sta-thresh 55 config radio-1 set band 802.11ax,n,g-only end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set channel-bonding 40MHz end config radio-3 set band 802.11ax-6G set channel-bonding 160MHz end config lbs set ble-rtls evresys set ble-rtls-server-fqdn "stg-example.com" set ble-rtls-server-path "/" set ble-rtls-server-token "qmgithsktugh8plemchaqw" set ble-rtls-accumulation-interval 1 set ble-rtls-reporting-interval 1 set ble-rtls-asset-uuid-list1 "b0000a00-0ad1-000b-b00a-0000e00c0000" set ble-rtls-asset-addrgrp-list "ble-test" end next
end
ble-rtls
ble-rtlsprotocol ble-rtlsserver-fqdn ble-rtlsserver-path ble-rtlsserver-token ble-rtlsserver-port ble-rtlsaccumulationinterval
Set BLE Real Time Location Service (RTLS) support (default = none). l none l polestar l evresys
Select the protocol to report Measurements, Advertising Data, or Location Data to Cloud Server (default = WSS). FQDN of BLE Real Time Location Service (RTLS) Server.
Path of BLE Real Time Location Service (RTLS) Server.
Access Token of BLE Real Time Location Service (RTLS) Server.
Port of BLE Real Time Location Service (RTLS) Server (default = 443).
Time that measurements should be accumulated in seconds (default = 2).
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ble-rtlsreportinginterval
Time between reporting accumulated measurements in seconds (default = 2).
ble-rtls-asset- Tags and asset UUID list 1 to be reported (string in the format of 'XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-
uuid-list1
XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX').
ble-rtls-asset- Tags and asset UUID list 2 to be reported (string in the format of 'XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-
uuid-list2
XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX').
ble-rtls-asset- Tags and asset UUID list 3 to be reported (string in the format of 'XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-
uuid-list3
XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX').
ble-rtls-asset- Tags and asset UUID list 4 to be reported (string in the format of 'XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-
uuid-list4
XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX').
ble-rtls-assetaddrgrp-list
Tags and asset addrgrp list to be reported.
The ble-asset-addrgrp-list setting uses a FortiOS firewall address group to include MAC addresses of BLE tags. Either individual MAC address or MAC address range can be supported. For example:
config firewall addrgrp edit "pole-grp" set member "addr-01" "addr-05" next
end config firewall address
edit "addr-01" set type mac set macaddr "ee:0f:4d:00:11:22"
next edit "addr-05"
set type mac set macaddr "ee:0f:4d:00:00:00-ff:ff:ff:00:00:00" next
To verify BLE-RTLS configurations in the FortiGate:
FortiGate-301E (vdom1) (Interim)# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wtpprof
WTPPROF (002/002) vdom,name: vdom1, Evresys
platform
: FAP433F.
...
lbs ble-rtls
: Evresys, stg-example.com:443 WSS /,qmgithsktugh8plemchaqw 1 1 ble-
test
ble-rtls uuid 1 : b0000a00-0ad1-000b-b00a-0000e00c0000
: b0000a00-0ad1-000b-b00a-0000e00c0000 - ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-
ffffffffffff
ble-rtls uuid 2 :
: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 - 00000000-0000-0000-0000-
000000000000
ble-rtls uuid 3 :
: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 - 00000000-0000-0000-0000-
000000000000
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ble-rtls uuid 4 : : 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 - 00000000-0000-0000-0000-
000000000000
To verify FortiAP can receive BLE-RETLS related configurations from FortiGate:
# cw_diag -c ble-config
WTP Bluetooth Low Energy Configuration:
ble scan report interval : 30
advertising
:
ibeacon_uuid
: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000
major ID
:0
minor ID
:0
eddystone namespace ID :
eddystone instance ID
:
eddystone URL
:
txpower
:0
beacon interval
: 100
ble scanning
: enabled (mode=passive,thresh=-
90,period=1000,time=1000,intv=30,wind=30)
BLE address: c4:39:8f:ef:5b:67 BLE oper pid: 17473 BLE conf pid: 17473
# cw_diag -c ble-rtls
BLE RTLS Config: ble_rtls_type = Evresys ble_rtls_proto = WSS ble_rtls_server_fqdn = stg-example.com ble_rtls_server_path = / ble_rtls_server_token = qmgithsktugh8plemchaqw ble_rtls_server_port = 443 ble_rtls_acc_intv = 1 ble_rtls_rpt_intv = 1 ble_rtls_addrgrp_uuid_policy = allow B001 b0000a00-0ad1-000b-b00a-0000e00c0000 - ffffffff-ffff-ffff-ffff-ffffffffffff ble_rtls_addrgrp_policy = allow S002 00:a0:50:ef:57:06 ble_rtls_ble_dev_max_rpt = 128 ble_rtls_ble_dev_max_batch = 64
Eddystone BLE beacon profile integration
Eddystone is Google's BLE beacon profile that can be used to identify groups of devices and individual devices. Use the following syntax to configure a BLE profile that integrates Eddystone. Once you configure the BLE profile, you must then assign it to a FortiAP profile.
To configure BLE profiles for Eddystone - CLI: config wireless-controller ble-profile
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edit <name> set comment <comment> set advertising {ibeacon | eddystone-uid | eddystone-url} set ibeacon-uuid <uuid> set major-id <0 - 65535> - (default = 1000) set minor-id <0 - 65535> - (default = 1000) set eddystone-namespace <10-byte namespace> set eddystone-instance <device id> set eddystone-url <url> set txpower <0 - 12> - (default = 0) set beacon-interval <40 - 3500> - (default = 100) set ble-scanning {enable | disable} - (default = disable)
next end
Note that txpower determines the transmit power level on a scale of 0-12:
0: -21 dBm 5: -6 dBm 10: 3 dBm
1: -18 dBm 6: -3 dBm 11: 4 dBm
2: -15 dBm 7: 0 dBm 12: 5 dBm
3: -12 dBm 8: 1 dBm
4: -9 dBm 9: 2 dBm
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Location-based services
FortiOS supports location-based services by collecting information about WiFi devices near FortiAPs, even if the devices do not associate with the network. WiFi devices broadcast packets as they search for available networks. The FortiGate WiFi controller can collect information about the interval, duration, and signal strength of these packets. Through FortiPresence, you can use this information to track and analyze the movements of the device owner. FortiPresence processes the data and displays it in an analytics dashboard. The device owners are not personally identified, each is known only by the MAC address of their WiFi device. After enabling location tracking on the FortiGate unit, you can confirm that the feature is working by using a specialized diagnostic command to view the raw tracking data.
Pole Star location-based services
Managed FortiAP units can be configured to scan Pole Star BLE asset tags and send the scanned data to the Pole Star's NAO Cloud. This enables wearable devices with BLE asset tags to communicate with FortiAPs via their built-in Bluetooth radios. The data forwarded to the cloud service is processed by Pole Star and analytics are generated to map the location of each asset. For more information, see BLE Real-Time-Location Services on page 398
Configuring location tracking
You can enable location tracking in any FortiAP profile by setting the station-locate field to enable. You can also enable enhanced location accuracy through the 802.11mc Wi-Fi protocol.
To enable location tracking - CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP220B-locate" set ap-country US config platform set type 220B end config lbs set station-locate enable end end
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To enable 802.11mc on a FortiAP - CLI:
The 802.11mc Wi-Fi protocol enables supported devices and clients to measure their distance to nearby Wi-Fi access points. APs act as a Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) responder to time measurement queries sent from a client. FortiAP radios can be configured to operate in 802.11mc responder mode, enabling connected devices and clients to use enhanced location accuracy.
The FortiAP must be running firmware version 7.6.0 or later to support this feature.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP23JF-default" config radio-1 set 80211mc enable end next
end
To verify that 802.11mc is configured on a FortiAP:
1. From the FortiGate, verify that 802.11mc has been successfully enabled.
FortiGate-81E-POE (Interim)# diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wtp FP23JFTF21000769 |
grep 80211mc -B 2
Radio 1
: AP
80211d enable: : enabled
80211mc enable : enabled
--
Radio 2
: AP
80211d enable: : enabled
80211mc enable : enabled
2. From the FortiAP, verify that 802.11mc has been successfully enabled.
FortiAP-23JF # rcfg | grep 802.11mc -B4
Radio 0: AP
country
: cfg=US oper=US
countryID
: cfg=841 oper=841
802.11d enable : enabled
802.11mc enable : enabled
--
Radio 1: AP
country
: cfg=US oper=US
countryID
: cfg=841 oper=841
802.11d enable : enabled
802.11mc enable : enabled
3. Using a packet capture tool, check the packet capture result for the customer_usage SSID configured in the FortiAP profile.
Fine Timing Measurement Responder should be set to True, indicating that the FortiAP supports the 802.11mc responder mode. 4. Optionally, you can use a scanning app such as Google's WifiRttScan App to scan for nearby Wi-Fi RTT (802.11mc) capable access points.
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Automatic deletion of outdated presence data
The FortiGate generates a log entry only the first time that station-locate detects a mobile client. No log is generated for clients that have been detected before. To log repeat client visits, previous station presence data must be deleted (flushed). The sta-locate-timer can flush this data periodically. The default period is 1800 seconds (30 minutes). The timer can be set to any value between 1 and 86400 seconds (24 hours). A setting of 0 disables the flush, meaning a client is logged only on the very first visit. The timer is one of the wireless controller timers and it can be set in the CLI. For example: config wireless-controller timers
set sta-locate-timer 1800 end To avoid the duplication of logs, set the sta-locate-timer value to be more that the sta-capability-timer value (default 30 seconds).
Viewing device location data on a FortiGate unit
You can use the FortiGate CLI to list located devices. This is can be used to confirm that the location data feature is working. You can also reset the device location data.
To list located devices: diag wireless-controller wlac -c sta-locate
To reset device location data: diag wireless-controller wlac -c sta-locate-reset
Example output
The following output shows data for three WiFi devices. FWF60C3G11004319 # diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c sta-locate
sta_mac vfid rid base_mac freq_lst frm_cnt frm_fst frm_last intv_sum intv2_sum intv3_sum intv_min intv_max signal_sum signal2_sum signal3_sum sig_min sig_max sig_fst sig_ last ap
00:0b:6b:22:82:61 0 FAP22B3U11005354 0 0 00:09:0f:f1:bb:e4 5745 257 708 56 651 1836 6441 0 12 -21832 1855438 -157758796 -88 -81 -84 -88 0
00:db:df:24:1a:67 0 FAP22B3U11005354 0 0 00:09:0f:f1:bb:e4 5745 42 1666 41 1625 97210 5831613 0 60 -3608 310072 -26658680 -90 -83 -85 -89 0
10:68:3f:50:22:29 0 FAP22B3U11005354 0 0 00:09:0f:f1:bb:e4 5745 102 1623 58 1565 94136 5664566 0 60 -8025 631703 -49751433 -84 -75 -78 -79 0
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The output for each device appears on two lines. The first line contains only the device MAC address and the VLAN ID. The second line begins with the ID (serial number) of the FortiWiFi or FortiAP unit that detected the device, the AP MAC address, and then the fields that FortiPresence uses. Because of its length, this line wraps around and displays as multiple lines.
Configuring FortiPresence
You can configure FortiPresence to process and analyze the results of your location tracking. For comprehensive instructions on configuring FortiPresence, see the FortiPresence Administration Guide.
Once you've set up FortiPresence, you can enable it on a FortiAP profile to apply your settings to your APs.
To apply FortiPresence settings to a FortiAP:
1. From the FortiGate GUI navigate to WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles. 2. Select the FortiAP profile you want to configure FortiPresence for. 3. Locate the FortiPresence section and select which mode you want to use to enable the service.
l Foreign Channels Only: AP will only listen to clients on foreign channels when doing background scan. It will not listen to clients associated to other APs running on its home (or operating) channel to preserve associated clients traffic.
l Foreign and Home Channels: AP will also listen to connected clients associated to other APs on its home channel. This is useful for FortiPresence, but can negatively impact AP performance when AP is serving clients.
4. Enter the Project name and Password from FortiPresence (Use the Project Name and Project Secret Key from the FortiPresence GUI Admin > Settings > Discovered APs).
5. Enter the FortiPresence server IP and FortiPresence server port from FortiPresence (Location Server IP and Port are displayed in the FortiPresence GUI Admin > Settings > Discovered APs).
6. When you are finished, click OK.
FortiPresence push REST API
To configure FortiGate to push information to the FortiPresence server, enter the following commands:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FP223B-GuestWiFi" config lbs set fortipresence {disable | foreign | both} set fortipresence-server-addr-type {ipv4 | fqdn} set fortipresence-port <port> set fortipresence-secret <password> Password to be obtained from FortiPresence UI set fortipresence-project <name> Name to be obtained from FortiPresence UI set fortipresence-frequency <5-65535> Default is 30. set fortipresence-rogue {enable | disable} Enable/disable reporting of Rogue APs. set fortipresence-unassoc {enable | disable} Enable/disable reporting of unassociated devices. set station-locate enable end
end
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Location-based services
Configuring FortiPresence server IP
When defining the FortiPresence server for location based services, the server address can be configured as an IPV4 address or as a FQDN. Using FQDN means that the wireless controller configuration does not need to be changed when the FortiPresence server IP address changes, it can keep the same domain name.
To configure FortiPresence server as IPV4:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP431F-default" config lbs set fortipresence foreign set fortipresence-server-addr-type ipv4 set fortipresence-server "34.245.252.61" (FortiPresence location server IP) set fortipresence-port 4013 end next
end
Debug configurations:
From the FortiGate CLI: diag sniffer packet <port> "host 34.245.252.61 and port 4013" 6 0 a From the FortiAP CLI: cw_diag -c fortipresence - show scanned fortipresence data from kernel diag_sniffer br0 'host 34.245.252.61'
To configure FortiPresence server as FQDN:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP431F-default" config lbs set fortipresence foreign set fortipresence-server-addr-type fqdn set fortipresence-server-fqdn "test.fortipresence.com" set fortipresence-port 10443 end next
end
To verify that FortiAP receives the FortiPresence server domain name and resolves the IP address:
FortiAP-431F # wcfg WTP Configuration
name ... fsm-state wtp-ip-addr ac-ip-addr ... fortipresence
: FortiAP-431F
: RUN 75 : 10.19.20.20:5246 - 10.19.20.20:53582 : 172.18.56.42:5246 - 172.18.56.42:5247
STATIC
: foreign, ble enabled, rogue disabled, unassoc_sta enabled, freq 30 server 0172.16.200.133(test.fortipresence.com):10443 secret csum [0xc6a7]
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[fortipresence] LAN mode ...
: WAN LAN, ESL
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Support for Electronic Shelf Label systems
Support for Electronic Shelf Label systems
Some FortiAP models equipped with a USB port can support Electronic Shelf Labels (ESL) systems. These FortiAPs can be configured to accept a ESL-Radio through a USB dongle that works on a 2.4 GHz frequency band. Once the ESL dongle is connected, you can configure the communication mode from a FortiGate. ESL traffic from the ESL-Radio is sent to ESL-Servers that are either located on-premise or in the Cloud.
Fortinet currently supports the following third-party ESL service providers:
l Hanshow l SES-Imagotag
Hanshow integration
To configure ESL integration for Hanshow:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "421E-dongle" config platform set type 421E end config lan set port-esl-mode bridge-to-ssid set port-esl-ssid "WIFI-Private" end next
end
The following configuration are available in port-esl-mode:
offline nat-to-wan bridge-to-wan bridge-to-ssid
Offline. NAT WTP ESL port to WTP WAN port. Bridge WTP ESL port to WTP WAN port. Bridge WTP ESL port to SSID.
Hanshow ESL is supported on select FortiAP models, including but not limited to: l FortiAP-S/W2 models: FAP-S421E, FAP-S423E, FAP-421E and FAP-423E, running firmware 6.4.2 and later. l FortiAP models: Wi-Fi 6/802.11ax capable, running firmware 6.4.3 and later.
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SES-Imagotag
To configure ESL integration for SES-Imagotag:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP433F-default config esl-ses-dongle set esl-channel 10 set scd-enable enable set output-power b set apc-fqdn "example.fqdn" set apc-port 7354 end next
end
The following configuration are available for esl-ses-dongle:
compliance-level
Compliance levels for the ESL solution integration: l -1: No esl-channel is set l 0: ESL channel 0 l <...> l 10: ESL channel 10 l 127: Managed channel enabled, indicates that the APC (server) is setting the esl-channel via the slot channel
(default = compliance-level-2)
scd-enable
Enable/disable ESL SES-imagotag Serial Communication Daemon (SCD) (default = disable)
esl-channel
ESL SES-imagotag dongle channel (default = 127)
output-power
ESL SES-imagotag dongle output power: l a: About 15mW l b: About 7mW l c: About 5mW l d: About 1mW l e: About 13mW l f: About 10mW l g: About 3mW l h: About 2mW
(default = A)
apc-addr-type
ESL SES-imagotag APC address type: l fqdn: Fully Qualified Domain Name address l ip IPv4: address
(default = fqdn)
apc-fqdn / apc- FQDN / IP of ESL SES-imagotag Access Point Controller
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ip apc-port coex-level
tls-certverification tls-fqdnverification
Port of ESL SES-imagotag Access Point Controller
ESL SES-imagotag dongle coexistence level (default = none). Note: As of today there is no coexistence, interference-free parallel operation with regular 2.4GHz servicing radios
Enable/disable TLS Certificate verification (default = enable)
Enable/disable TLS FQDN verification. (default = disable)
To check the ESL dongle status:
On FortiOS: diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c ws-esl [wtp-ip] On FortiAP: cw_diag -c esl-ses
To toggle ESL-SES debug level:
To see the the ESL log level on a FortiAP: # cw_diag -c esl-dbg
# -----------------------ESL SCD debug conf----------------------# (console-output: 0 - off, 1 - on) console 0 # (debug-levels: 0 - none, 1 - fatal, 2 - error, 3 - warn, 4 - info, 5 - debug) data_block.data_block_container 2 firmware.load_firmware 2 ...
To enable debugs:
cw_diag -c esl-dbg console 1 To apply the level change, you need to restart the SDC daemon or reboot the FortiAP.
To set other debug object levels:
cw_diag -c esl-dbg firmware.load_firmware 3 Level "3" is "warn", which means "fatal", "error" and "warn" logs will be displayed for "firmware.load_firmware".
SES-Imagotag ESL is supported on Wi-Fi 6/802.11ax capable FortiAP models running firmware 7.0.1 and later.
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Remote TACACS user access for FortiAP management
Remote TACACS user access for FortiAP management
You can use remote user accounts from a third-party TACACS server to log in to the FortiAP over console, SSH, and HTTPS.
To configure a TACACS+ server for remote FortiAP authentication:
1. Configure a TACACS+ user account and enter the server access information.
config user tacacs+ edit "tacacs1" set server "172.16.200.148" set key * set authorization enable set authen-type pap next
end
Note: You can log into a FortiAP over SSH when you configure the TACACS server with different authen-types including pap, chap, ascii, mschap, and auto. 2. Add the TACACS+ user account you created to a FortiAP profile, and then disable local admin access.
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "433F" set allowaccess https ssh set admin-auth-tacacs+ "tacacs1" set admin-restrict-local disable next
end
To log in and out of a FortiAP SSH session over TACACS+:
FortiGate-301E (vdom1) (Interim)# diagnose wireless wlac -c wtpprof
WTPPROF (002/002) vdom,name: vdom1, 433F
platform
: FAP433F.
refcnt
: 7 own(1) wlan(3) wtp(1) bleprof(1) TACACS+(1)
...
ssh user1@10.233.80.24
user1@10.233.80.24's password:
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FortiAP-433F #
FortiAP-433F # wcfg WTP Configuration
name loc ...
TACACS+ server disabled
console-login frequency-handoff ap-handoff
: FortiAP-433F : N/A
: server=172.16.200.148:49 authen-type=PAP admin-restrict-local=
: enabled : disabled
: disabled
FortiAP-433F # exit Connection to 10.233.80.24 closed.
To view TACACS+ access on the FortiGate system event log:
FortiGate-301E (vdom1) (Interim)# execute log display
2: date=2024-08-30 time=16:15:33 eventtime=1725059733751700217 tz="-0700" logid="0100032003" type="event" subtype="system" level="information" vd="vdom1" logdesc="Admin logout successful" sn="21273" user="FortiAP:FP433FTF21001160" ui="ssh(10.233.80.1)" method="ssh" action="logout" status="success" srcip=10.233.80.1 dstip=10.233.80.24 reason="exit" msg="Administrator user1 logged out from ssh(10.233.80.1)"
4: date=2024-08-30 time=16:15:26 eventtime=1725059726834362629 tz="-0700" logid="0100032001" type="event" subtype="system" level="information" vd="vdom1" logdesc="Admin login successful" sn="21273" user="FortiAP:FP433FTF21001160" ui="ssh(10.233.80.1)" method="ssh" action="login" status="success" srcip=10.233.80.1 dstip=10.233.80.24 reason="none" msg="Administrator user1 logged in successfully from ssh(10.233.80.1)"
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Troubleshooting
This section contains topics to help troubleshoot the FortiOS wireless controller and FortiAP units. l FortiAP shell command on page 415 l Signal strength issues on page 416 l Throughput issues on page 419 l Client connection issues on page 421 l FortiAP connection issues on page 423 l Testing wireless network health with SAM on page 426 l Determining the coverage area of a FortiAP on page 432 l Best practices for OSI common sources of wireless issues on page 434 l Extended logging on page 437 l Packet sniffer on page 447 l Debug commands on page 451 l Disabling 802.11d for client backward compatibility on page 453
FortiAP shell command
The FortiAP is often behind a NAT device and access to the FortiAP through SSH is not available. The FortiGate WiFi controller can send a FortiAP shell command (up to 127 bytes) to the FortiAP. The FortiAP runs this command and then returns the results to the controller using the Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points Protocol (CAPWAP) tunnel. The maximum output from a FortiAP shell command is limited to 4 MB. The default output size is set to 32 KB. The FortiAP reports the running results to the controller after the command is finished. If the controller sends a new command to the FortiAP before the previous command is finished, the previous command is canceled. Enter the following command: diag w-c wlac wtpcmd wtp_ip wtp_port cmd [cmd-to-ap] cmd: run,show,showhex,clr,r&h,r&sh
l cmd-to-ap: any shell commands, but FortiAP does not report results until the command is finished on the FortiAP l run: controller sends the ap-cmd to the FortiAP to run l show: show current results reported by the FortiAP in text l showhex: show current results reported by the FortiAP in hexadecimal format. l clr: clear reported results l r&s: run and show l r&sh: run and show in hexadecimal format
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Signal strength issues
This section includes information to help you identify and troubleshoot poor signal strength issues.
Asymmetric power issue
Asymmetric power issues are a typical problem in wireless communications. Access points (AP) can have a high transmit power which means that a signal can travel a long distance. However, clients may not have a transmit power strong enough for the APs to detect their signal.
Measuring signal strength in both directions
To solve an asymmetric power issue, measure the signal strength in both directions. APs usually have enough power to transmit long distances, but sometimes battery-powered clients have a reply signal that has less power, and therefore the AP cannot detect their signal.
It is recommended that you match the transmission power of the AP to the least powerful wireless client--around 10 decibels per milliwatt (dBm) for iPhones and 14 dBm for most laptops.
Even if the signal is strong enough, other devices may also emit radiation and cause interference. To identify the difference, read the client Rx strength from the Signal Strength widget (under Dashboard > WiFi) or CLI.
The Signal Strength/Noise value provides the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of the wireless client. For example, a value of -85 dBm to -95 dBm is equal to about 10 dB levels; this is not a desirable signal strength. In the following screenshot, one of the clients is at 18 dB, which is getting close to the perimeter of its range.
The recommended Signal Strength/Noise value from and to the FortiAP by clients is in the range of -20 dBm to -65 dBm.
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You can also confirm the transmission (Tx) power of the controller on the AP profile (wtp-profile) and the FortiAP (iwconfig), and check the power management (auto-Tx) options.
Controller configured transmitting power - CLI:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile config <radio> show
(the following output is limited to power levels) auto-power-level : enable auto-power-high : 17 auto-power-low : 10
Actual FortiAP transmitting power - CLI:
iwconfig wlan00
Result: wlan00 IEEE 802.11ng ESSID:"signal-check" Mode:Master Frequency:2.412 GHz Access Point:<MAC add> Bit Rate:130 Mb/s Tx-Power=28 dBm
Perform a site survey
The most thorough method to solve signal strength issues is to perform a site survey. A site survey helps with the optimal placement for your APs based on the variables in your environment. You must provide the site survey detailed information such as a floor plan (to scale) and structural materials. You can then overlay the floor plan with a Wi-Fi heat map, allowing you to map the APs and adjust the radio bands and power levels while providing you with visual wireless coverage.
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Troubleshooting Sample depiction of a site survey using Hamina Wireless Network Planner
The following includes mechanisms for gathering further information on the client for Rx strength. The goal is to see how well the client is receiving the signal from the AP. You can also verify FortiAP signal strength on the client using WiFi client utilities, or third-party utilities such as InSSIDer or MetaGeek Chanalyzer.
l Professional Site Survey software (Hamina Wireless Network Planner, Ekahau, AirMagnet Survey Pro, and etc.) l InSSIDer l On Windows: "netsh wlan show networks mode=bssid" (look for the BSSID, it's in % not in dBm) l On MacOS: Use the "airport" command: /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Apple80211.framework/Versions/A/Resources/airport" airport s | grep <the_ bssid> (live scan each time) l On Android: WiFiFoFum
Frequency interference
If the wireless signal seems to be strong but then periodically drops, this may be a symptom of frequency interference. Frequency interference is when another device also emits radio frequency using the same channel, co-channel, or adjacent channel, thereby overpowering or corrupting your signal. This is a common problem on a 2.4 GHz network.
There are two types of interference: coherent and non-coherent. l Coherent interference is a result of another device using the same channel as your AP, or poor planning of a wireless infrastructure. Perhaps the other nearby APs are using the same channel or the signal strength is too high. l Non-coherent interference is a result of other radio signals such as Bluetooth, microwave, cordless phone, or xray machines (as in medical environments).
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The most common and simple solution for frequency interference is to change your operation channel. Typically, the channel can be set from 1 to 11 for the broadcast frequency, although it is recommended to use channels 1, 6, and 11 on the 2.4 GHz band. Another solution, if it is appropriate for your location, is to use the 5 GHz band instead.
MetaGeek Chanalyzer
You can perform a site survey using spectrum analysis at various points in your environment to locate sources of interference. MetaGeek Chanalyzer is an example of a third-party utility used for spectrum analysis of complex WiFi networks. Fortinet wireless adapters ignore signals of -95 dBm or less.
Throughput issues
This section helps you identify throughput issues and suggests actions to address them.
Link testing
You can identify delays or lost packets by sending ping packets from your wireless client. If there is more than 10 ms of delay, there may be a problem with your wireless deployment, such as:
l The client transmits a week signal. The host does not reach the AP. l The AP utilization is too high. Your AP is saturated with connected clients. l There is interference in the wireless network. Third-party signal can degrade your AP or the client's ability to detect
signals between them. l The AP has a weak transmit power. The AP does not reach the host. This problem is not common in a properly
deployed network, unless the client is too far away.
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Performance testing
If the FortiAP gives poor throughput to the client, the link can drop. You can measure the link throughput or performance between two devices by using third-party application tools such as iPerf and jPerf.
Measuring the file transfer speed
Another way to get a sense of your throughput issues is to measure the speed of a file transfer on your network. Create a test file at a specific size and measure the speed at which Windows measures the transfer. The command below creates a 50 MB file. The file name is test.txt.
l fsutil file createnew test.txt 52428800 The following image shows a network transfer speed of just over 24 Mbps. The theoretical speed of 802.11g is 54 Mbps, which is what this client is using. A wireless client is never likely to see the theoretical speed.
TKIP limitation If you find that throughput is a problem, avoid WPA security encrypted with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) as it supports communications only at 54 Mbps. Use WPA-2 AES instead. Speeds are very much based on what the client computer can handle as well. The maximum client connection rate of 130 Mbps is for 2.4 GHz on a 2x2, or 300 Mbps for 5 GHz on a 2x2 (using shortguard and channel bonding enabled). If you want to get more than 54 Mbps with 802.11n, do not use legacy TKIP, use CCMP instead. This is standard for legacy compatibility.
IP packet fragmentation prevention in CAPWAP tunnels
TKIP is not the only possible source of decreased throughput. When a wireless client sends jumbo frames using a CAPWAP tunnel, it can result in data loss, jitter, and decreased throughput. For more details, see IP fragmentation of packets in CAPWAP tunnels on page 235.
Slow DTLS response
The following elements are involved in the CAPWAP association: l request l response
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l full of DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security) tunnel establishment l join l configuration All of these element are bidirectional. If the DTLS response is slow, there could be a configuration error or an issue with a certificate during the discovery response. For details about the CAPWAP Protocol Specification, see RFC 5415 and RFC 5416.
Client connection issues
1. If the client is unable to connect to FortiAP: l Make sure the client security and authentication settings match with FortiAP and also check the certificates. l Try upgrading the Wi-Fi adapter driver, FortiGate and FortiAP firmware. l If other clients can connect, the issue can be with device interoperability. Run debug commands and sniffer packets. l Look for rogue suppression by sniffing the wireless traffic and looking for the connection issue in the output (using the AP or wireless packet sniffer). l Try changing the IEEE protocol from 802.11n to 802.11bg or 802.11a only.
2. If the client drops and reconnects: l The client might be de-authenticating periodically. Check the sleep mode on the client. l The issue could be related to power-saver settings. The client may need to update the drivers. l The issue could also be caused by flapping between APs. Check the roaming sensitivity settings on the client or the preferred wireless network settings on the client. If another WiFi network is available, the client may connect to it if it is a preferred network. Also, check the DHCP configuration as this configuration may be an IP conflict.
3. If the client drops and never connects: l The client could have roamed to another SSID. Check the standby and sleep modes. l You may need to bring the interface up and down.
4. If the client connects, but no IP address is acquired by the client: l Check the DHCP configuration and the network. l There could be a broadcast issue. Check the WEP encryption key and set a static IP address and VLANs.
Debugging client connection issues
To see the stage at which the client fails to connect, enable the client debug on the controller for problematic clients. Try to connect from the problematic client and run the following debug command, which allows you to see the four-way handshake of the client association: diagnose wireless-controller wlac sta_filter <client MAC address> 2
Example of a successful client connection:
The following example debug output is for the above command. This example shows the successful association phase, DHCP phase, and the PSK key exchange (identified in color): FG600B3909600253 #
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91155.197 <ih> IEEE 802.11 mgmt::assoc_req <== 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 vap signal-check rId 0 wId 0 00:09:0f:f3:20:45
91155.197 <ih> IEEE 802.11 mgmt::assoc_resp ==> 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 vap signal-check rId 0 wId 0 00:09:0f:f3:20:45 resp 0
91155.197 <cc> STA_CFG_REQ(15) sta 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 add ==> ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0 wId 0
91155.197 <dc> STA add 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 vap signal-check ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0 wId 0 bssid 00:09:0f:f3:20:45 NON-AUTH
91155.197 <cc> STA add 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 vap signal-check ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0 wId 0 00:09:0f:f3:20:45 sec WPA2 AUTO auth 0
91155.199 <cc> STA_CFG_RESP(15) 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rc 0 (Success)
91155.199 <eh>send 1/4 msg of 4-Way Handshake 91155.199 <eh>send IEEE 802.1X ver=1 type=3 (EAPOL_KEY) data len=95 replay cnt 1 91155.199 <eh> IEEE 802.1X (EAPOL 99B) ==> 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0
wId 0 00:09:0f:f3:20:45 91155.217 <eh> IEEE 802.1X (EAPOL 121B) <== 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0
wId 0 00:09:0f:f3:20:45 91155.217 <eh> recv IEEE 802.1X ver=1 type=3 (EAPOL_KEY) data len=117 91155.217 <eh> recv EAPOL-Key 2/4 Pairwise replay cnt 1 91155.218 <eh> send 3/4 msg of 4-Way Handshake 91155.218 <eh> send IEEE 802.1X ver=1 type=3 (EAPOL_KEY) data len=175 replay cnt 2 91155.218 <eh> IEEE 802.1X (EAPOL 179B) ==> 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0
wId 0 00:09:0f:f3:20:45 91155.223 <eh> IEEE 802.1X (EAPOL 99B) <== 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0
wId 0 00:09:0f:f3:20:45 91155.223 <eh> recv IEEE 802.1X ver=1 type=3 (EAPOL_KEY) data len=95 91155.223 <eh> recv EAPOL-Key 4/4 Pairwise replay cnt 2 91155.223 <dc> STA chg 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 vap signal-check ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0 wId
0 bssid 00:09:0f:f3:20:45 AUTH 91155.224 <cc> STA chg 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 vap signal-check ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0 wId
0 00:09:0f:f3:20:45 sec WPA2 AUTO auth 1 91155.224 <cc> STA_CFG_REQ(16) sta 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 add key (len=16) ==> ws (0-
192.168.35.1:5246) rId 0 wId 0 91155.226 <cc> STA_CFG_RESP(16) 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rc 0
(Success) 91155.226 <eh> ***pairwise key handshake completed*** (RSN) 91155.257 <dc> DHCP Request server 0.0.0.0 <== host ADMINFO-FD4I2HK mac 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 ip
172.16.1.16 91155.258 <dc> DHCP Ack server 172.16.1.1 ==> host mac 30:46:9a:f9:fa:34 ip 172.16.1.16 mask
255.255.255.0 gw 172.16.1.1
where:
l Orange represents the association phase. l Blue represents the PSK exchange. l Green represents the DHCP phase.
It is important to note the messages for a correct association phase, four-way handshake, and DHCP phase.
Checking the WiFi password
An Administrator can view plain text passwords (captive-portal-radius-secret and passphrase) under config wireless-controller vap. Note that security must be set as a WPA-personal setting.
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FortiAP connection issues
A communication problem can arise from the FortiAP. Some examples include:
l The FortiAP is not connecting to the wireless controller. l One FortiAP intermittently disconnects and re-connects. l All FortiAPs intermittently disconnect and re-connect. In the above cases: l Check networking on the distribution system for all related FortiAPs. l Check the authorization status of managed APs from the wireless controller. l Restart the cw_acd process.
Note: A restart of the cw_acd process drops all APs. l For any wireless controller daemon crashes, check the controller crash log using the following command:
diagnose debug crashlog read
Debugging FortiAP connection issues
For a quick assessment of the association communication between the controller and the FortiAP, run the following sniffer command to see if you can verify that the AP is communicating to the controller by identifying the CAPWAP communication: diagnose sniff packet <interface_name> "port 5246" 4
If you do not see this communication, then you can investigate the network or the settings on the AP to see why it is not reaching the controller. To collect verbose output from the sniff that can be converted to a PCAP and viewed in Wireshark, use the following command: diagnose sniff packet <interface_name> "port 5246" 6 0 l The image below shows the beginning of the AP association to the controller. You can see the discovery Request and Response at the top.
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Throughout debugging it is recommended to:
l Enable SSH login to the FortiAP device so that you can log in and issue local debugging commands: config wireless-controller wtp
edit "<FortiAP_serial_number>" set override-allowaccess {disable|enable} set allowaccess {https | ssh}
end
l Try to connect to the wireless controller from the problematic FortiAP to verify routes exist. l Enable wtp (FortiAP) debugging on the wireless controller for problematic FortiAPs to determine the point at which
the FortiAP fails to connect: diag wireless-controller wlac wtp_filter FP112B3X13000193 0-192.168.6.8:5246 2
(replace the serial number and IP address of the FortiAP)
di de console timestamp en di de application cw_acd 0x7ff di de en
Example of a successful AP and controller association:
Here is another example of a successful association between the FortiAP and the wireless controller. This example includes elements of the CAPWAP protocol; Request, Response, DTLS, Join, and Configuration (identified in color). All of these elements are bi-directional. So, if the DTLS response is slow, there could be a configuration error.
56704.575 <msg> DISCOVERY_REQ (12) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56704.575 <msg> DISCOVERY_RESP (12) ==> ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56707.575 <msg> DISCOVERY_REQ (13) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56707.575 <msg> DISCOVERY_RESP (13) ==> ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56709.577 <aev> - CWAE_INIT_COMPLETE ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56709.577 <aev> - CWAE_LISTENER_THREAD_READY ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56709.577 <fsm> old CWAS_START(0) ev CWAE_INIT_COMPLETE(0) new CWAS_IDLE(1) 56709.577 <fsm> old CWAS_IDLE(1) ev CWAE_LISTENER_THREAD_READY(1) new CWAS_DTLS_SETUP(4) 56709.623 <aev> - CWAE_DTLS_PEER_ID_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56709.623 <aev> - CWAE_DTLS_AUTH_PASS ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56709.623 <aev> - CWAE_DTLS_ESTABLISHED ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246)
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56709.623 <fsm> old CWAS_DTLS_SETUP(4) ev CWAE_DTLS_PEER_ID_RECV(7) new CWAS_DTLS_AUTHORIZE (2)
56709.623 <fsm> old CWAS_DTLS_AUTHORIZE(2) ev CWAE_DTLS_AUTH_PASS(3) new CWAS_DTLS_CONN(5) 56709.623 <fsm> old CWAS_DTLS_CONN(5) ev CWAE_DTLS_ESTABLISHED(8) new CWAS_JOIN(7) 56709.625 <msg> JOIN_REQ (14) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56709.625 <aev> - CWAE_JOIN_REQ_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56709.626 <fsm> old CWAS_JOIN(7) ev CWAE_JOIN_REQ_RECV(12) new CWAS_JOIN(7) 56709.629 <msg> CFG_STATUS (15) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56709.629 <aev> - CWAE_CFG_STATUS_REQ ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56709.629 <fsm> old CWAS_JOIN(7) ev CWAE_CFG_STATUS_REQ(13) new CWAS_CONFIG(8) 56710.178 <msg> CHG_STATE_EVENT_REQ (16) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.178 <aev> - CWAE_CHG_STATE_EVENT_REQ_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.178 <fsm> old CWAS_CONFIG(8) ev CWAE_CHG_STATE_EVENT_REQ_RECV(23) new CWAS_DATA_CHAN_
SETUP(10) 56710.220 <aev> - CWAE_DATA_CHAN_CONNECTED ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.220 <msg> DATA_CHAN_KEEP_ALIVE <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.220 <aev> - CWAE_DATA_CHAN_KEEP_ALIVE_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.220 <msg> DATA_CHAN_KEEP_ALIVE ==> ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.220 <fsm> old CWAS_DATA_CHAN_SETUP(10) ev CWAE_DATA_CHAN_CONNECTED(32) new CWAS_DATA_
CHECK(11) 56710.220 <aev> - CWAE_DATA_CHAN_VERIFIED ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.220 <fsm> old CWAS_DATA_CHECK(11) ev CWAE_DATA_CHAN_KEEP_ALIVE_RECV(35) new CWAS_DATA_
CHECK(11) 56710.220 <fsm> old CWAS_DATA_CHECK(11) ev CWAE_DATA_CHAN_VERIFIED(36) new CWAS_RUN(12) 56710.228 <msg> WTP_EVENT_REQ (17) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.228 <aev> - CWAE_WTP_EVENT_REQ_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.228 <fsm> old CWAS_RUN(12) ev CWAE_WTP_EVENT_REQ_RECV(42) new CWAS_RUN(12) 56710.230 <msg> CFG_UPDATE_RESP (1) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rc 0 (Success) 56710.230 <aev> - CWAE_CFG_UPDATE_RESP_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.230 <msg> WTP_EVENT_REQ (18) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.230 <aev> - CWAE_WTP_EVENT_REQ_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.230 <fsm> old CWAS_RUN(12) ev CWAE_CFG_UPDATE_RESP_RECV(37) new CWAS_RUN(12) 56710.230 <fsm> old CWAS_RUN(12) ev CWAE_WTP_EVENT_REQ_RECV(42) new CWAS_RUN(12) 56710.231 <msg> WTP_EVENT_REQ (19) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.231 <aev> - CWAE_WTP_EVENT_REQ_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.231 <fsm> old CWAS_RUN(12) ev CWAE_WTP_EVENT_REQ_RECV(42) new CWAS_RUN(12) 56710.232 <msg> CFG_UPDATE_RESP (2) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) rc 0 (Success) 56710.232 <aev> - CWAE_CFG_UPDATE_RESP_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.232 <fsm> old CWAS_RUN(12) ev CWAE_CFG_UPDATE_RESP_RECV(37) new CWAS_RUN(12) 56710.233 <msg> WTP_EVENT_REQ (20) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.233 <aev> - CWAE_WTP_EVENT_REQ_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56710.233 <fsm> old CWAS_RUN(12) ev CWAE_WTP_EVENT_REQ_RECV(42) new CWAS_RUN(12) 56712.253 < . > AC (2) -> WTP (0-192.168.35.1:5246) State: CWAS_RUN (12) accept 3 live 3 dbg
00000000 pkts 12493 0 56715.253 < . > AC (2) -> WTP (0-192.168.35.1:5246) State: CWAS_RUN (12) accept 3 live 6 dbg
00000000 pkts 12493 0 56718.253 < . > AC (2) -> WTP (0-192.168.35.1:5246) State: CWAS_RUN (12) accept 3 live 9 dbg
00000000 pkts 12493 0 56719.253 <aev> - CWAE_AC_ECHO_INTV_TMR_EXPIRE ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56719.253 <fsm> old CWAS_RUN(12) ev CWAE_AC_ECHO_INTV_TMR_EXPIRE(39) new CWAS_RUN(12) 56719.576 <msg> ECHO_REQ (21) <== ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56719.576 <aev> - CWAE_ECHO_REQ_RECV ws (0-192.168.35.1:5246) 56719.577 <fsm> old CWAS_RUN(12) ev CWAE_ECHO_REQ_RECV(27) new CWAS_RUN(12)
where:
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l Orange represents the Discovery phase. l Blue indicates that the control channels have been established using DTLS. l Green represents the access point Discovery and Join phase. l Purple represents the Clear Text channel. l Pink indicates that the FortiAP is successfully connected to the wireless controller.
Testing wireless network health with SAM
Fortinet's Service Assurance Manager (SAM) is a predictive diagnostic software for remotely diagnosing the health of wireless networks without requiring overlay sensors. With Service Assurance Manager, the network automatically performs predictive health checks and reports any issues before end users are impacted.
FortiAPs can be configured to run in Service Assurance Management mode, where a radio is designated to operate as a client and perform tests against another AP. Ping tests and Iperf tests can be run on interval, with results captured in the WiFi event logs. This allows the FortiGate to verify and ensure that an existing Wi-Fi network can provide acceptable services.
To configure a FortiAP profile to run in SAM mode - CLI:
In this example, a FortiGate manages two FortiAPs. One FortiAP (FAP_1) broadcasts a test SSID using WPA3 security, while the second FortiAP (FAP_2) is configured as a SAM test client with the same WPA3 security method so it can connect with the SSID on FAP_1 and perform a SAM ping or Iperf test.
1. (Optional) Upload the CA certificate to verify the server certificate. a. Go to System > Certificates > Create/Import > CA Certificate and complete the fields to upload the certificate.
2. (Optional) Upload the client certificate with private key file. a. Go to System > Certificates > Create/Import > Certificate and click Import Certificate. b. Select Certificate or PKCS #12 Certificate, then follow the onscreen instructions to import the client certificate with private key file, and set the private-key-password.
3. Create an SSID and select an authentication method:
WPA3 Enterprise authentication using EAP-TLS
WPA3-SAE authentication
OWE authentication
config wireless-controller vap
edit "sam-test-ent3" set ssid "sam-test-
ent3" set security wpa3-only-
enterprise set pmf enable set auth radius set radius-server "eap_
tls" set schedule "always"
config wireless-controller vap
edit "sam-test-sae" set ssid "sam-test-sae" set security wpa3-sae set pmf enable set schedule "always" set sae-password ENC
next end
config wireless-controller vap
edit "sam-test-owe" set ssid "sam-test-owe" set security owe set pmf enable set schedule "always"
next end
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WPA3 Enterprise authentication using EAP-TLS
WPA3-SAE authentication
next end
OWE authentication
4. Broadcast the SSID on FAP_1:
WPA3 Enterprise authentication using EAP-TLS
WPA3-SAE authentication
config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FAP433F-sam-test" config platform set type 433F set ddscan enable end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set vap-all manual set vaps "sam-test-
ent3" end
next end
config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FAP433F-sam-test " config platform set type 433F set ddscan enable end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set vap-all manual set vaps "sam-test-
sae" end
next end
OWE authentication
config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FAP433F-sam-test" config platform set type 433F set ddscan enable end config radio-2 set band 802.11ax-5G set vap-all manual set vaps "sam-test-
owe" end
next end
5. Configure the AP profile for FAP_2 to run in SAM mode and select a SAM security type. Then enable a SAM ping or Iperf test:
SAM ping test with WPA3 Enterprise authentication
using EAP-TLS
SAM Iperf test with WPA3-SAE SAM ping test with OWE
authentication
authentication
If the SAM security type is set to wpa-enterprise, you can configure SAM EAP methods and SAM certificate settings:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FAP431F-sam-ent3" config radio-2 set mode sam set sam-ssid "sam-
test-ent3" set sam-security-type
wpa-enterprise set sam-eap-method
config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FAP431F-sam-sae" config radio-2 set mode sam set sam-ssid "sam-
test-sae" set sam-security-type
wpa3-sae set sam-password ENC set sam-test iperf set sam-server-ip
"172.18.56.99" set iperf-server-port
5201 set iperf-protocol
config wireless-controller wtp-profile
edit "FAP431F-sam-owe" config radio-2 set mode sam set sam-ssid "sam-
test-owe" set sam-security-type
owe set sam-server-ip
8.8.8.8 set sam-test ping set sam-report-intv
60 end
next
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SAM ping test with WPA3 Enterprise authentication
using EAP-TLS
tls set sam-client-
certificate "client2.cert" set sam-private-key
"client2.cert" set sam-private-key-
password ENC set sam-ca-
certificate "CA_Cert_1" set sam-username
"tester" set sam-password ENC set sam-test ping set sam-server-ip
8.8.8.8 set sam-report-intv
60 end
next end
SAM Iperf test with WPA3-SAE SAM ping test with OWE
authentication
authentication
tcp set sam-report-intv
60 end
end next end
When the "sam-eap-method" is "tls" or "both", the "sam-client-certificate", "sam-privatekey", and "sam-private-key-password" settings are required.
l sam-client-certificate: The name of imported client certificate. l sam-private-key: Uses the same name of imported client certificate. l sam-private-key-password: Created when importing the client certificate. l sam-ca-certificate: The name of the imported CA certificate.
6. Log in to the FAP_2 CLI to verify the configurations:
SAM ping test with WPA3 Enterprise authentication using EAP-TLS
SAM Iperf test with WPA3-SAE SAM ping test with OWE
authentication
authentication
FortiAP-431F # rcfg
< other output omitted >
sam ssid
:
sam-test-ent3
sam bssid
:
00:00:00:00:00:00
sam security type :
Enterprise
sam captive portal :
disabled
FortiAP-431F # rcfg
sam ssid
:
sam-test-sae
sam bssid
:
00:00:00:00:00:00
sam security type : SAE
sam captive portal :
disabled
sam test
:
Iperf
FortiAP-431F # rcfg
< other output omitted >
sam ssid
:
sam-test-owe
sam bssid
:
00:00:00:00:00:00
sam security type : OWE
sam captive portal :
disabled
sam test
:
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SAM ping test with WPA3 Enterprise authentication using EAP-TLS
SAM Iperf test with WPA3-SAE SAM ping test with OWE
authentication
authentication
sam test
:
Ping
sam server
:
8.8.8.8
sam report interval: 60
sam eap method
: EAP
TLS
sam client cert : 1
sam ca cert
:1
< other output omitted >
sam server
:
172.18.56.99
sam report interval: 60
sam iperf port
:
5201
sam iperf protocol : TCP
< other output omitted >
Ping
sam server
:
8.8.8.8
sam report interval: 60
< other output omitted >
7. The FortiOS WiFi event log shows the corresponding event:
WPA3 Enterprise
SAM Iperf test with WPA3-SAE SAM ping test with OWE
authentication using EAP-TLS authentication
authentication
1: date=2023-11-10 time=12:02:16 eventtime=16996465362363213 85 tz="-0800" logid="0104043711" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="root" logdesc="SAM ping test result" sn="FP431FTF23031585" ap="FP431FTF23031585" vap="sam-test-ent3" ssid="sam-test-ent3" stamac="80:80:2c:0c:01:9f" radioid=2 channel=161 security="WPA3 Enterprise Only" encryption="AES" action="sam-ping-result" msg="Connected to AP FP433FTF20001556, 0.0% packet loss" remotewtptime="3012.616987"
1: date=2023-11-10 time=12:20:31 eventtime=16996476309891568 70 tz="-0800" logid="0104043710" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="root" logdesc="SAM iperf test result" sn="FP431FTF23031585" ap="FP431FTF23031585" vap="sam-test-sae" ssid="sam-test-sae" stamac="80:80:2c:0c:01:9f" radioid=2 channel=161 security="WPA3 SAE" encryption="AES" action="sam-iperf-result" msg="Connected to AP FP433FTF20001556, TCP, max rate 0.6 MB/s" remotewtptime="11.468787"
1: date=2023-11-10 time=12:28:11 eventtime=16996480911315259 36 tz="-0800" logid="0104043711" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="root" logdesc="SAM ping test result" sn="FP431FTF23031585" ap="FP431FTF23031585" vap="sam-test-owe" ssid="sam-test-owe" stamac="80:80:2c:0c:01:9f" radioid=2 channel=161 security="OWE" encryption="AES" action="sam-ping-result" msg="Connected to AP FP433FTF20001556, 0.0% packet loss" remotewtptime="469.609833"
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Captive portal authentication in service assurance management (SAM) mode
When configuring a radio in service assurance management (SAM) mode, a client can be configured to authenticate with the captive portal. The captive portal match, success, and failure strings must be specified to automatically detect the authentication success or failure.
Example specification:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <name> config radio-1 set sam-cwp-username "wifi" set sam-cwp-password ENC set sam-cwp-test-url "www.fortinet.com" set sam-cwp-match-string "Login" set sam-cwp-success-string "Success" set sam-cwp-failure-string "again" end next
end
sam-cwp-username sam-cwp-password sam-cwp-test-url sam-cwp-match-string
sam-cwp-successstring sam-cwp-failure-string
Enter the username for captive portal authentication.
Enter the password for captive portal authentication.
Enter the website the client is trying to access.
Enter the identification string from the captive portal login form.
Enter the success identification text to appear on the page after a successful login.
Enter the failure identification text on the page after an incorrect login.
To perform a SAM test with captive portal authentication, create an SSID with captive portal authentication and broadcast it on a FortiAP (FAP_A). Then configure SAM with captive portal settings in the wtp-profile on a second FortiAP (FAP_B).
Configuring an SSID with captive portal authentication:
Configure the following steps on FAP_A.
1. Configure the RADIUS server: config user radius edit "172.18.56.161" set server "172.18.56.161" set secret ENC next end
2. Configure the VAP:
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config wireless-controller vap edit "test-sam" set ssid "TEST-SAM" set security wpa3-sae set captive-portal enable set external-web "http://172.18.56.163/portal/index.php" set radius-server "172.18.56.161" set local-bridging enable set portal-type external-auth set schedule "always" next
end 3. Configure the FortiAP profile:
config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP423E3X16000020" << A FAP423E is configured to broadcast test SSID. set uuid 404a75f2-c3ca-51eb-eb61-7678e900029c set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP423E-default" config radio-1 set override-vaps enable set vap-all manual set vaps "test-sam" end config radio-2 set override-vaps enable set vap-all manual end next
end
Configuring SAM with captive portal settings:
Configure the following steps on FAP_B.
1. Configure the FortiAP profile: config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit "FAP231E-default" config platform set type 231E set ddscan enable end set handoff-sta-thresh 55 set allowaccess https ssh snmp config radio-1 set mode sam set sam-ssid "TEST-SAM" set sam-captive-portal enable set sam-cwp-username "tester" set sam-cwp-password ENC set sam-cwp-test-url "https://www.fortinet.com" set sam-cwp-match-string "fgtauth" << This string is a part of the URL of the Captive Portal redirect page. set sam-cwp-success-string "Fortinet" set sam-cwp-failure-string "failed" set sam-password ENC set sam-test ping
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set sam-server-type ip set sam-server-ip 8.8.8.8 set sam-report-intv 60 end config radio-2 unset band end config radio-3 set mode monitor end next end 2. Configure the managed FortiAP settings: config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP231ETF20000449" set uuid 404c8e50-c3ca-51eb-f111-040b31b593a1 set admin enable set wtp-profile "FAP231E-default" config radio-2 end next end
Check the managed FortiAP to verify SAM settings:
After a few minutes, check the FAP_B configuration in the managed FortiAP:
FortiAP-231E # rcfg Radio 0: AP ...
sam ssid : TEST-SAM sam bssid : 00:00:00:00:00:00 sam security type : Open sam captive portal : enabled sam cwp test url : https://www.fortinet.com sam cwp match string : fgtauth sam cwp success string : Fortinet sam cwp failure string : failed sam test : Ping sam server : 8.8.8.8 sam report interval: 60 sam iperf port : 5001 sam iperf protocol : UDP ...
Determining the coverage area of a FortiAP
Vendor specific elements can be enabled by SSID and send out information about the FortiAP name, model and serial number. This allows wireless administrator performing site surveys to easily determine the coverage area of a FortiAP. The administrator can slowly move away from a FortiAP while continuously sniffing the beacons to determine if they can still hear from the FortiAP.
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Another use case is to ensure that the FortiAP can be correctly identified during post-implementation wireless site surveys. This make troubleshooting and design improvements much easier.
To enable beacon advertising - GUI:
1. Go to WiFi & Switch Controller > SSIDs and select the SSID you want to enable Beacon advertising on. 2. Under WiFi Settings, enable Beacon advertising and select which element(s) you want to advertise:
l Name - The FortiAP name. l Model - The FortiAP model. l Serial Number - The FortiAP serial number.
3. Click OK to save.
To enable beacon advertising - CLI:
config wireless-controller vap edit "dont_connect" set ssid "dont_connect" set pmf enable set passphrase ENC ******** set schedule "always" set quarantine disable set beacon-advertising name model serial-number next
end
The beacon-advertising setting can select up to three items (name, model and serial number).
To verify beacon advertising - CLI:
diag wireless wlac -c wlan dont_connect | grep "beacon advertising"
beacon advertising
: name model sn
Upon sniffing the air packet, an additional field vendor specific Fortinet can be found in SSID beacon which has name of the advertising FAP (test), model 234F and serial number of 234F.
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Best practices for OSI common sources of wireless issues
Not all WiFi problems are related to signal strength, interference, or misconfiguration. The following Open System Interconnection (OSI) model identifies some of the more common issues per layer. Best practices for troubleshooting vary depending on the affected layer. See the following illustration.
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Best practices for Layer 1
Common physical layer issues include: l weak received signal l WiFi capability: 802.11b, 1x1, 2x2 l co-channel WiFi interference l side band WiFi interference l non 802.11 noise (such as microwave ovens)
To avoid physical layer issues: l Determine the RST (Receiver Sensitivity Threshold) for your device, or use -70 dBm as a rule of thumb. l Match the AP TX output power to the client TX output power. l Use DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) for high performance data 20/40 MHz. l Use 5 GHz UNII-1 & 3 (Non-DFS) bands with static channel assignment for latency-sensitive applications. l Do not use 40 MHz channels in 2.4 GHz band. (FortiOS does not allow channel bonding.)
Best practices for Layer 2
Common data link (MAC) layer issues include: l too many clients on a single channel (CSMA/CA) backoff l too many high-priority traffic clients (WMM)
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l incorrect password or encryption settings l too many beacons (in high-density installations) To avoid data link layer issues: l Only use CCMP/AES (WPA2) encryption (not TKIP). l In high-density deployments, turn off SSID broadcast or turn down SSID rates. Review and possibly reduce the
beacon interval. l Determine the best cell size for applications:
l For few users and low bandwidth latency sensitive applications, use high-transmit power to create larger cells. l For high-performance and high-capacity installations, use lower transmit power to create smaller cells (set at
10 dBm TX power), but bear in mind that this setting requires more roaming.
Cells and co-channel interference
In high-density deployments, multiple APs are used, and each one services an area called a cell. However, these cells can cause interference with each other. This is a common problem. The radio signal from one AP interferes with, or cancels out, the radio signal from another AP. In the following diagram, note the interference zone created by one radio, causing interference on its neighboring APs. The interference zone can be twice the radius of the signal, and the signal at its edge can be -67 dBm.
Reducing co-channel interference
For best results, use a honeycomb pattern as a deployment strategy. The idea is to stagger repeated channels furthest from each other to avoid interference.
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Best practices for Layer 3 and above
For TCP/IP layers and above, a common source of latency, or slowness in the wireless traffic, is too many broadcasts or multicasts. These types of issues can result from non-business or unwanted traffic, or both. To resolve issues at the TCP/IP layer and above, you can:
l identify business-critical applications l use Application Control, Web Filtering, Traffic Shaping, and QoS to prioritize applications
l Identify unwanted traffic, high-bandwidth web-related traffic, and use Security Profiles. l Use the traffic shaping on a policy to rate-limit this traffic. You perform these configurations directly on the FortiGate.
Extended logging
Extended logging information in these four key areas help WiFi troubleshooting: Association, Authentication, DHCP, and DNS. The detailed wireless event logs show client connection procession to help IT administrators troubleshoot WiFi connection problems. The FortiAP can send more detailed events of client connections (such as probe, associate, authentication, 4-way handshake, DHCP), and FortiGate can create associated logs of these event.
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New probe, authentication, and associate logs when wireless clients try to connect a broadcasted SSID with any security-mode
Probe request and response logs
Action Description
probe-req Probe request from wireless station
Message
AP received probe request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
proberesp
Probe response to wireless station
AP sent probe response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:52 logid="0104043681" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886190 logdesc="Probe request from wireless station" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="probe-req" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP received probe request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="49.326391"
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:52 logid="0104043682" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886190 logdesc="Probe response to wireless station" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="probe-resp" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP sent probe response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="49.326459"
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Authentication request and response logs
Action auth-req
Description
Authentication request from wireless station
auth-resp
Authentication response to wireless station
Message AP received authentication request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
AP sent authentication response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:48 logid="0104043675" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886188 logdesc="Authentication request from wireless station" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="authreq" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP received authentication request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="44.902962"
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:48 logid="0104043676" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886188 logdesc="Authentication response to wireless station" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="authresp" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP sent authentication response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="44.903038"
Associate request and response logs
Action Description Message
Detail
assoc-req
Association request from wireless station
AP received association request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:48 logid="0104043677" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886188 logdesc="Association request from wireless station" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="assocreq" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP received association request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="44.915155"
assocresp
Association response to wireless station
AP sent association response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:48 logid="0104043679" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886188 logdesc="Association response to wireless station" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="assocresp" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP sent association response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="44.916829"
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide
439
Fortinet Inc.
Troubleshooting
New WPA 4-Way handshake logs when wireless clients try to connect WPA2Personal/WPA2-Enterprise SSID
Complete WPA 4-Way handshake logs
Action Description Message
Detail
WPA-1/4key-msg
AP sent 1/4 message of 4 way handshake to wireless client
AP sent 1/4 message of 4-way handshake to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:48 logid="0104043650" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886188 logdesc="AP sent 1/4 message of 4 way handshake to wireless client" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="WPA1/4-key-msg" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP sent 1/4 message of 4-way handshake to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="44.920791"
WPA-2/4key-msg
Wireless client sent 2/4 message of 4 way handshake
AP received 2/4 message of 4-way handshake from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:48 logid="0104043651" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886188 logdesc="Wireless client sent 2/4 message of 4 way handshake" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="WPA2/4-key-msg" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP received 2/4 message of 4-way handshake from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="44.926647"
WPA-3/4key-msg
AP sent 3/4 message of 4 way handshake to wireless client
AP sent 3/4 message of 4-way handshake to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:48 logid="0104043652" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886188 logdesc="AP sent 3/4 message of 4 way handshake to wireless client" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="WPA3/4-key-msg" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP sent 3/4 message of 4-way handshake to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="44.928406"
WPA-4/4key-msg
Wireless client sent 4/4 message of 4 way handshake
AP received 4/4 message of 4-way handshake from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:48 logid="0104043653" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886188 logdesc="Wireless client sent 4/4 message of 4 way handshake" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="WPA4/4-key-msg" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP received 4/4 message of 4-way handshake from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="44.933383"
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide
440
Fortinet Inc.
Troubleshooting
Invalid 2/4 handshake logs with wrong PSK input
Action
WPAinvalid2/4-keymsg
Description
Wireless client 4 way handshake failed with invalid 2/4 message
Message
Probably wrong password entered, invalid MIC in 2/4 message of 4-way handshake from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
Detail
date=2019-01-31 time=16:41:02 logid="0104043648" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548981661 logdesc="Wireless client 4 way handshake failed with invalid 2/4 message" sn="PS421E3X15000017" ap="PS421E3X15000017" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=11 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="WPA-invalid-2/4-key-msg" reason="Reserved 0" msg="Probably wrong password entered, invalid MIC in 2/4 message of 4-way handshake from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="0.0"
New RADIUS authentication logs when clients connect WPA2-Enterprise with Usergroup or Radius-auth SSID
RADIUS authenticate success log when client pass authentication
Action
RADIUSauthsuccess
Description
Wireless client RADIUS authentication success
Message
Wireless client RADIUS authentication success
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=14:36:09 logid="0104043630" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548887768 logdesc="Wireless client RADIUS authentication success" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability4" ssid="Guest-21" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Enterprise" encryption="AES" action="RADIUS-auth-success" reason="Reserved 0" msg="Client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4 RADIUS authentication success" remotewtptime="0.0"
RADIUS authenticate failure log when client fails to pass authentication
Action
Description
RADIUSauth-failure
Wireless client RADIUS authentication failure
Message
Client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4 RADIUS authentication failure
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=14:35:51 logid="0104043629" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548887750 logdesc="Wireless client RADIUS authentication failure" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability4" ssid="Guest-21" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Enterprise" encryption="AES" action="RADIUS-auth-failure" reason="Reserved 0" msg="Client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4 RADIUS authentication failure" remotewtptime="0.0"
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide
441
Fortinet Inc.
Troubleshooting
New RADIUS MAC authentication logs when clients try to connect a SSID with radiusmac-auth enabled
RADIUS MAC authenticate success log when client passes RADIUS MAC authentication
Action
Description
RADIUSMAC-authsuccess
Wireless client RADIUS MAC authentication success
Message
Client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72 RADIUS MAC authentication success
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=15:54:40 logid="0104043633" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548892477 logdesc="Wireless client RADIUS MAC authentication success" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72" channel=6 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="RADIUS-MAC-auth-success" reason="Reserved 0" msg="Client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72 RADIUS MAC authentication success" remotewtptime="0.0"
RADIUS MAC authenticate failure log when client fails to pass RADIUS MAC authentication
Action
Description
RADIUSMAC-authsuccess
Wireless client RADIUS MAC authentication success
Message
Client 1c:87:2c:b6:a8:49 RADIUS MAC authentication failure
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=15:47:42 logid="0104043632" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548892061 logdesc="Wireless client RADIUS MAC authentication failure" sn="FP320C3X17001909" ap="320C-TEST" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=2 stamac="1c:87:2c:b6:a8:49" channel=40 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="RADIUS-MAC-authfailure" reason="Reserved 0" msg="Client 1c:87:2c:b6:a8:49 RADIUS MAC authentication failure" remotewtptime="0.0"
New DHCP logs when clients try to acquire IP after connected
Complete DHCP Discover/Offer/Request/ACK logs
Action
DHCPDISCOVER
Description
Wireless station sent DHCP DISCOVER
Message
DHCP DISCOVER from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:48 logid="0104043663" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886188 logdesc="Wireless station sent DHCP DISCOVER" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest11" stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="DHCP-DISCOVER" reason="N/A" msg="DHCP DISCOVER from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="45.123652"
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide
442
Fortinet Inc.
Troubleshooting
Action DHCPOFFER
DHCPREQUEST
DHCP-ACK
Description DHCP server sent DHCP OFFER
Wireless station sent DHCP REQUEST
DHCP server sent DHCP ACK
Message
Detail
DHCP OFFER of IP 11.10.80.2 from server 11.10.80.1 for client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:49 logid="0104043664" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886189 logdesc="DHCP server sent DHCP OFFER" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest11" stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="DHCP-OFFER" reason="N/A" msg="DHCP OFFER of IP 11.10.80.2 from server 11.10.80.1 for client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="46.156969"
DHCP REQUEST for IP 11.10.80.2 offered by server 11.10.80.1 from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:50 logid="0104043666" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886190 logdesc="Wireless station sent DHCP REQUEST" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest11" stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="DHCP-REQUEST" reason="N/A" msg="DHCP REQUEST for IP 11.10.80.2 offered by server 11.10.80.1 from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="47.243792"
DHCP ACK for IP 11.10.80.2 from server 11.10.80.1 for client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-30 time=14:09:50 logid="0104043667" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548886190 logdesc="DHCP server sent DHCP ACK" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest11" stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="DHCP-ACK" reason="N/A" msg="DHCP ACK for IP 11.10.80.2 from server 11.10.80.1 for client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="47.246381"
Error logs when DHCP failure happens
Action
Description
DHCP-NAK
DHCP server sent DHCP NAK
Message
IP address not assigned, DHCP NAK from server 11.10.80.1 for client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=15:22:08 logid="0104043661" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548890528 logdesc="DHCP server sent DHCP NAK" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" stamac="b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="DHCP-NAK" reason="requested address not available" msg="IP address not assigned, DHCP NAK from server 11.10.80.1 for client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72" remotewtptime="289.83561"
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide
443
Fortinet Inc.
Troubleshooting
Action
Description Message
Detail
DHCP-noresponse
Wireless station DHCP process failed with no server response
DHCP server not responding for client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72
date=2019-02-01 time=10:39:07 logid="0104043658" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1549046347 logdesc="Wireless station DHCP process failed with no server response" sn="PS421E3X15000017" ap="PS421E3X15000017" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" stamac="b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="DHCP-no-response" reason="N/A" msg="DHCP server not responding for client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72" remotewtptime="457.629929"
DHCP-noACK
No DHCP ACK from server
No DHCP ACK for IP 11.10.80.3 requested by client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72
date=2019-02-01 time=10:38:56 logid="0104043660" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1549046336 logdesc="No DHCP ACK from server" sn="PS421E3X15000017" ap="PS421E3X15000017" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" stamac="b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="DHCP-no-ACK" reason="N/A" msg="No DHCP ACK for IP 11.10.80.3 requested by client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72" remotewtptime="448.236740"
DHCP-selfassigned-IP
Wireless station is using self-assigned IP
Detected self assigned IP 169.254.210.208 of client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72
date=2019-02-01 time=10:38:51 logid="0104043670" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1549046330 logdesc="Wireless station is using self-assigned IP" sn="PS421E3X15000017" ap="PS421E3X15000017" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" stamac="b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="DHCP-self-assigned-IP" reason="N/A" msg="Detected self assigned IP 169.254.210.208 of client b4:ae:2b:cb:d1:72" remotewtptime="441.742363"
New GTK-Rekey logs when clients perform gtk-rekey
Action
WPAgroup1/2-keymsg
Description
AP sent 1/2 message of group key handshake to wireless client
Message
AP sent 1/2 message of group key handshake to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=15:12:01 logid="0104043654" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548889920 logdesc="AP sent 1/2 message of group key handshake to wireless client" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability4" ssid="Guest-21" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Enterprise" encryption="AES" action="WPA-group-1/2-keymsg" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP sent 1/2 message of group key handshake to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="3778.128070"
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide
444
Fortinet Inc.
Troubleshooting
Action
WPAgroup2/2-keymsg
Description
Wireless client sent 2/2 message of group key handshake
Message
AP received 2/2 message of group key handshake from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
Detail
date=2019-01-30 time=15:12:01 logid="0104043655" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548889920 logdesc="Wireless client sent 2/2 message of group key handshake" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability4" ssid="Guest-21" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=6 security="WPA2 Enterprise" encryption="AES" action="WPAgroup-2/2-key-msg" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP received 2/2 message of group key handshake from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="3778.228253"
New Fast-BSS-Transition (FT) logs when 802.11r clients roam between 2 FAPs
FT logs when clients succeed to roaming
Action
FT-actionreq
Description
Wireless client sent FT action request
Message
AP received FT action request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
FT-actionresp
FT action response was sent to wireless client
AP sent FT action response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
Detail
date=2019-01-31 time=15:13:23 logid="0104043642" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548976403 logdesc="Wireless client sent FT action request" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=1 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="FTaction-req" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP received FT action request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="146.847041"
date=2019-01-31 time=15:13:23 logid="0104043643" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548976403 logdesc="FT action response was sent to wireless client" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=1 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=1 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="FTaction-resp" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP sent FT action response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="146.849137"
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide
445
Fortinet Inc.
Troubleshooting
Action FTreassocreq
FTreassocresp
FT-authreq
FT-authresp
Description Message
Detail
Wireless client sent FT reassociation request
AP received FT reassociation request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-31 time=15:13:23 logid="0104043646" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548976403 logdesc="Wireless client sent FT reassociation request" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=2 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=40 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="FTreassoc-req" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP received FT reassociation request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="146.899110"
FT reassociation response was sent to wireless client
AP sent FT reassociation response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-31 time=15:13:23 logid="0104043647" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548976403 logdesc="FT reassociation response was sent to wireless client" sn="PS221E3X16000022" ap="PS221E3X16000022" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=2 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=40 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="FTreassoc-resp" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP sent FT reassociation response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="146.904372"
Wireless client sent FT auth request
AP received FT authentication request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-31 time=16:49:18 logid="0104043644" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548982158 logdesc="Wireless client sent FT auth request" sn="PS421E3X15000017" ap="PS421E3X15000017" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=2 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=100 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="FTauth-req" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP received FT authentication request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="1805.311496"
FT auth response was sent to wireless client
AP sent FT authentication response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
date=2019-01-31 time=16:49:18 logid="0104043645" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="notice" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548982158 logdesc="FT auth response was sent to wireless client" sn="PS421E3X15000017" ap="PS421E3X15000017" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=2 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=100 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="FTauth-resp" reason="Reserved 0" msg="AP sent FT authentication response frame to client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="1805.312777"
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide
446
Fortinet Inc.
Troubleshooting
Error logs when FT failure
Action FTinvalidactionreq
FTinvalidauth-req
Description Wireless client sent invalid FT action request
Wireless client sent invalid FT auth request
Message Receive invalid FT request action frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
Receive invalid FT authentication request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4
Detail
date=2019-01-31 time=16:49:17 logid="0104043639" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548982157 logdesc="Wireless client sent invalid FT action request" sn="PS421E3X15000017" ap="PS421E3X15000017" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=2 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=100 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="FTinvalid-action-req" reason="Reserved 0" msg="Receive invalid FT request action frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="0.0"
date=2019-01-31 time=16:49:18 logid="0104043640" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1548982157 logdesc="Wireless client sent invalid FT auth request" sn="PS421E3X15000017" ap="PS421E3X15000017" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" radioid=2 stamac="f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" channel=100 security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="FTinvalid-auth-req" reason="Reserved 0" msg="Receive invalid FT authentication request frame from client f0:98:9d:76:64:c4" remotewtptime="0.0"
New DNS error logs in DNS service failure
Action
DNS-nodomain
Description Message
Wireless station DNS process failed due to nonexisting domain
DNS lookup of uop.umeng.com from client 3c:2e:ff:83:91:33 failed with \"nonexisting domain\"
Detail
date=2019-02-01 time=09:42:03 logid="0104043673" type="event" subtype="wireless" level="warning" vd="vdom1" eventtime=1549042922 logdesc="Wireless station DNS process failed due to non-existing domain" sn="PS421E3X15000017" ap="PS421E3X15000017" vap="stability3" ssid="Guest-11" stamac="3c:2e:ff:83:91:33" security="WPA2 Personal" encryption="AES" action="DNS-no-domain" reason="Server 100.100.16.172 replied \"non-existing domain\"" msg="DNS lookup of uop.umeng.com from client 3c:2e:ff:83:91:33 failed with \"non-existing domain\"" remotewtptime="1130.445518"
Packet sniffer
Capturing the traffic between the controller and the FortiAP can help you identify most FortiAP and client connection issues. There are two ways to sniff traffic:
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l CAPWAP packet sniffer on page 448 l Wireless traffic packet sniffer on page 449
CAPWAP packet sniffer
One method consists of sniffing the CAPWAP traffic. l Enable plain control on the wireless controller and on the FortiAP to capture clear control traffic on UDP port 5246. l On the controller: diagnose wireless-controller wlac plain-ctl <FortiAP_serial_number> 1 Result: WTP 0-FortiAP2223X11000107 Plain Control: enabled l On the FortiAP: cw_diag plain-ctl 1 Result: Current Plain Control: enabled
Note that some issues are related to the keep-alive for control and data channel. Data traffic on UDP port 5247 is not encrypted. The data itself is encrypted by the wireless security mechanism. Data traffic is helpful to troubleshoot most of the issues related to station association, EAP authentication, WPA key exchange, roaming, and FortiAP configuration. You can also set up a host or server to which you can forward the CAPWAP traffic: 1. Configure the host or server to which CAPWAP traffic is forwarded:
diagnose wireless-controller wlac sniff-cfg <Host_IP_address> 88888 Result: Current Sniff Server: 192.168.25.41, 23352 2. Choose which traffic to capture, the interface to which the FortiAP is connected, and the FortiAP serial number: diagnose wireless-controller wlac sniff <interface_name> <FortiAP_serial_number> 2 Result: WTP 0-FortiAP2223X11000107 Sniff: intf port2 enabled (control and data message) In the above syntax, the '2' captures the control and data message. The '1' would capture only the control message and '0' would disable it. 3. Run Wireshark on the host or server to capture CAPWAP traffic from the controller. 4. Decode the traffic as IP to check inner CAPWAP traffic.
Example CAPWAP packet capture
The following image shows an example of a CAPWAP packet capture, where you can see the following details: l Layer 2 header l sniffed traffic encapsulated into Internet Protocol for transport l CAPWAP encapsulated into UDP for sniffer purpose and encapsulated into IP l CAPWAP control traffic on UDP port 5246 l CAPWAP payload
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Wireless traffic packet sniffer
The other method consists of sniffing the wireless traffic directly on the air using your FortiAP. Packet captures are useful for troubleshooting all wireless client related issues because you can verify data rate and 802.11 parameters, such as radio capabilities, and determine issues with wireless signal strength, interference, or congestion on the network. A radio can only capture one frequency at a time; one of the radios is set to sniffer mode depending on the traffic or channel required. You must use two FortiAPs to capture both frequencies at the same time.
l Set a radio on the FortiAP to monitor mode. iwconfig wlan10 Result: wlan10 IEEE 802.11na ESSID:"" Mode:Monitor Frequency:5.18 GHz Access Point: Not-Associated
l The capture file is stored under the temp directory as wl_sniff.pcap/tmp/wl_sniff.cap
The capture file is only stored temporarily. If you want to save it, upload it to a TFTP server before rebooting or changing the radio settings.
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l The command cp wl_sniff.cap newname.pcap allows you to rename the file. l To send the pcap file to a remote TFTP server, use the following commands depending on your AP model:
o For FAP-U: tftp -l /tmp/wl_sniff.cap -r wl_sniff_remote.cap -p 192.168.50.100
o For Standard FAP W1: ftftp -l /tmp/wl_sniff.cap -r wl_sniff_remote.cap -p 192.168.50.100
o For Standard FAP W2: ftftp 192.168.50.100 -m binary -c put /tmp/wl_sniff.cap wl_sniff_remote.cap
Where 192.168.50.100 is the IP address of the tftp server.
Syntax
The following syntax demonstrates how to set the FortiAP radio to sniffer mode (configurable from the CLI only). Sniffer mode can capture all frame types and provides options to filter for specific traffic to capture. Notice that you can determine the buffer size, which channel to sniff, the channel width, the AP MAC address, and select if you want to sniff the beacons, probes, controls, and data channels.
configure wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <profile_name> configure <radio> set mode sniffer set ap-sniffer-bufsize {integer} set ap-sniffer-chan {integer} set ap-sniffer-chan-width [320MHz|160MHz|80MHz|...] set ap-sniffer-addr {mac-address} set ap-sniffer-mgmt-beacon [enable|disable] set ap-sniffer-mgmt-probe [enable|disable] set ap-sniffer-mgmt-other [enable|disable] set ap-sniffer-ctl [enable|disable] set ap-sniffer-data [enable|disable] end next
end
Once you configure the radio and apply the profile to a FortiAP device, you can see the packet sniffer mode selected in the GUI dashboard under WiFi and Switch Controller > FortiAP Profiles and WiFi and Switch Controller > Managed FortiAPs. If you change the mode from the GUI, you need to return to the CLI to re-enable the sniffer mode.
To disable the sniffer profile in the CLI, use the following commands:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit <profile_name> config <radio> set ap-sniffer-mgmt-beacon disable set ap-sniffer-mgmt-probe disable set ap-sniffer-mgmt-other disable set ap-sniffer-ctl disable set ap-sniffer-data disable end
end
If you change the radio mode before sending the file wl_sniff.cap to an external TFTP, the file is deleted and you lose your packet capture.
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Example AP packet capture
The following image shows an example of the AP packet capture with the following details: l capture header showing channel 36 l beacon frame l source, destination, and BSSID of the beacon frame l SSID of the beacon frame
Debug commands
For a list of debug options available for the wireless controller, use the following command on the controller: diagnose wireless-controller wlac help
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Sample outputs
Syntax
diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c vap (This command lists the information about the virtual access point, including its MAC address, the BSSID, its SSID, the interface name, and the IP address of the APs that are broadcasting it.)
Result: bssid ssid intf vfid:ip-port rId wId 00:09:0f:d6:cb:12 Office Office ws (0-192.168.3.33:5246) 0 0 00:09:0f:e6:6b:12 Office Office ws (0-192.168.1.61:5246) 0 0 06:0e:8e:27:dc:48 Office Office ws (0-192.168.3.36:5246) 0 0 0a:09:0f:d6:cb:12 public publicAP ws (0-192.168.3.33:5246) 0 1
Syntax
diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c darrp
(This command lists the information pertaining to the radio resource provisioning statistics, including the AP serial number, the number of channels set to choose from, and the operation channel. Note that the 5 GHz band is not available on these APs listed.)
Result:
wtp_id
rId base_mac
index nr_chan vfid 5G oper_chan age
FAP22A3U10600400 0 00:09:0f:d6:cb:12 0 3
0 No 1 87588
FW80CM3910601176 0 06:0e:8e:27:dc:48 1
3 0 No 6
822
Extension information support
You can enable or disable extension information at wtp-profile, and use the diagnose option below to print out the detail of extension information.
Syntax
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit test set lldp [enable | disable] set ext-info-enable [enable | disable] --> Enable or disable station, VAP, and radio extension information. end
end
diagnose wireless-controller wlac -d [wtp | vap | sta]
where: l wlac -d wtp [SN|name] [reset] --> List or reset wtp info (data). l wlac -d vap [bssid] [reset] --> List or reset vap info (data). . l wlac -d sta [mac] [reset] --> list or reset sta info (data).
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Disabling 802.11d for client backward compatibility
By default, 802.11d is always enabled on FortiAPs. When 802.11d is enabled, FortiAPs broadcast the country code in beacons, probe responses, and probe requests. This can lead to some older legacy clients failing to associate to the FortiAP. You can disable 802.11d to prevent broadcasting country code settings and provide backwards compatibility with those clients
Since IEEE 802.11d only applies to 2.4 GHz radios operating in the 802.11g band, disabling 802.11d only applies to radios configured to operate in the 802.11g band.
To disable 802.11d:
config wireless-controller wtp-profile edit FAP231F-default config radio-1 set 80211d disable end
end
To verify the configuration from FortiGate:
1. From the FortiGate: diagnose wireless-controller wlac -c wtp FP231FTF20007509 | grep 80211d 80211d enable : disabled
2. When the previous FortiGate setting are applied to a Managed FortiAP, the settings can be verified on the FortiAP CLI through the rcfg and iwpriv commands: FortiAP-231F # rcfg | grep 802 802.11d enable : disabled FortiAP-231F #
Check iwpriv
FortiAP-231F # iwpriv wlan00 get_countryie wlan00 get_countryie:0 (0x0) FortiAP-231F # 3. Sniff the packets in the air before and after disabling the feature: a. Before enabling the feature, use a packet analyzer to check the sample beacon packet for the Country
Information Tag in Tagged parameters.
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b. After disabling the 802.11d on a 2.4Ghz radio, use a packet analyzer to check the beacon and verify that the Country Information Tag is no longer under in Tagged Parameters.
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FortiAP CLI configuration and diagnostics commands
The FortiAP CLI controls radio and network operations through the use of variables manipulated with the configuration and diagnostics commands.
For details about accessing the FortiAP CLI, see FortiAP CLI access on page 205.
Configuration commands
Command cfg -s
cfg -a var=value cfg -c cfg -x cfg -r var cfg -e cfg -h
Description List variables for most popular settings and also the ones that are not using default values. Add or change a variable value. Commit the change to flash. Reset settings to factory defaults. Remove variable. Export variables. Display help for all configuration commands and a complete list of configuration variables.
Configuration variables
Variable AC_CTL_PORT AC_DATA_CHAN_SEC
AC_DISCOVERY_TYPE
Description and value
WiFi Controller control (CAPWAP) port. Default: 5246.
Supported data channel security policies. clear - Clear text dtls - DTLS (encrypted) ipsec - IPsec VPN ipsec-sn - IPsec VPN that includes the FortiAP serial number.
0 - Auto - Cycle through all of the discovery types until successful. 1 - Static. Specify WiFi Controllers 2 - DHCP
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Variable
AC_HOSTNAME_1 AC_HOSTNAME_2 AC_HOSTNAME_3 AC_IPADDR_1 AC_IPADDR_2 AC_IPADDR_3 AC_DISCOVERY_DHCP_OPTION_CODE AC_DISCOVERY_MC_ADDR AC_PRI_PREFERENCE
ADDR_MODE
ADMIN_TIMEOUT ALLOW_HTTPS
ALLOW_SSH
AP_MGMT_VLAN_ID AP_MODE
Description and value 3 - DNS 5 - Broadcast 6 - Multicast 7- FortiCloud WiFi Controller host names for static discovery.
WiFi Controller IP addresses for static discovery.
Option code for DHCP server. Default: 138. Multicast address for controller discovery. Default: 224.0.1.140. Set the Access Controller (AC) priority preference during HA failover and fallback. 0 - FortiAP prefers the AC with a relatively low load. 1 - FortiAP prefers the first available AC in priority order. Default: 0. How the FortiAP unit obtains its IP address and netmask. DHCP - FortiGate interface assigns address. STATIC - Specify in AP_IPADDR and AP_NETMASK. Default: DHCP. Administrative timeout in minutes. Applies to GUI sessions. Default: 5 minutes. 0 - https disable 1 - https enable 2 - controlled by AC Default: 2. 0 - SSH disable 1 - SSH enable 2 - controlled by AC Default: 2. Non-zero value applies VLAN ID for unit management. See Reserved VLAN IDs on page 33. Default: 0. FortiAP operating mode.
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Variable
AP_IPADDR AP_NETMASK IPGW
BAUD_RATE DNS_SERVER FAP_ETHER_TRUNK
FIPS_CC
FIRMWARE_UPGRADE LED_STATE
LOGIN_PASSWD STP_MODE TPM
Description and value
0 - Thin AP 2 - Unmanaged Site Survey mode. See SURVEY variables. Default: 0.
These variables set the FortiAP unit IP address, netmask and default gateway when ADDR_MODE is STATIC.
Default for AP_IPADDR: 192.168.1.2 . Default for AP_NETMASK: 255.255.255.0. Default for IPGW: 192.168.1.1.
Console data rate: 9600, 19200, 38400, 57600, or 115200 baud. Default: 9600.
DNS Server for clients. If ADDR_MODE is DHCP the DNS server is automatically assigned.
Configure port behavior on FortiAP-U models. 0 - Dummy Switch. Default mode. 1 - Ether Hardware Bonding. Support Static Ethernet Channel Bonding on LAN1 and LAN2 ports. Only available on select FortiAP-U models. 2 - Ether 802.3ad Bonding. Support IEEE 802.3ad Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) on LAN1 and LAN2 ports. 3 - Enable WAN-LAN. Supports configuration of a second WAN port as a LAN (WAN-LAN mode configuration).
Enable Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) mode on FortiAP models. 1 - Enable FIPS mode. To disable FIPS mode, factory reset the FortiAP. Note: FAP-431F and FAP-433F do not support FIPS mode.
Default: 0.
Enable/disable status LEDs. 0 - LEDs enabled 1 - LEDs disabled 2 - follow AC setting
Administrator login password. By default this is empty.
Spanning Tree Protocol. 0 - off 1 - on
Wi-Fi 6E Models only: Enable Trusted Platform Module (TPM). 1 - Enable TPM
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Variable WANLAN_MODE
WAN_1X_ENABLE WAN_1X_USERID WAN_1X_PASSWD WAN_1X_MACSEC_POLICY
WAN_1X_METHOD
WTP_LOCATION Mesh variables MESH_AP_BGSCAN MESH_AP_BGSCAN_RSSI
MESH_AP_BGSCAN_PERIOD MESH_AP_BGSCAN_IDLE
Description and value
0 - Disable TPM Default : 0.
Configure port behavior on FortiAP, FortiAP-S, and FortiAP-W2 models. WAN-ONLY - Default mode WAN-LAN - Bridges the LAN port to the incoming WAN interface AGGREGATE - Enables link aggregation
Enable or Disable WAN port 802.1x supplicant: l 0: Disabled l 1: Enabled
The default setting is 0.
WAN port 802.1x supplicant user ID.
WAN port 802.1x supplicant password.
Can only be configured when WAN_1X_ENABLE = 1 Enable or Disable MACsec locally:
l 0: Disabled l 1: Enabled The default setting is 0.
Select an EAP method for the WAN port 802.1x supplicant: l 0: EAP-ALL l 1: EAP-FAST l 2: EAP-TLS l 3: EAP-PEAP
The default setting is 0.
Optional string describing AP location.
Enable or disable background mesh root AP scan. 0 - Disabled 1 - Enabled
If the signal of the root AP is weak, and lower than the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) threshold, the WiFi driver immediately starts a new round scan and ignores the configured MESH_AP_BGSCAN_ PERIOD delays. Set the value between 0 and 127. After the new round scan is finished, a scan done event is passed to wtp daemon to trigger roaming.
Time in seconds that a delay period occurs between scans. Set the value between 1 and 3600.
Time in milliseconds. Set the value between 0 and 1000.
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Variable
Description and value
MESH_AP_BGSCAN_INTV
Time in milliseconds between channel scans. Set the value between 200 and 16000.
MESH_AP_BGSCAN_DUR
Time in milliseconds that the radio will continue scanning the channel. Set the value between 10 and 200.
MESH_AP_BSSID
WiFi MAC address.
MESH_AP_PASSWD
Pre-shared key for mesh backhaul.
MESH_AP_SCANCHANLIST
Specify those channels to be scanned.
MESH_AP_SECURITY
Configure the security mode of a mesh-backhaul SSID. 0 - Open 1 - WPA/WPA2-Personal 2 - WPA3-SAE Default: 0.
MESH_AP_SSID
SSID for mesh backhaul. Default: fortinet.mesh.root.
MESH_AP_TYPE
Type of communication for backhaul to controller: 0 - Ethernet 1 - WiFi mesh 2 - Ethernet with mesh backup support Default: 0.
MESH_ETH_BRIDGE
1 - Bridge mesh WiFi SSID to FortiAP Ethernet port. This can be used for point-to-point bridge configuration. This is available only when MESH_AP_TYPE =1. 0 - No WiFi-Ethernet bridge Default: 0.
MESH_MAX_HOPS
Maximum number of times packets can be passed from node to node on the mesh. Default: 4.
The following factors are summed and the FortiAP associates with the lowest scoring mesh AP.
MESH_SCORE_HOP_WEIGHT
Multiplier for number of mesh hops from root. Default: 50.
MESH_SCORE_CHAN_WEIGHT
AP total RSSI multiplier. Default: 1.
MESH_SCORE_RATE_WEIGHT
Beacon data rate multiplier. Default: 1.
MESH_SCORE_BAND_WEIGHT
Band weight (0 for 2.4 GHz, 1 for 5 GHz) multiplier. Default: 100.
MESH_SCORE_RSSI_WEIGHT
AP channel RSSI multiplier. Default: 100.
Survey variables
SURVEY_SSID
SSID to broadcast in site survey mode (AP_MODE=2).
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Variable SURVEY_TX_POWER SURVEY_TX_POWER_24 SURVEY_TX_POWER_50 SURVEY_TX_POWER_60 SURVEY_BEACON_INTV SURVEY_CH_24 SURVEY_CH_50 SURVEY_CH_60 SURVEY_CW_24
SURVEY_CW_50
SURVEY_CW_60
Description and value
Transmitter power in site survey mode (AP_MODE=2).
2.4 GHz transmitter power used for site survey SSID in dBm. Default=30.
5 GHz transmitter power used for site survey SSID in dBm. Default=30.
6 GHz transmitter power used for site survey SSID in dBm. Default=30.
Site survey beacon interval in seconds. Default: 100 ms.
Site survey transmit channel for the 2.4 GHz band. Default: 6.
Site survey transmit channel for the 5 GHz band. Default: 36.
Site survey transmit channel for the 6 GHz band. Default: 36.
2.4 GHz channel-bonding bandwidth for site survey SSID. 0 - 20MHz 1 - 40MHz Default=0
5 GHz channel-bonding bandwidth for site survey SSID. 0 - 20MHz 1 - 40MHz 2 - 80MHz 3 - 160MHz Default=0
6 GHz channel-bonding bandwidth for site survey SSID. 0 - 20MHz 1 - 40MHz 2 - 80MHz 3 - 160MHz Default=0
Diagnostics commands
Command fap-tech cw_diag admin-timeout [30] cw_diag baudrate [9600 | 19200 | 38400 | 57600 | 115200]
Description Shows a consolidated log command output for debugging purposes. Set the shell idle timeout in minutes. Set the console baud rate.
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Command cw_diag debug ping_ac
cw_diag help cw_diag plain-ctl [0|1] cw_diag sniff [0|1|2] cw_diag sniff-cfg ip port cw_diag stats wl_intf cw_diag uptime cw_diag wlanfw-dump <TFTP server IP> cw_diag -c acs-chan-stats
cw_diag -c ap-scan cw_diag -c ap-suppress cw_diag -c arp-req cw_diag -c atf cw_diag -c ble-scan
cw_diag -c bonjour cw_diag -c darrp cw_diag -c fortipresence cw_diag -c k-lan-host
cw_diag -c k-qos wlan00 cw_diag -c mesh cw_diag -c mesh-ap cw_diag -c mesh-veth-acinfo cw_diag -c mesh-veth-host cw_diag -c mesh-veth-vap cw_diag -c radio-cfg cw_diag -c scan-clr-all cw_diag -c snmp
Description Enable AC IP ping check and set the ping interval (disabled by default). Display help for all diagnostics commands. Show or change the current plain control setting. Enable or disable the sniff packet. Set the sniff server IP and port. Show the wl_intf status. Show daemon uptime. Upload Target Assert logs to a specified TFTP server.
Check the real-time status of CAPWAP connections to the AP controllers (AC). Show scanned APs. Show suppressed APs. Show scanned arp requests. Show Air Time Fairness information at the FortiAP level. Show scanned Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices that are reported to FortiPresence. Show the current Bonjour gateway configuration in the control plane. Show the DARRP radio channel. Show FortiPresence statistics including reported BLE devices. Display wired client information for clients connected to LAN2 of the FortiAP Verify that the vmn-dscp-marking values are pushed to FortiAP. Show the mesh status. Show the mesh ap candidates. Show the mesh veth ac info, and mesh ether type. Show the mesh veth host. Show the mesh veth vap. Show the current radio config parameters in the control plane. Flush all scanned AP/STA/ARPs. Show configuration details for SNMP support.
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Command cw_diag -c sta-cap cw_diag -c sta-deauth cw_diag -c sta-scan cw_diag -c temperature cw_diag -c vap-cfg cw_diag -c vlan-probe-cmd <action> <interface ID> <start Vlan ID> <end Vlan ID> <retry> <timeout>
cw_diag -c vlan-probe-rpt cw_diag -c wan1x
cw_diag -c wids cw_diag -c wtp-cfg cw_diag --clog <on|off>
Description
Show scanned STA capabilities.
De-authenticate an STA.
Show scanned STAs.
Show operating temperature of the FortiAP CPU.
Show the current VAPs in the control plane.
Start the VLAN probe. "Action" value list:
l 0 - start l 1 - stop Example command: cw_diag -c vlan-probe-cmd 0 eth0 2 300 3 10 Example output: VLAN probing: start intf [eth0] vlan range[2,300] retries[3] timeout[10] ...
Show the VLAN probe report.
Show WAN 802.1x supplicant configuration. l get-ca-cert l get-client-cert l get-private-key
cw_diag -c wan1x [show-ca-cert|show-clientcert|del-all|del-ca-cert|del-client-cert|delprivate-key|[<get-ca-cert|get-client-cert|getprivate-key> <TFTP server IP> <file name>]]
Show scanned WIDS detections.
Show the current wtp config parameters in the control plane.
Turn on or off console log message.
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FortiAP API
FortiAP API
FortiAP-S and FortiAP-W2 version 6.2.0 and later support REST API calls that allow you to see device information, apply configurations, reboot your devices, and more.
You can access the host at https://<FAP-IP> where <FAP-IP> is the IP address of the FortiAP.
API Schema and documentation
To see the full FortiAP API schema, you will need a Fortinet Developer Network account. Once you have an account, you can access the FortiAP API documentation. The following REST API calls are supported:
REST API call cfg-get
HTTP GET
cfg-meta-get cfg-set logincheck logout radio-cfg
GET POST POST POST GET
reboot sys-perf sys-status vap-cfg
POST GET GET GET
Path
Description
/api/v1/cfg-get
List effective FortiAP variables.
To filter for specific parameters: /api/v1/cfgget?names=parameter-name
Examples: l Get WTP_NAME: /api/v1/cfg-get?names=WTP_NAME l Get WTP_NAME and ADMIN_TIMEOUT: /api/v1/cfgget?names=WTP_NAME,ADMIN_TIMEOUT
/api/v1/cfg-meta-get List all variables.
/api/v1/cfg-set
Add or change variables.
/logincheck
Log in to FortiAP with/without a password.
/logout
Log out from FortiAP.
/api/v1/radio-cfg
Get current radios configuration parameters of the control plane.
To get specific radio configuration parameters of the control plane:
l rcfg info from radio 0: /api/v1/radio-cfg?rId=0 l rcfg info from radio 1: /api/v1/radio-cfg?rId=1
/api/v1/reboot
Reboot FortiAP.
/api/v1/sys-perf
Get system performance values (CPU, memory).
/api/v1/sys-status
Get system status (fap-get-status).
/api/v1/vap-cfg
Get current SSIDs of the control plane. To get the current SSIDs for each independent radios:
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FortiAP API REST API call HTTP Path
wtp-cfg
GET
/api/v1/wtp-cfg
Example request https://<FAP-IP>/api/v1/sys-perf
Example response { "cpu_usage": 1, "memory_usage": 60 }
Description
l vcfg info from radio 0: /api/v1/vap-cfg?rId=0 l vcfg info from radio-1: /api/v1/vap-cfg?rId=1 To get specific SSIDs from specific radios: l wlan 0 vcfg info from radio 0: /api/v1/vap-
cfg?rId=0&wId=0 l wlan 1 vcfg info from radio 0: /api/v1/vap-
cfg?rId=0&wId=1
Get current FortiAP configuration parameters of the control plane.
Enable API for Location Based Services station info
You can retrieve Location Based Services (LBS) information of associated and unassociated wireless stations through the FortiOS REST API. To enable this feature, configure the following:
1. Configure the region on a managed FortiAP: config wireless-controller wtp edit "FP431FTF20012724" set uuid 882b4410-fac9-51eb-ab55-520bdbb17d52 set admin enable set region "wifi" set region-x "0.2514256912442" set region-y "0.3601190476190" set wtp-profile "FAP431F-default" config radio-1 end config radio-2 end next end
2. Enable station-location in an applied profile: FortiGate-101F (vdom1) # config wireless-controller wtp-profile
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FortiAP API
FortiGate-101F (wtp-profile) # ed FAP431F-default FortiGate-101F (FAP431F-default) # config lbs FortiGate-101F (lbs) # set station-locate enable FortiGate-101F (lbs) # end FortiGate-101F (FAP431F-default) # end FortiGate-101F (vdom1) # 3. Enable ble-scanning to detect BLE devices, if needed:
FortiGate-101F (vdom1) # config wireless-controller ble-profile FortiGate-101F (ble-profile) # edit fortiap-discovery FortiGate-101F (fortiap-discovery) # set ble-scanning enable FortiGate-101F (fortiap-discovery) # en FortiGate-101F (vdom1) # FortiGate-101F (vdom1) # config wireless-controller wtp-profile FortiGate-101F (wtp-profile) # ed FAP431F-default FortiGate-101F (FAP431F-default) # set ble-profile fortiap-discovery FortiGate-101F (FAP431F-default) # end FortiGate-101F (vdom1) #
FortiWiFi and FortiAP 7.6.3 Configuration Guide
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Fortinet Inc.
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