SHURE^®

Introduction from the President

Shure, established in 1925, is renowned globally for its commitment to quality, dependability, and natural sound reproduction in audio products. The company's "Total Quality Program: The Pursuit of Excellence" ensures continuous evaluation and improvement in design, manufacturing consistency, precision, and ruggedness.

Shure microphones undergo stringent quality assurance testing, including exposure to extreme temperatures (-20°F to 165°F), high humidity (100%), UV rays, salt spray, alcohol, sand, water, violent vibrations, and repeated drops from six feet onto hardwood floors. This rigorous testing ensures that only the most reliable products bear the Shure name.

Shure microphones are utilized worldwide on stages, lecterns, broadcast locations, and production sets. This catalog showcases a wide variety of microphones for all applications, alongside acclaimed "FP" Series and "M" Series circuitry products, and other specialty audio products like the Audiomaster® Sound Reinforcement System, the Shure Automatic Microphone System, and Shure Wireless Microphone Systems. Detailed specifications and technical information are available in the technical specifications section of this catalog.

— James H. Kogen, President

Product Categories

This catalog is organized into the following key product categories:

• Vocal Microphones (Dynamic & Condenser)
• Instrument and Lectern Microphones (Dynamic & Condenser)
• Beta Series Microphones
• Wireless Microphone Systems
• Additional Wireless Microphones
• Specialty Microphones
• Surface-Mount Microphones
• Overhead and Lavalier Microphones
• Head-Worn Microphones
• Omnidirectional Microphones
• Classic Microphones
• Automatic Microphone System (AMS)
• Professional Circuitry Products
• Prologue Circuitry Products
• Problem Solvers
• Windscreens, Stands and Adapters
• Microphone Cable Selection Guide
• Additional Accessories
• Replacement Parts and Accessories Selection Guide
• Technical Specifications

Vocal Microphones

Dynamic Vocal Microphones

SM58: The industry standard for professional vocalists, known for its lively, intelligible, powerful sound and rugged reliability. Ideal for rock, R&B, pop, and country vocals. Available as SM58-LC (less cable), SM58-CN (with cable), and SM58S-LC (with switch, less cable).

565 Series (UNISPHERE I): Highly reliable for sound reinforcement, offering excellent voice reproduction on lecterns and stages. Dual-impedance, available with or without on/off switch. Models include 565D-LC, 565SD-CN, 565SD-LC.

SM48: An affordable option for singers, offering performance features similar to the SM58, including appearance, sound, and ruggedness. Available as SM48-LC (less cable) and SM48S-LC (with switch, less cable).

SM78: A compact, stylish alternative to the SM58, combining the "Shure sound" with an attractive low-gloss ebony finish and lighter weight. Great for jazz and pop singers. Model: SM78EB-LC (less cable).

587SB: A popular choice for various applications due to excellent sound and attractive price. Features a locking on/off switch. Model: 587SB-LC (less cable).

588SD: A versatile and economical choice for general sound reinforcement. Features switch-selectable dual-impedance design with locking on/off switch. Model: 588SD-LC (less cable).

Condenser Vocal Microphones

869: A cost-effective choice for vocal applications where quality is paramount. Features on/off switch, built-in wind/pop filter, smooth response with presence rise and low-end rolloff. Cardioid pattern. Battery or phantom power. Model: 869-LC (less cable).

SM85: Designed for vocalists desiring extra brightness and punch. Features pronounced presence boost, uniform cardioid polar pattern, and 3-stage wind/pop filter. Phantom power only. Model: SM85-LC (less cable).

SM87: The condenser choice for top entertainers, featuring a smooth frequency response tailored for warm, rich vocal reproduction. Supercardioid polar pattern for maximum gain-before-feedback and excellent rejection of unwanted sounds. Features 3-stage wind/pop filter. Phantom power only. Model: SM87-LC (less cable).

SM96: Offers top performance at a moderate price, well-suited for high-quality home recording. Features 3-stage wind/pop filter, battery or phantom power, and cardioid pattern. Model: SM96-LC (less cable).

Shure condenser microphones are known for clarity, depth, precision, and detail, overcoming traditional fragility with rugged designs, exclusive 3-point elastomer space-frame shock mounts, and advanced circuitry.

Instrument and Lectern Microphones

Dynamic Instrument and Lectern Microphones

SM57: The classic "workhorse" microphone for stages and studios worldwide. Known for clean, defined instrumental reproduction and rich vocal pickup on lecterns. Standard for drum, percussion, and instrument amplifier miking. Models: SM57-LC (less cable), SM57-CN (with cable).

SM77: A compact alternative to the SM57 with a non-reflective ebony finish and sparkling sound. Excellent for miking instrument amplifiers. Model: SM77EB-LC (less cable).

545 UNIDYNE III: A favorite for instrument pickup, lecterns, speakers, and entertainers due to its faithful response. Dual-impedance, available with or without locking on/off switch. Models: 545D-LC, 545SD-CN, 545SD-LC, 545SH-LC, 545L (lavalier version).

SM59: Ideal for applications requiring a flat frequency response. Features patented mechano-pneumatic shock mount to minimize noise. Smooth, natural reproduction of higher pitched voices and instruments. Model: SM59-LC (less cable).

SM62: Shure's smallest handheld dynamic microphone, less than five inches long and weighing four ounces. Offers flat, uncolored response with low-end rolloff. Ideal for unobtrusive cardioid microphone placement in council chambers, conference rooms, and on lecterns. Model: SM62-LC (less cable).

515: A low-cost, all-purpose performer with a lockable on/off switch. Two versions available: 515SB (low-impedance, attached cable) and 515SD-LC (dual-impedance, less cable).

Condenser Instrument and Lectern Microphones

SM81: A crowning achievement, this unidirectional condenser is one of the world's great studio microphones, providing precise, detailed sound reproduction. Excellent for miking all acoustic instruments. Features ruler-flat response, built-in low-end rolloff switch, and 10 dB attenuator. Phantom power only. Model: SM81-LC (less cable). An omnidirectional cartridge (R104A) is available.

SM94: A moderately-priced unidirectional microphone of exceptional quality. Perfect for recording, instrument and choir pickup, and digital sampling. Well-suited for stringed instruments, woodwinds, and cymbals. Battery or phantom power. Model: SM94-LC (less cable).

849: The first "studio quality" unidirectional condenser available on a budget. A versatile performer that captures acoustic instruments and ensembles with richness and detail. Features on/off switch, battery or phantom power. Model: 849-LC (less cable).

Miniature Condensers

SM98A: The world's finest miniature musical instrument microphone, a complete system with accessories. Displays a uniform cardioid pickup pattern, wide-range frequency response, and handles sound pressure levels up to 155 dB. Excellent for miking drums, horns, and other acoustic instruments. Phantom power only.

SM99: A miniature gooseneck-mount microphone for lecterns, pulpits, and conference tables. Features a tight supercardioid pattern for maximum volume without feedback, even in multiple microphone installations. Phantom power only. Model: SM99-SE (side-exit cable).

Beta Series Microphones

The new Beta Series represents the culmination of extensive microphone research and development at Shure, offering outstanding sound quality, extraordinary gain-before-feedback, and optimized parameters. These microphones combine a true supercardioid polar pattern with the extra-hot output of a neodymium magnet, maintaining uniform patterns across all usable frequencies. Advanced shock isolation systems minimize handling noise, and extra-rugged steel grilles resist denting. A humbucking coil reduces lighting and power interference.

BETA 58: Inspired by the SM58, this premium-quality dynamic microphone is designed for demanding live vocal applications. Features a supercardioid polar pattern for unprecedented gain-before-feedback, maximum sound source isolation, and minimum off-axis coloration. Optimized frequency response for vocal use with low-frequency rolloff and extended high-frequency response. Models: BETA 58C (chrome grille, less cable), BETA 58M (matte grille, less cable).

BETA 57: Building on the SM57, the Beta 57 offers improvements like extended low-bass response, smoother presence rise, and extended high-frequency response for a more open, natural sound. Features a true supercardioid pattern for maximum isolation and minimum feedback, and a hardened steel grille. Designed for acoustic and electric musical instrument miking, drums, percussion, horns, and instrument amplifiers. Models: BETA 57C (chrome grille, less cable), BETA 57M (matte grille, less cable).

Wireless Microphone Systems

Shure L Series Wireless Microphone Systems are highly reliable, professional, and affordable.

Receivers

L4 Diversity Receiver: Features two independent RF sections and exclusive MARCAD™ circuitry for improved signal-to-noise ratio and outstanding reception. Rack mounting hardware included.

L3 Receiver: An economical receiver with professional features, removable 1/4-wave whip antenna, and rack mountable with accessory kit.

Transmitters

L Series handheld transmitters offer outstanding audio quality, durability, lightweight, compact construction, enclosed loop antennas, and easily interchangeable heads.

L2/58 Handheld Wireless Transmitter: Provides the performance of the cabled SM58 in a wireless version. Designed to function with Shure L Series Wireless receivers.

L2/96 Handheld Wireless Transmitter: Provides the performance of the cabled SM96 in a wireless version.

L11 Body-Pack Transmitter: Features circuitry design and shielding for trouble-free performance and freedom from interference. The 4-pin TA4F connector allows use with various wireless microphones and adapter cables for electronic musical instruments. Includes audio mute switch and battery indicator.

839W Lavalier Microphone: A reliable, unobtrusive wireless lavalier microphone with excellent sound. Includes tie-bar mounting accessory and windscreen.

Additional Wireless Microphones

• WCM16: Hypercardioid, head-worn.
• WL83: Premium omnidirectional lavalier.
• WL84: Premium supercardioid lavalier.
• WM98: Cardioid, miniature instrument.

Specialty Microphones

SM89: A highly directional professional "shotgun" condenser microphone for location film/TV production, theater sound reinforcement, and spot news coverage. Features exclusive Accu-Port™ interference tube system for controlled off-axis sound, fine-tuned frequency response, and lightweight aircraft aluminum housing. Model: SM89.

VP88: A unique single-point MS stereo condenser microphone for capturing realism and drama in rigorous production environments. Incorporates a forward-facing cardioid Mid capsule, a perpendicular bidirectional Side capsule, and a built-in stereo matrix for wide, natural, uncolored stereo imaging. Features switch-selectable stereo effect control and phantom or 6-volt internal battery power. Model: VP88.

SM7: A fixture in studios worldwide, known for making voices and other sources sound their best. Popular for radio and television voice-over recording. Features unique graphic tailoring switches for presence boost and low-end rolloff, allowing four different response curves. Model: SM7.

Surface-Mount Microphones

Surface-mount microphones are popular for their enhanced sensitivity and low-profile appearance, solving distant pickup problems on stages or conference tables. Shure offers a complete range of models for exacting audio performance.

SM18: A low-cost, unobtrusive dynamic microphone for churches and meeting rooms. Features brown foam casing to blend with wood grain surfaces. Model: SM18B-CN (brown, attached cable).

819: An excellent, economical unidirectional condenser alternative to the SM91A. Features wide-range frequency response and super durability. Great for general sound reinforcement. Single 9-volt battery or phantom power. Model: 819.

809: The omnidirectional version of the 819, offering similar features and performance. Useful for covering large areas with one microphone.

SM91A: The world's first unidirectional surface-mount microphone, known for its exceptional condenser transducer element and preamplification system. Rugged and ideal for TV settings, news conferences, dramatic productions, stages, and miking kick drums and acoustic pianos. Preamp includes switchable low-cut filter and 10dB gain. Phantom power only. Model: SM91A.

SM90A: The omnidirectional version of the SM91A.

Overhead and Lavalier Microphones

Shure lavalier microphones are engineered for maximum voice intelligibility, unobtrusive appearance, dependability, and complete serviceability.

SM102: A highly sensitive miniature unidirectional condenser designed for distant pickup. Features flat, extended frequency response for natural audio quality. Available in black or white with flexible gooseneck. Ideal for overhead miking of choirs, dramatic productions, musical ensembles, and solo instruments. Models: SM102B (black), SM102W (white), SM102P8 (black, wall plate preamp), SM102PW (white, wall plate preamp).

SM83: Shure's professional omnidirectional condenser lavalier microphone. Features an electronically shaped frequency response dip at 730 Hz to minimize "chest resonance." Innovative patented accessories for unobtrusive mounting. Compact, lightweight belt-pack preamp operates on standard 9-volt battery or phantom power. Model: SM83.

SM84: Similar to the SM83 but with a supercardioid polar pattern, providing excellent rejection of unwanted sounds and minimizing PA system feedback. Model: SM84.

839: A low-priced alternative to the SM83. Lavalier microphone with excellent sound and reliability. Omnidirectional. Battery or phantom power. Model: 839.

570S: A versatile performer that can serve as either a lavalier or a small hand-held microphone. Widely used by lecturers, moderators, panelists, and clergy. Omnidirectional, dynamic. Model: 570S.

SM11: The smallest dynamic lavalier microphone, no longer than a paper clip. Omnidirectional. Model: SM11-CN (with attached cable).

Head-Worn Microphones

Shure offers a wide selection of head-worn microphones with superior sound and user comfort, ideal for broadcasting, sound reinforcement, and computer voice recognition.

SM2: A professional headset with a close-talking dynamic cardioid microphone and dual-ear headphones for mono or stereo operation. Designed for excellent rejection of noise and unwanted sounds. Ideal for TV, radio, film, and video applications.

512: Features the SM10A microphone element mounted on a lightweight headband with a single "open air" earphone monitor. Excellent for economy-minded performers and voice recognition applications.

SM10A: A favorite for singing drummers, keyboardists, and guitarists who desire freedom of movement on stage. Adjustable close-talking dynamic microphone element provides excellent isolation and minimal feedback problems. Model: SM10A-CN (with attached cable).

SM12A: Similar features and performance as the SM10A, but with one earphone monitor. Model: SM12A-CN (with attached cable).

Omnidirectional and Classic Microphones

Omnidirectional Microphones

When sound pickup from all directions or freedom from proximity effect is desired, Shure omnidirectional microphones offer unmatched versatility and performance.

SM63L: An extra-long (9 3/16") streamlined handle, making it exceptional for interviews and electronic newsgathering. Features effective wind/pop filter, durable VERAFLEX grille, and extra-high output. Model: SM63L-LC (less cable).

SM63: Similar to SM63L but more compact (handle is 3 1/2" shorter). Rugged and lightweight. Model: SM63-LC (less cable).

VP64: A sleek, ergonomic design with an extra-high energy neodymium magnet, making it ideal for electronic newsgathering and video production. Features upper midrange presence rise for speech clarity, low-end rolloff to minimize boominess and background noise. Model: VP64.

579SB: A slim, rugged, natural-sounding omni, ideal for various applications, especially recordings that benefit from natural room reverberation. Great for recording board meetings and conferences. Includes lockable on/off switch. Model: 579SB-LC (less cable).

Classic Microphones

Shure's classic models continue to meet today's demanding performance requirements.

55SH Series II: A technically contemporary microphone with a classic appearance, perfect for performers who desire the look and feel of the '50s and '60s. Features the latest dynamic transducers inside. Model: 55SH Series II.

520D ("Green Bullet"): A legend in the music business, the only authentic choice for blues harmonica players seeking the funky, down-home sound. Dual-impedance. Model: 520D.

Automatic Microphone System (AMS)

The Shure Automatic Microphone System consists of dedicated microphones and mixers that function exclusively together to solve multi-microphone application problems. It is used in thousands of systems worldwide, including boardrooms, legislative chambers, conference rooms, and broadcast studios.

Shure's patented AMS provides unique direction-sensitive gating, activating microphones only when addressed within a 120° acceptance angle, without threshold or sensitivity adjustments. AMS mixers (AMS4000/8000) incorporate logic terminals for functions like LED indicators, mute switches, and chairman override. AMS mixers can be linked to control up to 200 AMS microphones.

AMS Microphones

• AMS26: Probe style, dark bronze.
• AMS24: 15" gooseneck mic with attached 20' cable.
• AMS28: For hanging mount or lavalier use.
• AMS22: Low profile, attached 20' cable/connector.

AMS Circuitry

• AMS4000/8000: Four or eight channel mixer versions, expandable up to eight channels. Rack mountable.
• AMS880 (Video Switcher Interface): Tells a video switcher which camera to call up based on which AMS microphone is activated.

Professional Circuitry Products

Shure FP (Field Production) Series products are industry standards for problem-solving, feature-packed designs, and extreme ruggedness. Shure "M" Series circuitry products are compact, durable, reliable, and functional, becoming standards for broadcast, sound reinforcement, paging, and audio/visual applications.

FP Series Mixers

FP410: The world's first portable automatic mixer. Automatically keeps unused microphones turned down, improving audio quality, minimizing open microphones, and reducing ambient noise. Features four transformer-balanced mic/line inputs, removable AC power cord, 48V phantom power, link jacks for additional mixers (up to 25 for 100 total inputs), Auto/Manual Mode, input level LEDs, Tape Out, two XLR mic/line outputs, low-cut filters, 1 kHz tone oscillator, adjustable peak limiter, and headphone jacks. Battery or 120/240 Vac power.

FP42: Features full stereo capability, ideal for stereo mixdown in video editing suites. Includes four XLR transformer-balanced mic/line inputs and two outputs (one for each stereo channel). Pull-pot cuing on all inputs for channel previewing. Battery or 120/240 Vac power.

FP51: Automatically rides gain, assuring consistent signal output. Combines a 4-in, 1-out mixer with a high-quality compressor featuring a gated memory and adjustable 40 dB compression range. Features XLR transformer-balanced mic/line inputs/outputs, phantom power, 1 kHz tone oscillator, pull-pot cuing, headphone jacks, low-cut filters, and illuminated dual-range VU meter. Battery or 120/240 Vac power.

FP16A: A 1-input, 6-output portable audio distribution amplifier for routing multiple audio feeds. Ideal as a portable press bridge. Features XLR transformer-balanced input/outputs, phantom power, link jacks, and screwdriver-adjustable gain controls. Battery or 120/240 Vac power.

FP11 (Mic-to-Line Amplifier): Provides up to 84 dB of additional gain for boosting microphone and auxiliary level devices to line level. Features XLR transformer-balanced input/output, switchable peak limiter, aux level mini-phone jack input, and balanced line-level binding post output. Powered by 9-volt battery.

FP12 (Headphone Bridging Amplifier): A 1-input, 2-output headphone bridging amplifier for remote broadcasts, audio troubleshooting, and boom operators. Provides headphone feeds from any audio input without interrupting the input signal. Powered by 9-volt battery.

M Series Mixers

M267: The most popular field production mixer. Features switchable limiter, phantom power, LED peak indicator, built-in battery pack, headphone jack, tone oscillator, mic/line switches, low-cut switches, and mix bus jack. Four XLR transformer-balanced inputs; XLR output and binding post output. Battery or 120/240 Vac power.

M268: A compact, lightweight, 5-input mixer for PA/paging applications or as an add-on mixer for input expansion. Features four low-impedance microphone inputs, four high-impedance 1/4" phone jack inputs, high-level auxiliary input, phantom power, and mix bus. 120/240 Vac power.

M68A/M68FCA: Practical, efficient, and low-cost mixers for economical microphone mixing. Features four microphone channels (switchable for high/low impedance), aux level input, master volume control, and mic/aux level outputs. 120/240 Vac power. M68A has male XLR inputs, M68FCA has female XLR inputs.

Prologue Circuitry Products

PROLOGUE® 200M (Mixer): An economical, portable mixer with four low-impedance microphone inputs. Input 4 is switch-selectable for microphone or auxiliary level source. Features one balanced, low-impedance microphone-level output and one auxiliary phono jack output. Two mixers can be connected for more inputs. Available in 120 or 240 Vac versions.

PROLOGUE® 210A (Power Amplifier): Ten watts continuous power into 4 ohms. Features one balanced low-impedance input (female XLR) for microphone or Prologue 200 Mixer output. Two auxiliary phono jack inputs. Two 1/4" speaker jacks for two 8-ohm speakers. Available in 120 or 240 Vac versions.

Problem Solvers

Shure "Problem Solvers" are compact "in-line" devices designed to simplify audio technicians' lives, including microphone attenuators, equalizers, transformers, and adapters.

• M64A Stereo Preamplifier: Solves preamplification and equalization problems. Selects RIAA or NAB equalization, or can be used as a microphone preamplifier or low-gain buffer amplifier.
• PS1A Power Supply: Provides phantom power for one or two condenser microphones.
• 50AC Telephone Acoustic Coupler: Feeds audio to/from a telephone handset for recorded interviews.
• A120S Accessory In-Line Switch: Adds On/Off, Push-To-Talk, or Transmitter Relay Keying function to a microphone.
• A15AS Switchable Microphone Attenuator: Prevents preamp overload (15, 20, or 25 dB attenuation).
• A15BT Bridging Transformer: Matches balanced/unbalanced devices of different impedances.
• A15HP High Pass Filter: Reduces unwanted low-frequency noise.
• A15LA Line Adapter: Provides 50 dB attenuation for connecting line-level source to microphone input.
• A15LP Low Pass Filter: Reduces objectionable high-frequency noises.
• A15PA Presence Adapter: Adds presence to vocals/instruments.
• A15PRS Switchable Phase Reverser: Provides instant switch selection of normal/reversed phase.
• A15RS Response Shaper: Provides sibilance filtering.
• A15TG Tone Generator: Produces a continuous 700 Hz mic-level signal for setting up and troubleshooting audio equipment.
• A85F Low to High-Impedance Matching Transformer: 3-pin XLR female to 1/4-inch phone plug.
• A95UF Low to High-Impedance Matching Transformer: 3-pin XLR female to Amphenol MC1M-type connector.
• A97A Low- to Medium-Impedance Matching Transformer: 3-pin XLR male to Amphenol MC1M-type connector.
• A97F Low to Medium-Impedance Transformer with Miniplug Output Connector: Connects low-impedance microphones to camcorders or small tape recorders.

Accessories and Cables

Shure offers a wide range of accessories and cables to complement its microphone and circuitry products, ensuring optimal performance and versatility.

Windscreens

Various windscreens are available for different microphone models, including "ball-type" microphones (A58WS in multiple colors), Models 545, SM57, SM77 (A2WS), SM81 (A81G, A81WS), SM94, 849 (A3WS), SM62 (A61WS), SM85, SM87, SM96, L2/96 (A85WS), SM2, SM10A, SM12A (RK184WS), SM18B (RK204F), SM63, SM63L, AMS24, AMS26 (RK229WS), SM83, WL83, 839, 839W (RK242WS), SM89 (RK257WS), SM98A (49A66A), SM7 (90A2089), SM99 (90B4016), and 512 (90RX1371).

Stands and Adapters

A selection of stands and adapters are available for mounting and positioning microphones, including:

• Shock Stopper™ Isolation Mounts (A55M, A55HM, A53M, A53HM Half-Mount): Reduce mechanical and vibration noise for various SM and Beta series microphones.
• Swivel Adapters (A25B, A25C, A27T, A57E, A57D): For different microphone models and mounting configurations.
• S37A Desk Stand: Modern, low-profile design.
• S39A Vibration Isolation Stand: Provides ultimate isolation from mechanical vibration for tables, desks, lecterns.
• A27M Stereo Microphone Adapter: Permits mounting two microphones on one stand.
• A45Z Z-Bracket: Small, lightweight alternative to standard microphone stands, can be positioned on speaker cabinets or guitar amplifiers.
• Boom Arms and Floor Stands: Including BB-77 Baby Boom, MS-10C Floor Stand, and S15 Tripod Floor Stand.
• Goosenecks: Various lengths (G6, G12, G18) with or without XLR connectors, and lightweight options.
• Gooseneck Mounting Flanges: A12 and A13HD for flat surface mounting.
• Lavalier Mounting Hardware: A51L (plastic), A57L (rubber), RK240SB (single mount tie bar), and RK241DB (dual mount tie bar) for various lavalier models.

Microphone Cables

A selection of durable, shielded cables are available for low- or high-impedance microphones, including various lengths and connector types (XLR female to 1/4" Phone Plug, XLR female to XLR male, 5-Pin XLR female to 5-Pin XLR male) in Hi-Flex or Heavy Gauge types. Examples include C15A, C20B, C20D, C20H, C25B, C25E, C25F, C25J, C110.

Technical Specifications

Detailed technical specifications for each product, including frequency response graphs, polar patterns, impedance, output levels, and other performance data, are available in this catalog. These specifications provide comprehensive information for audio professionals to select the most appropriate Shure products for their applications.

Note: Due to the extensive nature and graphical format of the technical specifications (including numerous frequency response charts and detailed tables), a full transcription of this section is not provided in this HTML summary. For complete technical data, please refer to the original Shure catalog or contact Shure Brothers, Inc.

Contact Information

Technical data sheets and application guides (e.g., Microphone Selection Guides for Broadcast, Sound Reinforcement, Recording, Music, and Guide to Better Audio) are available from Shure Brothers, Inc. When ordering, please indicate the product model number(s) and the "AL" number for selection guides.